From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)
Why in the News?
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) began its three-day monetary policy review.
There is increasing speculation that the RBI may announce a cut in the Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) to ease liquidity pressures.
What is Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)?
CRR is the percentage of a bank’s total deposits that it must maintain as liquid cash with the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as a reserve.
It is a tool used by the RBI to manage inflation and check excessive lending by banks.
It serves as a safety net during times of banking stress, ensuring banks have enough liquidity for day-to-day operations.
As of now, the CRR is set at 4.5% of a bank’s Net Demand and Time Liabilities (NDTL).
Banks do not earn interest on the amount they maintain as CRR with the RBI.
CRR Requirements for Different Types of Banks:
Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs): Includes Public Sector Banks (PSBs), Private Sector Banks (PVBs), Regional Rural Banks (RRBs), Small Finance Banks (SFBs), Payments Banks, Primary (Urban) Co-operative Banks (UCBs), State Co-operative Banks (StCBs), and District Central Co-operative Banks (DCCBs).
Non-Scheduled Co-operative Banks & Local Area Banks: They must maintain CRR with themselves or with the RBI.
Restrictions on CRR Funds
Banks cannot lend the funds held as CRR to corporates or individual borrowers.
The money held under CRR cannot be used for investment purposes by the bank.
No Interest is earned on the funds maintained as CRR by banks with the RBI.
What isIncremental CRR (I-CRR)?
Introduced temporarily on August 10, 2023, to absorb surplus liquidity in the banking system.
Banks were required to maintain 10% I-CRR on the increase in their NDTL between May 19, 2023, and July 28, 2023.
The I-CRR was implemented from August 12, 2023, and applied during periods of excess liquidity in the financial system.
Impacts of Declining CRR on the Economy
Positive Impacts:
Increased Bank Liquidity: A reduction in CRR frees up more funds for banks, improving credit availability and promoting investment and consumption.
Stimulus for Economic Growth: With more funds to lend, businesses can secure loans more easily, boosting economic activity and encouraging growth across sectors.
Lower Interest Rates: As banks have more liquidity, they may lower interest rates on loans, making credit cheaper and encouraging investment and consumer spending.
Negative Impacts:
Potential Inflationary Risks: Increased lending and spending can raise demand, which, if not matched by supply, can lead to inflationary pressures in the economy.
Asset Bubbles: Excess liquidity may result in overvalued assets like stocks or real estate, creating the risk of unsustainable price increases and potential market instability.
PYQ:
[2010] When the Reserve Bank of India announces an increase of the Cash Reserve Ratio, what does it mean?
(a) The commercial banks will have less money to lend
(b) The Reserve Bank of India will have less money to lend
(c) The Union Government will have less money to lend
(d) The commercial banks will have more money to lend
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: World Wildlife Conservation Day
Why in the News?
World Wildlife Conservation Day (December 4) reminds us to focus on preserving and protecting the critically endangered species in India and globally.
The theme for this year is “Connecting People and Planet: Exploring Digital Innovation in Wildlife Conservation”.
World Wildlife Conservation Day: Key Facts
Observed annually on December 4th.
Purpose: Raise awareness about the importance of wildlife conservation and the protection of endangered species and their habitats.
It was established in 2012 by the UN, coinciding with the anniversary of the 1948 signing of CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species).
It supports global efforts for wildlife conservation, aligns with SDG 15 (life on land) and SDG 14 (life below water).
Aims for India’s Critically Endangered Species
As of 2022, 73 species in India are classified as critically endangered, meaning they are at highest risk of extinction in the wild.
The number of critically endangered species has risen from 47 in 2011, partly due to better data availability and monitoring.
India has 9 critically endangered mammal species, out of which 8 are endemic (found only in specific regions within India).
These include: Kashmir Stag (Hangul), Malabar Large-spotted Civet, Andaman Shrew, Jenkin’s Shrew, Nicobar Shrew, Namdapha Flying Squirrel, Large Rock Rat, and Leafletted Leaf-nosed Bat.
Though these animals receive significant attention for tourism purposes, they are only three of the critically endangered species in India.
Lions: Asiatic lions in the Gir Forest are critically endangered.
Tigers: Bengal tigers are also listed as critically endangered.
