Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Principles for Condonation of Delay, Doctrine of Harmonious Construction
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The Supreme Court refused to condone a delay of 5659 days in an appeal filing, setting forth eight guiding principles by interpreting Sections 3 and 5 of the Limitation Act, 1963, in ‘Harmonious Construction’.
What is the Doctrine of Harmonious Construction?
- The doctrine of harmonious construction means figuring out how to understand different parts of a law that seem to disagree with each other.
- This doctrine helps maintain consistency and coherence in legal interpretation, ensuring that legislative intent is upheld while resolving apparent conflicts within statutes.
- Origin: The Origin of the Doctrine of Harmonious Construction dates back to the landmark Judgement of Sri Shankari Prasad Singh Deo v. Union of India (1951), when there existed conflict between Fundamental Rights and DPDP.
- In the present context, the SC harmoniously construed Sections 3 and 5 of the Limitation Act, ensuring that the strict interpretation of limitation periods under Section 3 was balanced with the liberal approach to condonation of delay under Section 5.
What is Limitation Act, 1963?
- The Limitation Act, 1963 is a statute enacted by the Parliament that prescribes the time limits within which legal proceedings can be initiated for various civil and criminal matters.
- The Act sets out the specific time periods, known as limitation periods, within which a person must file a lawsuit or take legal action to enforce their rights or claim remedies for a particular cause of action.
- Once the limitation period expires, the right to initiate legal proceedings becomes barred by law, and the aggrieved party loses the right to seek legal redress.
Here are its key features:
- Applicability: The Limitation Act, 1963 applies to civil suits, appeals, and applications filed in courts across India, with exceptions for cases where specific statutes provide for different limitation periods.
- Limitation Periods: The Act sets a limitation period of 3 years for filing suits related to recovery of debts, breach of contract, or injury to a person.
- Commencement of Limitation: The limitation period typically begins from the date when the cause of action arises, which is when the aggrieved party becomes entitled to sue.
- Extension and Suspension: The Act allows for certain circumstances where the limitation period may be extended or suspended. For instance, if the plaintiff is under a disability or if fraud is discovered, the limitation period may be extended.
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Principles for Condonation of Delay
Justices Bela M Trivedi and Pankaj Mithal presided over the bench that delineated these principles.
- Public Policy Basis: Limitation law aims to conclude litigation by forfeiting the remedy rather than the right itself.
- Temporal Limitation: Rights or remedies unexercised for a prolonged duration should cease to exist.
- Strict vs. Liberal Construction: Section 3 (limitation period) requires strict interpretation, while Section 5 (condonation of delay) demands a liberal approach.
- Substantial Justice: While promoting substantial justice, the core of limitation law (Section 3) must not be undermined.
- Discretionary Power: Courts may condone delay if sufficient cause is explained but may refrain due to factors like inordinate delay and negligence.
- Individual Justification: Relief granted to some does not mandate the same for others if delay justification is unsatisfactory.
- Merit Irrelevance: Merits of the case need not influence delay condonation decisions.
- Condonation Parameters: Applications for delay condonation must adhere to statutory provisions; overlooking conditions amounts to disregarding the law.
Why were these guidelines laid out?
- These principles emerged from a case where legal heirs sought to challenge a High Court decision dismissing their plea to condone delay in filing an appeal against a Trial Court’s reference dismissal.
- The litigant’s heirs argued insufficient knowledge about the dismissal due to her stay in the matrimonial house, leading to a delayed filing.
- However, the Supreme Court rejected this argument, citing negligence in pursuing the reference and appeal, lack of procedural diligence, and acceptance of the reference court’s decision by most claimants.
PYQ:
[2021] With reference to Indian judiciary, consider the following statements:
1. Any retired judge of the Supreme Court of India can be called back to sit and act as a Supreme Court judge by the Chief Justice of India with prior permission of the President of India.
2. A High Court in India has the power to review its own judgement as the Supreme Court does.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Green Tribunal (NGT), Pusa-Biodecomposer
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has directed the Punjab government to devise a comprehensive strategy for managing the estimated 19.52 million tonnes of paddy stubble in the state.
About National Green Tribunal (NGT)
|
Description |
| Establishment |
Formed in 2010 under the National Green Tribunal Act as a statutory body. |
| Objective
|
- To deal with cases related to environmental issues and ensure speedy implementation of decisions.
- Responsible for making many prominent decisions aimed at environmental protection, including addressing air pollution in Delhi and cancelling coal block clearances.
|
| Composition |
- Headquartered in Delhi, chaired by a retired Supreme Court judge
- Included Judicial Members and Expert Panel.
|
| Powers |
Empowered to decide on questions related to various environmental laws and hear civil cases concerning environmental issues:
- The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974;
- The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977;
- The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980;
- The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981;
- The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986;
- The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991;
- The Biological Diversity Act, 2002.
|
| Exceptions |
Prohibited to hear any issues which are covered under:
- The Indian Forest Act, 1927,
- The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, and
- Any other laws made by States which are related to protection of trees, forests, etc.
|
| Places |
- Principal bench in Delhi;
- Additional benches in Bhopal, Pune, Kolkata, and Chennai.
|
| Governing Principles |
- Governed by principles of natural justice, not bound by Indian Evidence Act.
- Applies principles of sustainable development, precautionary, and polluter pays.
|
| Review and Challenge |
- NGT orders can be reviewed as per Rule 22 of NGT Rules.
- Can be challenged before the Supreme Court within ninety days.
|
NGT intervention in Punjab
- The ban and action against people burning crop residue are regulated under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.
- Punjab is required to provide details on the steps taken to utilize paddy straw in the previous year, including the mode and manner of removal, transportation, and utilization in various units.
- Punjab estimated an increase in paddy straw generation to 52 million tonnes in 2024, with a projected utilization of 18.66 million tonnes.
- Notably, the off-site utilization is expected to see a significant 60% increase, with 5.96 million tonnes being utilized in industrial and energy plants.
Alternatives used for Stubble Burning
- In-Situ Treatment: This involves managing crop residue directly in the field. Examples include using zero-tiller machines and bio-decomposers to break down stubble.
- Ex-Situ Treatment: This method involves treating crop residue outside the field. An example is using rice straw as cattle fodder.
- Turbo Happy Seeder (THS) Technique: This can uproot stubble and sow seeds while clearing the field. The stubble can then be used as mulch.
Pusa-Biodecomposer
- Pusa-Biodecomposer is a fungi-based liquid solution developed by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).
- It softens hard stubble, making it easy to mix with soil as compost.
- It produces enzymes to digest cellulose, lignin, and pectin in paddy straw, rapidly converting crop residues and other waste into organic manure.
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PYQ:
[2019] Consider the following:
1. Carbon monoxide
2. Methane
3. Ozone
4. Sulphur dioxide
Which of the above are released into atmosphere due to the burning of crop/biomass residue?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 1 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bactolime, Bactogypsum, and Trichogypsum; Soil Microbes
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The Indian Institute of Spices Research (IISR), located in Kozhikode, has introduced and validated three new microbial formulations (Bactolime, Bactogypsum, and Trichogypsum) aimed at improving agricultural productivity.
