Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
Understanding and managing Glycemic Index (GI) in diets is crucial for promoting long-term health and mitigating the risk of chronic diseases.
What is Glycemic Index (GI)?
- Prof. David Jenkins of the University of Toronto introduced Glycemic Index (GI) in 1981.
- GI measures how quickly a food raises blood glucose levels compared to a reference food, typically glucose or white bread, which is assigned a value of 100.
GI Classification and Glycemic Load (GL):
- Multiplying GI by the amount of carbohydrate consumed gives the Glycemic Load (GL).
- Accordingly, foods are classified as:
- Low GI (below 55): Brown rice, steel-cut oats, legumes (such as lentils and chickpeas), most fruits (like apples, berries, and oranges), vegetables, nuts, and seeds.
- Medium GI (56-69): Whole wheat products, such as whole wheat bread and pasta, some types of rice (like basmati rice), and certain fruits like pineapple and mango.
- High GI (70 or above): Refined carbohydrates and sugary foods such as white rice, white bread, refined flour products, potatoes, sweetened drinks (like soda), candies, cookies, and sugary snacks.
Debate and Perspectives:
- The Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study, spanning 20 countries including India, revealed the link between high GI diets and cardiovascular events and mortality.
- Evidence supports the association between high GI diets and increased risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and mortality.
Relevance to India
- In South Asia, where diets are rich in high GI foods like white rice, efforts to reduce GI and GL are crucial.
- Lowering GI and GL can help prevent not only diabetes but also premature cardiovascular disease, which is prevalent in India.
PYQ:
[2011] Regular intake of fresh fruits and vegetables is recommended in the diet since they are a good source of antioxidants. How do antioxidants help a person maintain health and promote longevity?
(a) They activate the enzymes necessary for vitamin synthesis in the body and help prevent vitamin deficiency
(b) They prevent excessive oxidation of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the body and help avoid unnecessary wastage of energy
(c) They neutralize the free radicals produced in the body during metabolism
(d) They activate certain genes in the cells of the body and help delay the ageing process |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: IRDAI, Evolution of India’s Insurance Industry , LIC
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) abolished the age limit for purchasing health insurance policies, effective April 1.
- Individuals aged above 65 were ineligible previously for new health insurance policies.
About Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI)
- IRDAI is the apex regulatory body overseeing the insurance sector in India.
- It is an autonomous entity responsible for regulating and developing the insurance sector in India.
- It was established under the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999. It was formed on April 19, 2000.
- Headquarters: Located in Hyderabad, Telangana.
- Composition:
- IRDAI is a 10-member body including the chairman, five full-time and four part-time members appointed by the government of India.
- The authority is supported by various departments and divisions responsible for different aspects of insurance regulation, including life insurance, non-life insurance, reinsurance, and actuarial matters.
Regulatory Functions
IRDAI’s primary role is to regulate and promote the insurance industry in India through:
- Licensing and registration of insurance companies and intermediaries.
- Framing regulations and guidelines for insurance operations.
- Protecting the interests of policyholders.
- Promoting fair competition and innovation in the insurance sector.
- Monitoring the financial performance and solvency of insurance companies.
- Resolving disputes between insurers and policyholders.
- Promoting insurance awareness and education among the public.
Insurance Sector of India: A Timeline
- 1818: Establishment of the Oriental Life Insurance Company in Calcutta marked the beginning of the life insurance business in India. The company faced failure in 1834.
- 1829: Madras Equitable started conducting life insurance operations in the Madras Presidency.
- 1870: Enactment of the British Insurance Act. Establishment of insurance companies like Bombay Mutual (1871), Oriental (1874), and Empire of India (1897) in the Bombay Presidency during this era, dominated by British firms.
- 1914: Commencement of publishing insurance company returns by the government of India.
- 1912: Introduction of the Indian Life Assurance Companies Act, the first legislation regulating life insurance.
- 1928: Enactment of the Indian Insurance Companies Act to gather statistical information about insurance business.
- 1938: Consolidation and amendment of insurance legislation with the Insurance Act, 1938, introducing comprehensive provisions to regulate insurers’ activities.
- 1950: The Insurance Amendment Act abolished principal agencies amid allegations of unfair trade practices. The GoI decided to nationalize the insurance industry in response to high competition levels.
- 1956: The Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) was established under the Life Insurance Corporation Act, of 1956, consolidating the life insurance business in India under a single entity. LIC took over the assets and liabilities of around 245 private life insurers and provident societies.
|
PYQ:
[2012] Consider the following:
- Hotels and restaurants
- Motor transport undertakings
- Newspaper establishments
- Private medical institutions
The employees of which of the above can have the ‘Social Security’ coverage under Employees’ State Insurance Scheme?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 4 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Plasma Therapy; Plasmapheresis, Components of Human Blood;
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- A significant health concern in Tamil Nadu is found through ingestion of Rat poison containing Yellow Phosphorus, leading to liver toxicity.
- Since December 2017, the team at CMC Vellore introduced Plasma Exchange, (a cost-effective treatment) for acute liver failure caused by rat poison ingestion.
What is Plasma Therapy (Plasmapheresis)?
- Plasma exchange, also known as plasmapheresis, is a medical procedure used to treat various conditions by removing and replacing plasma from the blood.
- During Plasma Exchange, the patient’s blood is circulated through a machine that separates plasma from other blood components, such as red and white blood cells and platelets.
Working procedure:
- The plasma, which may contain harmful substances or antibodies, is discarded.
- The remaining blood components are mixed with replacement plasma or a plasma substitute and returned to the patient’s bloodstream.
Usage of Plasmapheresis:
- In Autoimmune diseases: Conditions such as Guillain-Barre syndrome, myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and certain forms of vasculitis.
- In Neurological disorders: Conditions such as multiple sclerosis, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, and certain types of encephalitis.
- In Toxicological emergencies: Poisoning or overdose with substances such as drugs, chemicals, or toxins that can be removed from the bloodstream through plasma exchange.
Benefits observed in TN’s Case
- The treatment significantly improved survival rates, with 63.9% of patients treated in 2022-2023 successfully discharged.
- Retrospective studies at CMC Vellore demonstrated promising outcomes, with survival rates of 75% among children and 80.2% among adults treated with plasma exchange.
What is Plasma in Human Blood?
- Human blood plasma is the liquid component of blood, constituting about 55% of its total volume.
- It is a pale yellowish fluid that carries various substances throughout the body, including nutrients, hormones, electrolytes, antibodies, and waste products.
- Plasma plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and transporting essential components to tissues and organs.
Composition:
- Water: Approximately 90% of plasma consists of water, making it the primary solvent for carrying dissolved substances.
- Proteins: Plasma contains a variety of proteins, including albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen. These proteins perform functions such as maintaining osmotic pressure, transporting lipids and hormones, and aiding in blood clotting.
