Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: DV Act 2005 and its key provisions
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- A recent question before the Supreme Court compelled it to deliberate on whether damages for domestic violence should be determined based on the injuries sustained by the victim or the perpetrator’s ability to pay.
- The petitioner contested orders from the Bombay High Court and a trial court directing him to pay Rs 3 crore to his wife under Section 22 of the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005.
Domestic Violence Law: An Overview
- The DV Act, 2005 aims to safeguard women’s rights by addressing violence within the family.
- Key Features of the DV Act:
|
Details |
| Background |
Introduced in 2005 to address limitations in civil and criminal courts regarding domestic violence (under Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code). |
| Definitions of Violence |
- Includes physical, sexual, emotional, verbal, psychological, and economic abuse (Section 3).
- Even a single act of harm or injury qualifies as domestic violence.
|
| Beneficiaries |
- Any woman in a domestic relationship (Section 2).
- Children can also file complaints, and any person can file on their behalf (Section 2).
|
| Respondents |
- Adult male members in domestic relationships (Section 2).
- Relatives of the husband or male partner can also be respondents (Section 2).
|
| Rights to Residence |
Women cannot be denied access to resources during legal proceedings (Section 17). |
| Other Rights |
- Access to police, shelter, medical aid, and legal assistance.
- Can obtain various court orders, including protection, residence, and compensation orders (Section 18).
|
| Remedial Measures |
- Victims entitled to medical facilities, counseling, and shelter (Section 12).
- Both parties may receive counseling as directed by the court (Section 14).
- Respondents required to provide compensation for losses incurred by the victim (Section 20).
- Courts to order respondents to pay damages for injuries, including mental and emotional trauma, resulting from domestic violence (Section 22).
|
| Protection Officers |
Appointment of officers in each district, preferably women, with necessary qualifications (Section 8). |
| Fixed Timeline |
All complaints must be heard and disposed of within 60 days (Section 12). |
PYQ:
[2022] Explore and evaluate the impact of ‘Work From Home’ on family relationships. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Garo Hills
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- Geological Survey of India (GSI) explorers have made a breakthrough, uncovering ancient fossils in Tolegre, South Garo Hills of Meghalaya.
- It is speculated that the fossils could be linked to the genera Rhodocetus or Amulocetus (now extinct), considered ancestors of modern whales.
About Garo Hills
- The Garo Hills, located in Meghalaya, are part of the Garo-Khasi range, one of the hill ranges in the northeastern region of India.
- They are situated in the western part of Meghalaya, bordering Bangladesh to the south and west.
- The terrain of the Garo Hills is rugged and hilly, characterized by dense forests, steep slopes, and deep valleys.
- The Nokrek is highest Peak, which stands at approximately 1,415 meters (4,642 feet) above sea level.
- The climate in the Garo Hills is typically humid subtropical, with heavy rainfall during the monsoon season, which usually lasts from June to September.
- Numerous rivers and streams, including the Brahmaputra, Someshwari, and Jinjiram rivers crisscross this region.
- The region is also known for its picturesque waterfalls, such as the Pelga Falls, located near Tura, the largest town in the Garo Hills.
- The Nokrek National Park, located within, is recognized as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve and is home to various endangered species, including the Asian elephant and the red panda.
- The Garo Hills are inhabited predominantly by the Garo tribe, one of the major ethnic groups in Meghalaya.
PYQ:
[2013] Consider the following pairs:
1. Nokrek Bio-Sphere Reserve : Garo Hills
2. Logtak (Loktak) Lake : Barail Range
3. Namdapha National Park: Daphla Hills
Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) None |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NCART
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The Centre is contemplating the establishment of the National Council for Agriculture and Rural Transformation (NCART), envisioned as a federal body to formulate policies and programs for the agricultural sector.
What is NCART?
- The NCART is a proposed federal body aimed at coordinating and driving actions in the agriculture sector in India.
- It would have representation of both the Centre and States.
- The idea for NCART has been proposed by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare as part of its 100-day action plan for the new government.
- It draws inspiration from the Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council.
Terms of Reference of NCART:
- Policy Formulation: NCART is envisioned as an overarching federal body responsible for devising policies and programs to promote agricultural and rural development.
- Coordination: One of the key objectives of NCART is to ensure coordinated actions across various stakeholders involved in the agriculture sector, including the central government, state governments, and other relevant entities.
- Consultative Body: NCART is expected to include representation from both the central and state governments, similar to the Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council, to ensure a consultative approach in decision-making.
- Legal Status: While the GST Council is a constitutional body, the exact status of NCART is yet to be finalized.
India’s Agriculture Expenses:
- Despite agriculture being a state subject, the Centre has significantly increased budgetary allocations for the Agriculture Ministry.
- Budgetary allocation for the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare surged from Rs. 27,662.67 crore in 2013-14 to Rs. 1,25,035.79 crore in 2023-24 BE.
|
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Antares (Jyeshtha), Occultation
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- The Bengaluru-based Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) captured the moon passing in front of Antares, a bright red star.
- Moon occasionally occults bright stars such as Antares and planets as it orbits the Earth once a month.
About Antares (Jyeshtha)
- Antares is a red supergiant star also called ‘Alpha Scorpii,’ located in the constellation of Scorpius.
- It is visible in the southern sky during the summer months in the northern hemisphere.
- It is often referred to as the “heart of the scorpion” due to its location within the Scorpius constellation and its striking red color.
- It is a massive star, with a diameter estimated to be around 700 times that of the Sun.
- It has a relatively low surface temperature compared to other stars, which gives it its distinctive red color.
- The distance to Antares from Earth is approximately 550 light-years, making it one of the closest red supergiant stars to our solar system.
What is Occultation?
