Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Genotype D1.1
Why in the News?
The US Department of Agriculture has confirmed a new spillover of H5N1 avian flu genotype D1.1 into dairy cattle in the United States.
What is Genotype D1.1?
- Genotype D1.1 is a strain of the H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus, primarily found in poultry and wild birds.
- It is part of the H5 clade 2.3.4.4b, which has been responsible for multiple outbreaks worldwide.
- It was recently confirmed in dairy herds in Churchill County, Nevada, USA.
- Symptoms in Cattle: Includes fever, reduced milk production, coughing, sneezing, and nasal discharge.
- Differences from B3.13: Genotype B3.13, the previous dominant H5N1 strain in cattle, caused milder infections in humans, whereas D1.1 has led to more severe cases.
Bird Flu (Avian Influenza) Spillover of H5N1 Virus
- A spillover event occurs when a virus jumps from its natural host species (wild birds) to other animals or humans.
- It spreads through wild bird migration routes, carrying the virus across continents.
- The virus has been detected in unpasteurized milk from infected cows, raising concerns about worker exposure.
Impacts on India
- Although genotype D1.1 has not been detected in India, the growing spread of H5N1 in cattle and humans abroad raises concerns for public health and livestock industries in India.
- India is part of major bird migration routes (Central Asian Flyway & East Asian-Australasian Flyway), making it vulnerable to H5N1 spread from infected wild birds.
- With India being the world’s largest milk producer, a spillover of H5N1 into dairy cattle could severely impact milk production and exports.
- While human cases remain rare, a mutation allowing human-to-human transmission could lead to a pandemic-like scenario.
- India poultry products exports to Middle Eastern and Asian markets; an H5N1 outbreak could lead to bans and economic losses.
PYQ:
[2015] H1N1 virus is sometimes mentioned in the news with reference to which one of the following diseases?
(a) AIDS
(b) Bird flu
(c) Dengue
(d) Swine flu |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: BioE3 Policy
Why in the News?
After the BioE3 Policy approval in August 2024, the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) held consultations with State governments on setting up biomanufacturing facilities across India.
What is the BioE3 Policy?
- It is a national initiative by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Ministry of Science and Technology to promote biomanufacturing and a circular bioeconomy in India.
- Biomanufacturing involves the industrial production of bio-products such as biopolymers, enzymes, smart proteins, functional foods, precision biotherapeutics, and climate-resilient agricultural products.
- It focuses on scaling up biotechnology-based industries, enhancing research and innovation, and creating employment opportunities in sustainable bio-based sectors.
- It aligns with India’s Net Zero carbon commitment and aims to make biomanufacturing a key driver of economic growth.
Objectives and Features of the BioE3 Policy
- Promoting Biomanufacturing: Establishing biomanufacturing hubs and biofoundries to produce bio-based chemicals, polymers, and enzymes.
- Strengthening R&D and Innovation: Encouraging state-driven biotechnology policies, bio-AI hubs, and technology-driven bioindustries.
- State-Centric Implementation: States will adopt at least two thematic areas under BioE3, focusing on local bio-based industries and sustainable agriculture.
- Workforce Development: Expanding biotechnology training programs in Tier-II and Tier-III cities to build a skilled workforce.
- Biosafety and Regulatory Compliance: Ensuring adherence to global biosafety standards and responsible biotechnology innovation.
- Carbon Capture and Sustainability: Supporting carbon sequestration technologies and climate-resilient agriculture to mitigate climate change impacts.
- Encouraging Private Sector Investment: Creating a business-friendly environment for biotech startups, public-private partnerships, and global collaborations.
Programs Implemented Under the BioE3 Policy:
- State-Centric BioE3 Cells: Dedicated cells will be established in State departments to coordinate investments, research, and policy execution.
- Precision Biotherapeutics and Functional Foods Initiative: Research into next-generation bio-based medicines, smart proteins, and functional foods.
- Carbon Capture and Bioeconomy Models: Development of technologies for carbon sequestration and sustainable bio-based industrial processes.
- Public-Private Partnerships: Collaboration between government, industry, and research institutions to drive biomanufacturing investments and commercialization.
PYQ:
[2015] With reference to bio-toilets used by the Indian Railways, consider the following statements:
1. The decomposition of human waste in the bio-toilets is initiated by a fungal inoculum.
2. Ammonia and water vapour are the only end products in this decomposition which are released into the atmosphere.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: electronic-National Agriculture Market (E-NAM)
Why in the News?
The Agriculture Ministry has allowed trading of 10 additional commodities on the electronic-National Agriculture Market (E-NAM), taking the total number of tradable items on the platform to 231.
About the 10 new commodities:
The newly added commodities include dried Tulsi leaves, Besant (Chickpea flour), wheat flour, chana sattu (Roasted Chickpea Flour), water Chestnut flour, asafoetida, dried fenugreek leaves, baby corn, dragon fruit and water Chestnut, the ministry said in a statement.