IISR Microbial Formulations
- It leverages granular lime and gypsum to address soil pH issues while simultaneously delivering beneficial microorganisms.
- These are developed using IISR’s proprietary patent-applied technology.
- The formulations are:
- Bactolime:
- Bactolime, the flagship product, combines beneficial bacteria, specifically plant growth-promoting Rhizobacteria, with liming material in a single formulation.
- This integration ensures not only the correction of soil acidity but also the provision of essential nutrients to plants.
- Bactogypsum and Trichogypsum:
- The other two formulations, Bactogypsum and Trichogypsum, utilize gypsum as a base material to buffer soil pH to a near-neutral level.
- By creating an optimal environment for beneficial microbes, these formulations improve soil structure, enhance the availability of secondary nutrients, and boost overall microbial activity.
Back2Basics: Soil Microbes
Soil microbes refer to microorganisms that inhabit the soil environment and play vital roles in soil health, nutrient cycling, and plant growth. These microorganisms are diverse and include bacteria, fungi, archaea, protozoa, and algae.
|
Function |
Benefits |
| Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria |
Convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, making it available to plants |
Enhance soil fertility, improve plant growth and yield |
| Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria |
Solubilize insoluble phosphorus, making it available to plants |
Increase phosphorus availability, promote root development and flowering |
| Mycorrhizal Fungi |
Form symbiotic relationships with plant roots, facilitate nutrient uptake |
Improve soil structure, enhance nutrient absorption, increase plant resilience |
| Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) |
Stimulate plant growth, enhance nutrient uptake, suppress pathogens |
Promote root development, improve nutrient efficiency, increase stress tolerance |
| Actinomycetes |
Decompose organic matter, produce antibiotics |
Enhance soil fertility, control soil-borne diseases and pests |
| Azotobacter |
Fix atmospheric nitrogen, produce growth-promoting substances |
Increase nitrogen availability, stimulate root growth and nutrient uptake |
| Azospirillum |
Fix atmospheric nitrogen, produce phytohormones |
Enhance nitrogen availability, promote root growth and stress tolerance |
| Bacillus spp. |
Produce antimicrobial compounds, enzymes |
Control plant diseases and pests, improve soil health and fertility |
PYQ:
[2016] Why does the Government of India promote the use of ‘Neem-coated Urea’ in agriculture?
(a) Release of Neem oil in the soil increases nitrogen fixation by the soil microorganisms
(b) Neem coating slows down the rate of dissolution of urea in the soil
(c) Nitrous oxide, which is a greenhouse gas, is not at all released into atmosphere by crop fields
(d) It is a combination of a weedicide and a fertilizer for particular crops |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Right to Privacy, RPA
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- The Supreme Court affirmed a candidate’s right to privacy from voters, stating that candidates need not divulge every aspect of their personal lives and possessions to the electorate.
- It held that Voters Right to Know about the electors is NOT ABSOLUTE.
Right to Privacy in India:
- The Right to Privacy under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution is interpreted as an intrinsic part of the fundamental right to life and personal liberty.
- Article 21 states that “No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.”
- In the landmark judgment of Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India (2017), the Supreme Court explicitly recognized the Right to Privacy as a fundamental right under Article 21.
- The court held that privacy is an essential aspect of personal liberty and dignity, encompassing informational privacy, decisional autonomy, bodily integrity, and spatial privacy.
- This right protects individuals against unwarranted intrusions into their private lives by the state or any other entity.
- It includes the right to keep personal information confidential, to make decisions about one’s life and body without interference, and to maintain physical and spatial autonomy.
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A candidate doesn’t need to declare every item of movable property, such as clothing, shoes, crockery, stationery, and furniture, unless these items are of such value as to constitute a sizeable asset in itself or reflect upon the candidate’s candidature in terms of their lifestyle – Supreme Court.
What are Corrupt Practices under the RPA?
- Section 123 of the Representation of People Act, 1951 defines “corrupt practices” to include bribery, undue influence, false information, and promotion of enmity among citizens based on religion, race, caste, etc.
- Section 123(2) deals with “undue influence,” involving interference with electoral rights through threats or promises.
- Undue influence can manifest in various forms, including threats of physical harm, coercion, intimidation, promises of reward or benefit, or exploitation of vulnerabilities.
Supreme Court’s Verdict
- Emphasis on Candidate’s Right to Privacy:
- Upholding the appeal, the Supreme Court emphasized the candidate’s right to privacy, stating that not every non-disclosure automatically constitutes a defect.
- The court highlighted that a candidate is not required to disclose every item of movable property unless it reflects upon their candidature or lifestyle.
- Case-specific Evaluation:
- The court emphasized that each case must be judged on its own merits, without applying a blanket rule.
- The Court emphasized that non-disclosure of certain personal possessions does not amount to a “defect of a substantial nature” under Section 36(4) of the 1951 Act.
- Example of “High-value” Assets:
- Suppression of high-priced assets, indicating a lavish lifestyle, would constitute undue influence.
- However, ownership of simple, low-value items may not be considered a defect.
PYQ:
[2017] For election to the Lok Sabha, a nomination paper can be filed by-
(a) Anyone residing in India.
(b) A resident of the constituency from which the election is to be contested.
(c) Any citizen of India whose name appears in the electoral roll of a constituency.
(d) Any citizen of India. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Coordinated Lunar Time, Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- The White House directed NASA to establish a time standard for the Moon, named Coordinated Lunar Time (LTC) by the end of 2026.
- This move aims to facilitate coordination among international bodies and private companies operating on the lunar surface.
Timekeeping on the Moon
- The Moon has its own day and night cycle, which lasts about 29.5 Earth days.
- Currently, the time on the Moon is measured using Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), which is the same timekeeping system used on the Earth.
- However, because the Moon’s day is much longer than Earth’s day, it would be difficult to use UTC for day-to-day activities on the Moon.
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)
- UTC is a time standard introduced on January 1, 1960.
- It is based on International Atomic Time (TAI), which is maintained by atomic clocks around the world.
- It is the primary time standard used by many countries, international organizations, and scientific research institutions.
- It is expressed as a 24-hour clock and is used to indicate the time offset from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC+0).
- Time zones are defined as an offset from UTC, with some time zones being ahead of UTC (UTC+1, UTC+2, etc.) and others being behind UTC (UTC-1, UTC-2, etc.).
- It is adjusted periodically to account for changes in the Earth’s rotation, which can cause variations in the length of a day.
- These adjustments are made through the addition of leap seconds to UTC, which help to keep the time standard synchronized with the Earth’s rotation.
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Need for a Lunar Time Standard
- Earth’s Time Standard:
- Earth’s time standard is primarily based on Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), set by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Paris, France.
- UTC is determined by a weighted average of over 400 atomic clocks worldwide, providing a universally agreed-upon standard for time measurement.