- Electrolytes: Plasma contains ions such as sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and bicarbonate, which help regulate fluid balance, pH, and nerve function.
- Nutrients: Glucose, amino acids, lipids, and vitamins are transported in plasma and provide energy and building blocks for cells.
- Waste Products: Metabolic waste products, such as urea, creatinine, and bilirubin, are transported in plasma to be eliminated from the body.
- Hormones: Hormones produced by endocrine glands are carried in plasma to target tissues, where they regulate various physiological processes.
- Gases: Oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in plasma, primarily bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells.
Functions:
- Plasma carries nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste products to and from cells throughout the body.
- Plasma helps regulate fluid balance, electrolyte concentrations, pH, and temperature.
- Antibodies and immune cells in plasma help defend against pathogens and foreign substances, contributing to the body’s immune response.
- Plasma proteins such as fibrinogen play a crucial role in blood clotting, helping to stop bleeding and repair damaged blood vessels.
- Plasma buffers changes in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen ions, helping maintain the body’s acid-base balance.
|
PYQ:
[2011] A married couple adopted a male child. A few years later, twin boys were born to them. The blood group of the couple is AB positive and 0 negative. The blood group of the three sons is A positive, B positive, and O positive. The blood group of the adopted son is-
(a) O positive
(b) A positive
(c) B positive
(d) Cannot be determined based on the given data |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Tribes in News; PVTGs in AandN Islands, Shompen, Jarawas, Onge, Sentinelese
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
For the first time in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 7 members of the Shompen tribe, a particularly vulnerable tribal groups (PVTGs) of Great Nicobar Islands exercised their voting rights for the lone Lok Sabha seat in the union territory.
| Other two primitive tribes like Onge and Great Andamanese (both PVTGs) too exercised their voting rights like in 2019 Lok Sabha election but seven Shompen did it for the first time out of 98 Shompen voters. |
About Shompen Tribe:
- The Shompen tribe primarily inhabits the remote interior regions of Great Nicobar Island, the southernmost island in the Andaman and Nicobar archipelago.
- Their estimated population was 229 as per the 2011 Census data.
- Their cultural practices include traditional hunting, fishing, and gathering forest resources.
- Pandanus (a tropical plant found in the islands), whose fruits resemble the woody pineapple, is the staple food of the Shompens.
- What makes the Shompens distinct from the four other PVTGs of Andaman and Nicobar Islands — Jarawas, Great Andamanese, Onges and Sentinelese — is that they are the only tribe in the region with Mongoloid features. The other PVTGs have Negroid features.
Society and Culture
- The Shompen people have their own distinct culture and language, which belongs to the Austroasiatic language family.
- Marriage by capturing women from different groups and sub-groups is one of the customs of the Shompen society (as per the Anthropological Survey of India).
- They practice a hunter-gatherer subsistence economy.
Who are the Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)?
- These groups are among the most vulnerable section of our society as they are few in numbers, have not attained any significant level of social and economic development.
- They generally inhabit remote localities having poor infrastructure and administrative support.
- 75 such groups have been identified and categorized as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs).
Origin of the concept
- The Dhebar Commission (1960-1961) stated that within Scheduled Tribes there existed an inequality in the rate of development.
- During the fourth Five Year Plan (1969-74) a sub-category was created within Scheduled Tribes to identify groups that considered to be at a lower level of development.
- This sub-category was named “Primitive tribal group”.
- In 2006 the government of India proposed to rename as PVTGs.
Features of PVTGs
- The features of such a group include a:
- Pre-agricultural system of existence
- Practice of hunting and gathering
- Zero or negative population growth
- Extremely low level of literacy in comparison with other tribal groups
- Groups that satisfied any one of the criterion were considered as PTG.
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PYQ:
[2019] Consider the following statements about Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in India:
- PVTGs reside in 18 States and one Union Territory.
- A stagnant or declining population is one of the criteria for determining PVTG status.
- There are 95 PVTGs officially notified in the country so far.
- Irular and Konda Reddi tribes are included in the list of PVTGs.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2, 3 and 4
(c) 1, 2 and 4
(d) 1, 3 and 4 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ancient History; Bhagwan Mahavir, Jainism and its principles
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The Prime Minister has inaugurated the 2550th Bhagwan Mahavir Nirvan Mahotsav on the occasion of Mahavir Jayanti.
About Vardhaman Mahavir
|
Description |
| Birth |
540 B.C. |
| Birthplace |
Kundagrama village near Vaishali |
| Family Background |
Belonged to the Jnatrika clan; father Siddharta was the head of the Jnathrika Kshatriya clan, and mother Trishala was a sister of Chetaka, the king of Vaishali. |
| Renunciation |
Renounced home at the age of 30 to become an ascetic. |
| Spiritual Practice |
Practiced austerity for 12 years. |
| Attainment of Kaivalya |
Attained the highest spiritual knowledge called Kaivalya (conquered misery and happiness) at the age of 42. |
| First Sermon |
Delivered his first sermon at Pava. |
| Symbol |
Associated with the symbol of a Lion.
Aliases include: Nayaputta, Muni, Samana, Nigantha, Brahman, and Bhagavan |
| Missions |
Traveled to various regions including Koshala, Magadha, Mithila, Champa, etc. |
| Passing Away |
Passed away at the age of 72 in 468 B.C. at Pavapuri in Bihar. |
| Legacy |
Founded Jainism as it is known today; contributed significant teachings and principles to the religion. |
Everything you need to know about Jainism:
|
Description |
| Origin |
Jainism gained prominence in the 6th century B.C. when Lord Mahavira propagated the religion. |
| Founder |
Lord Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara, is the central figure |
| Tirthankaras |
- Jainism recognizes 24 Tirthankaras or great teachers
- Rishabhanatha being the first and Mahavira the last.
|
| Main Principles |
Jainism emphasizes the Three Jewels or Triratna:
- Right Faith (Samyakdarshana),
- Right Knowledge (Samyakjnana), and
- Right Conduct (Samyakcharita).
|
| Five Doctrines |
Ahimsa (non-violence), Satya (truthfulness), Asteya (non-stealing), Aparigraha (non-attachment), and Brahmacharya (chastity) are the fundamental principles of Jainism. |
| Concept of God |
- Jainism does not adhere to the concept of a creator God
- Believes in the existence of liberated souls (Siddhas) who have attained spiritual perfection.
|
| Major Doctrines |
- Anekantavada: Jain doctrine of non-absolutism, recognizing that truth can have multiple perspectives or facets.
- Syadvada: Jain doctrine stating that all judgments are conditional and true only from certain perspectives, expressed by the term “syat” (may be).
|
| Sects/Schools |
Jainism is divided into two major sects:
- Digambara (sky-clad) and
- Svetambara (white-clad)
|
| Spread |
- Jainism spread gradually into regions where Brahmanical influence was weak.