Current Status of E-NAM (As of December 2024):
- 1,410 mandis connected across 22 states and Union Territories.
- Inter-state trade worth ₹5,022 crore has been recorded.
- ₹6,831 crore e-payments made across 948 mandis.
- Trade in 1.44 lakh metric tonnes of grains and 3.4 crore units of perishable commodities such as bamboo, betel leaves, coconuts, and lemons.
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What is E-NAM?
- E-NAM is a pan-India electronic trading platform launched by the Government of India on April 14, 2016.
- It integrates existing Agriculture Produce Market Committees (APMCs) to create a unified national market for agricultural commodities.
- The Small Farmers Agribusiness Consortium (SFAC), under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare, is the implementing agency for e-NAM.
- The platform enables farmers, traders, and buyers to trade agricultural commodities online, across states, ensuring better price discovery and transparency.
Objectives of e-NAM
- Improve market efficiency by integrating APMC mandis into a unified online platform.
- Enhance price discovery through a competitive bidding process, ensuring fair market prices for farmers.
- Promote inter-state trade by removing barriers and unifying agricultural markets across India.
- Reduce dependency on middlemen, ensuring direct benefits to farmers.
- Facilitate e-payments to ensure quick and transparent financial transactions for farmers.
What is E-NAM 2.0?
- E-NAM 2.0 is an upgraded version of the Electronic National Agriculture Market (e-NAM), launched to improve inter-state agricultural trade, logistics, and digital accessibility for farmers.
- It integrates logistics service providers, allowing farmers to sell produce directly from their farms using a farm-gate module.
- Key features include real-time price discovery, Aadhaar-based e-KYC, warehouse-based trading, and direct online payments.
- The platform enhances transparency, efficiency, and access to a nationwide market, reducing dependence on middlemen.
- It aims to boost farmer incomes, minimize wastage, and create a unified digital agricultural ecosystem across India.
|
PYQ:
[2017] What is/are the advantage/advantages of implementing the ‘National Agriculture Market’ scheme?
- It is a pan-India electronic trading portal for agricultural commodities.
- It provides the farmers access to nationwide market, with prices commensurate with the quality of their produce.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Darien Gap
Why in the News?
The illegal journey into the US often involves dangerous crossings through multiple countries, including the treacherous Darien Gap – a vast, roadless jungle that connects Colombia and Panama.
What is the Darien Gap?
- The Darien Gap is a 97-km stretch of dense rainforest, swamps, and mountains that forms the only break in the Pan-American Highway, which otherwise runs from Alaska to Argentina.
- Due to its extreme terrain, harsh climate, and lack of infrastructure, the region has remained largely impenetrable.
- However, in recent years, it has become a major migration route, as thousands of people attempt to cross it in hopes of reaching North America.
- Geographical Features:
- Location: Forms the border between Panama and Colombia.
- Terrain: Consists of steep mountains, muddy swamps, fast-flowing rivers, and dense rainforests, making travel extremely difficult.
- Climate: Has a hot, humid, and rainy environment with limited access to food and water.
Geo-Political Significance:
- Migration Crisis: Over 520,000 migrants crossed in 2023, with over 300,000 crossings in early 2024.
- ‘Donkey Route’: Many migrants, including Indians, Venezuelans, Haitians, and Pakistanis, travel through Central American nations like Panama, Costa Rica, and Guatemala before reaching Mexico.
- Criminal Activity: The region is controlled by smuggling networks, drug cartels, and armed groups, who demand money, rob migrants, or subject them to violence.
- Humanitarian Concerns: Reports of sexual assaults, deaths, and disappearances are increasing, with overcrowded shelters and severe shortages of food, water, and medical aid.
PYQ:
[2015] The area known as ‘Golan Heights’ sometimes appears in the news in the context of the events is related to:
(a) Central Asia
(b) Middle East
(c) South-East Asia
(d) Central Africa |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Brucellosis
Why in the News?
An 8-year-old girl in Kerala, recently succumbed to brucellosis, a bacterial infection primarily caused by the consumption of unpasteurised milk.
About Brucellosis
- Brucellosis is a bacterial infection caused by Brucella species, primarily affecting cattle, goats, sheep, swine, and dogs.
- Humans contract it through direct contact with infected animals, consuming contaminated animal products, or inhaling airborne agents.
- According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the most common cause is the ingestion of unpasteurised milk or cheese from infected livestock.
- Symptoms and Risk Factors:
-
- Symptoms: Fever, weakness, weight loss, and general discomfort. The incubation period is 1-2 months, but most cases develop within 2-4 weeks.
- At-Risk Groups: Farmers, butchers, veterinarians, hunters, and laboratory personnel handling infected animal tissues.
- Treatment and Prevention:
-
- Treatment: Doxycycline (100 mg, twice daily for 45 days) and Streptomycin (1 g daily for 15 days) as per medical advice.
- Prevention: Vaccination of livestock, pasteurisation of milk, and public awareness campaigns to discourage the consumption of unpasteurised dairy products.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Exercise Ekuverin
Why in the News?