- Challenges with Earth’s Time Standard on the Moon:
- Time on the Moon differs from Earth due to factors like gravity and the Moon’s rotation.
- Time on the Moon ticks slightly faster due to lower gravity (about 56 microseconds every day) as per Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity.
Establishing a Lunar Time Standard:
- Technical Considerations:
- LTC cannot be based on UTC due to the time differences between Earth and the Moon.
- Current lunar missions operate on independent timescales linked to UTC, but this approach becomes challenging with multiple space crafts on the Moon.
- Deployment of Atomic Clocks:
- Like on Earth, atomic clocks can be deployed on the lunar surface to establish a time standard.
- A 2023 report suggests placing at least three atomic clocks on the Moon’s surface, accounting for variations in lunar rotation and local gravity.
- Synthesizing Time Measurements:
- Atomic clocks placed at different lunar locations will tick at the Moon’s natural pace.
- Output from these clocks will be combined using algorithms to generate a unified time standard for the Moon, tied back to UTC for Earth operations.
Earth’s Latitudinal Variations on Time
- On Earth, atomic clocks placed at different latitudes experience variations in time due to differences in rotational speed of Earth.
- Earth rotates faster at the Equator compared to the poles, resulting in different time measurements.
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Benefits offered by Lunar Time
- Having a lunar time zone would also make it easier for scientists and researchers to conduct experiments and collect data on the Moon.
- It would also help to prevent confusion and errors that could arise from using different timekeeping systems on Earth and the Moon.
PYQ:
[2015] Tides occur in the oceans and seas due to which among the following?
1. The gravitational force of the Sun
2. The gravitational force of the Moon
3. The centrifugal force of the Earth
Select the correct option using the code given below:
(a) 1 Only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Invasive Alien Species
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands administration sought assistance from the Wildlife Institute of India to manage the increasing population of chital (spotted deer) in Ross Island, officially known as the Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Island.
Chital in Andaman Islands
- The Chital, originally native to mainland India, were introduced to Ross Island (0.3 sq km) by the British in the early 20th century.
- Lacking natural predators or competitors and possessing strong swimming abilities, the Chital rapidly proliferated across the Andamans.
About Chital(spotted deer)
- The Spotted Deer, scientifically known as Axis axis, is a species of deer native to the Indian subcontinent.
- It is characterized by its reddish-brown coat adorned with white spots, particularly prominent in juveniles.
- Spotted Deer inhabit various types of forest habitats, including dry and moist deciduous forests, grasslands, and open woodlands.
- The Spotted Deer is classified as a species of Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List and Schedule II animal under Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
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Definition of Invasive Alien Species (IAS):
- The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) defines invasive alien species (IAS) as species whose introduction and/or spread outside their natural past or present distribution poses a threat to biological diversity.
- These species encompass animals, plants, fungi, and even microorganisms, and can affect various types of ecosystems.
- According to the CBD, characteristics of IAS include their ability to “arrive, survive, and thrive” in new environments.
- The Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) is a global network of scientific and policy experts on invasive species, organized under the auspices of the Species Survival Commission (SSC) of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
Legal Definition in India:
- In India, the legal definition of IAS, as per the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 (amended in 2022), is narrower.
- It refers to species of animal or plant not native to India whose introduction or spread may threaten or adversely impact wildlife or its habitat.
- Notably, this definition EXCLUDES species within India that may be invasive to specific regions, such as the chital in the Andamans.
Examples of Invasive Wildlife in India:
- Fish Species:
- Examples include the African catfish, Nile tilapia, red-bellied piranha, and alligator gar.
- These species were introduced to fulfill the demand for maintaining aquariums.
- Reports indicate their presence in various inland systems and lakes in India.
- Turtle Species:
- Notably, the red-eared slider, a favored exotic pet in India, is often abandoned in local water bodies.
- Originating from North America, this species is known for outcompeting local freshwater species due to its rapid reproduction.
Impact of IAS on Native Flora and Fauna
- Disruption of Ecosystem Balance:
- Invasive species act as disruptors in the food chain, disturbing the balance of ecosystems.
- In habitats lacking competition, invasive species can dominate the entire ecosystem.
- Specific Examples:
- In Keoladeo Park, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, a UNESCO World Heritage site, the African catfish has been observed preying on waterfowl and migratory birds.
- Studies have shown that the proliferation of chital in the Andamans has negatively impacted the regeneration of native vegetation, as these deer are known to consume seeds and seedlings.
IAS’ Economic Impact:
- Global Perspective:
- A report by the UN-founded Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) in September 2023 revealed that approximately 37,000 established alien species were introduced worldwide, with roughly 200 new alien species introduced annually.
- The economic cost of IAS globally surpassed $423 billion annually in 2019, primarily due to the damage inflicted on natural ecosystems.
- Local Implications:
- In India, the National Biodiversity Action Plan of 2019, published by the National Biodiversity Authority, highlighted the economic impact of invasive species such as the cotton mealybug (Phenacoccus solenopsis).
- This invasive species, native to North America, has significantly affected cotton crops in the Deccan region, leading to substantial yield losses.
PYQ:
[2023] Invasive Species Specialist Group’ (that develops Global Invasive Species Database) belongs to which one of the following organizations?
(a) The International Union for Conservation of Nature
(b) The United Nations Environment Programme
(c) The United Nations World Commission for Environment and Development
(d) The World Wide Fund for Nature |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cluster Development Programme (CDP), CDP-SURAKSHA
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The government has introduced a new platform called CDP-SURAKSHA for disbursing subsidies to horticulture farmers under the Cluster Development Programme (CDP).
India’s Horticulture Sector:
- India’s horticulture sector contributes nearly 1/3rd to the agriculture GVA, making a substantial economic contribution.
- The total production of horticulture crops has increased, from 240.53 million tonnes in 2010-11 to 334.60 million tonnes in 2020-21.
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What is CDP-SURAKSHA?
- CDP-SURAKSHA is a digital platform acronym for “System for Unified Resource Allocation, Knowledge, and Secure Horticulture Assistance.”
- It facilitates instant subsidy disbursal to farmers’ bank accounts using the e-RUPI voucher from the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI).
- It provides upfront subsidies during material purchase, and vendors receive payment only after farmers verify delivery.
Key Features include database integration with PM-KISAN, cloud-based server space from NIC, UIDAI validation, eRUPI integration, LGD, content management system, geotagging, and geo-fencing.
Operational Mechanism of CDP-SURAKSHA
- Farmer Interaction:
- Farmers, vendors, implementing agencies (IA), cluster development agencies (CDAs), and National Horticulture Board (NHB) officials can access the platform.
- Farmers can log in using their mobile number, place orders for planting material, and contribute their share of the cost.
- Subsidy Disbursement:
- After raising the demand, farmers receive the subsidy amount automatically on the screen.
- Upon paying their contribution, an e-RUPI voucher is generated and received by the vendor, who supplies the planting material.
