Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project, Godavari River
Mains level: Issue of Dam Safety in India
In the news
- The Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project (KLIP) has been under scrutiny following concerns over the sinking of piers at the Medigadda barrage.
- To address these issues, National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA) will conduct a thorough examination of the project.
What is Kaleshwaram Project?
|
Details |
| Location |
Kaleshwaram village, Telangana, India
Earlier called as Pranahita-Chevella Lift Irrigation Project |
| Confluence Point |
Pranhita-Godavari River confluence |
| Project Size |
Claimed to be the world’s largest multi-stage and multi-purpose lift irrigation project |
| Key Features |
Series of underground and surface water pumping stations, stretching over 300 km |
| Purpose |
Supply water to 45 lakh acres in Telangana |
| Commencement |
Started in 2016, utilizing approximately 283 TMC of water from the Godavari River |
| Components |
Divided into 7 links and 28 packages through 13 districts
Aims to source a total of 240 TMC of water
Construction of barrage at Medigadda, with water reverse-pumped into the Godavari River |
| Major Pumping Facilities |
Ramadugu (largest), Medaram, Annaram, and Sundilla |
About Godavari River
- The Godavari River, also known as Dakshin Ganga, is the largest peninsular river system in the region.
- Its basin is bordered by the Satmala hills to the north, the Ajanta range and Mahadeo hills to the south, the Eastern Ghats to the east, and the Western Ghats to the west.
- Originating from Trimbakeshwar near Nasik in Maharashtra, the Godavari River flows for approximately 1465 km before reaching the Bay of Bengal.
- The Godavari basin spans across Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha, with smaller portions in Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, and the UT of Puducherry.
- Right bank tributaries include the Pravara, Manjira, and Maner.
- Left bank tributaries comprise the Purna, Pranhita, Indravati, and Sabari rivers.
|
About National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA): Ensuring Dam Safety in India
The NDSA plays a crucial role in maintaining the safety standards of dams across the country.
- Constitutional Basis: Although water management falls under the State List, the Union government has the authority to enact laws related to dam safety under Article 246 of the Constitution. (Parliament holds the power to make laws for any part of India not included within a State, irrespective of whether the subject falls under the State List.)
- Dam Safety Act, 2021: Parliament has passed the Dam Safety Act to establish an institutional mechanism for ensuring dam safety in India.
Objectives and Functions
- Institutional Mechanism: The NDSA is tasked with maintaining standards for dam safety, preventing dam-related disasters, and addressing interstate concerns regarding dams.
- Leadership Structure: The authority is headed by a chairman and supported by five members with expertise in various domains, including policy and research, technical aspects, regulation, disaster management, resilience, and administration and finance.
- Surveillance and Inspection: Special provisions are in place for the surveillance, inspection, operation, and maintenance of all large dams in the country to prevent dam failure-related disasters.
- Penal Provisions: The Dam Safety Act includes penal provisions and a list of offenses along with corresponding penalties to ensure compliance.
Organizational Setup
- Headquarters: The headquarters of the NDSA is located in the National Capital Region (NCR).
- Regional Offices: The authority is supported by four regional offices strategically positioned across the country to facilitate efficient oversight and management of dam safety.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2015:
Q.Consider the following rivers:
- Vamsadhara
- Indravati
- Pranahita
- Pennar
Which of the rivers given above are the tributaries of Godavari?
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2, 3 and 4
(c) 1, 2 and 4
(d) 2 and 3 only
Post your responses here.
Also Read:
[Sansad TV] Perspective: Concerns over Dam Safety
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Applications of AI
Mains level: River Inter-Linking
In the news
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a pivotal tool in addressing various challenges, including India’s pressing water crisis.
- While the public’s perception of AI remains mixed, its potential to revolutionize water management cannot be overstated.
River Inter-Linking
- Background: As India grapples with the challenges of climate change and unpredictable weather patterns, the need to mitigate water deficits has become a critical priority for policymakers. One proposed solution is the ambitious river-linking project, aimed at connecting flood-prone rivers with those facing water deficits.
- Objective: The goal of the river-linking initiative is to optimize water distribution across regions, ensuring maximum benefits for the most people while minimizing environmental impact and resource depletion.
Assessing River Inter-Linking using AI
- Computational Modeling: Researchers from institutions such as IIT-ISM, Dhanbad, and NITs in Tripura and Goa have leveraged AI tools to develop computational models for analyzing the proposed Pennar-Palar-Cauvery link canal.
- Multi-Objective Optimization: The AI models employ a multi-objective approach, aiming to achieve multiple objectives simultaneously. For example, optimizing crop yield while minimizing water usage and environmental impact.
- Data Utilization: These models utilize extensive datasets, including water level measurements, crop-sowing patterns, and economic factors such as minimum support price and cost-benefit analysis for farmers.
- Predictive Analysis: By analyzing historical data and making predictions based on AI algorithms, researchers can identify optimal strategies for crop selection and water management, ultimately maximizing agricultural productivity while conserving water resources.
Key Findings and Recommendations
- Optimizing Farm Returns: The AI-based models suggest that by making adjustments to crop selection and water management practices, it is possible to improve farm returns without depleting groundwater or wasting water resources.
- Need for Detailed Data: Collecting more detailed and accurate data will enhance the effectiveness of AI-based models, enabling more focused and accurate predictions for optimizing water usage and agricultural productivity.
Way Forward
- Improved Data Collection: Enhanced data collection efforts will further refine AI-based predictions, enabling more precise and focused solutions to water management challenges.
- Collaborative Efforts: Collaboration between academia, government agencies, and technology experts is crucial in harnessing AI’s full potential for sustainable water management.
- Public Awareness: Educating the public about the benefits of AI-driven water management solutions can garner support and facilitate implementation at scale.
Conclusion
- The integration of AI into the river-linking initiative holds immense potential for addressing water scarcity challenges in India.
- By harnessing the power of AI-driven predictive modelling, policymakers can make informed decisions to optimize water distribution, enhance agricultural productivity, and mitigate the impacts of climate change on water resources.
- As India’s development journey progresses, leveraging AI technologies will be instrumental in achieving sustainable water management practices and ensuring water security for future generations.