- Received royal patronage from rulers like Chandragupta Maurya
|
| Literature |
Jain literature comprises:
- Agama (canonical) texts, which include the direct teachings of Mahavira, and
- Non-agama (commentaries and elaborations) works, such as the Acaranga Sutra.
|
| Architecture |
- Temples, caves (layana/gumphas), statues, and ornamental pillars (manastambha), exhibiting intricate designs and religious motifs.
- Notable Jain architecture in India includes the Dilwara Temples in Mount Abu, Rajasthan, and the Girnar and Palitana Temples in Gujarat.
- These structures exemplify intricate craftsmanship and religious symbolism.
|
| Jain Councils |
Two significant Jain councils were held for compiling and preserving Jain scriptures and teachings:
- First Jain Council at Pataliputra (3rd century B.C.) and
- Second Jain Council at Vallabhi (512 A.D.)
|
| Difference from Buddhism |
- Acknowledgment of a permanent self (atman),
- Acceptance of the varna system,
- Belief in the concept of a soul (jiva), and
- Advocacy of extreme asceticism ex. Santhara/Sallekhana
|
| Thoughts on Rebirth |
Acaranga Sutra: Jainism teaches the doctrine of rebirth (samsara) and various realms of existence (lokas) based on karma, with souls cyclically transmigrating through different life forms. |
PYQ:
[2011] The Jain philosophy holds that the world is created and maintained by
(a) Universal Law
(b) Universal Truth
(c) Universal Faith
(d) Universal Soul
[2012] With reference to the history of ancient India, which of the following was/were common to both Buddhism and Jainism?
- Avoidance of extremities of penance and enjoyment
- Indifference to the authority of the Vedas
- Denial of efficacy of rituals
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Chipko Movement, Narmada Bachao Andolan, Appiko Movement (Karnataka), Silent Valley Movement (Kerala)
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The Chipko Movement, initiated in Uttarakhand in early 1973, commemorates its 50th anniversary.
About Chipko Movement
- The Chipko Movement originated in the Himalayan region of Uttarakhand (then part of the state of Uttar Pradesh) in India.
- It was triggered by the deforestation activities carried out by contractors, which threatened the livelihoods of local communities and led to environmental degradation.
- It is said to be inspired by the Bishnoi community in Rajasthan. The Bishnois are known for their environmentalism. (non-violent resistance)
- The movement derived its name from the act of villagers hugging trees and physically preventing them from being felled, thereby protecting the forests.
- The movement was led by local activists, primarily women from rural areas, who played a significant role in its success. Prominent leaders included Sunderlal Bahuguna, Chandi Prasad Bhatt (founded an organization called Dasholi Gram Swarajya Mandal ) and Gaura Devi, among others.
- Villagers used traditional methods of protest, such as forming circles around trees and tying sacred threads (rakhi) on them to symbolize their unity and commitment to conservation.
- Recognition: Sunderlal Bahuguna, was awarded the Padma Vibhushan, India’s second-highest civilian award.
Impact of Chipko Movement
- It inspired similar movements in different parts of India, such as the Narmada Bachao Andolan, Appiko Movement (Karnataka) and the Silent Valley Movement.
- It demonstrated the significance of Eco-Feminism and the impact that a non-violent, peaceful and environment-loving community can have.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Direct Taxes and its types
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- India’s net direct tax collections witnessed a remarkable growth of 17.7% in the fiscal year 2023-24, reaching ₹19.58 lakh crore.
- This performance indicates a strong revenue stream for the government.
Direct Tax Collections Trends in this Fiscal
- Notably, Personal Income Taxes (PIT) played a pivotal role in driving the surge, accounting for 53.3% of the total tax kitty, up from 50.06% in the previous year.
- Conversely, the contribution of corporate taxes dipped to 46.5% from 49.6% in the preceding fiscal.
- While gross corporate tax collections increased, net tax receipts from Corporates, adjusted for refunds, experienced a slight decline.
What Is Net of Tax?
The term net of tax refers to the amount left after adjusting for the effects of taxes. Net of tax can be a consideration in any situation where taxation is involved. In the financial industry, ‘gross’ and ‘net’ are two key terms that refer to before and after paying certain expenses.
It’s Significance:
- Individuals and businesses often analyze before and after-tax values to make investment and purchasing decisions.
- Net tax is also an important part of expense analysis when reviewing annual tax filings and the net income of businesses.
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Types of Direct Taxes:
- Income Tax: Depending on an individual’s age and earnings, income tax must be paid. Various tax slabs are determined by the Government of India which determines the amount of Income Tax that must be paid.
- The taxpayer must file Income Tax Returns (ITR) on a yearly basis. Individuals may receive a refund or might have to pay a tax depending on their ITR. Huge penalties are levied in case individuals do not file ITR.
- Wealth Tax: The tax must be paid on a yearly basis and depends on the ownership of properties and the market value of the property. In case an individual owns a property, wealth tax must be paid and does not depend on whether the property generates an income or not.
- Corporate taxpayers, Hindu Undivided Families (HUFs), and individuals must pay wealth tax depending on their residential status.
- Payment of wealth tax is exempt for assets like gold deposit bonds, stock holdings, house property, commercial property that have been rented for more than 300 days, and if the house property is owned for business and professional use.
- Estate Tax: It is also called an Inheritance Tax and is paid based on the value of the estate or the money that an individual has left after his/her death.
- Corporate Tax: Domestic companies, apart from shareholders, will have to pay corporate tax. Foreign corporations who make an income in India will also have to pay corporate tax. Income earned via selling assets, technical service fees, dividends, royalties, or interest that is based in India are taxable. The below-mentioned taxes are also included under Corporate Tax:
- Securities Transaction Tax (STT): The tax must be paid for any income that is earned via taxable security transactions.
- Dividend Distribution Tax (DDT): In case any domestic companies declare, distribute, or are paid any amounts as dividends by shareholders, DDT is levied on them. However, DDT is not levied on foreign companies.
- Fringe Benefits Tax: Companies that provide fringe benefits for maids, drivers, etc., Fringe Benefits Tax is levied on them.
- Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT): For zero-tax companies that have accounts prepared according to the Companies Act, MAT is levied on them.
- Capital Gains Tax: It is a form of direct tax that is paid due to the income that is earned from the sale of assets or investments. Investments in farms, bonds, shares, businesses, art, and home come under capital assets.
- Based on its holding period, tax can be classified into long-term and short-term. Any assets, apart from securities, that are sold within 36 months from the time they were acquired come under short-term gains.
- Long-term assets are levied if any income is generated from the sale of properties that have been held for a duration of more than 36 months.