The 13th edition of Exercise Ekuverin, the bilateral joint military exercise between India and the Maldives, commenced in the Maldives on February 4, 2025.
About Exercise Ekuverin
- The word “Ekuverin” means ‘Friends’ in the Dhivehi language, signifying the close ties between India and the Maldives.
- The exercise was first conducted in 2009 as part of an annual bilateral military engagement.
- It is held alternatively in India and the Maldives, promoting military cooperation between the two nations.
- In 2023, the exercise was conducted at Chaubatia, Uttarakhand, from June 11 to 24.
- In 2025, the exercise is being conducted in the Maldives, further strengthening defence relations.
Features and Significance:
- The exercise aims to enhance military interoperability.
- It focuses on joint counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism operations, improving the preparedness of both nations.
- The training includes humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR) operations, equipping both forces to respond effectively to crises.
- It seeks to strengthen defence cooperation and regional security in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
India’s Defence Exercises with Southeast Asian Neighbours
India actively participates in joint military exercises with its Southeast Asian partners to bolster regional security and defence cooperation.
Key Bilateral and Multilateral Exercises:
- Garuda Shakti: Special Forces exercise with Indonesia, conducted in November 2022 at the Sangga Buana Training Area, Indonesia.
- Mitra Shakti: Annual military exercise between India and Sri Lanka, last conducted in 2022.
- VINBAX: Joint military exercise with Vietnam, with the 3rd edition held in 2022.
- IMBEX: Bilateral exercise between India-Myanmar, with its last known edition in 2017-18.
- Maitree: Annual India-Thailand military exercise, conducted since 2006.
- CORPAT: Coordinated Patrol (CORPAT) exercises with Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia to ensure maritime security.
- AIME 2023: The first ASEAN-India Maritime Exercise (AIME) held in May 2023, involving navies from India and ASEAN nations (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam).
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Asteroid 2024 YR4
Why in the News?
NASA has identified a newly discovered near-Earth asteroid, 2024 YR4, which has a slightly more than 1% chance of impacting Earth in 2032.
Asteroid 2024 YR4 and its Geographical Features:
- The asteroid was discovered in December 2024 by an observatory in Chile.
- It measures between 40 to 100 meters across, making it roughly the size of a football field.
- The exact size is uncertain because astronomers estimate an asteroid’s size based on its brightness.
- On December 25, 2024, the asteroid passed within 800,000 kilometers of Earth, which is approximately twice the distance of the Moon.
- It will fade from sight in April 2025 and will not be visible again until 2028, when it approaches Earth once more.
- The asteroid is currently rated 3 on the Torino Scale, which measures the risk of impact on a scale from 0 to 10.
Potential Destruction from 2024 YR4 Impact:
- If 2024 YR4 collides with Earth, it is expected to release between 8 to 10 megatons of energy, equivalent to multiple nuclear explosions.
- It injured 1,500 people and damaged thousands of buildings across several cities.
- In comparison, the Apophis asteroid, discovered in 2004, was initially rated 4 but was later downgraded after further observations ruled out an impact threat.
How often do Asteroids crash Into Earth?
- Thousands of small asteroids burn up in Earth’s atmosphere daily due to friction.
- The Chelyabinsk meteor (2013) exploded over Russia with 30 times the power of the Hiroshima bomb.
- Asteroids around 40 meters can cause regional destruction if they hit Earth.
- Large asteroids (1 km+ in size) can trigger global disasters, occurring about once every 260 million years.
- The Chicxulub asteroid (66 million years ago) led to the extinction of dinosaurs.
How Space Agencies prevent Asteroid Collisions?
- NASA and global space agencies work on planetary defense to prevent impacts.
- In 2022, NASA’s DART mission successfully changed asteroid Dimorphos’s trajectory using kinetic impact.
- Scientists explore 3 key methods for asteroid deflection:
- Kinetic Impact: Using spacecraft to hit an asteroid and alter its path.
- Gravity Tractors: Using a spacecraft’s gravity to pull an asteroid off course.
- Nuclear Explosions: As a last resort, detonating a nuclear device near an asteroid to deflect or destroy it.
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PYQ:
[2011] What is the difference between asteroids and comets?
- Asteroids are small rocky planetoids, while comets are formed of frozen gases held together by rocky and metallic material.
- Asteroids are found mostly between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars, while comets are found mostly between Venus and Mercury.
- Comets show a perceptible glowing tail, while asteroids do not.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Makhana Board
Why in the News?
The Union Budget 2025 has announced the establishment of a Makhana Board in Bihar to improve production, processing, value addition, and marketing of makhana (fox nut).
What is Makhana?
- Makhana, also known as fox nut, is the edible seed of the prickly water lily (Euryale ferox), grown in freshwater ponds across India and South Asia.
- Bihar produces 90% of India’s makhana, with major hubs in Darbhanga, Madhubani, Purnea, and Katihar.