Tap to read more about:
[Burning Issue] Interlinking of Rivers in India
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lahore Resolution (1940)
Mains level: NA
In the news
- Pakistan’s decision to resume its National Day (March 23) celebrations in New Delhi after a four-year gap due to the pandemic and strained bilateral relations reflects a significant diplomatic gesture.
- Let’s delve into the historical significance of Pakistan National Day, centered around the Lahore Resolution, and understand how it is observed in New Delhi.
Observance of Pakistan National Day in New Delhi
- Diplomatic Event: The Pakistan National Day is observed at the Pakistan embassy complex in New Delhi, typically attended by foreign diplomats and Indian dignitaries.
- Symbolic Gestures: The event features the playing of national anthems of both countries and addresses by the Pakistan high commissioner and invited guests, fostering diplomatic ties.
About the Lahore Resolution (1940)
- Historical Context: The Lahore Resolution was adopted by the All-India Muslim League during its session in Lahore from March 22 to March 24, 1940.
- Core Objective: It formally called for an independent state for India’s Muslims, laying the groundwork for the creation of Pakistan.
- Constitutional Transformation (1956): Pakistan officially adopted its first Constitution on March 23, coinciding with the Lahore Resolution, signifying the transition from the Dominion of Pakistan to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
- Symbolic Structure: The Minar-e-Pakistan, erected at the site of the Lahore Resolution, commemorates this historic event, with the resolution’s text inscribed at its base.
Key Elements of the Lahore Resolution
- Geographical Division: The resolution emphasized the formation of “Independent States” in regions where Muslims were in a majority, particularly in the North-Western and Eastern Zones of India.
- Safeguarding Minority Rights: It called for the protection of religious, cultural, economic, and political rights of Muslims and other minorities throughout India.
Historical Context and Lead-up to the Lahore Resolution
- Growing Dissent: The resolution reflected the culmination of growing demands for Muslim autonomy within India, amid concerns over representation and safeguarding of rights.
- Impactful Events: The session coincided with the Khaksar tragedy and featured a pivotal address by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, solidifying his leadership role in the movement for a separate Muslim state.
- Government of India Act, 1935: The Lahore Resolution emerged against the backdrop of the GoI Act, 1935, which granted separate electorates to Muslims and served as a catalyst for the demand for Muslim autonomy.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2012:
Q.The Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress (1929) is very important in history, because-
- The Congress passed a resolution demanding complete independence
- The rift between the extremists and moderates was resolved in that Session
- A resolution was passed rejecting the two-nation theory in that Session
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 3
(d) None of the above
Post your responses here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Sub-nationalism, Statehood issues among Tribals
In the news
- A Tripartite agreement was signed between the Government of India, the government of Tripura, and the Tipraha Indigenous Progressive Regional Alliance (TIPRA).
- This marks a significant step towards addressing the longstanding issues faced by the indigenous population of Tripura.
Ethno-Political Demands in Tripura: Historical Context
- Demographic Shifts: Tripura has witnessed significant demographic changes, with indigenous tribes facing marginalization due to influxes of refugees from East Pakistan.
- Marginalization of the Locals: This demographic shift has eroded the indigenous population’s socio-political influence and land rights over time.
- Ethnic Tensions: Ethnic conflicts and insurgency have further exacerbated tensions between indigenous tribes and non-tribal communities, leading to demands for greater autonomy and recognition of tribal rights.
- Revival of Ethnic Nationalism: In recent years, ethnic nationalism has been resurgent, particularly through the demand of Greater Tipraland, which seeks to unite indigenous tribes under a common identity and advocate for their collective interests.
Demand for Greater Tipraland
- Enhanced Autonomy: The core objective of Greater Tipraland is to secure greater autonomy for indigenous tribes within Tripura, allowing them to govern their affairs and preserve their cultural heritage.
- Recognition of Tribal Rights: TIPRA’s demands include linguistic recognition, economic empowerment, and political representation for indigenous communities, ensuring their rights are safeguarded and respected.
- Geographical Extent: The proposed Greater Tipraland encompasses not only the Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council (TTAADC) but also extends to tribal populations residing outside designated tribal areas, including those in neighboring states and Bangladesh.
Constitutional Framework for Such Demands
- Constitutional Provisions: Articles 2 and 3 of the Indian Constitution provide the legal framework for the creation of new states and the alteration of state boundaries. TIPRA seeks to leverage these provisions to advocate for the establishment of Greater Tipraland.
- Regional Representation: Through political advocacy and grassroots mobilization, TIPRA aims to garner support for its demands within the legislative and executive branches of government, both at the state and national levels.
- Challenges and Opportunities: While constitutional avenues exist for pursuing Greater Tipraland, navigating political complexities and addressing competing interests pose significant challenges. However, TIPRA sees these challenges as opportunities to engage in dialogue and build consensus around its agenda.
Socio-Political Dynamics
- Coalition Building: TIPRA’s emergence as a major political force has reshaped Tripura’s political landscape, with alliances and partnerships forming to advance shared objectives, including the pursuit of Greater Tipraland.
- Opposition Criticism: Opposition parties, such as the Communist Party of India (Marxist), have criticized TIPRA’s demands as politically motivated, highlighting broader ideological divisions and electoral dynamics.
- Public Support: TIPRA’s demands have garnered widespread public support, particularly among indigenous communities, who see Greater Tipraland as a pathway to empowerment and self-determination.
Conclusion
- The demand for Greater Tipraland encapsulates the aspirations of Tripura’s indigenous tribes for self-governance, cultural preservation, and socio-economic empowerment.
- While challenges remain, the pursuit reflects a broader movement towards inclusive governance and recognition of indigenous rights in India’s northeastern region.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Grey Zone Warfare
Mains level: Read the attached story
In the news
- In contemporary international relations, the concept of grey zone warfare has gained prominence, reflecting a complex space between overt conflict and peace.
- This nuanced form of warfare encompasses a spectrum of activities aimed at advancing national objectives while avoiding direct confrontation.
What is Grey Zone Warfare?
- Middle Ground: Grey zone warfare denotes an ambiguous space where activities blur the distinction between peace and war.
- Diverse Tactics: It encompasses a wide array of activities, including economic coercion, cyberattacks, disinformation campaigns, proxy warfare, and territorial assertiveness, among others.
Historical Context and Rationale
- Cold War Legacy: The conditions of the Cold War era, marked by nuclear deterrence between superpowers, spurred the adoption of grey zone tactics to avoid catastrophic escalation.