- An occultation is a total or a partial cut-off of the light of a celestial body due to its passage behind another body.
- The finest example of an occultation is the solar eclipse.
- Strictly speaking, it is not an eclipse, but a lunar occultation of the sun.
|
PYQ:
[2012] A person stood alone in a desert on a dark night and wanted to reach his village, which was situated 5 km East of the point where he was standing. He had no instruments to find the direction, but he located the pole-star. The most convenient way now to reach his village is to walk in the _______.
(a) Direction facing the pole-star
(b) Direction opposite to the pole-star
(c) Direction keeping the pole-star to his left
(d) Direction keeping the pole-star to his right |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Commission on Population and Development (CPD)
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
India’s Elected Women Representatives (EWRs) are participating in the Commission on Population and Development (CPD57) 57th session at the United Nations Headquarters in New York.
About Commission on Population and Development (CPD)
|
Details |
| Establishment |
Established by United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) resolution 18(IV) in 1946 to advise on population and development issues. |
| Mandate |
Provides guidance and recommendations on population and development policies to ECOSOC and the UN General Assembly. |
| Membership |
Comprises 47 member states elected by ECOSOC for 4-year terms, based on geographic representation and expertise. |
| Meetings |
Holds annual sessions at the United Nations Headquarters in New York, typically in April. |
| Themes |
Focuses each session on specific population and development themes, such as youth empowerment and gender equality. |
| Reports and Resolutions |
Prepares reports and adopts resolutions containing recommendations for action by ECOSOC and the UN General Assembly. |
| Linkage to SDGs |
Closely aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goal 3, 5, 10, and 17. |
| Regional Collaboration |
Collaborates with regional commissions and expert groups to analyze population trends and develop strategies at regional and national levels. |
PYQ:
[2017] What are the main functions of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)? Explain different functional commissions attached to it.
[2017] With reference to the role of UN-Habitat in the United Nations programme working towards a better urban future, which of the statements is/are correct?
1. UN-Habitat has been mandated by the United Nations General Assembly to promote socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities to provide adequate shelter for all.
2. Its partners are either governments or local urban authorities only.
3. UN-Habitat contributes to the overall objective of the United Nations system to reduce poverty and to promote access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Antarctic Treaty
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) will host the 46th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM 46) in Kochi, Kerala.
About Antarctic Treaty
|
Details |
| Signing and Entry into Force |
- Signed on December 1, 1959 at Washington DC.
- Entered into force on June 23, 1961.
- 12 Initial Countries: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the USSR, the UK, and the US.
|
| Objective |
Ensure Antarctica remains exclusively for peaceful purposes, free from international discord. |
| Key Provisions |
- Art. I: Antarctica shall be used for peaceful purposes only
- Art. II: Freedom of scientific investigation in Antarctica and cooperation
- Art. III: Scientific observations and results from Antarctica shall be exchanged and made freely available
|
| Territorial Claims |
- Prohibits new territorial claims.
- Preserves existing territorial sovereignty claims.
|
| Disarmament |
- Prohibits testing of nuclear weapons.
- Prohibits disposal of radioactive waste
|
| Consultative Meetings |
Annual Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings (ATCM) where member states discuss treaty implementation and cooperation |
| Environmental Protection |
- Promotes protection of Antarctic environment.
- Prohibits activities causing pollution or environmental damage
|
| Mineral Resource Exploitation |
- Bans mining activities until at least 2048.
- Requires consensus for any review or modification
|
| Membership |
-
- 54 parties as of 2024.
- 29 Consultative Parties actively participate in decision-making.
- 25 Non-Consultative Parties.
- India ratified the treaty in 1983.
|
| Madrid Protocol |
- Adopted in 1991.
- Entered into force in 1998.
- Strengthens environmental protection measures in Antarctic.
|
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Water Ice on Moon
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
A study has revealed evidence for enhanced possibility of sub-surface water ice occurrence in the polar craters of the Moon, according to ISRO.
Water Ice on Moon: ISRO’s Findings
- The research indicates that the amount of sub-surface ice within the first few meters is significantly greater, about 5-8x more, than that found on the lunar surface.
- Moreover, the study reveals that the Northern Polar region harbors twice as much water ice as the southern polar region.
- It highlights the necessity of drilling to access this ice for future missions and sustained human presence on the Moon.
Origin of Water Ice:
- The study validates the hypothesis that sub-surface water ice in lunar poles originated from out-gassing during volcanic activity in the Imbrian period.
- It suggests that Lunar Mare Volcanism and preferential impact cratering govern the distribution of water ice on the Moon.
Methodology:
- The research team utilized seven instruments aboard the NASA robotic spacecraft Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), including radar, laser, optical, neutron spectrometer, ultra-violet spectrometer, and thermal radiometer. LRO hovers over Lunar South Pole.
- These instruments provided crucial data to understand the origin and distribution of water ice on the lunar surface.
Significance of the findings
- Accurate knowledge of water ice distribution and depth is vital for identifying suitable landing and sampling sites for future lunar missions.
- The study supports ISRO’s future plans for in-situ volatile exploration on the Moon, aligning with its broader lunar exploration objectives.
PYQ:
Q. Discuss India’s achievements in the field of Space Science and Technology. How the application of this technology helped India in its socio-economic development? (2016) |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Notable features of the Street Vendors Act, 2014
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- It has been a decade since the enactment of the Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act on May 1, 2014.
- It marks a significant milestone in the recognition of the rights and contributions of street vendors across India.
About Street Vendors Act, 2014
-
- The Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act, 2014, was enacted
- Objective: To regulate street vendors in public areas and protect their rights.
- It was introduced in the Lok Sabha (Lower House of the Parliament of India) on 6 September 2012 by then Union Minister of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Kumari Selja.