PYQ:
[2014] The sales tax you pay while purchasing a toothpaste is a
(a) Tax imposed by the Central Government
(b) Tax imposed by the Central Government but collected by the State Government
(c) Tax imposed by the State Government but collected by the Central Government
(d) Tax imposed and collected by the State Government |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Objective of Aadharshila
Mains level: Significance Aadharshila's Curriculum
Why in the news?
For the first time ever, the Central government has released curriculum advisable to be taught to children aged three to six-years-old
Objective of Aadharshila
- The early childhood education curriculum is expected to bridge foundational literacy and numeracy gaps which may arise in later school years
Who Launched?
- The Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) has released the National Curriculum for Early Childhood Care and Education 2024 titled ‘Aadharshila,’ on the lines of the National Education Policy 2020 and the National Curriculum Framework.
Where?
- Aadharshila (translated as foundation stone) is a detailed 48-week curriculum meant for learning in the age-group of three to six-year-olds in anganwadis.
Significance Aadharshila’s Curriculum
- Structure of Curriculum: The curriculum is organized on a weekly basis, comprising 48 weeks of learning over a three-year duration. It is designed to cater to children aged three to six attending anganwadis.
- Initiation Phase: The curriculum begins with four weeks of initiation, focusing on academic activities to help children transition from home to the anganwadi center. These activities are engaging and involve fun and free play.
- Exploration Phase: The subsequent 36 weeks are dedicated to exploration, free play, conversation, creation, and appreciation. Activities during this phase include storytelling, singing rhymes, art and craft, and other engaging activities. Storytelling themes often revolve around conflict resolution, responsibility, and cooperation.
- Learning Objectives: Children learn various concepts such as colors, shapes, numbers, body parts, family and friends, listening and responding to instructions, basic counting, and themes like seasons, festivals, and food.
Anganwadi
- Anganwadi services in India are a part of the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme, which was launched on 2 October 1975.
- The main objective of the Anganwadi programme is to improve the nutritional and health status of children in the age group of 0-6 years, to lay the foundation for proper psychological, physical, and social development of the child, and to reduce the incidence of mortality, morbidity, malnutrition, and school dropout.
Conclusion: The release of ‘Aadharshila’ marks a significant step in early childhood education, aiming to bridge foundational gaps. To enhance its effectiveness, continuous monitoring, teacher training, and community involvement are essential.
Mains PYQ
Q National Education Policy 2020 isin conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Brahmos and its Range, MTCR
Mains level: Boost in Defence Exports of India
Why in the news?
India has handed over the first batch of BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles to the Philippines marking a significant step in bilateral defense cooperation.
India- Philippines Brahmos Deal
- In January 2022, the Philippines inked a $375-million deal with India for three batteries of the shore-based, anti-ship variant of the BrahMos missile,
- This made it the first export customer for this joint venture between India and Russia.
- Several countries, including Indonesia and Thailand, have expressed interest in procuring BrahMos systems, and discussions are underway.
|
About BrahMos Missiles
Development:
- BrahMos is a joint venture between the DRDO and Russia’s NPO Mashinostroyeniya.
- The name BrahMos comes from the two rivers, the Brahmaputra of India and the Moskva of Russia.
- The first successful test in 2001 was conducted from a specially designed land-based launcher.
Capabilities:
- BrahMos is a medium-range ramjet supersonic cruise missile.
- Launched from: Submarine, ships, aircraft, or land.
- It is the fastest supersonic cruise missile in the world.
- It has two stages:
- First stage comprising of a solid fuel rocket booster and
- Second stage comprising a liquid-fueled ramjet.
Warhead:
- Ship-launched and land-based missiles can carry a 200 kg warhead,
- Aircraft-launched variant (BrahMos A) can carry a 300 kg warhead.
Variants and Range
- The missile travels at speeds of Mach 2.8 to 3.0, which is being upgraded to Mach 5.0.
- A hypersonic version of the missile, BrahMos-II, is also presently under development with a speed of Mach 7-8 to boost aerial fast strike capability.
- Initially restricted by the Missile Technology Control Regime to a range of 290km, the BrahMos missile’s range was extended to 450km following India’s entry into the regime in June 2016.
- Ongoing efforts aim further to extend the missile’s range beyond 600km, enhancing its operational reach and effectiveness in various scenarios.
Strategic Implications of the move
- This development comes amidst escalating tensions in the South China Sea between the Philippines and China emphasizing the significance of enhancing defensive preparedness.
- The acquisition of BrahMos missiles under Horizon 2 of the Revised Armed Forces of the Philippines Modernization Programme will bolster the defensive capabilities of the Philippines armed forces.
PYQ:
[2014] Which reference to Agni-IV Missile, which of the following statements is/are correct?
- It is a surface-to-surface missile.
- It is fuelled by liquid propellant only.
- It can deliver one-tonne nuclear warheads about 7500 km away.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Skytrax World Airport Awards
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- The Kempegowda International Airport (KIA) in Bengaluru has been honored as the Best Regional Airport in India and South Asia at the esteemed 2024 Skytrax World Airport Awards.
- Since its inauguration in 2023, KIA Terminal-2 has garnered multiple accolades, including the UNESCO Prix Versailles World’s Most Beautiful Airport
About Skytrax World Airport Awards
- The Skytrax World Airport Awards are annual awards, established in 1999 presented by Skytrax, a UK-based consultancy specializing in airline and airport research.
- Since then, it has become a globally recognized authority in airline and airport research, known for its comprehensive passenger surveys and prestigious awards.
- These awards are considered one of the most prestigious recognitions in the aviation industry and are often referred to as the “Oscars of the aviation industry.”
- Various categories of Award: Best Airport, Best Regional Airport, Best Airport Terminal, and Best Airport Staff, among others.
Evaluation Criteria:
- Rigorous evaluations of various aspects, including check-in procedures, arrivals, transfers, shopping facilities, security, immigration processes, and departures.
- Feedback from airport customers of over 100 nationalities across 550 airports worldwide during a seven-month survey period contributed to the assessment.
Winners of the 2024 Awards
- Doha’s Hamad International Airport clinched the top spot, dethroning Singapore Changi Airport, which had held the title for 12 consecutive years.
- Hamad International Airport is praised for its architectural significance and luxurious amenities, covering an area equivalent to 75 football fields.
- Seoul Incheon Airport secured third place overall and was recognized as the most family-friendly airport.
Performance of key Indian Airports:
- Delhi Airport retained its position at 36th place in the overall rankings.
- Mumbai Airport saw a slight decline, dropping to 95th place from its previous rank of 84.
- Bengaluru Airport experienced a notable improvement, climbing 10 ranks to 59th place compared to last year’s 69th position.
- Hyderabad Airport also showed improvement, rising to 61st place from its previous rank of 65th.