- Farmers verify the delivery through geo-tagged media, following which the IA releases payment to the vendor.
Significance of e-RUPI
- e-RUPI is a one-time payment mechanism redeemable without cards or digital payment apps, used for specific purposes.
- It is shared with beneficiaries via SMS or QR code and accepted at merchants supporting e-RUPI.
Old System vs. CDP-SURAKSHA:
- Previously, farmers purchased planting materials independently and then approached officials for subsidy release.
Cluster Development Program (CDP)
- CDP, under National Horticulture Board (NHB), aims to leverage horticulture clusters’ geographical specialization for integrated development.
- It is a Central Sector Scheme aimed at growing and developing identified horticulture clusters to make them globally competitive.
- 55 clusters have been identified, with 12 selected for the pilot phase, covering 9 lakh hectares and 10 lakh farmers.
- It provides government assistance based on cluster size—up to Rs 25 crore for mini clusters, Rs 50 crore for medium, and Rs 100 crore for mega clusters.
|
PYQ:
[2019]Among the agricultural commodities imported by India, which one of the following accounts for the highest imports in terms of value in the last five years?
(a) Spices
(b) Fresh fruits
(c) Pulses
(d) Vegetable oils |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Jenu Kuruba Tribals
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
This newscard is an excerpt from an articles which delves into the historical and social context of the Jenu Kuruba community, including their displacement from their traditional lands in the Western Ghats due to conservation efforts.
About Jenu Kuruba
- The Jenu Kuruba tribe, numbering around 37,000, resides primarily in the Nilgiris region, bordering Kerala and Karnataka.
- Their traditional occupation involves collecting honey in the forest, reflected in their name where ‘Jenu’ means ‘honey’ in Kannada.
- In the early 20th century, they lived in forest huts and engaged in cultivation.
Social organization of Jenu Kurubas’
- They speak the Jenu Kurumba language, which is related to Kodava or considered a rural dialect of Kannada.
- Historically, they engaged in activities like food gathering, collecting minor forest produce, and handling elephants.
- They typically reside in small settlements known as Hadi and practice shifting cultivation.
- Social organization within the community is semi-nomadic, with decentralized authority led by a head-man (yajamana) and a ritual head or shaman (gudda).
Their rehabilitation
- The tribe has fought for their rights to live in reserved forests, most recently in 2020 under the Forest Rights Act.
- In 2021, protests continued against the forest department for promoting eco-tourism and safaris, which are deemed illegal under Indian and international laws.
- From the 1970s onwards, many Jenu Kurubas have been evicted from their homes due to conservation efforts in tiger reserves like Nagarhole and Bandipur.
- Those relocated outside the forest often work as daily wagers, agricultural laborers, or on coffee estates in Kodagu.
PYQ:
[2013] Consider the following pairs :
Tribe: State
1. Limboo Limbu : Sikkim
2. Karbi : Himachal
3. Dongaria Kondh : Odisha
4. Bonda : Tamil Nadu
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
[2014] With reference to ‘Changpa’ community of India, consider the following statement :
1. They live mainly in the State of Uttarakhand.
2. They rear the Pashmina goats that yield a fine wool.
3. They are kept in the category of Scheduled Tribes.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Magnesium - Copper -Cupric Oxide Fuel Cell
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- Researchers at the University of Kerala have devised an eco-friendly fuel cell that primarily utilizes air and seawater to generate power.
Magnesium – Copper -Cupric Oxide Fuel Cell
- A semiconducting layer of Cupric Oxide grown over Copper substrate was used in a Magnesium- Sodium Chloride based fuel cell.
- It breathes air; produces only electricity and heat during its operation and emits pure water.
- The prototype, measuring 3 cm × 1.5 cm × 1 cm, delivered a voltage of 0.7 V and a current of 0.35 A for a duration of 10 minutes, showcasing the potential for practical application.
What is a Fuel Cell?
- A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy into electricity of a fuel and an oxidizing agent.
- It generates electrical energy from fuel through an electrochemical reaction, offering high efficiency and zero emissions.
- They are an innovative technology poised to revolutionize electricity generation, often referred to as the “battery of the future“.
- Fuel cells provide high efficiency, low emissions, and can be used in various applications.
- Note: Any electrochemical cell generates DC (Direct Current) output.
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Significance of the Device
- This innovative fuel cell technology is anticipated to disrupt the market dominance of Lithium-ion batteries, offering a higher power output.
- Unlike conventional batteries, the Magnesium-based fuel cells utilized in this research operate by utilizing saline water as fuel and extracting oxygen from the surrounding air.
PYQ:
2015:
With reference to ‘fuel cells’ in which hydrogen-rich fuel and oxygen are used to generate electricity, consider the following statements :
1. If pure hydrogen is used as a fuel, the fuel cell emits heat and water as by-products.
2. Fuel cells can be used for powering buildings and not for small devices like laptop computers.
3. Fuel cells produce electricity in the form of Alternating Current (AC).
Which of the statements given above is / are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PSLV-C58/XPoSat , POEM-3
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has said its PSLV-C58/XPoSat mission has practically left zero debris in earth’s orbit.
About PSLV Orbital Experimental Module-3 (POEM-3)
- Launched on January 1, 2024, POEM-3 utilized the spent PS4 stage of the PSLV-C58 vehicle, which initially launched XPoSat.
- It is a three-axis-altitude controlled platform with power generation and tele-command & telemetry capabilities, for supporting Payloads.
- The XPoSat mission aimed to leave no debris in space, demonstrating ISRO’s commitment to responsible space practices.
- Upon deployment into its orbit at 650 km, POEM-3 was maneuvered to a 350 km circular orbit to minimize orbit decay time after the experiment’s completion.
- After completing 400 orbits, POEM-3 re-entered Earth’s atmosphere after 73 days in space.
Significance of this achievement
- With the rise in the number of satellites in orbit around the earth, space debris has become a pressing issue.
- Space debris in the low earth orbit (LEO) mainly comprises pieces of spacecraft, rockets, and defunct satellites, and the fragments of objects that have deteriorated explosively as a result of anti-satellite missile tests.
- This debris often flies around at high speeds of up to 27,000 kilometres per hour.
- Due to their sheer volume and momentum, they pose a risk to several space assets.
Threats posed by Space Debris
- Space debris also leads to two major risks:
- It creates unusable regions of the orbit due to excessive debris, and
- Leads to the ‘Kessler syndrome’ – creation of more debris due to cascading collisions resulting from one collision.
Various Initiatives to mitigate the Space Debris Issue
|
Description |
| Project NETRA |
ISRO initiative for early warning system in space to detect debris and hazards to the Indian satellites.