- The Act came into force from 1 May 2014.
-
- 2004: The bill aimed at providing social security and livelihood rights to street vendors, has its origins in the ‘National Policy for Urban Street Vendors’ introduced in 2004.
- 2009: It was later revised as ‘National Policy on Urban Street Vendors’ in 2009.
- 3 Recognized categories of street vending:
Key Provisions of the Bill:
|
Details |
| Town Vending Committee |
- Responsible for conducting surveys of all vendors, issuance of certificates of vending, and designation of vending zones.
- Surveys to be conducted every 5 years.
- No eviction until certificates are issued.
- TVCs to have 40% representation of street vendor representatives and 33% of women street vendors.
|
| Designated Vending Zones |
- All street vendors to be accommodated in designated vending zones.
- Allocation of space by drawing lots if necessary.
- Those unable to secure space in the same zone to be accommodated in adjoining zones.
|
| Certificate of Vending |
- Granted to street vendors above 14 years of age.
- Can be transferred to family members in certain circumstances.
- Can be cancelled if conditions are breached.
|
| No-Vending Zones |
- Prohibits vending activities in designated no-vending zones.
- Relocation provisions for affected vendors.
- Notice period of at least 30 days for relocation.
- Failure to vacate may result in penalties.
|
| Dispute Resolution Body |
Consists of a Chairperson (civil judge or judicial magistrate) and two other professionals. |
| Responsibility of Local Authorities for Implementation |
Responsibility for creating schemes and implementation delegated to local municipalities. |
| Role of Town Vending Committee |
Each zone or ward of the local authority to have a Town Vending Committee. |
| Relocation and Penalties |
Vendors failing to relocate from no-vending zones after notice may face penalties, including fines. |
| Representation and Legal Ambiguities |
Criticisms include lack of adequate representation of street vendors in decision-making bodies and legal ambiguities. |
Also read about: PM SVANidhi Scheme
PYQ:
[2016] How has globalization led to the reduction of employment in the formal sector of the Indian economy? Is increased informalization detrimental to the development of the country? |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Patachitra, Patuas etc.
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
Patachitra Paintings of women in Paschim Medinipur’s Pingla block in West Bengal has become popular worldwide.
About Bengal Patachitra
- Patachitra, also spelled as Pattachitra, is a traditional form of scroll painting that originated in the eastern Indian states of Odisha and West Bengal, as well as parts of Bangladesh. The term “Patachitra” derives from Sanskrit, where “pata” means “cloth” and “chitra” means “picture.”
- These paintings are typically created on cloth canvas, palm leaves, or paper. Artists associated with Patachitra are known as Patuas.
- Origin: Bengal Patachitra is believed to have originated in rural Bengal, with some historical references suggesting its existence during the Pre-Pala period.
- Themes and Style:
- The themes of Bengal Patachitra are diverse, ranging from religious and mythological narratives to secular subjects.
- Religious themes often depict stories from Hindu epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata, as well as folklore such as Manasha and Chandi.
- Secular themes include important news events, accidents, scandals, and social issues.
- Each Patachitra is accompanied by a song called Patua Sangeet, sung by the artists while unfurling the scroll.
- Aspects of Painting:
- Chalchitra: Background paintings associated with religious idols, such as Durga Pratima.
- Durga Pot: Special Patachitras worshiped during Durga Puja, often featuring images of gods and goddesses.
- Various Technique: Different districts have distinct techniques, colors, and designs. For example, Purulia Patachitras prefer burnt sienna with white and yellow patches, while Hooghly and Manbhum scrolls exhibit modernistic abstract linear treatment.
- Artists: Bengal Patua artists, also known as Chitrakars, are concentrated in villages like Naya in the Medinipur district.
- Colors: Bengal Patachitra typically uses natural colors derived from materials like chalk dust (for white), pauri (for yellow), cultivated indigo (for blue), bhushakali (for black), and mete sindur (for red).
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Taam Ja’ Blue Hole (TJBH) and its location
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
Researchers have made a discovery in Mexico, uncovering the world’s deepest blue hole, known as Taam Ja’ Blue Hole (TJBH).
What are Blue Holes?
- Blue holes, such as TJBH, are formed in coastal regions with soluble bedrock, such as limestone, marble, or gypsum.
- Water percolates through the rock, dissolving minerals and widening cracks, ultimately leading to the formation of sinkholes.
- Famous examples: 410-foot Great Blue Hole in Belize, the 663-foot Dean’s Blue Hole in the Bahamas and the 328-foot Blue Hole in the Red Sea near Dahab, Egypt.
|
About Taam Ja’ Blue Hole (TJBH)
- TJBH extends at least 1,380 feet (420 meters) below sea level, making it the deepest known underwater sinkhole in the world.
- It is located in Chetumal Bay off the southeast coast of the Yucatan Peninsula.
- It was first discovered in 2021, was originally thought to be 900 feet deep.
- This discovery surpasses the previous record-holder, the Sansha Yongle Blue Hole in the South China Sea, by an impressive 480 feet.
Research Expedition and Findings
- Scientists utilized a conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) profiler to collect data about the environmental conditions within the blue hole.
- Despite reaching depths of 1,640 feet (500 meters), the CTD profiler was unable to reach the bottom of TJBH, indicating its remarkable depth.
- Data from the profiler suggested the presence of different water layers within the blue hole, with conditions resembling those of the Caribbean Sea at depths below 1,312 feet (400 meters).
PYQ:
[2017] In the context of mitigating the impending global warming due to anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide, which of the following can be the potential sites for carbon sequestration?