Cheetahs: They are also part of India’s endangered wildlife.
Great Indian Bustard is a bird facing significant threats due to power lines in Rajasthan.
PYQ:
[2014] The most important strategy for the conservation of biodiversity together with traditional human life is the establishment of:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Marburg Virus
Why in the News?
An outbreak of Marburg Virus (Bleeding Eyes) disease (MVD) has killed and infected many in Rwanda.
Location of Rwanda
AboutMarburg Virus:
Overview
• Causes Marburg Virus Disease (MVD), also known as Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever.
• Belongs to the filovirus family (same as Ebola).
• Discovered during outbreaks in 1967 in Marburg and Frankfurt, Germany.
• Case Fatality Rate ranges from 24% to 88%, depending on the strain and treatment effectiveness.How does it spread?• Animal to Human Transmission: Spread primarily from Rousettus bats, especially Egyptian fruit bats found in caves or mines.
• Human to Human Transmission: Spread through direct contact with blood and bodily fluids (saliva, vomit, feces, semen, and breast milk). Also transmitted indirectly through contaminated surfaces or clothing.
Symptoms and Treatment
• Early signs include fever, headache, muscle aches, chills, nausea, vomiting, and severe diarrhoea.
• Progresses to bleeding from various body parts, and death typically occurs 8-9 days after symptoms due to blood loss and organ failure.
• No approved vaccine or antiviral treatment. Supportive care includes hydration, symptom management, and blood transfusions. Experimental vaccines are being studied.
Why is it a Global Concern?
• High Fatality Rate: MVD’s case fatality rate (24%-88%) makes it one of the deadliest diseases.
• Spread: Ongoing outbreaks, primarily in Africa, but now affecting Rwanda and Tanzania.
• Public Health Threat: Human-to-human transmission and rapid spread pose significant challenges.
• Economic Impact: Outbreaks disrupt local economies, healthcare systems, and global trade due to travel restrictions and quarantine measures.
PYQ:
[2015] Among the following, which were frequently mentioned in the news for the outbreak of Ebola virus recently?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Windfall Gains Tax
Why in the News?
With global oil prices stabilizing and domestic fuel supply improving, the government has decided to scrap the windfall gains tax, ensuring more predictable taxation for the oil industry.
What isWindfall Tax?
A windfall tax is a levy imposed on companies experiencing unexpected profits due to external factors like market shifts or crises.
In India, it was introduced on July 1, 2022, targeting domestic crude oil production and exports of diesel, petrol, and ATF.
The tax aimed to capture windfall profits and ensure adequate domestic fuel supply amid rising global prices after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
The tax was imposed as Special Additional Excise Duty (SAED) on crude oil, and Additional Excise Duty (AED) or Road and Infrastructure Cess (RIC) on fuel exports.
Initially, the tax was Rs 23,250 per tonne on crude oil, Rs 13 per litre on diesel exports, and Rs 6 per litre on petrol and ATF exports.
The tax was regularly reviewed based on global oil price fluctuations.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA)
Why in the News?
A recent study published in the ‘Nature’ has shown that Extrachromosomal DNA(ecDNA)ispresent in approximately 50% of cancer types, playing a significant role in tumor evolution and genetic heterogeneity.
What is ecDNA?
Details
• ecDNA stands for extrachromosomal DNA, which is small, circular DNA found in the nucleus of cells, separate from regular chromosomes.
• Forms when DNA breaks off from chromosomes, often due to damage or errors in cell division.
• Can carry extra copies of oncogenes, which promote cancer growth.
• Initially thought to be unimportant, recent studies show it plays a major role in cancer.
How ecDNA Contributes to Cancer and Drug Resistance
• Helps Tumors Grow: ecDNA contains extra copies of oncogenes that help cancer cells grow faster and become more aggressive.
• Drug Resistance: The extra oncogenes make the cancer harder to treat with standard drugs by producing more harmful proteins.
• Faster Tumor Evolution: ecDNA allows cancer cells to evolve rapidly, making them more resistant to treatments like chemotherapy and enabling the tumor to grow even when drugs are used.
How ecDNA Challenges Genetics Laws?