- Goa’s Manohar International Airport secured the 92nd spot in the overall rankings.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Global Craft Cities in India, World Crafts Council International (WCCI)
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- The World Crafts Council International (WCCI) has identified Srinagar as a potential candidate for the prestigious World Craft City (WCC) designation from India.
- Artisans in Srinagar have uniquely preserved their traditional crafts such as Pashmina shawls, carpets, and papier mâché.
Craft Sector Statistics in Kashmir
- The Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage-Kashmir (INTACH-K) is working with the J&K Handicrafts department to map Srinagar’s craft sector in preparation for the final nomination.
- Srinagar boasts a rich artisanal heritage, with over 20,000 registered craftsmen engaged in various disciplines such as papier mâché, walnut wood carving, hand-knotted carpets, and more.
- Handicrafts contribute significantly to the local economy, with approximately 2.64% of J&K’s overall economic output attributed to the sector by 2016-17.
|
About World Craft Council (WCC International)
|
Details |
| What is it? |
Non-profit, Non-governmental organization |
| Working |
- Establishment in 1964;
- Registered in Belgium as an international association without lucrative purpose (AISBL).
- Affiliated to the UNESCO
|
| Founders |
Kamaladevi Chattopadhay and Aileen Osborn Webb |
| Purpose |
To promote fellowship among craftspersons worldwide, foster economic development through craft-related activities, organize exchange programs, workshops, conferences, seminars, and exhibitions, and offer encouragement and advice to artisans. |
| Legal Status |
- Registered in Belgium as an international association without lucrative purpose (AISBL)
- WCC is organized into five regions: Africa, Asia Pacific, Europe, Latin America, and North America.
|
| Meetings |
- European branch meets annually;
- General Assembly occurs every four years (took place in Chennai in 2012).
|
What is World Craft City (WCC) Designation?
- The WCC initiative was launched in 2014 by the World Crafts Council AISBL (WCC-International).
- It recognizes the pivotal role local authorities, craftspeople, and communities play in cultural, economic, and social development worldwide.
- India has only 3 cities designated as World Craft City:
- Jaipur (Kundan Jadai (Gem setting), Meenakari Jewellery, Lac based craft, Gotta Patti Work etc. )
- Mysuru (Kinnal paintings, Sandalwood carvings, Rosewood Inlay etc. )
- Mamallapuram (Stone Carving continuing since Pallava dynasty (275 CE to 897 CE))
With inputs from: https://www.wccinternational.org/craft-cities/craft-cities-asia-pacific
PYQ:
Consider the following pairs:
- Puthukkuli Shawls — Tamil Nadu
- Sujni Embroidery — Maharashtra
- Uppada Jamdani Saris — Karnataka
Craft Heritage of which of the pairs given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 3 only
(d) 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Vasuki Indicus, Madtsoiidae snake family, Panandhro Lignite Mine, Middle Eocene Period
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
A fossil unearthed in Gujarat’s Kutch in 2005, initially presumed to belong to a giant crocodile, has been revealed as one of the largest snake ‘Vasuki Indicus’ ever to exist on Earth.
About Vasuki Indicus
- ‘Vasuki Indicus’ is the name given by IIT Roorkee Scientists to the fossil specie.
- The name “Vasuki” derives from the mythological snake depicted often encircling the neck of the Hindu deity Shiva.
Physical characteristics of Vasuki
- It is estimated to measure between 11m (36ft) and 15m (49.22ft) in length,
- It belonged to the extinct Madtsoiidae snake family.
- Its size could potentially surpass the extinct Titanoboa in size, with its closest relatives identified as Titanoboa and Python.
- The serpent’s large size indicates it was a slow-moving, ambush predator, akin to an anaconda, as suggested by researchers.
-
- Like contemporary pythons and anacondas, Vasuki Indicus presumably employed Constriction (suffocation) as its primary method of prey capture.
Age and Geological Context:
- Recovered from the Panandhro Lignite Mine in Kutch, the fossil dates back to the Middle Eocene period, approximately 47 million years ago.
- Analysis of the well-preserved vertebrae indicates the snake’s existence during a warm geological interval with average temperatures estimated at 28°C.
- ‘Vasuki’ is believed to represent an extinct relic lineage originating in India, with subsequent India-Asia collision facilitating its dispersal from the subcontinent into North Africa through southern Eurasia.
-
- Vasuki thrived during a time when the continents of Africa, India, and South America were amalgamated into a single landmass.
Significance for India
- This discovery underscores India’s rich biodiversity.
- It holds immense potential in unraveling insights into the evolutionary process, continental shifts, and India’s pivotal role in the origin of various species, particularly reptiles.
Middle Eocene Period
- It is part of the Cenozoic Era, which began about 66 million years ago and continues to the present day.
- During the Middle Eocene, the Earth experienced a greenhouse climate, with global temperatures significantly warmer than today.
- The poles were ice-free, and forests extended into higher latitudes than they do today.
- The period was characterized by relatively high levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, contributing to the warm climate.
- The Middle Eocene was a time of significant diversification and evolution of various groups of organisms.
- Mammals continued to diversify and evolve, with the emergence of early primates, rodents, and hoofed mammals.
- The period also saw the rise of modern bird groups and the diversification of flowering plants (angiosperms).
- The Middle Eocene was marked by tectonic activity, including the ongoing separation of continents and the formation of mountain ranges in various parts of the world.
- For example, the collision of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate during this time led to the uplift of the Himalayas.
|
PYQ:
[2020] The word ‘Denisovan’ is sometimes mentioned in media in reference to-
(a) Fossils of a kind of dinosaurs
(b) An early human species
(c) A cave system found in North-East India.
(d) A geological period in the history of the Indian subcontinent |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Iron Age in India; Transition period of Mahajanpadas
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
Iron Age in India
- India’s Iron Age ranged from approximately 1200 BCE to 200 BCE.
- It was marked by the emergence of new archaeological cultures, including the megalithic cultures, Painted Grey Ware culture (1300–300 BCE), and the Northern Black Polished Ware (700–200 BCE).
- This period corresponds to the transition from the Janapadas (principalities) of the Vedic period to the 16 Mahajanapadas (region-states) of the early historic period.
- This transition culminated in the emergence of the Maurya Empire toward the end of the Iron Age.
- Ironworking was prevalent in the Central Ganga Plain and the Eastern Vindhyas from the early second millennium BCE.
- Sites:
- North India: Malhar, Dadupur, Raja Nala Ka Tila, Lahuradewa, Kosambi and Jhusi, Allahabad in present-day Uttar Pradesh.
- South India: Earliest Iron Age sites include Hallur in Karnataka and Adichanallur in Tamil Nadu, dating to around 1000 BCE. Mahurjhari near Nagpur was a significant site for bead manufacturing.