- Resourceful Adversaries: Nations resort to grey zone tactics to advance their interests without triggering a full-scale conflict, particularly when faced with superior adversaries.
- Examples of Grey Zone Warfare:
- South China Sea Disputes: China’s assertive actions in the South China Sea, including maritime militia presence and territorial claims, exemplify grey zone warfare. Confrontations with countries like the Philippines underscore the contentious nature of these tactics.
- Taiwan Strait Tensions: Chinese military maneuvers near Taiwan and Taiwan’s complaints of increased Chinese military activity highlight the use of grey zone strategies to pressure without provoking outright conflict.
- US-China Economic Rivalry: Economic sanctions, trade tariffs, and maritime reconnaissance efforts by the United States against China illustrate grey zone competition beyond military realms.
Motivations and Objectives
- Covert Intentions: Grey zone tactics serve to advance strategic interests while maintaining plausible deniability and avoiding direct confrontation.
- Escalation Management: Adversaries seek to exploit vulnerabilities and escalate tensions across multiple dimensions, complicating crisis management efforts.
Challenges and Responses
- Complexity of Response: Grey zone warfare poses challenges in crafting appropriate responses, as actions are often covert and multifaceted.
- Risk of Over-Escalation: Tactics such as baiting adversaries into escalation can lead to unintended consequences and heightened tensions, necessitating cautious crisis management.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kalbeliya Dance
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Recently performers from Rajasthan showcased the Kalbeliya dance in Hyderabad.
What is Kalbeliya Dance?
- Kalbeliya Dance is a traditional Indian dance form that originated in the state of Rajasthan.
- It is a vibrant, energetic dance that is performed by members of the Kalbeliya, a nomadic tribe of snake charmers in Rajasthan.
- It is a highly sensuous dance, with the dancers performing intricate footwork and swaying movements of their arms and body.
- In 2010, the Kalbelia folk songs and dances of Rajasthan were declared a part of its Intangible Heritage List by UNESCO.
Performance Details
- The dancers are women in flowing black skirts who dance and twirl, replicating the movements of a serpent.
- They wear an upper body cloth called an angrakhi and a headcloth known as the odhani; the lower body cloth is called a lehenga.
- All these clothes are of mixed red and black hues and embroidered.
- The male participants play musical instruments, such as the ‘pungi’, the dufli, been, the khanjari – a percussion instrument, morchang, khuralio and the dholak to create the rhythm on which the dancers perform.
- The dancers are tattooed in traditional designs and wear jewellery and garments richly embroidered with small mirrors and silver threads.
- As the performance progresses, the rhythm becomes faster and faster and so dances.
Features of the Kalbeliya Dance
- Rapid footwork: The fast, intricate footwork of the Kalbeliya dance is the highlight of this folk dance. The dancers move their feet in quick, sharp movements that form intricate patterns on the floor.
- Swirling skirts: The colorful skirts of the female dancers swirl gracefully as they move, adding to the beauty of the dance.
- Hand and arm movements: The dancers use their hands and arms to create graceful, fluid movements that are integral to the dance.
- Singing: Kalbeliya dancers often sing along to the music as they dance, adding to the atmosphere of the performance.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Criminal Defamation, Free Speech
Mains level: Defamation in the Digital Realm, Tweets, Videos
In the news
Try this question from CS Mains 2014:
What do understand by the concept of “freedom of speech and expression”? Does it cover hate speech also? Why do films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss. |
What is the Right to Free Speech?
- Freedom: Article 19(1) (a) guarantees the freedom of speech and expression to all citizens. It is the first condition of liberty and plays an important role in forming public opinion.
- Restrictions: As per Article 19(2), restrictions can be imposed upon the freedom of speech and expression in the interests of:
- Sovereignty and integrity of India,
- Security of the state,
- Friendly relations with foreign states,
- Public order, decency or morality, or
- In relation to contempt of court,
- Defamation, or
- Incitement to an offense
- Online Discourse: The proliferation of social media platforms necessitates a nuanced understanding of free speech rights in the digital realm, balancing individual liberties with societal interests.
- Immunity for Politicians: For politicians, while they enjoy the right to free speech, they are also subject to certain limitations. Criticism of the government or its policies is generally allowed as long as it does not incite violence or hatred.
Legal Conundrum over Digital Defamation
- Background: Kejriwal faced defamation charges for retweeting a video by a YouTuber Dhruv Rathee, alleging defamatory statements against the BJP’s IT cell.
- Legal Proceedings: The Delhi High Court upheld the summons issued to Kejriwal, citing the widespread impact of retweets by public figures.
- Constitutional Considerations: The right to free speech, protected under Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution, is subject to reasonable restrictions, including defamation laws under Article 19(2).
- Retweeting vs. Endorsement: The court’s intervention underscores the distinction between retweeting and endorsing content. While retweeting may not always signify endorsement, public figures are held to a higher standard of responsibility for their online actions.
- Defamation Laws: Indian law, as delineated in Section 499 of the Indian Penal Code, criminalizes statements intended to harm an individual’s reputation. However, applying these laws to online communication poses unique challenges.
Legal Precedents and Interpretations
- Shreya Singhal vs. Union of India (2015): Section 66A of The IT Act, 2000, had criminalised sending “offensive messages” utilizing “a computer resource or a communication device”. This provision was quashed by the SC given the ambiguity in the definition of the term “offensive”.
- Subramanian Swamy vs. Union of India (2016): The Supreme Court affirmed the constitutionality of criminal defamation laws, balancing the right to reputation with freedom of expression.
- Kaushal Kishore vs. Union of India (2017): The Court clarified that additional restrictions on free speech must align with Article 19(2) and cannot be arbitrarily imposed.
Implications for Online Discourse
- Scope of Defamation: Online retweets amplify the dissemination of allegedly defamatory content, raising questions about liability and accountability.
- Responsibility of Public Figures: Public figures like Kejriwal face heightened scrutiny for their online activities, given their influence and reach on social media platforms.
Conclusion
- This defamation case underscores the evolving dynamics of communication in the digital age.
- As online discourse continues to shape public opinion, striking a balance between freedom of expression and legal safeguards against defamation remains a pressing challenge.