Mendel’s Law says that genes on different chromosomes are inherited independently, meaning they are passed on randomly to the next generation.
ecDNA breaks this rule by grouping genes together and passing them on as a cluster during cell division.
This allows cancer cells to inherit beneficial genes more easily and helps the tumor grow faster.
Unlike regular chromosomes, which are distributed randomly during cell division, ecDNA is passed on together as a package.
This process gives cancer cells an advantage by making sure they inherit helpful genetic combinations that support cancer growth and resistance to drugs.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD)
Why in the News?
The ICIMOD has launched Air Quality Dashboard for Indo-Gangetic Plain.
ICIMOD Air Quality Dashboard: Important Features
The dashboard provides real-time and forecasted air quality data for the region.
It uses a combination of ground sensor data and satellite imagery to give a comprehensive view of air pollution across local, sub-regional, and regional scales.
A dynamic timelapse powered by the Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) tracks the spread of PM2.5 across the region.
This model highlights the spread of pollution from hotspots like Lahore, New Delhi, and Kolkata.
It provides two-day forecasts, allowing communities, policymakers, and researchers to anticipate air quality conditions and take proactive measures.
Aboutthe International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD):
Details
A regional intergovernmental learning and knowledge-sharing centre founded in 1981.
Idea of creating ICIMOD was first discussed at the International Workshop in December 1974.
8 regional member countries of the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) region: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, and Pakistan.
HKH region encompasses mountain ranges, including the Hindu Kush, Himalayas, and Tibetan Plateau, extending from northern Afghanistan to Myanmar.
Structural Mandate
Headquartered in Khumaltar, Lalitpur, and Kathmandu Valley, Nepal.
ICIMOD also has a Knowledge Park in Godavari, Lalitpur exhibiting ICIMOD’s research and field applications.
Country offices in Afghanistan and Pakistan.
Functions and Powers
Collaborates with national and international scientific institutions, government agencies, donor agencies, and the private sector, both within the region and globally.
Key Role: Promotes partnerships among regional member countries to secure a better future for the people and environment of the HKH region.
PYQ:
[2012] When you travel in Himalayas, you will see the following:
Deep gorges
U-turn river courses
Parallel mountain ranges
Steep gradients causing land sliding
Which of the above can be said to be the evidence for Himalayas being young fold mountains?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1, 2 and 4 only
(c) 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gandhamardan Hills
Why in the News?
The Odisha government has clarified that it will not allow bauxite mining in the Gandhamardan hills after concerns arose when the Adani Group’s subsidiary acquired 112 acres of land near the hills.
AboutGandhamardan Hills:
Geographical Features
Situated in the western part of Odisha, spread across the Bargarh and Bolangir districts.
Covers an area of 190 square kilometers.
Dense forests and hill slopes.
Plays a crucial role in sustaining the livelihoods of local communities.
Mines and Minerals Found
Bauxite: Primary ore of aluminum.
Graphite: Used in industrial applications.
Manganese: Important for steel manufacturing.
Significance
Cultural Sites:
1. Nrusinghanath Temple: A major pilgrimage site dedicated to Lord Nrusingha, a half-lion, half-human incarnation of Lord Vishnu.
2. Harishankar Temple: Dedicated to Lord Shiva and Vishnu, set amidst picturesque surroundings.
Hiuen Tsang described the hill shrine as a Buddhist heritage site named Parimalagiri in his chronicles.
– Flora: Rich in medicinal plants.
– Fauna: Rich biodiversity, including diverse wildlife species.
Dasycarpa and spiderpeucetia harishankarensis are endemic to this hill.
The 14th Asia-Oceania Meteorological Satellite Users’ Conference (AOMSUC-14) will take place from December 4-6, 2024, in New Delhi.
AboutAOMSUC:
Details
What is it?
• It is a conference focused on the use of meteorological satellite data for weather forecasting, climate monitoring, and disaster risk management.
• First AOMSUC was held in Beijing, China in 2010.
• Held annually across various locations in the Asia-Oceania region, becoming a significant event for meteorological satellite applications.
• Participants: WMO, NASA, ESA, JAXA, and other leading space organizations.
Aims and Provisions
• Collaboration: Facilitate regional cooperation in the use of satellite data.
• Weather & Climate Monitoring: Improve forecasting and monitoring of climate patterns.