It can spot, track and catalogue objects as small as 10 cm, up to a range of 3,400 km and equal to a space orbit of around 2,000 km. |
| Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines |
Established in 2002 by the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) and endorsed by the United Nations in 2007. |
| Zero Debris Charter by ESA |
Adopted by the European Space Agency (ESA) with the goal of achieving zero space debris by 2030. |
| NASA’s Orbital Debris Program |
NASA’s initiative since 1979, focusing on reducing orbital debris creation, tracking existing debris, and exploring debris removal technologies. |
| Space Force Tracking System |
Implemented by the U.S. Space Force to monitor space debris and assess collision risks in low Earth orbit (LEO). |
| Chinese Debris Removal Initiatives |
China’s efforts include deploying spacecraft for debris removal with innovative technologies like solar sails. |
| Japanese CRD2 Demonstration |
Partnership between Japan’s Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and Astroscale to develop debris removal technologies. |
Practice MCQ:
ISRO’s PSLV Orbital Experimental Module-3 (POEM-3) recently re-entered Earth’s Orbit. What is so significant about this re-entry?
(a) It practically left zero debris in earth’s orbit.
(b) It facilitated groundbreaking research on the effects of microgravity on biological organisms.
(c) It paved the way for the development of reusable spacecraft technology, reducing the cost of future space missions.
(d) None of these. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cantonments, Cantonment Board
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- The Centre has reportedly initiated measures to reduce the land jurisdiction of 10 major cantonment boards across five states.
- In May 2023, the Centre had kicked off a plan to abolish all 62 colonial-era Cantonments across the country.
What are Cantonments?
- Cantonments are Permanent military stations where a group of military personnel are stationed for administrative purposes.
- They are governed by the Cantonments Act, 2006, which provides for municipal administration and control of these areas.
- India currently has 62 cantonments spread across various states, with some areas known for their better infrastructure and facilities compared to other parts of the country.
- Cantonments are managed by Cantonment Boards, which are democratic bodies comprising elected and nominated members.
- The Station Commander of the Cantonment serves as the ex-officio President of the Board.
Historical Background
- The Cantonments Act, 1924, was enacted by the British to regulate the municipal administration of cantonments.
- After India’s independence, the Cantonments Act was modified to suit the democratic setup of the country.
- The current Cantonments Act, 2006, replaced the previous version, aiming to provide greater autonomy and accountability to the Cantonment Boards.
Categories of the erstwhile Cantonments
Cantonments are categorized based on the population size residing within them:
- Category I: Cantonments with a population of over 50,000.
- Category II: Cantonments with a population of 10,000 to 50,000.
- Category III: Cantonments with a population of less than 10,000.
- Category IV: Industrial or training Cantonments, irrespective of their population size.
Centre’s plan to re-regulate Cantonments
- Conversion to Exclusive Military Stations: Under the plan, military areas within all cantonments will be carved out and designated as “exclusive military stations.” The Army will exercise “absolute control” over these areas, streamlining their administration and operations.
- Merger with Local Municipalities: The civilian areas of cantonments will be integrated with the respective local municipalities. These municipalities will take up the responsibility of maintaining these areas, along with providing essential services and infrastructure.
- Move Away from Traditional Cantonment Concept: Post-independence, the Indian Army moved away from the traditional cantonment concept, primarily due to friction between military and civilian authorities. However, certain major cantonments continued to exist, such as Pune Cantonment and Agra Cantonment.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Green Hydrogen Mission
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- The Ministry of New & Renewable Energy has unveiled Guidelines for the implementation of an R&D Scheme under the National Green Hydrogen Mission.
- The scheme aims to catalyze advancements in the production, storage, transportation, and utilization of green hydrogen, with a focus on affordability, efficiency, safety, and reliability.
Hydrogen Energy: A Backgrounder
- Hydrogen is an important source of energy since it has zero carbon content and is a non-polluting source of energy in contrast to hydrocarbons that have net carbon content in the range of 75–85 per cent.
- Hydrogen energy is expected to reduce carbon emissions that are set to jump by 1.5 billion tons in 2021.
- It has the highest energy content by weight and lowest energy content by volume.
- As per International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Hydrogen shall make up 6 per cent of total energy consumption by 2050.
- Hydrogen energy is currently at a nascent stage of development, but has considerable potential for aiding the process of energy transition from hydrocarbons to renewable.
|
About National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM)
- The National Green Hydrogen Mission was launched in January 2023 to make India a ‘global hub’ for using, producing and exporting green hydrogen.
- Earlier, the National Hydrogen Mission was launched on August 15, 2021, with a view to cutting down carbon emissions and increasing the use of renewable sources of energy.
- The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) formulates the scheme guidelines for implementation of these missions.
Key features of the NGHM
- Power capacity: The mission seeks to promote the development of green hydrogen production capacity of at least 5 MMT per annum with an associated renewable energy capacity addition of about 125 GW in the country by 2030.
- Job creation: It envisages an investment of over ₹8 lakh crore and creation of over 6 lakh jobs by 2030.
- Reducing energy import bill: It will also result in a cumulative reduction in fossil fuel imports of over ₹1 lakh crore and abatement of nearly 50 MMT of annual greenhouse gas emissions by 2030.
- Export promotion: The mission will facilitate demand creation, production, utilisation and export of green hydrogen.
- Incentivization: Under the Strategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen Transition Programme (SIGHT), two distinct financial incentive mechanisms targeting domestic manufacturing of electrolysers and production of green hydrogen will be provided under the mission.
- Green Hydrogen Hubs: Regions capable of supporting large-scale production and/or utilisation of hydrogen will be identified and developed as Green Hydrogen Hubs.
Types of Hydrogen
Hydrogen extraction methods are classified into three types based on their processes: Grey, Blue, and Green.
- Green Hydrogen: Green hydrogen is produced through water electrolysis, utilizing electricity generated from renewable energy sources.
- Grey Hydrogen: This type of hydrogen is obtained through coal or lignite gasification (black or brown), or by steam methane reformation (SMR) of natural gas or methane (grey). These processes are typically carbon-intensive.
- Blue Hydrogen: Blue hydrogen is derived from natural gas or coal gasification, coupled with carbon capture storage (CCS) or carbon capture use (CCU) technologies to mitigate carbon emissions.
|
PYQ:
[2010]Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles produce one of the following as “exhaust”:
(a) NH3
(b) CH4
(c) H2O
(d) H2O2
[2023]With reference to green hydrogen, consider the following statements:
1. It can be used directly as a fuel for internal combustion.
2. It can be blended with natural gas and used as fuel for heat or power generation.
3. It can be used in the hydrogen fuel cell to run vehicles.
How many of the above statements are correct?
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) All three
(d) None |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Soil Erosion, RUSLE Methodology
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- Titled “Geospatial modelling and mapping of soil erosion in India,” the report marks the first attempt to classify soil erosion on a pan-India basis.
- The study categorizes soil erosion into six classifications, ranging from “minor” to “catastrophic,” based on the amount of soil eroded per hectare over a year.
Soil Erosion in India
- Soil erosion is the process by which soil is removed or displaced from its original location, often due to the action of wind, water, or human activities.
- It is a natural geological process accelerated by various factors such as deforestation, overgrazing, improper agricultural practices, urbanization, and climate change.