- The Indian Iron Age ended coinciding with other significant events such as the decline of the Mauryan Empire and the spread of Buddhism.
|
About the Ooragutta Megalithic Site
- The site boasts over 200 megalithic monuments, although the exact count remains uncertain due to the dense forest and hilly terrain.
- They are characterized by squarish or rectangular shapes, the structures at Ooragutta exhibit unique features.
Dolmenoid Cists
- The newly discovered monuments, termed “Dolmenoid Cists,” feature side slabs arranged to mirror the shape of the cap-stone, resulting in each cist having a distinct shape dictated by the cap-stone.
- These monuments are estimated to date back to around 1,000 BCE.
Rock Art Sites at Damaratogu
- Two new rock art sites have been discovered at Damaratogu in Gundala mandal of Bhadradri Kothagudem district.
- One of these sites, known as ‘Devarlabanda Mula‘, exclusively depicts animals and NO humans, in a rock painting.
- It suggests a cultural significance possibly related to hunting or animal worship.
- The absence of weapons or domestic animals in the paintings indicates that these artworks may belong to the Mesolithic age, dating anywhere between 8000 – 3000 BCE.
Significance of Discoveries
- These monuments resemble to “Passage Chambers” found in Europe.
- This discovery sheds light on previously unknown architectural styles in the region and offers insights into the evolution of megalithic practices.
PYQ:
[2021] Consider the following pairs:
(Historical place) (Well-known for)
- Burzahom : Rock-cut shrines
- Chandraketugarh : Terracotta art
- Ganeshwar : Copper artefacts
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 2 and 3 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SPACE Testing, Working of SONAR
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
A state-of-the-art SPACE testing and evaluation hub for sonar systems, designed for the Indian Navy, was inaugurated by DRDO.
About Submersible Platform for Acoustic Characterisation and Evaluation (SPACE)
- The SPACE is located at the Underwater Acoustic Research Facility in Kulamavu, Idukki, Kerala.
- It is developed by the Naval Physical & Oceanographic Laboratory of DRDO.
- It is set to become a premier testing and evaluation hub for sonar systems deployed on various Indian Navy platforms, including ships, submarines, and helicopters.
Key Features of SPACE:
- SPACE comprises two distinct components:
- Floating Platform on the water surface and
- Submersible platform capable of descending to depths of up to 100 meters using winch systems.
- After completing operations, the submersible platform can be winched up and docked with the floating platform, ensuring efficient utilization of resources.
Functions and Capabilities:
- The primary function of SPACE is the evaluation of complete sonar systems, facilitating rapid deployment and retrieval of scientific packages such as sensors and transducers.
- It will serve for surveying, sampling, and data collection of air, surface, mid-water, and reservoir floor parameters utilizing modern scientific instrumentation.
- It will address the data processing and sample analysis requirements, ushering in a new era of Anti-Submarine Warfare research capabilities.
What is SONAR?
- SONAR stands for “Sound Navigation and Ranging.”
- It’s a technique used for detecting and locating objects underwater by transmitting sound waves and analyzing the echoes they produce.
Here’s how it works:
- Sound Transmission: A SONAR system sends out pulses of sound waves, typically at frequencies beyond the range of human hearing. These sound waves travel through the water and propagate in all directions.
- Object Detection: When the sound waves encounter an object underwater, such as a submarine, seafloor, or marine life, they reflect off the object and return to the SONAR system as echoes.
- Echo Reception: The SONAR system receives the echoes of the transmitted sound waves and measures the time it takes for them to return. By knowing the speed of sound in water and the time it takes for the echoes to return, the system can calculate the distance to the object.
- Data Analysis: The received echoes are processed and analyzed to create a visual representation of the underwater environment. This information helps operators identify and locate objects of interest, navigate safely, and map the seafloor.
|
PYQ:
[2020] “The experiment will employ a trio of spacecraft flying in formation in the shape of an equilateral triangle that has sides one million kilometres long, with lasers shining between the craft,” The experiment in question refers to-
(a) Voyager-2
(b) New Horizons
(c) LISA Pathfinder
(d) Evolved LISA |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mount Ruang, Pacific Ring of Fire, Sangihe Islands arc, Tectonic Plates mentioned
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
Indonesia witnessed a series of eruptions from Mount Ruang, a stratovolcano located in North Sulawesi Province.
About Mount Ruang
- Ruang is situated in the Sangihe Islands arc, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.
- It comprises an island that is 4 by 5 kilometers wide, with a summit containing a partial lava dome reaching an altitude of 725 meters (2,379 ft).
- From its summit, peaks such as Klabat, Siau, and Ternate can be observed in the south, north, and east, respectively.
- The volcano’s first recorded eruption was in 1808.
Why so many volcanic eruptions in Indonesia this year?
- Indonesia, an archipelago of 270 million people, has 120 active volcanoes.
- It is prone to volcanic activity because it sits along the “Ring of Fire,” a horseshoe-shaped series of seismic fault lines around the Pacific Ocean.
What is the Pacific ‘Ring of Fire’?
- The Pacific ‘Ring of Fire’ or Pacific Rim, or the Circum-Pacific Belt, is an area along the Pacific Ocean that is characterized by active volcanoes and frequent earthquakes.
- Volcanic arcs and oceanic trenches partly encircling the Pacific Basin form the so-called Ring of Fire.
- It is home to about 75 per cent of the world’s volcanoes – more than 450 volcanoes.
- Also, about 90 per cent of the world’s earthquakes occur here.
Its spread
- Its length is over 40,000 kilometres and traces from New Zealand clockwise in an almost circular arc covering Tonga, Kermadec Islands, Indonesia.
- It is moving up to the Philippines, Japan, and stretching eastward to the Aleutian Islands, then southward along the western coast of North America and South America.
Seismic activity of the region
- The area is along several tectonic plates including the:
- Pacific plate,
- Philippine Plate,
- Juan de Fuca plate,
- Cocos plate,
- Nazca plate, and
- North American plate.
- The movement of these plates or tectonic activity makes the area witness abundant earthquakes and tsunamis every year.
- Along much of the Ring, tectonic plates move towards each other creating subduction zones.
PYQ:
[2018] Consider the following statements:
- The Barren Island volcano is an active volcano located in the Indian Territory.
- Barren Island lies about 140 km east of Great Nicobar.
- The last time the Barren Island volcano erupted was in 1991 and it has remained inactive since then.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 3 only
(d) 1 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pulses: Cultivation pattern, Export dynamics, Consumption etc.
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- India’s pulses imports in fiscal 2024 witnessed a remarkable surge, soaring by 84% year-on-year to their highest level in six years.
- Lower production levels prompted India to permit duty-free imports of red lentils (Masoor) and yellow peas (Tur/Arhar), further driving the increase in imports.
Pulses Cultivation in India
|
Details |
| Seasons |
Cultivated in both ‘Kharif’ and ‘Rabi’ seasons. ‘Rabi’ pulses contribute more than 60% of production.