• Disaster Management: Enhance early warning systems for extreme weather events.
• Capacity Building: Provide training, workshops, and knowledge-sharing opportunities for local meteorologists and satellite data users.
• Data Sharing: Promote satellite data sharing across countries.
Significance
• Regional Cooperation: Promotes stronger collaboration between Asia-Oceania countries, helping to address shared meteorological challenges.
• Improved Forecasting: Facilitates the improvement of satellite data usage for more accurate weather forecasts and better disaster risk reduction strategies.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Rabi Cropping Seasons
Why in the News?
Due to high October temperatures and shortages of di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) fertiliser, the planting of key Rabi (winter-spring) crops such as wheat, mustard, and chana (chickpea) has been slower than usual.
LowRabi Sowing this Year
The Rabi (winter-spring) season is key for crops like wheat, mustard, and chana.
Sowing began in October and continues through November-December.
As of November 8, 2024, sowing progress includes:
Wheat: 41.30 lakh hectares (down from 48.87 lakh hectares last year)
Mustard: 49.90 lakh hectares (down from 50.73 lakh hectares last year)
Chana: 24.57 lakh hectares (down from 27.42 lakh hectares last year)
Reasons Behind:
High October Temperatures: 0.68°C above normal temperatures delayed sowing and caused poor germination, especially in jeera and other spices.
Fertiliser Shortage: A shortage of DAP fertiliser hindered the timely planting of crops.
Delayed Start of Sowing: Farmers, particularly in Uttar Pradesh, began sowing later than usual (from October 20-22 instead of mid-October).
About Rabi Cropping Season in India:
Rabi crops are generally sown in mid-November, once the monsoon rainshave receded.
These crops grow using the rainwater that has percolated into the soil or with the help of irrigation systems.
The harvesting of Rabi crops generally occurs from April to May.
Major Rabi Crops:
Wheat: The largest and most important Rabi crop in India.
Barley: Grown mainly in North and Central India.
Mustard: An essential oilseed crop grown across various regions.
Sesame: Grown in many states but harvested early.
Peas: Harvested early, with a market peak from January to March (especially in February).
Agronomic Features:
Rabi crops rely heavily onirrigation and residual moisture from the previous monsoon season.
Excessivewinter rainfall can harm Rabi crops but benefits the kharif crops grown later.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: North Eastern Tea Association (NETA)
Why in the News?
The North Eastern Tea Association (NETA) has appealed to Ministry of Commerce and Industry seeking permission for tea producers to sell their products through both private sales and public auction systems.
A gazette notification issued on February 26, 2024 has mandated that 100% of dust teas must be sold through public auctions.
AboutNorth Eastern Tea Association (NETA)
Details
• NETA is an association of tea producers headquartered in Golaghat, Upper Assam.
• Established in 1981.
• A key constituent of the Joint Forum and the Consultative Committee of Plantation Associations (CCPA), Assam Valley branch.
• Focuses on promoting the interests of its members and enhancing the tea industry in Assam.
Structural Mandate
• Presence: Strong presence in Golaghat, Assam.
• Role: Represents tea producers and plays a pivotal role in the development of Assam’s tea industry.
• Mandate: Advocates for improvements in the tea industry, assists with policy suggestions, and provides guidance on the development of the tea sector.
Powers and Functions
• Advisory Role: Provides expert opinions and advice to the government of Assam and its members on issues related to the tea industry.
• Policy Advocacy: Urges for changes in government policies to improve the tea industry, e.g., suggesting the relocation of the Tea Board of India’s headquarters to Guwahati.
• Industry Growth: Encourages high-quality tea production and advises growers to enhance the quality of tea to attract international buyers.
• Small Tea Grower Representation: Advocates for amendments to the definition of Small Tea Growers, proposing that those holding up to 50.6 hectares of land be recognized as small growers.
• Government Relations: Provides suggestions to the government for the betterment and scaling up of the tea industry in Assam.
PYQ:
[2022] Consider the following States:
Andhra Pradesh
Kerala
Himachal Pradesh
Tripura
How many of the above are generally known as tea-producing States?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Arittapatti Biodiversity Heritage Site
Why in the News?