- It is nutrient-rich, low-fat, and considered a superfood, gaining popularity in domestic and international markets.
- Traditionally used in religious rituals, makhana is now promoted for its health benefits and commercial potential.
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About the Makhana Board
- The Makhana Board will train farmers, ensure market access, regulate pricing, and promote exports.
- The Food Processing Institute will focus on value addition, quality control, research, and global trade facilitation.
- Aims & Objectives:
- Increase production by promoting high-yield varieties like Swarna Vaidehi and Sabour Makhana-1.
- Improve processing infrastructure to reduce wastage and enhance product quality.
- Support exports through cargo infrastructure, trade partnerships, and branding initiatives.
- Structural Mandate:
- Governing body led by government officials, farmer representatives, and industry experts.
- Regional centers in key makhana-producing districts to assist farmers.
- Partnerships with ICAR, NABARD, and agricultural universities for research and financial support.
- ₹100 crore initial funding for infrastructure, training, and market expansion.
- Powers & Functions: Regulate production, enforce quality standards, provide subsidies, promote research, develop export infrastructure, and launch branding campaigns.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ocean Coordination Mechanism (OCM)
Why in the News?
The Ocean Coordination Mechanism (OCM) was recently announced by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO on January 14, 2025.
What is Ocean Coordination Mechanism (OCM)?
- The OCM, launched by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO, aims to enhance marine conservation and resource management.
- It focuses on the Caribbean and North Brazil Shelf, regions with rich biodiversity, coral reefs, and fisheries generating $610 million annually.
- The OCM promotes Blue Carbon Projects, using coastal ecosystems for carbon storage, benefiting both climate resilience and local communities.
- It has secured $15 million in funding from the Global Environment Facility (GEF) under the UNDP/GEF PROCARIBE+ Project, with an additional $126.02 million in co-financing.
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO
- Established in 1961, the IOC/UNESCO promotes marine science cooperation for sustainable ocean governance.
- It operates in key areas:
- Ocean science research: Supports studies on climate change, biodiversity, and sustainability.
- Tsunami warning systems: Maintains early warning mechanisms to mitigate risks.
- Ocean observations: Collects and analyzes oceanographic data for policy-making.
- The IOC leads the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030), known as the “Ocean Decade”, advancing global marine conservation efforts.
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About the Caribbean Sea
- The Caribbean Sea is part of the North Atlantic Ocean, located south of the Gulf of Mexico and southwest of the Sargasso Sea.
- Bordering Nations:
- Greater Antilles – Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola (Haiti & Dominican Republic), Puerto Rico.
- Lesser Antilles – Includes islands from Virgin Islands to Trinidad & Tobago.
- South America – Borders Venezuela & Colombia.
- Central America – Includes Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, Belize.
- Key Features:
- Deepest Point – The Cayman Trough, at 7,686 meters below sea level.
- Mesoamerican Barrier Reef – Second-largest barrier reef globally, stretching 1,000 km.
- Major Gulfs and Bays – Includes Gulf of Venezuela, Gulf of Honduras, and Gulf of Darién.
- The Caribbean Sea supports rich biodiversity but faces threats from climate change, pollution, and overfishing, making conservation efforts like OCM essential for sustainability.
PYQ:
[2021] Consider the following statements :
1. The Global Ocean Commission grants licences for seabed exploration and mining in international waters.
2. India has received licences for seabed mineral exploration in international waters.
3. ‘Rare earth minerals’ are present on seafloor in international waters.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Guru-Shishya Parampara Scheme
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Culture implements a Central Sector scheme by the name of ‘Financial Assistance for Promotion of Guru-Shishya Parampara (Repertory Grant)’.
What is the Guru-Shishya Parampara Scheme?
- The Ministry of Culture launched this scheme in 2003-04.
- It aims to preserve and promote India’s traditional performing arts.
- It provides financial assistance to Gurus (mentors) and Shishyas (students) in music, dance, theatre, and folk arts, ensuring structured training under the age-old mentorship system.
- Aims and Objectives:
- Preserve and revive rare art forms through direct knowledge transfer.
- Support traditional artists by providing financial aid for sustainable livelihoods.
- Encourage young talent by facilitating training under experienced Gurus.
- Promote classical, folk, and tribal art forms through structured mentorship.
Features and Significance:
- Financial Assistance
- Guru – ₹7,500/month | Accompanist – ₹3,750/month
- Shishyas – ₹1,500/month (up to four per Guru)
- Repertory Grant – Guru: ₹15,000/month | Shishya: ₹2,000 – ₹10,000/month
- Eligibility
- Indian citizens engaged in traditional performing arts.
- Gurus aged 45-70 years with national-level recognition.
- Implementation & Monitoring
- Each Guru trains 5-8 Shishyas, focusing on rural and tribal artists.
- Periodic reviews and expert evaluations ensure proper fund utilization.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nuclear Energy Mission
Why in the News?
The Union Budget 2025-26 introduced the Nuclear Energy Mission, aiming to develop at least 5 indigenous Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) by 2033.