Kharif Season Pulses:
- Pigeon Peas (Arhar/Toor/Red Gram)
- Green Beans (Moong Beans)
- Black Matpe (Urad/Mah/Black Gram)
- Black Eyed Peas (Lobia)
- Chick Peas (Kabuli Chana)
- Red Kidney Beans (Rajmash)
Rabi Season Pulses:
- Bengal Gram (Desi Chick Pea/Desi Chana)
- Lentils (Masoor)
- White Peas (Matar)
|
| Production (2023) |
Approximately 27.5 million metric tonnes
Reported as 7.6 quintals per hectare |
| Area under Cultivation |
Pulses account for around 20% of the area under food grains in India. |
| Top Producing States |
Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka |
| Government Initiatives |
National Food Security Mission (NFSM) for Pulses, Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay Sanrakshan Abhiyan (PM-AASHA) Scheme |
| Research and Development |
Conducted by Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) in collaboration with State Agricultural Universities |
| Goal |
Aim for self-sufficiency in pulse production by 2027 |
Pulses Import: Figures and Value
- India imported a total of 4.65 million metric tons of pulses in the fiscal year ending March 31, 2024, marking the highest volume since fiscal 2018.
- In terms of value, imports surged by 93% to reach $3.75 billion in the same period.
Pulses Production in India: Key Facts
- India is the largest producer (25% of global production), consumer (27% of world consumption) and importer (14%) of pulses in the world (as per FAO).
- Pulses account for around 20% of the area under foodgrains and contribute around 7-10% of the total foodgrains production in the country (as per Vikaspedia).
- Gram (Chana) is the most dominant pulse having a share of around 40 per cent in the total production followed by Tur/Arhar at 15 to 20 per cent and Urad and Moong at around 8-10 per cent each. (Reference)
- Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka are the top five pulses producing States. (Reference)
|
Global Impact of Higher Imports
- The surge in imports by India, the world’s largest importer, producer, and consumer of protein-rich pulses, has been bolstering global prices.
- It has also contributed to reducing stocks in exporting countries such as Canada, Australia, and Myanmar.
Significance of Pulses Consumption
- Nutritional Value:
- Pulses are considered to be ‘poor man’s protein’.
- They contain 20-25% of protein by weight, with twice the protein available in wheat and thrice that present in rice.
- WHO recommends 80gm/day of Pulses in the diet.
- Environmental Sustainability:
- Pulses have low carbon and water footprints, making them integral to sustainable farming.
- Water footprints for producing one kilogram of meat are five times higher than that of pulses.
- Pulses emit 0.5 kilogram in CO2 equivalent per kilogram, while meat produces 9.5 kilograms in CO2 equivalent.
PYQ:
[2019] Among the agricultural commodities imported by India, which one of the following accounts for the highest imports in terms of value in the last five years ?
(a) Spices
(b) Fresh fruits
(c) Pulses
(d) Vegetable oils
[2020] With reference to pulse production in India, consider the following statements:
- Black gram can be cultivated as both kharif and rabi crop.
- Green-gram alone accounts for nearly half of pulse production.
- In the last three decades, while the production of kharif pulses has increased, the production of rabi pulses has decreased.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bhojshala-Kamal Maula Complex, Reign of Mihir Bhoja, Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty and its contemporaries
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The Supreme Court has issued a cautionary note to Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) barring any physical excavation that could alter the character of the Bhojshala-Kamal Maula Complex.
About Bhojshala Complex
|
Details |
| Location |
Dhar district, Madhya Pradesh. |
| Historical Background |
Established by Raja Bhoj, the greatest ruler of the Parmar dynasty, as an educational institute. |
| Date of Establishment |
11th century. |
| Transformation |
Originally a Goddess Wagdevi (Saraswati temple), later converted into Kamal Maulana Mosque by Muslim rulers. |
| Architectural Features |
- Large open courtyard (Mahaāyata);
- Verandah with decorated pillars (Sthāpanā);
- Prayer hall with intricately carved ceilings (Shikharākāra).
|
| Inscriptions |
- Two hymns depicting the Karmavatar of Vishnu (Avatār);
- Sarpabandha pillar inscriptions with Sanskrit alphabet and grammatical rules (Vyākaraṇa).
|
| Archaeological Significance |
Protected by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) as an 11th-century monument under Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958 |
Controversy over Bhojshala Complex
- Religious Claims: Hindus regard the site as the temple of Goddess Wagdevi (Saraswati), while Muslims believe it to be the Kamal Maula mosque.
- Usage Agreement: The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) allows Hindus to pray on Tuesdays and Vasant Panchami, and Muslims to offer namaz on Fridays,
Recent Developments
- Vasant Panchami Dispute: A recent order allowing Hindus to worship during Basant Panchami hours led to discontent among some Right-wing activists.
- Demand for Extended Access: Hindu groups demand all-day access to the shrine on such occasions, leading to protests and petitions filed in the High Court.
Who was Raja Bhoj?
|
Details |
| Original name |
Raja Bhoja (Mihir Bhoja) |
| Dynasty |
Gurjara-Pratihara |
| Reign |
836 – 885 AD |
| Rise to Prominence |
Emerged as the paramount power in northern India, defeating rivals like the Palas and Rashtrakutas |
| Capital |
Kannauj (Mahodaya) |
| Military Strength |
Possessed India’s strongest cavalry, as noted by Arab traveller Sulaiman |
| Title |
Assumed the title of “Adivaraha”; referred to as “King Baura” by Arab travellers |
| Religious Affiliation |
Great follower of Vaishnavism |
| Acknowledgment of Supremacy |
Acknowledged as supreme by various factions, including Arabs of Sindh, Chandalas, and Kalachuris |
| Notable Feats |
Triumph over Pala king Devapala and Rashtrakuta king Amoghavarsha |
| Legacy |
Renowned for his wisdom, military prowess, and patronage of Vaishnavism |
| Historical Significance |
Marked the zenith of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty, leaving a lasting impact on Indian history |
|
PYQ:
[2021] With reference to Chausath Yogini Temple situated near Morena, consider the following statements:
- It is a circular temple built during the reign of Kachchhapaghata Dynasty.
- It is the only circular temple built in India.
- I was meant to promote the Vaishnava cult in the region.
- Its design has given rise to a popular belief that it was the inspiration behind the Indian Parliament building.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 4 only
(d) 2, 3 and 4 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Green Credit Programme (GCP)
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The Union Environment Ministry has rolled out norms for the Green Credit Programme (GCP).
Guidelines and Modifications:
- The Environment Ministry’s recent guidelines empower ‘States’ to determine afforestation density based on local conditions, acknowledging the variability in forest ecosystems.