The Tamil Nadu CM has requested the Prime Minister to cancel the tungsten mining rights in Madurai, citing concerns for the Arittapatti biodiversity heritage site.
AboutArittapatti Biodiversity Heritage Site:
Details
• First BHS in Tamil Nadu.
• Notified for its ecological and historical significance.
Geological Features
• Surrounded by a chain of seven hillocks (inselbergs) which act as a watershed.
• Watershed feeds 72 lakes, 200 natural springs, and 3 check dams.
• Historic Anaikondan tank built during the Pandiyan kings in the 16th century.
Flora and Fauna
• Home to 250 species of birds, including Laggar Falcon, Shaheen Falcon, and Bonelli’s Eagle.
• Hosts species like Indian Pangolin, Slender Loris, and pythons.
Cultural Significance
• Presence of megalithic structures, rock-cut temples, Tamil Brahmi inscriptions, and Jain beds.
• These features highlight the site’s historical and cultural heritage.
Back2Basics:Biodiversity Heritage Site (BHS)
A BHS is a well-defined, ecologically sensitive area that is recognized for its high biological diversity.
Key Features:
High Biodiversity: These sites host a variety of wild and domesticated species, including rare, threatened, and keystone species.
Ecological Fragility: BHS areas are considered ecologically fragile and are crucial for maintaining local ecosystems.
Community Involvement: BHS areas are managed by local communities and society to conserve biodiversity.
BHS are declared under Section 37(1) of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, and the State Government can notify such areas in consultation with local bodies.
The Nallur Tamarind Grove in Bengaluru, Karnataka, was the first Biodiversity Heritage Site in India, declared in 2007.
Protection Measures:
The creation of a BHS does not necessarily restrict activities but aims to conserve and manage the biodiversity within these areas for long-term sustainability.
PYQ:
[2020] With reference to India’s biodiversity, Ceylon frogmouth, Coppersmith barbet, Gray-chinned minivet and White-throated redstart are:
• Located in Halebidu, Karnataka.
• Built in the 12th century during the Hoysala dynasty under King Vishnuvardhana.
• Dedicated to Lord Shiva.
• Famous for its detailed sculptures, depicting mythological stories, deities, and animals.
• Hoysala style architecture with a star-shaped platform and intricate stone carvings.
• Temple is a masterpiece of the Hoysala architectural style, with complex stonework and frieze detailing.
• UNESCO tentative list for World Heritage status.
Amrutheshwara Temple
• Located in Amruthapura, Karnataka, near Tarikere.
• Built in the 14th century by King Harihara II of the Vijayanagara Empire.
• Dedicated to Lord Shiva.
• Architectural style reflects Vijayanagara influence with a prominent pillared hall.
• Famous for its stone carvings, particularly those on the Shiva Linga.
• Notable for its tank and the beautiful courtyard surrounding the temple.
• Temple follows the tradition of Chola and Hoysala architecture, with distinct Vijayanagara elements.
Gol Gumbaz
• Located in Vijayapura, Karnataka.
• Built in the 17th century by Sultan Muhammad Adil Shah of the Bijapur Sultanate as his tomb.
• Second-largest dome in the world after St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome.
• Acoustic marvel: The dome has a whispering gallery, where sounds can be heard clearly from great distances.
• The central dome spans 44 meters in diameter and is flanked by four towers.
• The structure is made of lime mortar and stone.
• Reflects Deccan Sultanate architectural brilliance, combining Persian, Ottoman, and Indian elements.
Gomatesvara Temple
• Located in Shravanabelagola, Karnataka.
• Features the 57-feet monolithic statue of Lord Bahubali (Gomatesvara), carved from a single block of granite in 981 AD.
• The statue is the largest monolithic statue in India.
• A major pilgrimage site for Jains; it commemorates the spiritual enlightenment of Bahubali.
• The temple complex includes tall steps leading up to the statue, with pilgrims performing a ritual of climbing the steps.
• Maha Mastakabhisheka: Every 12 years, the statue is anointed with milk, water, and saffron in a grand ritual.
• The temple and statue are considered an architectural marvel in Jain art and sculpture.
PYQ:
[2015] With reference to art and archaeological history of India, which one among the following was made earliest?
Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)
Why in the News?