1. Abandoned and uneconomic coal seams.
2. Depleted oil and gas reservoirs.
3. Subterranean deep saline formations.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Raja Ravi Varma and his notable paintings
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
The first true copy of Raja Ravi Varma’s painting “Indulekha” will be unveiled at Kilimanoor Palace, the birthplace of the legendary artist, on his 176th birth anniversary celebrations.
About the Indulekha Painting:
- The painting depicts Indulekha, the protagonist of the first modern Malayalam novel by O. Chandu Menon, published in 1889.
- The painting holds significance as it is believed to have inspired Ravi Varma’s famous work, “Reclining Lady.”
- The oil painting portrays Indulekha holding a letter, dated 1892.
- It exhibits meticulous attention to detail and symmetry, characteristic of Ravi Varma’s style.
|
Who was Raja Ravi Varma (1848-1906)?
- Raja Ravi Varma was born in April 1848 in Kilimanoor, Kerala, to a family which was very close to the royals of Travancore.
- Often referred to as the father of modern Indian art, he is widely known for his realistic portrayal of Indian gods and goddesses.
- While he majorly painted for the royalty, he is also credited for taking art to the masses with his prints and oleographs.
- Patronised by Ayilyam Thirunal, the then ruler of Travancore, he learnt watercolour painting from the royal painter Ramaswamy Naidu.
- He later trained in oil painting from Dutch artist Theodore Jensen.
Fame as a notable painter
- Following a portrait of Maharaja Sayajirao of Baroda, he has commissioned 14 Puranic paintings for the Durbar Hall of the new Lakshmi Vilas Palace at Baroda.
- Depicting Indian culture, Varma borrowed from episodes of Mahabharata and Ramayana for the same.
- He also received patronage from numerous other rulers, including the Maharaja of Mysore and Maharaja of Udaipur.
- As his popularity soared, the artist won an award for an exhibition of his paintings at Vienna in 1873.
- He was also awarded three gold medals at the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893.
- Viceroy Lord Curzon honoured him with the Kaisar-i-Hind Gold Medal for his service.
Nature of his artforms
- Much of his celebrated art also borrows heavily from Indian mythology.
- In fact, he is often credited with defining the images of Indian gods and goddesses through his relatable and more realistic portrayals often painted with humans as models.
- The depictions include Lakshmi as the goddess of wealth, Saraswati as the goddess of knowledge and wisdom, and Lord Vishnu with his consorts, Maya and Lakshmi.
- Raja Ravi Varma aspired to take his art to the masses and the intent led him to open a Lithographic Press in Bombay in 1894.
- The first picture printed at Varma’s press was reportedly The Birth of Shakuntala, followed by numerous mythological figures and saints such as Adi Shankaracharya.
Major works
- It is believed that he had made around 7,000 paintings before his death at the age of 58.
- But only one painting is now left in ‘Chithrashala,’ the artist’s studio at Kilimanoor Palace — an unfinished portrait of ‘Parsi lady’ which was his last work.
- Some of his popular works include ‘Lady in the Moonlight’, ‘Nair Lady Adorning Her Hair’, ‘Malabar Lady with Violin’, ‘Lady with Swarbat’, and ‘Maharashtrian Lady with Fruits’.
| [2018] The well-known painting “Bani Thani” belongs to the
(a) Bundi school
(b) Jaipur school
(c) Kangra school
(d) Kishangarh school |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mutual Funds and its regulations
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- The Securities & Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has recently approved amendments to SEBI (Mutual Funds) Regulations, 1996, aimed at enhancing the regulatory framework for Asset Management Companies (AMCs).
- These amendments mandate AMCs to establish institutional mechanisms to deter potential market abuse, including front-running, following recent instances observed by the market regulator.
What are Mutual Funds?
- A mutual fund is a pool of money managed by a professional Fund Manager.
- It is a trust that collects money from a number of investors who share a common investment objective and invests the same in equities, bonds, money market instruments and/or other securities.
- And the income / gains generated from this collective investment is distributed proportionately amongst the investors after deducting applicable expenses and levies, by calculating a scheme’s “Net Asset Value” or NAV.
- SEBI regulates mutual funds through the SEBI (Mutual Funds) Regulations, 1996.
Categories of Mutual Funds:
- An actively managed fund is a mutual fund scheme in which the fund manager “actively” manages the portfolio and continuously monitors the fund’s portfolio, deciding on which stocks to buy/sell/hold and when, using his/her professional judgement, backed by analytical research.
- A passively managed fund, by contrast, simply follows a market index, i.e., in a passive fund , the fund manager remains inactive or passive inasmuch as, he/she does not use his/her judgement or discretion to decide as to which stocks to buy/sell/hold , but simply replicates / tracks the scheme’s benchmark index in exactly the same proportion.
Fund Structure
- Mutual funds in India operate under a three-tier structure, comprising the
- Asset Management Company (AMC),
- Trustees, and
- Custodians.
- The AMC manages the fund’s investments, the Trustees oversee the operations, and the Custodians safeguard the fund’s assets.
Key highlights of the recent update:
- Institutional Mechanism: AMCs are required to implement enhanced surveillance systems, internal controls, and escalation processes to identify and address specific types of misconduct, such as front-running, insider trading, and misuse of sensitive information.
- Whistleblower Mechanism: To foster transparency, AMCs are mandated to have a whistleblower mechanism.
- Recording of Communication: SEBI has exempted face-to-face interactions during market hours from the requirement of recording all communication by dealers and fund managers. This exemption will be effective upon the implementation of the institutional mechanism by AMCs.
- Prudential Norms for Passive Schemes: SEBI has streamlined prudential norms for passive schemes, allowing equity passive schemes to invest up to the weightage of constituents in the underlying index, subject to a 35% cap on investment in sponsor group companies.