- Indigenous species are prioritized, and naturally occurring seedlings are retained to foster ecosystem resilience.
|
What is Green Credit Programme (GCP)?
- The GCP as notified on October 13, 2023 by the government of India, is an innovative market-based mechanism.
- This program is part of the broader ‘LiFE’ campaign (Lifestyle for Environment), and it encourages and rewards voluntary environmentally positive actions.
- It involves various stakeholders like- individuals, farmers, communities, private sector industries, and companies.
- The Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE), based in Dehradun, serves as the GCP Administrator, responsible for programme implementation, management, monitoring, and operation.
- Initially, the GCP focuses on water conservation and afforestation.
What are Green Credits?
- The green credit rules notified under the Environment (Protection) Act 1986 defines ‘green credit’ as a single unit of an incentive provided for a specific activity that delivers a positive impact on the environment.
- Each tree planted and evaluated by the ICFRE after two years could yield one ‘green credit,’ which can be utilized in two ways:
- Compliance with forest laws necessitating recompense for forest land diversion.
- Reporting under environmental, social, and governance norms or meeting corporate social responsibility requirements.
Notable Feature: Green Credit Registry
- The ICFRE, alongside experts, is developing the Green Credit Registry and trading platforms to facilitate the registration, buying, and selling of green credits.
- To obtain green credits, individuals and entities must register their activities through the central government’s dedicated app/website (www.moefcc-gcp.in).
- The administrator verifies activities through a designated agency, with self-verification for small projects. Once verified, the administrator issues a tradeable green credit certificate.
Activities under GCP
The GCP includes numerous activities, such as:
|
Description |
| Tree Plantation-based Green Credit |
Promotes increasing the green cover through tree plantations and related activities. |
| Water-based Green Credit |
Promotes water conservation, harvesting, and efficiency, including wastewater treatment and reuse. |
| Sustainable Agriculture-based Green Credit |
Promotes natural and regenerative agricultural practices, land restoration, and soil health improvement. |
| Waste Management-based Green Credit |
Promotes sustainable waste management practices, including collection, segregation, and treatment. |
| Air Pollution Reduction-based Green Credit |
Promotes measures to reduce air pollution and other pollution abatement activities. |
| Mangrove Conservation and Restoration-based Green Credit |
Promotes conservation and restoration of mangroves, critical ecosystems for coastal protection and biodiversity. |
| Ecomark-based Green Credit |
Encourages manufacturers to obtain Ecomark labels for their goods and services, signifying environmental sustainability. |
| Sustainable Building and Infrastructure-based Green Credit |
Promotes sustainable practices in building and infrastructure development, including energy efficiency, renewable energy use, and eco-friendly construction materials. |
Future prospects
The programme is currently in a pilot phase, with ongoing deliberations on:
- Quantifying the contributions of shrubs and grasses to green credits;
- Equivalence between green and carbon credits;
- Allocation of credits for compensatory afforestation.
PYQ:
[2011] Regarding “carbon credits”, which one of the following statements is not correct?
(a) The carbon credit system was ratified in conjunction with the Kyoto Protocol
(b) Carbon credits are awarded to countries or groups that have reduced greenhouse gases below their emission quota
(c) The goal of the carbon credit system is to limit the increase of carbon dioxide emission
(d) Carbon credits are traded at a price fixed from time to time by the United Nations Environment Programme. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Veeranam Lake , Mettur Dam and their Location
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- Chennai’s main drinking water source Veeranam Lake dries up.
- Its supply was halted due to the lack of inflow from the Mettur dam located across the Kaveri River.
About Veeranam Lake
- Veeranarayanapuram Lake, commonly known as Veeranam Lake, serves as a crucial water source for Chennai city.
- It is a manmade lake with 16-km long dam. It was about 20 km long and 7 km wide back then in 10th century.
- It situated approximately 235 km away in the Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu.
- The lake, located near Kattumannarkoil, has a storage capacity of around 1,465 million cubic feet (mcft) and plays a vital role in supplying water to Chennai.
Historical Significance of Veeranam Lake
- Constructed during the 10th century by Rajaditya Chola, a ruler of the Greater Cholas.
- It was originally named as Veeranarayana Mangalam Lake,
- It was built with the efforts of Rajaditya Chola and his soldiers during their leisure time while camped at Thirumunaipadi for a war against Pallava kings.
Water Sources and Inflow
- Veeranam Lake primarily receives water from the Kollidam River via the Vadavaru River.
- The lake’s inflow is supplemented by water released from the Mettur dam through the Kollidam River and Lower Anicut, ensuring sufficient water availability during certain periods.
PYQ:
[2018] Which one of the following is an artificial lake?
(a) Kodaikanal (Tamil Nadu)
(b) Kolleru (Andhra Pradesh)
(c) Nainital (Uttarakhand)
(d) Renuka (Himachal Pradesh) |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Operation Jumbo and prospect States
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The Forest Department has resumed Operation Jumbo to capture trouble-causing wild elephants and fix radio collars in Hassan division of Karnataka.
What is Operation Jumbo?
- Operation Jumbo is a campaign launched by the Karnataka government to capture and radio-collar rogue wild elephants that frequently enter human habitations.
- It is effective in five districts of the state, namely Hassan, Chikkamagaluru, Kodagu, Ramanagara, and Bengaluru.
- The objective of this operation is to manage elephant movement and mitigate conflicts through continuous tracking using GPS-equipped radio collars, which have a battery life of three years.
Implementation of Operation Jumbo
- The cost of capturing and radio-collaring each wild elephant is approximately Rs 22 lakh, with Rs 7 lakh spent on each radio collar imported from South Africa.
- The operation involves a diverse team of 70-80 individuals, including forest officers, veterinarians, mahouts, and other support staff.
- It includes tasks such as surveillance, tracking, darting wild animals from the back of trained elephants, and securing the rescued tusker.
Elephants in India
|
Details |
| Population Estimate |
- India hosts the largest population of wild Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus), with around 29,964 individuals,
- Approximately 60% of the global population (2017 census).
|
| Leading States |
Karnataka holds the highest number of elephants, followed by Assam and Kerala. |
| Conservation Status |
- IUCN Red List: Endangered.
- CMS: Appendix I.
- Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Listed under Schedule I,
- CITES: Appendix I.
|
| Conservation Initiatives |
- Project Elephant launched in 1992, covering 23 states across India.
- Contributed to the increase in wild elephant population from around 25,000 in 1992 to about 30,000 in 2021.
- Establishment of Elephant Reserves. Total 33 in numbers covering approximately 80,777 Sq.km.
|
PYQ:
[2020] With reference to Indian elephants, consider the following statements:
- The leader of an elephant group is a female.
- The maximum gestation period can be 22 months.
- An elephant can normally go on calving till the age of 40 years only.
- Among the States in India, the highest elephant population is in Kerala.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 3 and 4 only |
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