Key trends in India
- Nearly 30% of the country’s landmass is experiencing “minor” soil erosion.
- Critical 3% (approx. 1500 sq km) faces “catastrophic” topsoil loss.
- The Brahmaputra Valley in Assam emerged as the most significant hotspot for soil erosion, with close to 300 square kilometers or 31% of its surface soil lost to “catastrophic” erosion.
- The lower Himalayan region, extending from Kashmir to Uttarakhand and beyond, and Odisha also face severe erosion challenges, posing threats to biodiversity and environmental stability.
Causes of Soil Erosion
- Anthropogenic Causes: Soil erosion in India is primarily caused by human activities including deforestation, overgrazing, improper land use practices, and construction activities.
- Natural Causes: The monsoon season, characterized by heavy rainfall, exacerbates soil erosion, especially in regions with steep slopes and poor vegetation cover.
Impact of Soil Erosion
- Topsoil, essential for agriculture due to its nutrient-rich composition, is crucial for sustaining crop growth.
- Erosion diminishes soil fertility, leading to reduced crop yields and agricultural productivity.
Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) Methodology
- The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) is a widely used empirical model for estimating soil erosion rates.
- It is used to predict the average annual soil loss caused by sheet and rill erosion from specific field areas.
- The RUSLE methodology considers various factors that contribute to soil erosion, including rainfall, soil erodibility, slope length and steepness, vegetation cover, and conservation practices.
- The equation for RUSLE is:
A = R * K * LS * C * P
Where:
A is the estimated average annual soil loss (in tons per acre per year).
R is the rainfall factor, representing the erosive power of rainfall.
K is the soil erodibility factor, representing the susceptibility of soil to erosion.
LS is the slope length and steepness factor, accounting for the effect of slope on erosion.
C is the cover management factor, indicating the impact of vegetation cover and land use practices on erosion.
P is the conservation practice factor, reflecting the effectiveness of erosion control practices implemented. |
PYQ:
[2014] In India, the problem of soil erosion is associated with which of the following?
1. Terrace cultivation
2. Deforestation
3. Tropical climate’
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sangeet Natak Akademi, ShaktiPeeth
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
Sangeet Natak Akademi is set to host ‘Shakti, a festival of music and dance’ as part of its Kala Pravah series at 7 Shaktipeeths.
Shakti – Festival of Music and Dance
Events will be held at:
- Kamakhya Temple, Guwahati
- Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur, Maharashtra
- Jwalamukhi Temple, Kangada, Himachal Pradesh
- Tripura Sundari Temple, Udaipur, Tripura
- Ambaji Temple, Banaskantha, Gujarat
- Jai Durga Shaktipeeth, Deoghar, Jharkhand
- Shaktipeeth Maa Harsidhi Temple, Jaisinghpur, Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh
What are Shaktipeeths?
- Shaktipeeths are sacred sites in Hinduism associated with the Goddess Shakti or Devi, the divine feminine energy.
- According to Hindu mythology, these sites are believed to be where various body parts of the goddess Sati/ Shakti fell to the earth when her body was dismembered by Lord Vishnu’s.
- There are numerous Shaktipeeths spread across the Indian subcontinent and beyond, each considered highly sacred by devotees of the Goddess.
Here are some major Shaktipeeths often seen in news:
| Temple |
Place (State/Country) |
| Shankari Devi Temple |
Trincomalee (Sri Lanka) |
| Kamakshi Amman Temple |
Kanchipuram (Tamil Nadu) |
| Shrinkala Temple |
Pradmunyee (Pandua, West Bengal) |
| Chamundeshwari Temple |
Mysuru (Karnataka) |
| Jogulamba Devi |
Alampuram (Telangana) |
| Bhramaramba Mallikarjuna Temple |
Srisailam (Andhra Pradesh) |
| Mahalakshmi Temple |
Kolhapur (Maharashtra) |
| Ekveera Temple |
Mahur (Maharashtra) |
| Mahakaleswar Temple |
Ujjain (Madhya Pradesh) |
| Kukkuteswara Swamy Temple |
Pithapuram (Andhra Pradesh) |
| Biraja Temple |
Jajpur (Odisha) |
| Bhimeswara Temple |
Draksharamam (Andhra Pradesh) |
| Kamakhya Temple |
Guwahati (Assam) |
| Alopi Devi Mandir |
Prayagraj (Uttar Pradesh) |
| Jwalamukhi Temple |
Jwalamukhi (Himachal Pradesh) |
| Mangla Gauri Temple |
Gaya (Bihar) |
| Vishalakshi Temple |
Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh) |
| Sharada Peeth |
Sharda, Kashmir (Pakistan Occupied Kashmir) |
About Sangeet Natak Akademi
- It is the national level academy for performing arts set up by the Government of India.
- It was set up by the Indian education ministry on 31 May 1952 and became functional the following year, with the appointment of its first chairman, Dr. P. V. Rajamannar.
- Dr Rajendra Prasad, the first President of India, inaugurated it on 28 January 1953 in a special function held in the Parliament House.
Functions:
- The academy functions as the apex body of the performing arts in the country to preserve and promote the vast cultural heritage of India expressed in music, dance and drama.
- It also works with governments and art academies in states and union territories of the country.
Awards and fellowships:
- Sangeet Natak Akademi Award
- Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowships (Ratna Sadsya)
- Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar
- Tagore Ratna and Tagore Puraskar
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Consumer Confidence Survey (CCS)
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- The latest Consumer Confidence Survey conducted by the Reserve Bank of India in March 2024 reveals a significant boost in consumer confidence, particularly regarding future expectations.
- It says consumer confidence has hit highest level in nearly 5 years.
What is Consumer Confidence Survey (CCS)?
- The RBI conducts a bi-monthly Consumer Confidence Survey to measure consumers’ perceptions of the prevailing economic situation.
- It was started in 2015 with surveys in 13 major cities.
- The survey is conducted across various cities and measures consumer confidence on parameters such as the economy, employment, price, income, and spending.
- The survey consists of questions regarding consumers’ sentiments over various factors in the current situation and future.
Here are a few parameters that help aggregate overall confidence:
- Spending: The consumer is asked about the willingness to spend on major consumer durables, purchasing vehicles, or real estate. This measures the overall spending scenario on necessities as well as luxuries for the next quarter.
- Employment: The consumer is asked about current and future ideas on employment situations, joblessness, job security, which reflects the sentiments of the current or expected employment in the country.
- Inflation: The consumer is asked about interest rates and levels of prices of all goods, tracking the price expected by consumers and their spending on basic necessities.
Components of CCS:
- Current Situation Index (CSI): It measures overall consumer sentiment regarding the present economic situation.
- Future Expectations Index (FEI): It analyses consumer sentiment for the next 12 months.
CSI and FEI are calculated based on people’s views about the economy, their income, spending, job opportunities, and prices compared to the previous year and expectations for the year ahead.
Key Highlights of the recent report
- Future Expectations Index (FEI) has climbed by 2.1 points to reach 125.2, marking its highest level since mid-2019, indicating heightened optimism among consumers for the year ahead.