The Indian Chemical Council (ICC) was honored with the prestigious Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), The Hague Award during the 29th Session of the Conference of the States Parties.
Significance of the OPCW-The Hague Award
Purpose: The award recognizes contributions to advancing the goals of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), focusing on chemical safety, disarmament, and global security.
This year, the award was given to the Indian Chemical Council (ICC), the first chemical industry body to receive it, for its role in promoting chemical safety and CWC compliance.
Global Impact: The award emphasizes ICC’s work in collaboration with international bodies and advocacy for sustainable practices in chemical security.
Legacy: The OPCW, which won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2013, continues to honor impactful organizations and individuals contributing to the global disarmament agenda.
What is theChemical Weapons Convention (CWC)?
Details
What is it?
• CWC bans the development, use, and stockpiling of chemical weapons and mandates their destruction.
• Genesis: Negotiations began in 1980.
• Established: Opened for signature on January 13, 1993, and entered into force on April 29, 1997.
• More comprehensive than the 1925 Geneva Protocol, which only banned the use of chemical weapons.
Structure and Functions
• Conference of States Parties (CSP): The main decision-making body, meeting annually.
• Executive Council: 41-member body overseeing CWC implementation.
• Technical Secretariat: Provides support for verification and compliance.
• Verification: Inspects facilities and ensures compliance with the treaty.
Membership criteria and members
• Open to all nations: Any state can join if it meets requirements.
• 193 States-Parties: Includes most nations.
• Non-Signatories: Egypt, North Korea, and South Sudan have neither signed nor ratified the CWC.
Functioning Arm
• Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) implements the CWC, headquartered in The Hague.
• Role: Oversees the destruction of chemical weapons and ensures treaty compliance.
• Inspection: Conducts inspections of chemical facilities worldwide.
• Awards: The OPCW won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2013 for its efforts in chemical weapons elimination.
PYQ:
[2016] With reference to ‘Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)’, consider the following statements:
It is an organization of the European Union in working relation with NATO and WHO.
It monitors the chemical industry to prevent new weapons from emerging.
It provides assistance and protection to States (Parties) against chemical weapons threats. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cyclone Fengal
Why in the News?
A depression over the Southwest Bay of Bengal has intensified into a deep depression and is likely to further intensify into Cyclone Fengal.
The system is currently close to an area with higher sea surface temperatures (SST), contributing to its potential intensification into a cyclonic storm.
Origin of the Name ‘Fengal’
The name ‘Fengal’ was proposed by Saudi Arabia and is rooted in Arabic.
It reflects a combination of linguistic tradition and cultural identity.
Cyclone Naming Process:
Cyclones in the North Indian Ocean are named by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) panel.
This panel includes 13 member countries, such as India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan, among others.
Each member country submits a list of potential cyclone names, and these names are used sequentially as cyclones form in the region.
This system, in place since 2004, ensures easy identification and effective communication of storms to the public.
PYQ:
[2015] In the South Atlantic and South Eastern Pacific regions in tropical latitudes, cyclone does not originate. What is the main reason behind this?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Notable Women in the Constituent Assembly
Why in the News?
On Constitution Day (November 26), President Murmu acknowledged the significant role of women members in the Constituent Assembly of India.
5 Notable Women in the Constituent Assembly
Name
Their Contributions
Ammu Swaminathan (1894-1978)
• Co-founded the Women’s India Association in 1917 with leaders like Annie Besant.
• Advocated for women’s education and rights.
• Spoke on the Hindu Code Bill and gender equality in the Constituent Assembly.
• Became the first woman elected to the Madras legislature.
• After independence, served as India’s goodwill ambassador to countries like Russia, China, and the US.
Annie Mascarene (1902-1963)
• Born in Travancore to a Latin Christian family considered at the bottom of the caste system.
• Advocated for universal adult franchise and against caste-based voting rights.
• Joined the Travancore State Congress and fought for political representation of marginalized communities.
• As a member of the Constituent Assembly, called for a strong Centre and autonomy for local governments.
• Elected as an independent candidate in 1952 from Thiruvananthapuram.
Begum Qudsia Aizaz Rasul (1909-2001)
• Hailing from a prominent family in Punjab, she faced resistance for her education, with a fatwa issued against her convent schooling.