- The Supreme Court’s intervention provides an opportunity to reassess existing laws and norms governing online speech, ensuring that rights and responsibilities are harmonized in the digital realm.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Fiscal Deficit, Capital Expenditure
Mains level: NA
In the news
- Capital Expenditure Decline: In January, the Centre’s capital expenditure saw a significant decline of 40.5%, totaling ₹47,600 crore compared to ₹80,000 crore in the previous year.
- Fiscal Deficit Widening: By the end of January, the fiscal deficit reached 64% of the revised estimates for 2023-24. Despite challenges in expenditure, the government seems poised to meet the revised deficit target of 5.8% of GDP for the year.
What is Fiscal Deficit?
- Definition: Fiscal deficit is the excess of total disbursements from the Consolidated Fund of India over total receipts, excluding debt repayment, within a financial year.
- Formula: Fiscal Deficit = Total expenditure of the government (capital and revenue expenditure) – Total income of the government (Revenue receipts + recovery of loans + other receipts).
Government Income
- Revenue receipts: This includes tax revenues collected by the government from various sources such as income tax, corporate tax, and indirect taxes like GST.
- Capital receipts: This encompasses borrowings, disinvestments, and other sources of income.
- Tax revenues: Income from GST and other taxes.
- Non-tax revenues: Including interest receipts, dividends and profits, external grants, and receipts from union territories.
- Other non-tax revenues: Revenue from fiscal, social, and economic services.
Government Expenditure
- Revenue Expenditure: Spending on day-to-day operations including salaries, subsidies, and interest payments.
- Capital Expenditure: Investment in infrastructure, acquisition of assets, and long-term projects.
- Interest Payments: Amount paid by the government as interest on its borrowings.
- Grants-in-aid for the creation of capital assets: Funds provided for the creation of capital assets such as roads, bridges, and public buildings.
|
Reasons behind Fiscal Deficit
[1] Fall in Income
- Lower tax collection: Economic slowdown, tax evasion, and GST implementation issues.
- Impact of economic sectors shut during the pandemic: Closure of economic activities leading to decreased tax revenues.
- Government’s missed disinvestment targets: Failure to achieve disinvestment targets resulting in lower capital receipts.
[2] Rise in Expenditure
- Factors contributing to high inflation: High inflation rates increasing import and borrowing costs.
- Importance of social infrastructure investment: Emphasis on social infrastructure for inclusive growth and employment.
- External market volatilities affecting Indian expenditure: Dependency on imports exposing India to external market fluctuations.
- Unproductive expenditures like subsidies: Essential but unproductive expenditures adding to fiscal pressure.
[3] Rise in Borrowings
- Need for market borrowing for policy implementations: Borrowing for policy measures such as bank recapitalization, farm loan waivers, and UDAY.
Implications of Fiscal Deficit
- Vicious circle of borrowing and repayment: Continuous borrowing to repay loans leading to a debt trap.
- Inflation: Increased borrowing leading to higher interest rates and inflation.
- Reduced private sector borrowing: Government borrowing reducing borrowing opportunities for the private sector.
- Discouragement of private investment: Inflation and limited financing discouraging private investment.
- Risk of credit rating downgrade: High borrowing increasing the risk of credit rating downgrade.
- Limits Revenue Spending: Rising fiscal deficit affecting government allowances like dearness allowance and dearness relief.
- Foreign Dependence: Borrowing from foreign sources increasing dependence and exposure to external fiscal policies.
Measures for Control: FRBM Act, 2003
- The FRBM Act aims to instil fiscal discipline and ensure inter-generational equity in fiscal management, promoting long-term macro-economic stability.
- Targets:
- Limit fiscal deficit to 3% of GDP by March 31, 2009.
- Completely eliminate revenue deficit.
- Reduce liabilities to 50% of estimated GDP by 2011.
- Prohibit direct borrowing from RBI to monetize the deficit.
- Escape Clause: Section 4(2) of the Act allows the Centre to exceed annual fiscal deficit targets under specific circumstances, such as national security, calamity, agricultural collapse, or structural reforms.
- Review Committee: In May 2016, a committee under NK Singh was formed to review the FRBM Act. Recommendations included targeting a fiscal deficit of 3% of GDP until March 31, 2020, reducing it to 2.8% in 2020-21, and further to 2.5% by 2023.
- Current Targets:
- The latest provisions of the FRBM Act mandate limiting fiscal deficit to 3% of GDP by March 31, 2021.
- Central government debt should not exceed 40% of GDP by 2024-25, among other stipulations.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Social behaviours of elephant, Project Elephant
Mains level: NA
In the news
- A recent study aims to delve into the peri-mortem and post-mortem strategies of Asian elephants, offering insights into their behavior in shared human spaces amid environmental changes.
- The study area covered fragmented forests, tea estates, agricultural lands, and military establishments in the vicinity of the Gorumara Wildlife Division and Buxa Tiger Reserve in West Bengal.
Elephants in India
|
Details |
| Population Estimate |
India hosts the largest population of wild Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus), with around 29,964 individuals,
Approximately 60% of the global population (2017 census). |
| Leading States |
Karnataka holds the highest number of elephants, followed by Assam and Kerala. |
| Conservation Status |
IUCN Red List: Endangered.
CMS: Appendix I.
Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Listed under Schedule I,
CITES: Appendix I. |
| Conservation Initiatives |
Project Elephant launched in 1992, covering 23 states across India.
Contributed to the increase in wild elephant population from around 25,000 in 1992 to about 30,000 in 2021.
Establishment of Elephant Reserves. Total 33 in numbers covering approximately 80,777 Sq.km. |
Recent findings
- Peri-Mortem Strategies: Asian elephants were found to carry carcasses by trunks and legs before burying them in a ‘legs upright’ position.
- Herding Behavior: Elephant herds exhibit avoidance behavior, choosing parallel routes to bypass paths where calf carcasses were buried.
- Burial Locations: Calves were buried in irrigation drains of tea estates, indicating a preference for specific locations.
- Herding Dynamics: The unique positioning of carcasses suggests careful handling by herd members, highlighting their care and affection toward deceased calves.
- Space Constraints: Prioritizing the burial of the head before the feet indicates strategic decision-making in situations of spatial limitations.
Environmental Context and Elephant Behavior
- Impact of Environmental Changes: Rapid environmental transformations and habitat destruction push elephants to explore human-dominated areas, resulting in the emergence of novel behaviors.