About Nuclear Energy Mission (NEM):
| Details |
- A flagship initiative announced in Union Budget 2025-26 to accelerate India’s nuclear power capacity towards the target of 100 GW by 2047.
- It focuses on Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), expansion of Bharat Small Reactors (BSRs), and policy reforms to attract private and foreign investment in nuclear energy.
|
| Key Highlights of the NEM |
- 100 GW Nuclear Target by 2047 as part of India’s clean energy transition.
- ₹20,000 crore allocated for R&D and deployment of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs).
- Public-Private Collaboration for setting up Bharat Small Reactors (BSRs) and advanced nuclear technologies.
- Amendments to Atomic Energy Act, 1962 to allow private sector participation.
- Changes to Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010 to attract foreign investment.
- Deployment of BSRs (220 MWe) and SMRs (30-300 MWe) to replace coal plants and power remote regions.
|
| Other Initiatives for Enhancing India’s Nuclear Capacity |
Expansion of Nuclear Power Capacity:
- Current capacity: 8,180 MW → Target by 2031-32: 22,480 MW.
- 10 reactors under construction (8,000 MW) across Gujarat, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Haryana, Karnataka, and Madhya Pradesh.
- Approval for 6 x 1208 MW AP1000 reactors (USA collaboration) at Kovvada, Andhra Pradesh.
Deployment of Advanced Nuclear Reactors:
-
- Bharat Small Reactors (BSRs): 220 MWe PHWRs for industrial decarbonization.
- Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (500 MWe) at Kalpakkam achieved milestones in 2024.
- High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors (HTGRs) & Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs) under development using India’s thorium reserves.
Recent Developments:
- New uranium deposit discovered at Jaduguda Mines (extends mine life by 50+ years).
- Operationalization of first two 700 MWe PHWR units at Kakrapar, Gujarat (KAPS-3 & 4).
- NPCIL-NTPC Joint Venture (ASHVINI) launched to build nuclear plants.
- Rajasthan Atomic Power Project-7 (RAPP-7) reached criticality in 2024.
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PYQ:
[2018] With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy. (250 Words, 15 Marks)
[2011] The function of heavy water in a nuclear reactor is to:
(a) Slow down the speed of neutrons
(b) Increase the speed of neutrons
(c) Stop the nuclear reaction
(d) None of the above |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Customs Duty
Why in the News?
The Budget proposes to remove 7 customs tariff rates for industrial goods, following a similar step in Budget 2023-24. This will leave only 8 tariff rates, including a zero rate, making customs duty structure more transparent and predictable.
What is Customs Duty?
- Customs Duty is a tax imposed on goods that cross international borders to regulate their movement.
- It helps protect a country’s economy, jobs, environment, and residents by controlling imports and exports.
- It prevents illegal trade, ensures fair competition, and generates government revenue.
- The Customs Act, 1962, which defines and regulates customs duty in India.
- The Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC) under the Ministry of Finance manages customs duties.
- Types of Customs Duties in India:
- Basic Customs Duty (BCD): Levied on imported goods (0-100%).
- Countervailing Duty (CVD): Imposed to balance foreign subsidies (0-12%).
- Social Welfare Surcharge (SWS): 10% surcharge to support welfare projects.
- Anti-Dumping Duty: Imposed on goods sold below market price to prevent unfair trade.
- Compensation Cess: Levied on items like tobacco and pollution-causing goods.
- Integrated GST (IGST): Imposed on imports at 5%, 12%, 18%, or 28% rates.
- Safeguard Duty: Applied when excessive imports harm domestic industries.
- Customs Handling Fee: 1% charge for customs processing.
- Customs Duty Calculation: Based on product value, origin, composition, and international trade agreements.
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Key Changes Announced to Customs Tariffs:
- Tariff rates reduced from 15 to 8, Social Welfare Surcharge was removed on 82 items.
- 36 new life-saving medicines exempted, 5% duty on six more drugs.
- Full BCD exemption on 35 EV battery capital goods, 28 mobile battery items, and key minerals like cobalt & lithium.
- 10-year duty exemption for shipbuilding materials; Ethernet Switch duty cut from 20% to 10%.
- 20% export duty on crust leather removed, handicraft export timeline extended to 1 year.
- Frozen fish paste duty cut from 30% to 5% to boost seafood exports.
- Customs assessments limited to 2 years, quarterly importer reporting instead of monthly.
How India is Protecting Its Economy from Trade War Impact?
- Rupee-based trade settlements with Russia, UAE & Sri Lanka to reduce dollar dependence.
- Stockpiling essential imports like semiconductors, rare earth metals, and crude oil.
- Attracting companies shifting from China with PLI incentives for manufacturing.
- Paperless customs clearance, AI-driven trade monitoring, and blockchain documentation for smoother trade.
- Strengthening global trade alliances like IPEF (Indo-Pacific Economic Framework) and Supply Chain Resilience Initiative (SCRI) (Japan-Australia) for supply chain stability.