PYQ:
[2014] What does venture capital mean?
(a) A short-term capital provided to industries
(b) A long-term start-up capital provided to new entrepreneurs
(c) Funds provided to industries at times of incurring losses
(d) Funds provided for replacement and renovation of industries |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Chin-Kuki-Zo Tribes
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
Manipur CM took it to social media where he alleged an “unnatural growth” in the population of the “Chin-Kuki-Zo” tribes in the state, posing a perceived threat to indigenous communities and national security.
About Chin-Kuki-Zo Tribes
|
Chin Tribe |
Kuki Tribe |
Zo Tribe |
| Ethnic Composition |
Major ethnic group in Myanmar’s Chin State; known for distinct customs and language. |
Heterogeneous group in Northeast India; recognized for diverse subtribes. |
Diverse ethnic group in Northeast India, Myanmar, and parts of Bangladesh. |
| Geographical Distribution |
Primarily in Myanmar’s Chin State; significant populations in Indian states like Mizoram. |
Mainly in Northeast India; also found in Chin State, Myanmar. |
Inhabits Northeast India, particularly Mizoram and Manipur; also in parts of Myanmar and Bangladesh. |
| Language |
Chin language, part of Kuki-Chin subgroup of Tibeto-Burman family. |
Kuki-Chin languages; various dialects with distinct variations. |
Mizo-Kuki-Chin languages; different dialects within Tibeto-Burman family. |
| Culture and Traditions |
Vibrant music, dance, festivals; celebrates Chin National Day. |
Rich oral traditions, folk music; celebrates festivals like Chavang Kut. |
Rich oral literature, vibrant festivals; celebrates Chapchar Kut and Mim Kut. |
| Livelihood |
Historically practiced subsistence agriculture; now diversified livelihoods. |
Historically practiced shifting (Jhum) cultivation; now engaged in various occupations. |
Historically practiced shifting (Jhum) cultivation; now diverse livelihood patterns. |
| Religion |
Predominantly Christianity with some traditional animistic beliefs. |
Predominantly Christianity with traditional animistic practices. |
Predominantly Christianity with remnants of traditional beliefs. |
| Socio-Political Organization |
Advocates for cultural identity and rights; e.g., Chin National Front. |
Promotes Kuki identity; active organizations like Kuki National Organization. |
Promotes Zo identity; e.g., Zomi Council and Mizo Zirlai Pawl. |
Issues with their migration
The Chin-Kuki-Zo tribes in Manipur are contributing to the conflict in the state due to various factors.
- There have been longstanding demands from various tribal groups for greater recognition of their ethnic identity and autonomy within Manipur.
- Land ownership and control are significant issues among the Chin-Kuki-Zo tribes in Manipur.
[2016] Consider the following pairs: (2016)
|
Community sometimes mentioned in the news |
In the affairs of |
| 1. |
Kurd |
Bangladesh |
| 2. |
Madhesi |
Nepal |
| 3. |
Rohingya |
Myanmar |
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 3 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Asset Reconstruction Companies, SARFAESI Act, 2002;
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The RBI has introduced updated guidelines for Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARCs) through a master direction, effective from April 24, 2024.
What is an Asset Reconstruction Company (ARC)?
|
Description |
| About |
ARC is a special financial institution that acquires debtors from banks at a mutually agreed value and attempts to recover the debts or associated securities. |
| Regulation |
- ARCs are registered under the RBI.
- Regulated under the SARFAESI Act, 2002 (Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Securities Interest Act).
|
| Objective |
ARCs take over a portion of the bank’s non-performing assets (NPAs) and engage in asset reconstruction or securitization, aiming to recover the debts. |
| Functions |
- Asset Reconstruction: Acquisition of bank loans or other credit facilities for realization.
- Securitization: Acquisition of financial assets by issuing security receipts.
|
| Foreign Investment |
100% FDI allowed in ARCs under the automatic route. |
| Limitiations |
- ARCs are prohibited from undertaking lending activities.
- They can only engage in securitization and reconstruction activities.
|
| Working |
- Bank with NPA agrees to sell it to ARC at a mutually agreed value.
- ARC transfers assets to trusts under SARFAESI Act.
- Upfront payment made to bank, rest through Security Receipts.
- Recovery proceeds shared between ARC and bank.
|
| Security Receipts |
Issued to Qualified Institutional Buyers (QIBs) for raising funds to acquire financial assets. |
| Significance |
- Banks can clean up their balance sheets and focus on core banking activities.
- Provides a mechanism for resolution of NPAs and debt recovery.
|
What are the new guidelines laid out by the RBI?
- Enhanced Capital Requirements:
-
-
- Minimum Capital Requirement Increase: ARCs are now mandated to maintain a minimum capital requirement of Rs 300 crore, a significant increase from the previous Rs 100 crore stipulation established on October 11, 2022.
- Transition Period for Compliance: Existing ARCs are granted a transition period to reach the revised Net Owned Fund (NOF) threshold of Rs 300 crore by March 31, 2026.
- Interim Requirement: However, by March 31, 2024, ARCs must possess a minimum capital of Rs 200 crore to comply with the new directives.
- Supervisory Actions for Non-Compliance:
-
-
- ARCs failing to meet the prescribed capital thresholds will face supervisory action, potentially including restrictions on undertaking additional business until compliance is achieved.
- Expanded Role for Well-Capitalized ARCs:
-
- Empowerment of Well-Capitalized ARCs: ARCs with a minimum NOF of Rs 1000 crore are empowered to act as resolution applicants in distressed asset scenarios.
- Investment Opportunities: These ARCs are permitted to deploy funds in government securities, scheduled commercial bank deposits, and institutions like SIDBI and NABARD, subject to RBI specifications. Additionally, they can invest in short-term instruments such as money market mutual funds, certificates of deposit, and corporate bonds commercial papers.