- Limited Documentation: While similar behaviors are documented in African contexts, elephant calf burial in the Asian context remains largely undocumented.
General Social Behaviour of Elephants
Elephants exhibit a wide range of social behaviors that highlight their complex and intelligent nature.
- Matrilineal Social Structure: Elephants live in multi-tiered societies, starting with family units consisting of related females and their calves. These family units form bonds with other families, creating clans and sub-populations. The herds are led by a senior matriarch who makes decisions on movement and resources.
- Communication: Elephants communicate through various calls, gestures, and physical contact. They have a sophisticated communication system involving over sixty different calls, including trumpets and rumbles that convey information across long distances.
- Empathy and Mourning: Elephants display empathy by comforting distressed companions through physical contact and vocal sounds. They have been observed mourning their dead, showing behaviors akin to mourning seen in humans.
- Cooperative Behavior: Elephant herds cooperate in raising their young, with adolescent females assisting in caring for calves. They also engage in cooperative actions like adopting an infant tormented by predators or helping wounded elephants by stopping bleeding and providing support.
- Individual Personalities: Elephants have distinct personalities that influence their interactions within the group. Some elephants show strong leadership qualities, while others are more introverted. These individual traits impact how they interact with other elephants.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2020:
Q. With reference to Indian elephants, consider the following statements:
- The leader of an elephant group is a female.
- The maximum gestation period can be 22 months.
- An elephant can normally go on calving till the age of 40 years only.
- Among the States in India, the highest elephant population is in Kerala.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 3 and 4 only
Post your responses here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UNEA-6, Membership of UNEA
Mains level: NA
In the news
- The Sixth Assembly session of the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEA-6) was convened at its headquarters in Nairobi, Kenya.
- It focussed on the pivotal role of multilateralism in addressing the triple planetary crisis of climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution.
Abut United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA)
|
Details |
| Purpose |
Highest-level decision-making body on environmental matters within the United Nations system. |
| Establishment |
Established in 2012 during the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20). |
| Frequency |
Typically convenes every two years in Nairobi, Kenya. |
| Membership |
Consists of all 193 UN Member States and representatives from observer countries and organizations. |
| Decision-Making |
Adopts resolutions and decisions on global environmental issues. |
UNEA-6: Theme and Focus
- Theme: Effective, inclusive, and sustainable multilateral actions to tackle climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution.
- Focus: Planning the role of multilateralism in shaping global environmental policy to combat the pressing challenges facing our planet.
Key Outcomes
[A] Environmental Multilateralism
- High-Level Dialogues: UNEA-6 dedicated a day to discussing cooperation and convergence with multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs), emphasizing effective implementation at both national and global levels.
- Importance: MEAs play a critical role in addressing specific environmental issues at national, regional, and global levels, providing essential frameworks for international environmental governance.
[B] Energy Transition to Renewable Sources
- Rapid Adoption of Renewable Energy: The session emphasized the need for three times the current renewable energy capacity by 2030 to foster a nature and people-positive planet.
- Global Standards Development: Efforts are underway to establish globally acceptable standards for renewable energy, ensuring environmental sustainability and responsible sourcing of minerals.
[C] Plastic Pollution
- Call for Action: Discussions centered on a legally binding treaty on plastic pollution, aiming to introduce strong reuse provisions and harmonize definitions of reuse and circularity.
- Current Scenario: More than half of global plastic production comprises single-use plastics, with significant leakage into the environment.
[D] Role of Nature-Based Solutions
- Potential: Nature-based solutions, including reforestation and land restoration, offer promising avenues to combat the climate crisis and restore biodiversity.
- Financial Constraints: Despite their potential, nature-based solutions receive only a fraction of the required funding, highlighting the need for increased investment and innovative financing mechanisms.
Conclusion
- As UNEA-6 unfolds, stakeholders worldwide are poised to collaborate and drive actionable solutions to safeguard our planet for future generations.
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Why in the News?
Recently, the former SC judge A.M. Khanwilkar has been appointed as Lokpal chairperson.
More details on the news:
- The Lokpal has been working without its regular Chief after Justice Pinaki Chandra Ghose completed his term on May 27, 2022. Justice Pradip Kumar Mohanty, a judicial member of the Lokpal, is currently the acting chairperson.
- Former High Court judges Lingappa Narayana Swamy, Sanjay Yadav and Ritu Raj Awasthi have been appointed as judicial members of the Lokpal.
About Lokpal:
- The Lokpal is established up under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act 2013 to investigate corruption allegations against public functionaries.
- Former Supreme Court Justice Pinaki Chandra Ghose assumed office as the first Lokpal chairperson in March 2019.
- India is a signatory to the United Nations Convention against Corruption. The establishment of Lokpal reflects the government’s commitment to clean and responsive governance by combating corruption.
Composition of Lokpal:
- The Lokpal consists of a chairperson and eight members – four judicial and four non-judicial.
- Appointed by the President of India for a 5-year term or until they reach 70 years of age, whichever comes first.
- Appointment Process: The President appoints the Chairperson and Members based on recommendations from a Selection Committee comprising the Prime Minister, Speaker of the House of the People, Leader of Opposition in the House of the People, Chief Justice of India or a nominated Supreme Court Judge, and an eminent jurist nominated by the President.
Lokpal’s Jurisdiction:
- The Lokpal investigates corruption allegations against current or former Prime Ministers, Union Ministers, Members of Parliament, and officials in Groups A, B, C, and D of the Union Government.
- It extends to chairpersons, members, officers, and directors of entities established by an Act of Parliament or funded by the Union or State government.
- The jurisdiction includes societies, trusts, or bodies receiving foreign contributions exceeding ₹10 lakh (approximately US$14,300 as of 2019)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Indian Leopard
Mains level: Read the attached story
In the news
- The Union Minister for Environment, Forest, and Climate Change, released the report on the Status of Leopards in India at New Delhi.
About Indian Leopard
- The Indian Leopard (Panthera pardus fusca) is a leopard subspecies widely distributed on the Indian subcontinent.
- These are the smallest of the big cats.
- They are known for their ability to adapt to a variety of habitats.
- They are strong and agile predators that can climb trees and drag their prey up for safety.