PYQ:
[2018] Consider the following statements
1. The quantity of imported edible oils is more than the domestic production of edible oils in the last five years.
2. The Government does not impose any customs duty on all the imported edible oils a special case.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: GARBH-INi-DRISHTI
Why in the News?
India’s first Ferret Research Facility, GARBH-Ini-DRISHTI, was inaugurated at Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI) in Faridabad to boost vaccine development and infectious disease research.
About GARBH-INi-DRISHTI
- GARBH-INi-DRISHTI is a data repository and information-sharing hub designed to provide comprehensive clinical and biological insights into maternal and child health.
- Developed under the GARBH-INi program, it is one of South Asia’s largest pregnancy cohort datasets, offering access to clinical data, medical images, and bio-specimens.
- The platform includes data from over 12,000 pregnant women, newborns, and postpartum mothers, enabling extensive research into maternal and neonatal health outcomes.
- It is a collaborative initiative, involving India’s top research institutions and hospitals, ensuring scientific synergy in maternal healthcare.
- Aims:
- To enhance maternal and neonatal healthcare research through large-scale data accessibility.
- To support global researchers in conducting transformative studies that can improve birth outcomes.
- To provide early insights into pregnancy-related complications, fostering better diagnostic and preventive measures.
- To develop predictive tools for conditions like preterm birth, ensuring better maternal health interventions.
- Features:
- Comprehensive Data Repository: Houses clinical, imaging, and bio-specimen data from thousands of pregnant women and newborns.
- Advanced Data Access: Researchers can explore detailed datasets to study pregnancy outcomes, foetal health, and postnatal development.
- Secure and Controlled Access: Provides clear guidance on data usage and approvals, ensuring ethical research practices.
- Global Research Platform: Enables nationwide and international collaboration, allowing researchers to work on common healthcare challenges.
- Supports Policy and Decision-Making: The data can be leveraged to shape maternal health policies, improve diagnostic protocols, and design effective interventions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gyan Bharatam Mission
Why in the News?
The Union Budget 2025-26 has introduced the Gyan Bharatam Mission, a comprehensive initiative for surveying, documenting, and conserving India’s manuscript heritage.
What is Gyan Bharatam Mission?
- It is a nationwide initiative launched in the Union Budget 2025-26 to survey, document, and conserve India’s manuscript heritage.
- The mission aims to cover over one crore manuscripts, ensuring the systematic preservation of ancient texts housed in academic institutions, museums, libraries, and private collections.
- It is a revival and expansion of the National Manuscripts Mission (NMM), which was originally established in 2003 but had limited impact due to inadequate funding and structural challenges.
- The mission aligns with India’s broader cultural conservation goals and is expected to create a centralized repository for India’s rich textual and intellectual heritage.
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- Survey and document manuscripts across institutions and private collections.
- Digitize rare texts and create a centralized repository for research and preservation.
- Restore and conserve fragile manuscripts using modern preservation techniques.
- Features and Significance:
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- Budget Allocation Increased: Funding for NMM raised from ₹3.5 crore to ₹60 crore.
- Digital Preservation: AI-driven archiving, metadata tagging, and translation tools for easy access.
PYQ:
[2023] With reference to Indian History, Alexander Rea, A. H. Longhurst, Robert Sewell, James Burgess and Walter Elliot were associated with (2023)
(a) archaeological excavations
(b) establishment of English Press in Colonial India
(c) establishment of Churches in Princely States
(d) construction of railways in Colonial India |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hollongapar Gibbon WLS
Why in the News?
Exploratory drilling for oil and gas has been approved within the eco-sensitive zone surrounding the Hollongapar Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary.
About the Hollongapar Gibbon WLS
- Hollongapar Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary was initially established as Hollongapar Reserve Forest in 1997 and renamed in 2004.
- It is the only habitat for hollock gibbons in India.
- Located in Assam, with the Bhogdoi River along its northern boundary.
- Biome classified as plains alluvial semi-evergreen forests with patches of wet evergreen forests.
- Flora:
- Upper canopy: Dominated by Hollong trees (Dipterocarpus macrocarpus), Sam, Amari, Sopas, Bhelu, Udal, and Hingori.
- Middle canopy: Features Nahar trees.
- Lower canopy: Composed of evergreen shrubs and herbs.
- Fauna:
- Primates: Includes Hoolock Gibbons, Bengal Slow Loris (only nocturnal primate in Northeast India), stump-tailed macaques, northern pig-tailed macaques, eastern Assamese macaques, rhesus macaques, and capped langurs.
- Other mammals: Indian elephants, tigers, leopards, jungle cats, wild boars, civets, squirrels, and more.
About the Hoolock Gibbons:
- Gibbons are the smallest and fastest apes, and they inhabit tropical and subtropical forests across Southeast Asia.
- It is the only ape specie found in India.
- They possess high intelligence, exhibit distinct personalities, and have strong familial bonds, reflecting characteristics similar to other ape species.