- Investment Cap: Investments in short-term instruments are capped at 10% of the NOF to mitigate risk exposure.
PYQ:
[2018] With reference to the governance of public sector banking in India, consider the following statements:
- Capital infusion into public sector banks by the Government of India has steadily increased in the last decade.
- To put the public sector banks in order, the merger of associate banks with the parent State Bank of India has been affected.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Critical Minerals, Mineral Security Partnership (MSP)
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The Ministry of Mines has organized a pivotal summit in New Delhi aimed at fostering collaboration, sharing knowledge, and driving innovation in Critical Mineral beneficiation and processing.
What are Critical Minerals?
- Critical Minerals are indispensable for economic development and national security, with their scarcity or concentration in specific regions posing potential supply chain vulnerabilities.
- The declaration and identification of Critical Minerals is an ongoing process, influenced by technological advancements, market dynamics, and geopolitical factors.
Critical Minerals in India:
- India has identified 30 Critical Minerals (July 2023) based on factors like disruption potential, import reliance, and cross-sectoral usage.
- Antimony, Beryllium, Bismuth, Cobalt, Copper, Gallium, Germanium, Graphite, Hafnium, Indium, Lithium, Molybdenum, Niobium, Nickel, PGE, Phosphorous, Potash, Rare Earth Elements, Rhenium, Silicon, Strontium, Tantalum, Tellurium, Tin, Titanium, Tungsten, Vanadium, Zirconium, Selenium and Cadmium.
Global Perspective:
Various nations have outlined their lists of Critical Minerals based on unique circumstances:
- The US recognizes 50 minerals critical for national security and economic development.
- Japan has identified 31 minerals crucial for its economy.
- The UK, EU, and Canada have their respective lists, reflecting their strategic priorities.
India became the 14th member of the Mineral Security Partnership (MSP) in June 2023.
- MSP seeks to bolster critical minerals supply chains to support economic prosperity and climate objectives.
- It seeks to ensure that critical minerals are produced, processed and recycled by catalyzing investments from governments and private sector across the full value chain.
- Members: The other member countries are United States, Australia, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Norway, the Republic of Korea, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the European Commission.
Note: Copper, gold and silver are not on the list of minerals under MSP (Wiki). |
Various Government Initiatives:
- MMDR Act Amendment (2023): 24 minerals were designated as critical and strategic under the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act.
- National Mineral Policy (2019): The updated policy emphasizes the exploration and exploitation of Critical Minerals to harness India’s mineral potential effectively.
- Khanij Bidesh India Ltd (KABIL): A joint venture comprising National Aluminium Company Ltd (NALCO), Hindustan Copper Ltd (HCL), and Mineral Exploration Corporation Ltd (MECL), KABIL aims to secure a consistent supply of Critical Minerals by acquiring and developing assets overseas.
- Indian Rare Earths Limited (IREL): It is a PSU that plays a significant role in the research and production of rare earth minerals.
India’s Critical Mineral Imports:
- Lithium Imports: In FY23, India imported 2,145 tonnes of lithium carbonate and lithium oxide, costing Rs 732 crore.
- Nickel and Copper Imports: The country imported 32,000 tonnes of unwrought nickel and 1.2 million tonnes of copper ore, costing Rs 6,549 crore and Rs 27,374 crore, respectively.
- Import Dependence: India relies entirely on imports for lithium and nickel, and 93% for copper.
Country-wise dependence:
- China: India heavily relies on China for the import of critical minerals like lithium, cobalt, nickel, and graphite.
- Australia: India is actively engaged with Australia for acquiring mineral assets, particularly lithium and cobalt, to secure its supply chain for critical minerals.
- Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile: India is engaging with these countries, known for their reserves of battery metals like lithium and cobalt, to diversify its sources for critical minerals.
|
PYQ:
[2019] With reference to the management of minor minerals in India, consider the following statements:
- Sand is a ‘minor mineral’ according to the prevailing law in the country.
- State governments have the power to grant mining leases of minor minerals, but the powers regarding the formation of rules related to the grant of minor minerals lie with the Central Government.
- State Governments have the power to frame rules to prevent illegal mining of minor minerals.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 3
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Thar Desert, Desert National Park;
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
Rajasthan’s barren Thar Desert may turn green, says a recent study in the journal Earth’s Future.
Thar Desert
- The Thar Desert is the 18th largest subtropical desert globally and is one of the most densely populated deserts.
- Approximately 40% of the human population in Rajasthan resides in the Thar Desert.
- It extends from the Sutlej River and is bounded by the Rann of Kutch, the Aravalli Mountains, and the Indus River.
- About 85% of the Thar Desert is located in India, with the remainder in Pakistan.
- In India, it spans across Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, and Punjab as well.
- Civilizations are believed to have thrived in the Thar region around 50,000 years ago across the extinct Saraswati River.
- The Desert National Park (home to the endangered Great Indian Bustard, desert fox, desert cat, blackbuck, and Indian gazelle) is situated in the Thar Desert in the northwest Indian state of Rajasthan.
|
Why is the Thar desert getting greener?
-
-
- Alteration of Weather Patterns: Climate change is causing shifts in rainfall distribution in the thar desert area.
- Potential for Vegetation Growth: The increased precipitation could provide favorable conditions for vegetation growth, contributing to the greening of the desert.
-
-
- Westward Extension of Indian Monsoon: The Indian monsoon, known for bringing heavy rainfall to eastern India, is now extending further westward into regions like the Thar Desert.
- Impact on Moisture and Rainfall: This change in monsoon dynamics could lead to increased moisture and rainfall in the desert region, facilitating the growth of vegetation.