• Fought for women’s rights and opposed separate electorates based on religion.
• Stayed in India post-partition and joined the Indian National Congress.
• Elected to the Rajya Sabha in 1952.
• Helped promote women’s hockey in India.
Dakshayani Velayudhan (1912-1978)
• First Dalit woman to graduate in science and the first Dalit woman in the Cochin Legislative Council.
• Advocated for nationalism and opposed separate electorates for Dalits.
• Strongly committed to social justice despite facing discrimination.
• After independence, remained involved in the Dalit movement and continued advocating for social justice.
Renuka Ray (1904-1997)
• Came from an affluent family with a civil servant father and a progressive mother.
• Joined the freedom struggle after meeting Mahatma Gandhi in 1920.
• Advocated for women’s rights, particularly on divorce and inheritance.
• Represented women’s organizations in the Central Legislative Assembly in 1943.
• Opposed women’s reservation in legislatures, seeing it as a hindrance to women’s growth.
• After losing the 1952 elections, returned to politics and worked on women’s empowerment.
PYQ:
[2011] With reference to Indian freedom struggle, Usha Mehta is well-known for:
(a) Running the secret Congress Radio in the wake of Quit India Movement
(b) Participating in the Second Round Table Conference
(c) Leading a contingent of Indian National Army
(d) Assisting in the formation of Interim Government under Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Milk Day
Why in the News?
National Milk Day on November 26 commemorates the birth anniversary of ‘The Milkman of India’, Dr Verghese Kurien, who was credited with making India self-reliant in milk production.
AboutNational Milk Day:
Details
• Observed on November 26 to honor Dr. Verghese Kurien’s contributions to India’s dairy industry and the White Revolution.
• Celebrates India’s transformation into the world’s largest milk producer.
Contributions made by Varghese Kurien
• Born on November 26, 1921, in Kozhikode, Kerala.
• Played a key role in establishing Amul (1949) and transforming it into a global dairy brand.
• Inaugural chairman of the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB).
• Led Operation Flood, which revolutionized India’s dairy industry and made it self-sufficient in milk production.
• Received numerous awards, including the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership (1963).
About the White Revolution and Milk Production in India
• Initiated in 1970 through Operation Flood to increase milk production and reduce dependence on milk powder imports.
• Empowered dairy farmers by promoting a cooperative-based model for milk production.
• By the late 1990s, India became the world’s largest milk producer, surpassing the US.
• Milk production grew threefold, from 21.2 million tonnes in 1968-69 to over 55 million tonnes by 1991-92.
• Helped build the infrastructure for milk supply chains, processing plants, and storage facilities, making milk more accessible.
• Significantly improved the income and livelihood of rural farmers, boosting employment and economic development.
India is ranked 1st in milk production, contributing 24% of global milk production, reaching 230.58 million tonnes in 2022-23.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pennaiyar River
Why in the News?
The Supreme Court has directed the Union government to submit the report on the Tamil Nadu-Karnataka Pennaiyar River Water Dispute.
About Pennaiyar River
Origin and Geological Composition
• Also known as Thenpennai, originates on the eastern slope of Nandi Hills in Karnataka and flows through Tamil Nadu into the Bay of Bengal.
• Length: 497 km (2nd longest in TN); Catchment area: 3,690 km².
• 77% of the drainage basin lies in Tamil Nadu.
• Bounded by the Velikonda, Nagari, Javadu, Shevaroy, Chitteri, and Kalrayan hills of the Eastern Ghats.
• Lies in the tropical monsoon zone with monsoon (June–December) and non-monsoon (January–May) periods.
Tributaries
• Tributaries include Markandanadhi, Kambainallur, Pambar, Vaniyar, Kallar, Valayar Odai, Pambanar, Aliyar, Musukundanadhi, and Thurinjalar.
• Supported by monsoonal rains and reservoirs like Kelavarapalli, Krishnagiri, and Sathanur Dams.
Important Sites along its Basin
• Mentioned in Sangamliterature for its lush vegetation.
• Important temples include Penneswaraar Temple, Dakshina Tirupati, Veerateshwarar Temple, and Kabilar Kundru.
• Srivilliputhur Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary is a key protected area near the river.