- The current population of hoolock gibbons is estimated at around 12,000, found primarily in Northeast India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and southern China.
- Two distinct species, the eastern hoolock gibbon (Hoolock leuconedys) and the western hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock), were previously reported in India.
- Conservation Status
- IUCN Red List: the western hoolock gibbon is classified as Endangered, and the eastern hoolock gibbon is classified as Vulnerable.
- Both gibbon species in India are placed under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
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PYQ:
[2010] Consider the following pairs:
Protected Area:: Well-known for
1. Bhitarkanika, Orissa :: Salt Water Crocodile
2. Desert National Park, Rajasthan :: Great Indian Bustard
3. Eravikulam, Kerala :: Hoolock Gibbon
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: First National Gene Bank
Why in the News?
As part of the Union Budget 2025-26, Finance Minister announced the establishment of a second National Gene Bank in India.
About the First National Gene Bank
- Established in 1996 by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (ICAR-NBPGR) in New Delhi.
- Functions as India’s primary facility for preserving plant genetic resources (PGRs) to safeguard biodiversity.
- Operates through 12 regional stations across the country for collection and storage of vital crop germplasms.
- Preserves 0.47 million accessions (plant material for breeding and research) as of January 15, 2025.
- Maintains genetic resources using four conservation methods:
- Seed Genebank (-18°C) – Stores seeds for long-term conservation.
- Cryogenebank (-170°C to -196°C) – Preserves plant tissues in liquid nitrogen.
- In-vitro Genebank (25°C) – Maintains plant cultures in controlled environments.
- Field Genebank – Conserves live plants for breeding and research.
- Protects diverse crop groups, including cereals, millets, legumes, oilseeds, and vegetables.
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About the Second National Gene Bank
- It aims to store over 10 lakh germplasm lines to strengthen food and nutritional security.
- It will complement the first National Gene Bank and expand genetic conservation capacity.
- It is designed to support both public and private sectors in conserving genetic diversity.
- Features and Significance:
- Largest conservation facility in India, expanding germplasm storage capacity beyond the existing 0.47 million accessions in the first gene bank.
- Ensures germplasm accessibility for future generations, preventing genetic erosion due to habitat loss or overexploitation.
- Protects India’s agricultural heritage by preserving native, traditional, and rare plant varieties.
- Aligns with global conservation efforts, including India’s Seed Vault in Chang La (Ladakh) and the Svalbard Global Seed Vault (Norway).
- Promotes ex-situ conservation, ensuring crop diversity for future breeding, research, and sustainable farming.
PYQ:
[2021] What are the research and developmental achievements in applied biotechnology? How will these achievements help to uplift the poorer sections of society? |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Samudrayaan Project
Why in the News?
In a major boost to India’s Deep Ocean Mission, Finance Minister allocated ₹600 crore for the Samudrayaan project under the Union Budget 2025-26.
About Samudrayaan Project
- Samudrayaan is India’s first manned deep-sea mission, designed for exploring ocean resources and conducting deep-sea research.
- It falls under the Deep Ocean Mission (DOM) of the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES).
- The project involves sending scientists in a deep-sea submersible to explore mineral resources and biodiversity at depths of up to 6,000 metres.
- With this project, India will join an elite group of nations (USA, Russia, China, Japan, and France) capable of deep-sea manned exploration.
- Aims and Objectives
- Deep-Ocean Exploration: Study deep-sea resources, including minerals, hydrothermal vents, and marine biodiversity.
- Technological Development: Advance underwater robotics, deep-sea mining technology, and manned submersible vehicles.
- Sustainable Resource Utilization: Explore polymetallic nodules, which contain cobalt, nickel, manganese, and copper.
Significant Features:
- Manned Submersible: MATSYA 6000:
- Being developed by the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), Chennai.
- Developed under Samudrayaan to carry three crew members for up to 12 hours of exploration (extendable to 96 hours in emergencies).
- Designed for operation at a depth of 6,000 metres.
- Equipped with life-support systems and scientific sensors.
- Exploration of India’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ):
- Mapping the ocean floor for mineral resources.
- Conducting geological and environmental studies for sustainable deep-sea mining.
PYQ:
[2022] With reference to the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea, consider the following statements:
- A coastal state has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from baseline determined in accordance with the convention.
- Ships of all states, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea.
- The Exclusive Economic Zone shall not extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Mission on Cultural Mapping (NMCM)
Why in the News?
As part of the Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, National Mission on Cultural Mapping (NMCM) introduced the Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar (MGMD) portal in June 2023, facilitating comprehensive documentation of the cultural heritage of 6.5 lakh villages across India.
About National Mission on Cultural Mapping (NMCM):
| Details |
Launched by the Ministry of Culture, Government of India and implemented by Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA). |
| Aims and Objectives |
- Document India’s cultural heritage, including art forms, artists, crafts, and performing arts.
- Mapping of 6.5 lakh villages across India; Initial focus on Bihar.
- IT-enabled platform to store and manage cultural data via a web portal and mobile app (Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar).