- Conservation Status:
- IUCN Red List: Vulnerable
- CITES: Appendix I
- Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule I
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About the Fifth Cycle of Leopards Estimation
- The fifth cycle leopard population estimation was conducted by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) and Wildlife Institute of India (WII), in collaboration with State Forest Departments.
- It covered 18 States of India, and focused on about 70% of the animals’ expected habitat.
- The estimation focused on forested habitats within 18 tiger states, covering major tiger conservation landscapes. Non-forested and high Himalayan regions were excluded.
- A comprehensive foot survey spanning 6,41,449 km and camera traps at 32,803 locations resulted in 85,488 photo-captures of leopards, providing valuable insights into their distribution and abundance.
Key Findings
- Population Estimate: India’s leopard population is estimated at 13,874 individuals, signifying stability compared to the 2018 estimate. Notably, this estimation covers 70% of leopard habitat, excluding areas like the Himalayas and semi-arid regions.
- Regional Trends: While Central India witnesses a stable or slightly growing population, regions like the Shivalik hills and Gangetic plains experience a decline. Overall, there’s a 1.08% per annum growth in sampled areas.
- State-wise Distribution: Madhya Pradesh houses the largest population of leopards in the country – 3907 (2018: 3421), followed by Maharashtra (2022: 1985; 2018: 1,690), Karnataka (2022: 1,879 ; 2018: 1,783) and Tamil Nadu (2022: 1,070; 2018: 868).
- Habitats: Tiger Reserves or sites with highest leopard population are, Nagarajunasagar Srisailam (AP), followed by Panna (MP), and Satpura (AP).
- Declining Trends: While Uttarakhand reported a 22% decline in the big cat numbers — reportedly due to poaching and man-animal conflict, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and West Bengal saw a collective 150% rise to 349 animals.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2012
Q. Which one of the following groups of animals belongs to the category of endangered species?
(a) Great Indian Bustard, Musk Deer, Red Panda and Asiatic Wild Ass
(b) Kashmir Stag, Cheetal, Blue Bull and Great Indian Bustard
(c) Snow Leopard, Swamp Deer, Rhesus Monkey and Saras (Crane)
(d) Lion-tailed Macaque, Blue Bull, Hanuman Langur and Cheetal
Post your response here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hydrogen Fuel Cell
Mains level: Hydrogen as a clean fuel
In the news
- Prime Minister has unveiled India’s maiden indigenous hydrogen fuel cell ferry, a groundbreaking achievement in the country’s maritime sector.
About Harit Nauka Initiative
- In January 2024, the Shipping Ministry unveiled the guidelines for inland vessels.
- As per the guidelines, all states have to make efforts to use green fuels for 50 per cent of inland waterways-based passenger fleets in the next one decade, and 100 per cent by 2045.
- This is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as per the Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision 2047.
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Hydrogen Fuel Cell Ferry: Key Features
- Design: The 24-meter-long catamaran ferry accommodates up to 50 passengers in its air-conditioned area, constructed with high-quality fiberglass reinforced plastic.
- Manufacture: Manufactured by Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL), the vessel will revolutionize water transportation and contribute to India’s green mobility initiatives.
- Propulsion: Powered by a 50-kW Proton-Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell and Lithium-Ion Phosphate batteries, the vessel operates with zero emissions and minimal noise, offering enhanced energy efficiency.
- Energy Source: Hydrogen fuel, stored in five cylinders onboard, fuels the vessel’s propulsion system, supplemented by a 3-kW solar panel for additional energy generation.
Operational Mechanism
- Hydrogen Fuel Cells: The vessel utilizes hydrogen fuel cells to generate electricity by harnessing the chemical energy of hydrogen, emitting only pure water as a byproduct.
- Continuous Operation: Unlike conventional batteries, hydrogen fuel cells do not require recharging, ensuring continuous operation with uninterrupted fuel and oxygen supply.
Indigenous Development
- Collaborative Effort: Cochin Shipyard Limited spearheaded the vessel’s construction, incorporating indigenous hydrogen fuel cell systems developed by KPIT Technologies and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Labs.
- Early Mover Advantage: India’s pioneering hydrogen fuel cell ferry underscores the nation’s commitment to green technology and positions it as a frontrunner in maritime sustainability.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Roen Olmi Mushroom
Mains level: NA
In the news
- Researchers in Goa have successfully synthesized gold nanoparticles from a wild mushroom species known as Roen Olmi, which is widely consumed as a delicacy in the coastal state.
About Roen Olmi Mushroom
- Species: Roen Olmi belongs to the Termitomyces species and is found growing on termite hills.
- Local Name: Locally known as “roen olmi” in Goa, it is a popular edible wild mushroom enjoyed by the locals, especially during the monsoon season.
- Habitat: Endemic to the Western Ghats, Roen Olmi mushrooms thrive in the thick forest cover and high humidity prevalent in the region.
- Ecological Significance: These mushrooms play a crucial role in forest and grassland ecosystems by converting 50% of dead plant material into nutrient-rich soil. They also possess antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.
- Cultural and Medicinal Value: Roen Olmi mushrooms are valued not only for their nutritional attributes but also for their ethno-medicinal significance in indigenous communities across Asia and Africa.
Implications and Future Directions
- Economic Impact: The breakthrough has significant economic implications, especially in the biomedical and biotechnological sectors, where the demand for gold nanoparticles is expected to rise.
- Environmental Sustainability: Unlike conventional methods that employ toxic chemical agents, the use of Roen Olmi mushrooms offers an eco-friendly approach to mass-producing gold nanoparticles.
- Local Community Benefits: The researchers advocate for the conservation and sustainable use of this valuable resource, emphasizing the importance of sharing benefits with the local community in accordance with the Nagoya Protocol.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2021
In the nature, which of the following is/are most likely to be found surviving on a surface without soil?
- Fern
- Lichen
- Moss
- Mushroom
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 4 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 3 and 4 only
Post your responses here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Context Windows
Mains level: Recent breakthrough in AI
In the news
- In conversations with AI chatbots like ChatGPT, the text the AI can “see” or “read” at any given moment is determined by its context window.
- The context window, measured in tokens, defines the amount of conversation the AI can process and respond to during a chat session.
What are Context Windows?
- Tokens: Basic units of data processed by AI models, tokens represent words, parts of words, or characters.