- Expansion of Indian Ocean Warm Pool (IOWP):
-
-
- Influence on Monsoon Patterns: The Indian Ocean Warm Pool (IOWP) influences monsoon patterns and rainfall distribution over the Indian subcontinent.
- Westward Expansion due to Climate Change: Climate change is causing the IOWP to expand westward, potentially resulting in increased rainfall over semi-arid regions like the Thar Desert and promoting greening.
- Water Management Practices:
-
-
- Contribution to Greening: Effective water management practices, such as rainwater harvesting and irrigation techniques like johad, kuis, and kunds, may be playing a role in the greening of the Thar Desert.
- Utilization of Water Resources: By harnessing and efficiently utilizing available water resources, local communities and authorities can support vegetation growth and ecosystem restoration efforts in the desert.
- Introduction of Irrigation
-
- Commercial Cropping: Irrigation was introduced during British colonial rule in the 19th and 20th centuries to convert arid and semi-arid ecosystems into cropland.
- Restrictions on Grazing: The right to graze animals was restricted to landowners who cultivated crops, leading to the transformation of nomadic pastoralists into sedentary agro-pastoralists.
PYQ:
[2018] Which of the following leaf modifications occur(s) in the desert areas to inhibit water loss?
- Hard and waxy leaves
- Tiny leaves
- Thorns instead of leaves
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 2 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
[2020] The process of desertification does not have climate boundaries. Justify with examples.
[2013] Major hot deserts in northern hemisphere are located between 20-30 degree north and on the western side of the continents. Why? |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: LSAM 20;
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
The Indian Navy has inducted the ‘Ammunition Cum Torpedo Cum Missile Barge, LSAM 20 (Yard 130) into its fleet.
What is LSAM 20?
- LSAM 20 (Yard 130) is the Ammunition Cum Torpedo Cum Missile Barge (Storage) inducted by the Indian Navy. (built by MSME Shipyard, M/s Suryadipta Projects Pvt Ltd, Thane).
- LSAM 20 facilitates transportation, embarkation, and disembarkation of articles/ammunition to IN Ships.
- These Barges are indigenously designed and built under relevant Naval Rules and Regulations of the Indian Register of Shipping.
Objective
- A Torpedo Cum Missile Barge is a specialized vessel used by the Indian Navy to transport various types of ammunition, torpedoes, and missiles to operational areas.
- These barges play a crucial role in providing logistical support to naval vessels by ensuring the uninterrupted transportation of essential military supplies.
PYQ:
[2016] Which one of the following is the best description of ‘INS Astradharini’, that was in the news recently?
(a) Amphibious warfare ship
(b) Nuclear-powered submarine
(c) Torpedo launch and recovery vessel
(d) Nuclear-powered aircraft carrier |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NHRC, GANHRI
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) is gearing up to defend India’s human rights processes at a critical meeting of Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions (GANHRI) in Geneva.
- A decision on retaining India’s NHRC’s “A status” accreditation is imminent at this summit.
About National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)
|
Details |
| Establishment |
- A Statutory Body;
- Established under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993.
|
| Functions |
- Inquire into any violation of human rights
- Recommend immediate interim relief to victims or their families
- Intervene in court proceedings involving human rights violations
- Review constitutional and legal safeguards for human rights
- Study international instruments on human rights
- Promote human rights literacy
- Support the efforts of NGOs working in the field of human rights
|
| Powers |
- Regulate its own procedure
- Possess all the powers of a civil court
- Proceedings have a judicial character
|
| Chairperson |
- Must be a former Justice of the Supreme Court or Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
- Appointed by the President of India
|
| Members |
- Four full-time members;
- Chairperson: former Supreme Court Justice or Chief Justice;
- Other Member: former Judge of the Supreme Court;
- Other Member: former Chief Justice of a High Court;
- Three Members: with knowledge or experience in human rights, including at least one woman –
- Seven ex-officio members: Chairpersons of National Commissions viz., National Commission for Scheduled Castes, National Commission for Scheduled Tribes, National Commission for Women , National Commission for Minorities, National Commission for Backward Classes, National Commission for Protection of Child Rights; and the Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities.
|
| Appointment |
- Appointed by the President, based on a committee recommendation including the Prime Minister, Speaker of Lok Sabha, Home Minister, Leaders of the Opposition in Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, and others
- Consultation with the Chief Justice of India for judicial appointments
|
| Removal |
- Removal by order of the President of India
- Consultation with the Supreme Court before removal
|
| Terms of Office |
- Hold office for a term of three years or until the age of 70
- Ineligibility for further government employment after office
- Eligible for reappointment
|
| Salaries |
Determined by the Central government |
| Reporting |
- Submits annual or special reports to the Central government and the concerned State government
- Reports laid before the respective legislatures, along with a memorandum of action taken on the recommendations and reasons for non-acceptance of any recommendations
|
| Limitations |
- The commission is not empowered to inquire into any matter after the expiry of one year from the date on which the act constituting the violation of human rights is alleged to have been committed
- Functions are recommendatory in nature, with no power to punish or award relief to violators
- Limited role concerning armed forces violations
|
GANHRI Concerns about India’s NHRC
India’s NHRC faced a potential downgrade in its accreditation status in 2023 due to concerns raised by the SCA regarding its operational independence and composition.
- Political Interference: The NHRC-India faced objections related to political interference in appointments, compromising its independence.
- Police Involvement: Involving the police in probes into human rights violations raised concerns about impartiality and fair investigations.
- Lack of Cooperation: The NHRC’s poor cooperation with civil society was criticized, hindering its effectiveness in protecting human rights.