• Used for irrigation in districts such as Chikkaballapur, Bengaluru Rural, Kolar, Krishnagiri, Dharmapuri, Tiruvannamalai, Viluppuram, and Cuddalore.
PYQ:
[2004] Assertion (A): West- flowing rivers of Peninsular India have no deltas:
Reason (R): These Rivers do not carry any alluvial sediments.
Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Green Tribunal
Why in the News?
The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has taken suo motu cognizance of the alarming rise in the number of Himalayan glacial lakes due to rising temperatures, highlighting the growing risk of natural disasters like floods and landslides.
Central Water Commission’s (CWC) report on Glacial Lakes
Glacial lakes in the Himalayas have expanded by 10.81%in 13 years due to glacier melting caused by rising temperatures.
Between 2011 and 2024, India’s glacial lakes grew by 33.7%, highlighting the escalating threat.
The NGT noted that 67 lakes in India saw a surface area increase of over 40%, marking them as high-risk for GLOFs.
Key areas of expansion include Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh.
AboutNational Green Tribunal (NGT):
About
Establishment:
• Formed in 2010 under the National Green Tribunal Act as a statutory body. • Aimed at addressing environmental issues and ensuring speedy implementation of decisions.
• Known for making significant decisions, including addressing air pollution in Delhi and cancelling coal block clearances.
Composition:
• Headquartered in Delhi.
• Chaired by a retired Supreme Court judge.
• Includes Judicial Members and Expert Panel.
Benches:
• Principal bench in Delhi.
• Additional benches in Bhopal, Pune, Kolkata, and Chennai.
Powers and Functions of NGT
• Empowered to decide on cases related to various environmental laws and hear civil cases concerning environmental issues.
• Responsible for enforcement of:
– The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
– The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
– The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, and more.Exceptions:
• Not authorized to hear cases under:
– The Indian Forest Act, 1927
– The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
– State laws related to the protection of trees, forests, etc.
Governing Principles:
• Governed by principles of natural justice, not bound by the Indian Evidence Act.
• Applies the principles of sustainable development, precautionary approach, and the polluter pays principle.
Review and Challenge:
• NGT orders can be reviewed under Rule 22 of NGT Rules.
• Orders can be challenged before the Supreme Court within ninety days.
PYQ:
[2018] How is the National Green Tribunal (NGT) different from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)?
1. The NGT has been established by an Act whereas the CPCB has been created by an executive order of the Government.
2. The NGT provides environmental justice and helps reduce the burden of litigation in the higher courts whereas the CPCB promotes cleanliness of streams and wells and aims to improve the quality of air in the country.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Zonal Cultural Centres (ZCCs)
Why in the News?
The Union Minister for Culture and Tourism has provided information about the Zonal Cultural Centres (ZCCs) in Lok Sabha.
AboutZonal Cultural Centres (ZCCs):
About
• Set up by the Ministry of Culture to promote and preserve cultural heritage.
• Established in 1985, with operations beginning in 1986-87.
• Seven ZCCs located in Patiala, Nagpur, Udaipur, Prayagraj, Kolkata, Dimapur, and Thanjavur.
Aims and Objectives
• Preserving and promoting regional folk, tribal, and traditional arts.
• Enhancing and celebrating India’s cultural diversity.
• Encouraging folk & tribal arts and promoting cultural education.
• Involving youth in creative cultural programs.
• Strengthening linkages between different regions of India to showcase their contribution to Indian culture.
Implementation and Structural Mandate
• Government allocated Rs. 10 crore to each ZCC during the 7th and 10th Plans.
• Free land provided by state governments for ZCC headquarters.
• Organizes Rashtriya Sanskriti Mahotsav (RSM) and regional festivals to promote cultural engagement.
• 42 regional festivals organized annually, 14 RSMs since 2015.
Significance
• Strengthens cultural unity across India and preserves regional cultures.
• Providesplatforms for youth to engage in cultural activities.
• Promotes national integration through events bringing together artists from different regions.
• Contributes to economic development through tourism and employment.
PYQ:
[2013] Which of the following bodies is/are not mentioned in the Indian Constitution?
1. National Development Council
2. Planning Commission
3. Zonal Councils
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