- Current Situation Index (CSI) has surged by 3.4 points to reach 98.5, marking its highest level since mid-2019.
PYQ:
[2018] As per the NSSO 70th Round “Situation Assessment Survey of Agricultural Households”, consider the following statements-
1. Rajasthan has the highest percentage share of agricultural households among its rural households.
2. Out of the total agricultural households in the country, a little over 60 percent belong to OBCs.
3. In Kerala, a little over 60 percent of agricultural households reported to have received maximum income from sources other than agricultural activities.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 2 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Provincial Elections of 1937, GoI Act, 1935, Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- Prime Minister recently suggested a link between the Congress manifesto and the Muslim League (which is responsible for the Partition of India), prompting a political debate.
- In rebuttal, critics reminded of a coalition governments formed by Hindu Mahasabha in Bengal, Sindh, and North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) in the 1940s with the Muslim League.
Provincial Elections of 1937:
[A] Indian National Congress
- Congress performed admirably in the 1937 provincial elections, held under the mandate of the Government of India Act of 1935.
- It won 711 of a total 1,585 provincial assembly seats, with absolute majorities in 5 of the 11 provinces (Madras, Bihar, Orissa, Central Provinces, and United Provinces) and a near-majority in Bombay (86 out of 175).
- Congress ministries were formed in all of these provinces.
- Sometime later, the Congress also formed governments in the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) and Assam.
[B] Non-Congress Parties
- Non-Congress governments were formed in the remaining 3 provinces — Sindh, Punjab, and Bengal.
- In Sindh, a coalition led by the Sind United Party formed the government; in Punjab, Sikandar Hayat Khan’s Unionist Party won a majority.
- And in Bengal, Fazlul Huq’s Krishak Praja Party (KPP) formed a coalition government with the Muslim League— even though the Congress was the single largest party with 54 seats.
[C] Religion based Parties
- Notably, the Muslim League, which claimed to be the sole representative of Indian Muslims, performed abysmally in the elections.
- The League won just 106 out of the 482 seats allotted to Muslims under separate electorates, and it failed to win even a single seat in the NWFP.
- The Hindu Mahasabha, which had entered electoral politics in the 1930s under V D Savarkar’s leadership, too fared miserable.
|
Ideological Alignment and Political Alliances
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar noted ideological similarities between the Hindu Mahasabha and the Muslim League, both advocating for the two-nation theory.
- This ideological convergence paved the way for short-lived political alliances, particularly during the turmoil following Congress’s resignation from provincial ministries in 1939.
Reasons for such Alliance
- Opposition to Quit India Movement: When Mahatma Gandhi launched the Quit India Movement in 1942, the Muslim League and Hindu Mahasabha refrained from participating, opting to support the British war effort.
- Support for British War Efforts: Savarkar, in a letter, instructed Mahasabha members to remain loyal to their positions and not join the movement, while Syama Prasad Mookerjee pledged support to suppress any internal disturbances.
- Increased Push for Partition: Jinnah, meanwhile, intensified his campaign for Pakistan, capitalizing on the absence of Congress leaders and positioning himself as the sole spokesman for Muslims.
Muslim League:
- The All India Muslim League was formed in 1906 in Dhaka, Bengal Presidency, British India.
- It was established in response to the perceived marginalization and political underrepresentation of Muslims in the Indian National Congress.
- The founding members of the Muslim League included prominent Muslim leaders such as Nawab Salimullah Khan of Dhaka, Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk, Aga Khan III, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who later emerged as its most influential leader.
- The primary objective of the Muslim League was to safeguard the political rights and interests of Muslims in India.
- It advocated for separate electorates for Muslims, reservations in government jobs and legislative bodies, and other measures to protect Muslim identity and interests.
Hindu Mahasabha:
- The Hindu Mahasabha was founded in 1915 in Amritsar, Punjab, by Madan Mohan Malaviya and others.
- It aimed to unite Hindus under one political umbrella and promote Hindu nationalism.
- Besides Madan Mohan Malaviya, prominent leaders included Lala Lajpat Rai, B. S. Moonje, and Vinayak Damodar Savarkar.
- It promoted the idea of Akhand Bharat (Undivided India) and opposed the partition of India on religious lines.
|
Implications of this Coalition
- The period following Congress’s participation in the Quit India Movement saw the rise of the Muslim League’s influence, with League ministries established in several provinces by 1943.
- Jinnah’s strategy to capitalize on Congress’s absence contributed to his claim as the sole representative of Indian Muslims, furthering the demand for Pakistan.
PYQ:
[2018] In the Federation established by The Government of India Act of 1935, Residuary Power were given to the:
(a) Federal Legislature
(b) Governor General
(c) Provincial Legislature
(d) Provincial Governors |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sittwe Port , Kaladan Project
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- After Chabahar, India has gained the rights to operate a second overseas port, Sittwe, in Myanmar.
- This development is part of the Kaladan Multimodal Transit Transport project, which aims to provide alternate connectivity from the eastern coast of India to the northeastern states through the Sittwe port.
About India Ports Global (IPGL)
- The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) has approved a proposal for India Ports Global (IPGL) to take over the operations of the entire port located on the Kaladan River.
- IPGL is a company 100% owned by the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways.
- It is a joint venture between Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT) and Deendayal Port Trust (Erstwhile Kandla Port Trust).
- It was created and incorporated in January 2015 under the Companies Act, 2013, as per directions of Ministry of Shipping (MoS), for development of ports overseas.
- The MoS has presently assigned IPGL the task of equipping and operation of container/multi-purpose terminals at Chabahar Port in Iran.
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About Sittwe Port
- The Sittwe Port, located in the Rakhine State of Myanmar, is a crucial component of the Kaladan multi-modal transit transport project.
- It has been developed under a framework agreement between India and Myanmar for the construction and operation of a multimodal transit transport facility on the Kaladan River.
- It is a deep-water port serving as a maritime gateway, enhancing trade and connectivity between India and Myanmar.
Significance of Sittwe Port
- The Sittwe Port is part of the Kaladan multi-modal transit transport project.
- The project aims to connect the eastern Indian seaport of Kolkata with Sittwe seaport in Myanmar by sea.
- It further link Sittwe Port to Paletwa in Myanmar via Kaladan river waterway, and connect Paletwa to Zorinpui in Mizoram through a road component.
- This link will not only offer an alternative route for shipping goods to the northeastern states, but will significantly reduce the cost and distance from Kolkata to Mizoram and beyond.
- It will also reduce dependency on the Siliguri Corridor, known as the chicken’s neck, which is squeezed between Bhutan and Bangladesh.
Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project
- It connects the seaport of Kolkata in India to Sittwe seaport in Rakhine State, Myanmar, by sea.
- In Myanmar, the project links Sittwe seaport to Paletwa in Chin State via the Kaladan river boat route and then from Paletwa by road to Mizoram state in Northeast India.