- Lack of Diversity: The GANHRI highlighted the lack of diversity in staff and leadership positions within the NHRC. There is also lack of gender and minority representation.
- Insufficient Protection of Marginalized Groups: The NHRC was found to have taken insufficient action to protect marginalized groups, contrary to the U.N.’s principles on national institutions (the ‘Paris Principles).
Back2Basics: GANHRI (Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions)
|
| Purpose |
Promote and protect human rights globally |
| Year Established |
1993 |
| Headquarters |
Geneva, Switzerland |
| Members |
National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) from 114 member institutions |
| Key Functions |
- Promoting and strengthening NHRIs worldwide
- Advocating for human rights at national, regional, and global levels
- Facilitating cooperation and sharing of best practices among NHRIs
- Providing capacity-building support to NHRIs etc.
|
| Organizational Structure |
- President: Elected from GANHRI members for a specified term
- Bureau: Assists the President in overseeing GANHRI’s work
- Sub-Committees: Focused on specific thematic or regional issues
|
| Key Documents |
- Paris Principles: Provide guidance for the establishment and operation of NHRIs
- GANHRI Strategy: Outlines the organization’s strategic objectives and actions
|
| Sub-Committee on Accreditation (SCA) |
- Part of a five-year peer evaluation cycle for all 114 member institutions of GANHRI.
- Accreditation status holds significance as it determines its voting rights at international human rights forums.
|
PYQ:
[2011] Consider the following:
- Right to education.
- Right to equal access to public service.
- Right to food.
Which of the above is/are Human Right/Rights under “Universal Declaration of Human Rights”?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ACS3 Project, Solar Sailing
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
NASA has launched its Advanced Composite Solar Sail System (ACS3) spacecraft that uses sunlight for propulsion from New Zealand into space.
About Advanced Composite Solar Sail System (ACS3) Project
- The spacecraft is slated to orbit 1,000 kilometers above Earth, deploying an 80-square-meter solar sail approximately 25 minutes after liftoff.
- It harnesses sunlight as a renewable propulsion source, marking a novel advancement in space exploration.
- It uses a compact CubeSat, similar in size to an oven, which facilitates propulsion by capturing solar particle energy.
- Operational Phases:
- The initial flight phase spans two months and involves subsystems checkout and solar sail deployment.
- A series of pointing maneuvers will showcase orbit raising and lowering, validating the effectiveness of sunlight pressure on the sail.
The Technology Behind: Solar Sailing
- Solar sails typically consist of lightweight, reflective materials such as Mylar or aluminized Kapton, which are deployed in space to capture sunlight.
- The sail is often configured as a large, thin membrane with a large surface area to maximize the amount of sunlight it can intercept.
- When sunlight reflects off a shiny solar sail, some of its momentum is transferred, giving the sail a small push.
Solar sailing offers several advantages over traditional propulsion methods, including:
- Efficiency: Solar sailing does not require onboard fuel, making it a highly efficient and sustainable propulsion method for long-duration missions.
- Continuous thrust: Unlike chemical rockets, which provide brief bursts of acceleration, solar sails can provide continuous thrust as long as they are exposed to sunlight.
- Maneuverability: Solar sails can change their trajectory by adjusting the orientation of the sail relative to the direction of incoming sunlight. This allows for precise navigation and maneuvering in space.
- Interstellar travel: Solar sailing has the potential to enable interstellar missions by gradually accelerating spacecraft to very high velocities over time, allowing them to explore distant star systems.
PYQ:
[2016] What is ‘Greased Lightning-10 (GL-10)’, recently in the news?
(a) Electric plane tested by NASA
(b) Solar-powered two-seater aircraft designed by Japan
(c) Space observatory launched by China
(d) Reusable rocket designed by ISRO |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India’s Imports from China and Other Countries
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- India’s imports from China surged to over $101 billion in the fiscal year 2023-24, marking a significant increase from approximately $70 billion recorded in 2018-19.
- The proportion of China’s industrial goods imports to India has risen from 21% to 30% over a span of 15 years, as highlighted in a report by the Global Trade Research Initiative (GTRI).
India’s Import: GTRI study
- The GTRI study revealed that imports from China have grown at a pace 2.3 times faster than India’s overall imports during the 15-year period.
- Contrary to common belief, China has emerged as the top supplier in eight core industrial sectors, encompassing machinery, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and textiles, among others.
- India is experiencing stagnant exports valued at around $16 billion annually.
- Over a six-year period spanning from 2018-2019 to 2023-24, India’s cumulative trade deficit with China surpassed $387 billion, prompting apprehension among policymakers.
China’s Share of India’s Imports:
- China accounted for 15% of India’s overall imports in 2023-24, with $101.8 billion out of a total of $677.2 billion.
- Sector-wise Contributions:
- Electronics, Telecom, and Electrical Products: China’s contribution was 38.4% in April-January 2023-24.
- Clothing: Nearly 42% of India’s textile and clothing imports accounted from China.
- Machinery Sector: China accounted for 39.6% of India’s overall imports.
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sector: China’s share was 29.2%.
- Plastics and Related Articles: China provided articles worth $4.8 billion, accounting for 25.8% of total imports in this sector.
Back2Basics: Top Importers of India
| S. No |
Importer |
Share of India’s Imports |
| 1. |
China (Biggest Importer in India) |
15.43% |
| 2. |
United Arab Emirates |
7.31% |
| 3. |
United States |
7.07% |
| 4. |
Switzerland |
3.82% |
| 5. |
Hong Kong |
3.12% |
| 6. |
Singapore |
3.09% |
| 7. |
Indonesia |
2.89% |
| 8. |
South Korea |
2.85% |
|
PYQ:
[2017] ‘China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia’, In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbor. |
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