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| Significant Features |
- Database creation for cultural elements like oral traditions, art, customs, festivals, food, and historical landmarks.
- National Register of Artists and Art Practices for cultural preservation.
- Raising awareness about cultural heritage’s role in economic development and national unity.
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| Initiatives under the Mission |
- Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar (MGMD): Documents villages, focusing on culture, history, and traditions.
- 7 Categories of Cultural Data: Arts & Crafts, Ecology, Scholastic Traditions, Epics, History, Architecture, and Unique Features.
- Sanskriti Pratibha Khoj: Identification of traditional artists through cultural mapping.
- National Cultural Work Place and Outreach: Involves newsletters, magazines, booklets, advertisements, media, and content designing.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mosquitofishes
Why in the News?
The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has sought a response from the Central government regarding the use of two highly invasive and alien fish species—Gambusia affinis (Mosquitofish) and Poecilia reticulata (Guppy)—as biological agents for mosquito control in multiple states.
Both species are classified as “invasive and alien” by the National Biodiversity Authority (NBA).
About Gambusia Affinis (Western Mosquitofish)
- It has been widely introduced worldwide as a biological control agent to reduce mosquito populations.
- The mosquitofish primarily feeds on mosquito larvae, small insects, and zooplankton.
- Despite its intended benefits, Gambusia affinis has been identified as one of the world’s most invasive species.
- It is highly aggressive and competes with native fish for resources.
- It also preys on the eggs and juveniles of indigenous fish, amphibians, and invertebrates, leading to a decline in local biodiversity.
- The Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) has listed it among the 100 worst invasive species globally due to its harmful ecological impact.
About Poecilia Reticulata (Guppy, Millionfish, Rainbow Fish)
- Poecilia reticulata, commonly known as the Guppy, Millionfish, or Rainbow Fish, is a small freshwater fish native to Northern South America and the Caribbean.
- It is widely recognized for its vibrant colors and adaptability, making it a popular choice for both aquarium enthusiasts and mosquito control programs worldwide.
- It is a highly adaptable species, capable of surviving in a variety of freshwater environments.
- Guppies are omnivorous, feeding on mosquito larvae, small insects, algae, and organic detritus.
- Their feeding habits make them a common choice for mosquito control programs, although their effectiveness is still debated.
- While guppies are less aggressive than mosquitofish, their population growth can still disrupt local ecosystems.
PYQ:
[2023] ‘Wolbachia method’ is sometimes talked about with reference to which one of the following?
(a) Controlling the viral diseases spread by mosquitoes
(b) Converting crop residues into packing material
(c) Producing biodegradable plastics
(d) Producing biochar from thermo-chemical conversion of biomass |
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Inland Mangrove of Guneri
Why in the News?
The Gujarat government has declared the Guneri Inland Mangrove in Kutch as the state’s first Biodiversity Heritage Site (BHS) under The Biological Diversity Act, 2002.
Quick Facts about Mangroves in India:
- “Red List of Mangrove Ecosystems” report released on May 22 (International Day for Biodiversity), 2024.
- India holds 3% of South Asia’s total mangrove cover.
- Mangrove cover increased by 54 sq km (1.10%), reaching 4,975 sq km (0.15% of India’s total area).
- West Bengal leads (42.45%), followed by Gujarat (23.66%) and Andaman & Nicobar Islands (12.39%).
- South 24 Parganas, West Bengal, alone contributes 41.85% of India’s mangrove cover, including Sundarbans National Park.
- Gujarat recorded the highest increase, adding 37 sq km of mangrove cover.
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About Guneri Inland Mangroves:
- Guneri Inland Mangroves (32.78 hectares) are a rare and unique mangrove ecosystem located in Kutch district, Gujarat.
- It is India’s last remaining inland mangrove site and one of only eight such sites globally.
- Unlike coastal mangroves, which thrive in tidal zones, Guneri mangroves exist inland without direct seawater contact.
- These mangroves have historical and ecological significance, possibly originating after the Miocene marine transgression or forming along the banks of the ancient Saraswati River in the Great Rann of Kutch.
Geographical Features:
- It is located about 45 km from the Arabian Sea and 4 km from Kori Creek.
- Terrain:
- Flat land, unlike coastal mangroves that grow in muddy, tidal zones.
- Devoid of sludge, making it resemble a forest rather than a typical mangrove swamp.
- Water Source:
- Thrives on limestone deposits, which help retain groundwater to sustain the mangroves.
- No direct tidal water influx, relying entirely on underground water connectivity.
- Biodiversity:
- Home to 20 migratory bird species and 25 resident migratory avifaunal species.
- Functions as a vital habitat for local and seasonal wildlife.
PYQ:
[2015] Which one of the following regions of India has a combination of mangrove forest, evergreen forest and deciduous forest?
(a) North Coastal Andhra Pradesh
(b) South-West Bengal
(c) Southern Saurashtra
(d) Andaman and Nicobar Islands |
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