- Tokenisation: The process of converting text into vectors (format suitable) for input into machine learning models.
- Example: For English text, one token is roughly equivalent to four characters. Thus, a context window of 32,000 tokens translates to around 128,000 characters.
Importance of Context Windows
- Recall and Understanding: Context windows enable AI models to recall information from earlier in the conversation and understand contextual nuances.
- Generating Responses: They help AI models generate responses that are contextually relevant and human-like in nature.
Functioning of Context Windows
- Sliding Window Approach: Context windows work by sliding a window over the input text, focusing on one word at a time.
- Scope of Information: The size of the context window determines the scope of contextual information assimilated by the AI system.
Context Window Sizes
- Advancements: Recent AI models like GPT-4 Turbo and Google’s Gemini 1.5 Pro boast context window sizes of up to 128K tokens and 1 million tokens, respectively.
- Benefits: Larger context windows allow models to reference more information, maintain coherence in longer passages, and generate contextually rich responses.
Challenges and Considerations
- Computational Power: Larger context windows require significant computational power during training and inference, leading to higher hardware costs and energy consumption.
- Repetition and Contradiction: AI models with large context windows may encounter issues such as repeating or contradicting themselves.
- Accessibility: The high resource requirements of large context windows may limit access to advanced AI capabilities to large corporations with substantial infrastructure investments.
Conclusion
- Context windows play a vital role in enabling AI chatbots to engage in meaningful conversations by recalling context and generating relevant responses.
- While larger context windows offer benefits in terms of performance and response quality, they also pose challenges related to computational resources and environmental sustainability.
- Balancing these factors is essential for the responsible development and deployment of AI technologies.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA)
Mains level: NA
In the news
- The Union Cabinet, chaired by Prime Minister, has approved the establishment of the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) with headquarters in India.
About the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA)
- Objective: The IBCA aims to spearhead efforts towards the protection and conservation of the 7 major big cats: tiger, lion, leopard, snow leopard, puma, jaguar, and cheetah.
- Funding: The Government of India has pledged an initial support of Rs. 150 crore for the first five years. Additionally, the alliance will explore contributions from bilateral and multilateral agencies, financial institutions, and donor agencies to augment its corpus.
- Membership: Membership to the alliance will be open to 96 “range” countries, which are nations containing the natural habitat of the seven big cats.
- Activities: The alliance’s activities will include advocacy, partnership building, knowledge dissemination through an e-portal, capacity building, eco-tourism promotion, and financial resource mobilization.
Governance Structure
- Composition: The governance structure of IBCA includes a General Assembly comprising all member countries, a Council of elected member countries, and a Secretariat.
- Appointment: The General Assembly appoints the Secretary General of IBCA upon the recommendation of the Council.
- Framework: The alliance’s governance framework, drafted on the lines of the International Solar Alliance (ISA), will be finalised by the International Steering Committee (ISC).
India’s Role in Big Cat Conservation
- Big Cat Diversity: India is home to five of the seven major big cats: tiger, lion, leopard, snow leopard, and cheetah.
- Conservation Efforts: India has undertaken significant conservation efforts, as reflected in the increase in tiger and lion populations. For instance, India now hosts about 70% of the world’s tiger population, and the Asiatic lion population in Gir National Park has shown steady growth.
- Cheetah Reintroduction: Cheetahs, once extinct in India since 1952, have been reintroduced into the wild. Eight cheetahs were imported from Namibia and released into the Kuno National Park in Madhya Pradesh in November 2022.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cannabis , THCBD, NDPS Act, Exception for 'Bhang'
Mains level: Therapeutic uses of narcotic substances
In the news
- Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) has long intrigued psychiatrists due to its impact on mood and cognition, prompting research into its potential therapeutic applications for conditions like schizophrenia and mood disorders.
Do you know?
- The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 regulates cannabis by defining it under Section 2(iii) of the act.
- Cannabis, also known as hemp, includes various forms such as charas (resin), ganja (flowering or fruiting tops), and any mixture or drink prepared from these forms.
- However, interestingly, bhang, a preparation of cannabis, is NOT covered under this act and remains beyond its purview.
- Bhang is permitted for production and sale by many States as it falls outside the definition of cannabis under the NDPS Act.
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What is Cannabis?
- Cannabis, also known as marijuana, weed, pot, or ganja, is a genus of flowering plants that belongs to the Cannabaceae family.
- It is primarily known for its psychoactive properties due to the presence of compounds such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
- This THC interacts with the brain’s cannabinoid receptors, resulting in various effects including relaxation, euphoria, altered perception of time, and increased appetite.
- The plant contains over 100 different cannabinoids, with THC and cannabidiol (CBD) being the most well-known and studied.
Why discuss this?
- Researchers at the University of British Columbia initiated a clinical trial to explore the efficacy of cannabidiol (CBD) in treating bipolar depression, offering promise for addressing depressive episodes in bipolar disorder.
- While delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the primary psychoactive compound in cannabis, CBD has garnered attention for its potential antipsychotic and neuroprotective effects.
Understanding the Cannabinoid System
- Receptor Mechanisms: The human cannabinoid system, comprising CB1 and CB2 receptors, plays a crucial role in modulating various bodily functions, including pain, memory, and appetite, with THC exerting acute effects on motor control and memory.
- Endo-cannabinoid System (ECS): The ECS, governed by endogenous molecules, regulates neurotransmitter activity, influencing mood and cognitive processes.
Therapeutic Applications
- Medical Uses: THC and synthetic cannabinoids are utilized to stimulate appetite, alleviate nausea, and manage pain associated with conditions like HIV-AIDS and cancer.
- Addiction and Withdrawal: Debate surrounds the addictive potential of THC, with animal studies suggesting addictive responses and withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of heavy use.
Psychiatric Implications
- Mood Effects: Cannabis’ impact on mood is multifaceted, with reports suggesting associations with depression and bipolar disorder, although rigorous scientific scrutiny is lacking.
- Psychotic Risks: Individuals with psychotic illnesses, including schizophrenia, exhibit heightened susceptibility to cannabis-induced psychotic symptoms, with youth cannabis use potentially advancing the onset of schizophrenia in genetically vulnerable individuals.