- The project is being funded by the Indian government and is aimed at reducing the distance from Kolkata to Sittwe by approximately 1,328 km.
- It was initially scheduled to be completed by 2014.
- The project is affected by Chin conflict, Rohingya conflict, and militant groups such as Arakan Army and Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA).
- There are different sections of the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project, which combines multi-modes of transport, including sea, river, and road routes.
- Sea Route: It includes- Kolkata-Sittwe shipping route, Sittwe seaport to Paletwa inland jetty river boat route, Sittwe Special Economic Zone at Ponnagyun town, Paletwa inland jetty to Zorinpui road route in Myanmar, and the Zorinpui to Aizawl road route in India.
- Road: This project will complement the river-road route of the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project in Myanmar-Mizoram.
- Railway: It has the Sittwe-Kyaukhtu railway in Myanmar, Kyaukhtu-Zorinpui in Myanmar, and the Zochawchhuah (Zorinpui)-Sairang railway in India.
|
PYQ:
[2015] In the Mekong-Ganga Cooperation, an initiative of six countries, which of the following is/are not a participant/ participants?
1. Bangladesh
2. Cambodia
3. China
4. Myanmar
5. Thailand
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 1, 2 and 5 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: VVPATs, EVM
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The Supreme Court has decided to address petitions advocating for a comprehensive verification of Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) slips in upcoming general elections.
What are VVPATs?
- VVPAT machines, attached to Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs), print a slip showing the voter’s choice, allowing voters to verify their vote for 7 seconds before the slip drops into a secured box.
- The concept emerged in 2010, leading to the creation of prototypes by Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) and Electronics Corporation of India (ECIL).
- After trials and feedback, the design was approved in February 2013.
- The Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961, were amended to incorporate VVPATs.
- They were first used in Nagaland’s Noksen Assembly constituency in 2013 and were implemented in all polling stations by the 2019 Lok Sabha elections.
Current VVPAT Slip Counting Protocol
- In 2018, the ECI consulted the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) to determine a statistically robust sample size for VVPAT slip verification.
- Initially, VVPAT slips of one randomly selected polling station per Assembly constituency were counted.
- This was increased to five polling stations per Assembly seat after a Supreme Court judgment in 2019.
- The ISI suggested counting VVPAT slips from 479 EVMs to ensure a high confidence level that the proportion of defective EVMs is less than 2%.
Recent petitions regarding VVPAT
- Opposition parties advocate for heightened VVPAT verification, ranging from 50% to 100%, to bolster electoral transparency and uphold the sanctity of democratic processes.
- However, the Election Commission emphasizes the need to balance transparency with operational constraints, citing logistical challenges and potential delays in result declaration.
About Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) in India
|
Details |
| Introduction |
EVMs introduced in Paravur Assembly Constituency, Kerala, 1982. |
| Adoption |
- Election Commission increasingly used EVMs since 1998. All state elections and by-elections used EVMs by 2003.
- Use of EVMs for Lok Sabha elections implemented in 2004.
|
| Development |
- Developed by the Technical Experts Committee (TEC) of Election Commission, with Bharat Electronics Ltd,
- Bangalore, and Electronic Corporation of India Ltd, Hyderabad.
|
| Functionality |
- Consists of Control Unit and Balloting Unit connected by cable.
- Voters press blue button on Ballot Unit to record vote.
|
| Key Features |
- Each EVM records up to 2,000 votes.
- Operates without electricity, powered by battery from Bharat Electronics Ltd/Electronic Corporation of India.
- Uses one-time programmable/masked chip for security.
- Stand-alone machines without an operating system for enhanced security.
|
PYQ:
[2017] Right to vote and to be elected in India is a
(a) Fundamental Right
(b) Natural Right
(c) Constitutional Right
(d) Legal Right |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sodium Cyanide , Anti-dumping Duty
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The Directorate General of Trade Remedies (DGTR) has recently recommended the imposition of an anti-dumping duty on sodium cyanide (NaCN) imported from China, the European Union, Japan, and Korea.
Sodium Cyanide and Its Applications
- Sodium cyanide is a deadly toxic, white, crystalline compound with the chemical formula NaCN.
- It is a water-soluble solid, mainly used in gold mining, electroplating, and in the synthesis of organic chemicals.
- It is hygroscopice. it quickly absorbs water from the air.
- In gold mining, sodium cyanide is used to dissolve and separate gold from its ores.
- It plays a pivotal role in various industrial processes, electroplating, metal heat treatment, and the production of insecticides, dyes, pigments, and pharmaceuticals.
What is Anti-Dumping Duty?
- An anti-dumping duty is a protectionist tariff that a domestic government imposes on foreign imports that it believes are priced below the price at which it is sold in the exporters’ domestic market.
- This is imposed with the rationale that these products have the potential to undercut local businesses and the local economy.
- The World Trade Organization (WTO) operates a set of international trade rules for the regulation of anti-dumping measures.
- In general, the WTO agreement permits governments to act against dumping “if it causes or threatens material injury to an established industry in the territory of a contracting party.
Anti-Dumping Mechanism in India:
- The Anti-Dumping mechanism in India is administered by the Directorate General of Anti-Dumping and Allied Dutites (DGAD) under the Ministry of Finance.
- The anti-dumping law in India is covered under the Customs Tariff Act, 1975, and the Customs Tariff Rules, 1995.
- The DGAD conducts anti-dumping investigations to determine if the domestic industry has been hurt by a surge in below-cost imports.
How is Anti-Dumping Duty calculated?
- The anti-dumping duty is calculated as the difference between the normal value and the export value of the product.
- The normal value is the market value of the product in the domestic market, while the export value is the price at which the product is exported to India.
- The anti-dumping duty is imposed to offset the price difference and prevent the domestic industry from being harmed by cheap imports.
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PYQ:
[2015] In India, the steel production industry requires the import of-
(a) Saltpetre
(b) Rock phosphate
(c) Coking coal
(d) All of the above |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gape Limitation
Mains level: NA
This newscard is an excerpt from the original article published in TH.
What is Gape Limitation?
- In ecology, the concept of ‘gape limitation’ sheds light on a simple yet crucial idea: predators can only eat prey that fit into their mouths.
- It dictates the range of prey accessible to predators, influencing the dynamics of ecological communities.
Imagine a predator fish species with a relatively small mouth or gape size. This fish species primarily feeds on small aquatic invertebrates like zooplankton and small crustaceans. Due to its limited gape size, it cannot consume larger prey items such as larger fish or large insects.Now, let’s introduce a different predator fish species with a larger mouth or gape size. This predator has a broader diet and can consume a wider range of prey items, including smaller fish and larger invertebrates.In this scenario, the predator with the larger gape size has a competitive advantage over the predator with the smaller gape size. It can exploit a greater variety of prey resources, potentially leading to differences in foraging success, growth rates, and overall fitness between the two predator species.This example demonstrates how gape limitation can influence the feeding ecology and interactions between predator and prey species in an ecosystem. |
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