Policy Considerations
- Global Trends: The global trend toward legalizing medical and recreational cannabis underscores the need for informed policymaking to mitigate risks, particularly for vulnerable populations such as children and individuals with mental illnesses.
- Decriminalization Debate: Broader debates on decriminalization necessitate measures to prevent commercialization and ensure safeguards against misuse, emphasizing protection for vulnerable segments of society.
Conclusion
- Navigating the complexities of cannabis necessitates a balanced approach, leveraging its therapeutic potential while addressing associated risks through evidence-based policymaking and clinical interventions.
Back2Basics: Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985
- The NDPS Act is a comprehensive law that consolidates and amends the existing laws relating to narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances in India.
- The Act prohibits the manufacture, cultivation, possession, sale, purchase, transport, storage, or consumption of drugs without permission from appropriate authorities.
- Violations are punishable with rigorous imprisonment for a minimum of 10 years and a fine.
- Lesser punishments are mandated for illegal possession in small quantities for personal consumption.
- The Act also provides for the forfeiture of property derived from, or used in, illicit traffic in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.
- Drugs covered include:
- Narcotic Drugs: Coca leaf, cannabis (hemp), opium, poppy straw, and their manufactured goods.
- Psychotropic Substances: Any substance that modifies the mind, including amphetamine, methaqualone, diazepam, alprazolam, ketamine, etc.
- Other substances: Cocaine, morphine, diacetylmorphine, or any other narcotic drug or any psychotropic substance as may be specified on this behalf by the Central Government.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Article 371A, Rat Hole Mining
Mains level: Special Provisions for NE States
In the news
- The Nagaland CM is facing pressure to regulate coal mining after a tragic incident where six miners died in an explosion.
- The unique land rights granted under Article 371A of the Indian Constitution have complicated efforts to control illegal coal mining activities.
Article 371A: Special Provisions for Nagaland
|
Details |
| Historical Context |
Established in 1963 for Nagaland, recognizing its autonomy after the Naga people’s struggle. |
| Religious & Social Practices |
Protects Naga tribes’ customs, traditions, and religious practices from external interference. |
| Customary Laws |
Allows continuation of indigenous legal systems and traditional methods of justice. |
| **Autonomy |
Grants Nagaland autonomy in managing its land, forests, and natural resources. |
| Legislation |
Reserves seats in the Nagaland Legislative Assembly for various tribes and communities. |
| Special Rights |
Aims to protect Naga people’s rights and promote socio-cultural development within the state. |
Why discuss this?
- Rat-hole Mining: Nagaland’s coal mining policy, permitting rat-hole mining due to the scattered nature of coal deposits, presents challenges for effective regulation.
- Licensing Restrictions: Small pocket deposit licenses, awarded to individual landowners, impose limitations on lease duration, mining area, and machinery usage, as outlined in the Nagaland Coal Policy (First Amendment) of 2014.
Conclusion
- The intersection of constitutional provisions, traditional land rights, and regulatory frameworks poses complex challenges for the Nagaland government in its endeavour to address illegal coal mining activities.
- As legislative deliberations continue, concerted efforts towards public awareness, regulatory reforms, and enforcement actions remain imperative for safeguarding both natural resources and community welfare in the state.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project (PMP)
Mains level: Read the attached story
In the news
- Despite the recent agreement between India and Nepal, discussions over the Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project (PMP) remain deadlocked.
About Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project (PMP)
- It is a bi-national project between India and Nepal, aimed primarily at energy production and enhancing irrigation in both countries.
- It involves the construction of a 315-meter high dam across the River Mahakali (Sarada in India).
- It forms an 80 km long reservoir with a surface area of 116 km square and a total gross storage volume of about 11.35 billion cubic meters.
- Once completed, the PMP is expected to have a capacity of 5,040 megawatts (MW) and will be among the tallest dams globally, with an estimated cost ranging from Rs. 401.84 billion to Rs. 500 billion.
- The project’s objectives include energy production and irrigation enhancement, but environmentalists have raised concerns about its potential impact on the region’s ecology and local communities.
- This project underscores the progress of the Mahakali Treaty signed in February 1996 between India and Nepal includes provisions for the integrated development of the Mahakali River basin.
Obstacles to Progress
- Benefit Sharing: Disagreements arise over the distribution of benefits, with India receiving a larger share of irrigation benefits while Nepal emphasizes the value of water as a precious resource.
- Political and Bureaucratic Challenges: Political considerations, including impending elections in India and domestic political fragility in Nepal, hinder progress. Bureaucratic concerns further impede consensus-building.
Back2Basics: Mahakali Treaty
|
Details |
| Mahakali River |
Also known as Sharda River or Kali Ganga in Uttarakhand.
Joins Ghagra River in Uttar Pradesh, a tributary of the Ganga. |
| Signatories and Date |
Signed between Nepal and India on February 12, 1996. |
| Objective |
Aimed at the integrated development of the Mahakali River, including projects like the Sarada Barrage, Tanakpur Barrage, and Pancheshwar Project. |
| Ratification Process |
Required a two-thirds majority in the combined session of both houses of the Nepalese parliament.
Faced opposition and scrutiny from parliamentarians during the process. |
| Establishment of Commission |
Provision for the establishment of a Mahakali River Commission to oversee and regulate matters outlined in the treaty. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Jacaranda Trees
Mains level: Impact of climate change on plants blossoms
Introduction
- Mexico City’s iconic jacaranda trees, known for their stunning purple blooms in spring, are experiencing an unusual phenomenon this year, with some trees blooming as early as January instead of their typical spring awakening.
About Jacaranda Trees
- Jacaranda is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Bignoniaceae.
- Native to tropical and subtropical regions of Central and South America, with some species found in the Caribbean and Africa.
- Known for its stunning clusters of trumpet-shaped flowers in shades of purple, blue, or white, Jacaranda trees are prized as ornamental plants in parks, gardens, and urban landscapes worldwide.
- Jacaranda trees hold cultural significance in various regions, such as Brazil, where their blooming heralds the arrival of spring, and South Africa, where they are commonly planted in urban areas.
- Some species of Jacaranda produce valuable timber, prized for its lightweight nature, durability, and attractive grain pattern, suitable for furniture and decorative woodworking.
- While generally not invasive, Jacaranda trees can become weedy in introduced regions, though their ornamental value often outweighs any negative impacts, making them well-tolerated in urban landscapes.
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