Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Rare Dusted Apollo Butterfly
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- In a remarkable discovery, the elusive Dusted Apollo butterfly (Parnassius stenosemus) was sighted and photographed for the first time in Himachal Pradesh.
Dusted Apollo
- Historical Rarity: Dusted Apollo is a rare high-altitude butterfly, initially discovered in 1890.
- Sighting Details: The butterfly was spotted and photographed in September 2023 during a trek to Manimahesh Lake in Chamba.
- Wide Range: The Dusted Apollo’s distribution extends from Ladakh to West Nepal.
- Altitude Preference: This unique butterfly thrives at altitudes ranging from 3,500 to 4,800 meters in the inner Himalayas.
- Comparing Species: Dusted Apollo closely resembles Ladakh Banded Apollo (Parnnasius stoliczkanus) but exhibits distinct features.
Implications for Conservation
- Rare Find: Dusted Apollo had never been photographed in Himachal Pradesh before.
- Additional Discovery: Another rare species, Regal Apollo (Parnnasius charltonius), was also photographed at Manimahesh, protected under Schedule II of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
- Commercial Significance: Apollo butterflies are commercially valuable and are targeted by poachers, emphasizing the need for conservation.
- Endangered Species: Many Apollo butterfly species are endangered and require immediate conservation efforts.
- Community Awareness: Raising awareness about poaching and the significance of these species is vital for their protection.
- Conservation Measures: Suggested measures include establishing butterfly parks and conservation reserves in the state to safeguard these fragile creatures.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Buffalo and bulbul fights
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Assam government’s bid to revive traditional ‘Moh-Juj’ buffalo and bulbul (songbird) fighting during Magh Bihu has encountered a legal challenge from People for Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) in the Gauhati High Court.
- PETA India seeks to ban these activities.
Buffalo and bulbul fights: Age-Old Tradition
- Folk Culture: Buffalo and bulbul fights are part of the folk culture during the Assamese winter harvest festival of Magh Bihu.
- Location: Buffalo fights are prominent in places like Ahatguri in Nagaon district, while bulbul fights are held at the Hayagriv Madhab Mandir in Hajo.
- Religious Significance: Bulbul fights are tied to religion, involving rituals, lamps, and offerings to Lord Vishnu.
- Historical Legacy: The practice has roots in the traditions of the Ahom rulers.
Discontinuation after SC Ruling
- Supreme Court’s Intervention: The fights were discontinued after the Supreme Court’s 2014 judgment banned the use of bulls as performing animals in events like jallikattu.
- Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI): Following the SC ruling, the AWBI urged the Assam government to stop animal and bird fights during Bihu celebrations.
- Resistance: Despite the prohibition, some continued to hold buffalo fights in defiance, leading to legal challenges.
Revival Efforts after SC Clears Path
- SC Ruling in 2021: The Supreme Court overturned its 2014 judgment, allowing states like Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and Karnataka to conduct traditional events involving bulls and animals.
- Assam Government’s SOPs: The Assam Cabinet approved Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for buffalo and bulbul fights without deliberate cruelty.
- Guidelines: SOPs permit fights in traditional locations, set specific dates, forbid harm to animals, and ban the use of intoxicating substances.
- Revival: Buffalo and bulbul fights were resumed in Magh Bihu, with Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma supporting the revival as part of Assam’s Bihu traditions.
PETA’s Legal Challenge
- PETA’s Petitions: PETA India filed petitions in the Gauhati High Court seeking a ban on both activities and an interim stay during the proceedings.
- Allegations: PETA claimed that buffalo owners instigated fights through slapping, shoving, and using wooden sticks, resulting in injuries. Bulbuls were allegedly captured and forced to fight.
- Court’s Response: The court heard PETA’s application and noted that organizing buffalo fights beyond January 25 violates government guidelines. It instructed the petitioners to inform the relevant authorities to prevent the event in violation of SOPs.
Conclusion
- The legal battle over the revival of traditional animal fights in Assam reflects the clash between cultural traditions, religious significance, and animal welfare concerns.
- The Gauhati High Court’s decision will shape the future of these practices in the region.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Uniform Civil Code (UCC)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Uttarakhand is taking important steps to implement a Uniform Civil Code (UCC).
- The state has received the final report from a committee, which is a significant move towards fulfilling its commitment to equality and justice.
Tap to read everything about Uniform Civil Code:
India needs a Uniform Civil Code: PM
Uttarakhand UCC
- Expert Committee: Uttarakhand appointed a committee, led by retired Justice Ranjana Prakash Desai, to draft the UCC.
- In the State Assembly: The UCC report will be presented in the State Assembly on February 5 for discussion. It will go through a detailed review before becoming law.
Key Recommendations
- Gender Equality: The final UCC draft focuses on achieving gender equality and removing unfairness in various areas, including property rights and adoption rules.
- Language Choice: Notably, the UCC draft is around 750 pages long, entirely written in Hindi, without any Urdu or other languages.
- Protection of Tribal Community: The report suggests that the tribal community should not be included in the UCC. Their specific needs and concerns will be addressed separately.
Ensuring Equal Rights
- Ban on Regressive Practices: The UCC draft recommends strong punishments for practices like triple talaq, iddat, and halala, which relate to marriage and divorce in Muslim personal law. It also proposes banning polygamy and polyandry.
- Legalizing Live-In Relationships: The draft suggests making live-in relationships legal, with mandatory registration for such couples.
- Equal Inheritance Rights: Women are granted the same rights as men when it comes to inheritance under the proposed UCC.
- Minimum Marriage Age: The UCC draft suggests setting the minimum age for women’s marriage at 21 years.
Conclusion
- Uttarakhand’s efforts to establish a Uniform Civil Code demonstrate its commitment to ensuring equal rights and justice for all.
- The careful drafting process, inclusive approach, and strong recommendations underscore the state’s determination to promote gender equality and eliminate regressive practices.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Political Parties
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Tamil superstar Thalapathy Vijay’s announcement of his political party has sparked interest in the process of registering political entities in India.
Creating a Political Party
- Legal Framework: Article 324 of the Indian Constitution and Section 29A of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 empower the Election Commission to lay down guidelines for party registration.
- Application: A party seeking registration must apply to the Election Commission within 30 days of its formation.
- Public Notice: The applicant must publish the proposed party name in two national and two local daily newspapers. The notice is also posted on the Election Commission’s website.
- Documentation: The application, in a prescribed format, must be sent to the Election Commission Secretary within 30 days of party formation. It should include a demand draft of Rs. 10,000, a printed copy of the party’s memorandum, rules, or constitution, and the latest electoral rolls for at least 100 party members.
- Affidavits: An affidavit, duly signed by the President or General Secretary and sworn before a Magistrate/Notary Public, is required. Additionally, individual affidavits from 100 members confirming non-membership in any other registered political party are essential.
Need for Registration
- Not Mandatory: Registration with the Election Commission is not mandatory but comes with advantages under the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
- Symbol Allotment: Registered party candidates receive priority in the allotment of free symbols over independent candidates.
- State or National Recognition: Parties can achieve recognition as ‘state parties’ or ‘national parties,’ subject to fulfilling conditions laid out in the Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968.
Recognition Criteria
- State Party: To be recognized as a state party, a registered party must meet any of these five conditions:
- Secure at least 6% of valid votes and win at least 2 seats in an Assembly General Election.
- Secure at least 6% of valid votes and win at least 1 seat in a Lok Sabha General Election.
- Win at least 3% of the seats or at least 3 seats, whichever is more, in an Assembly General Election.
- Win at least 1 out of every 25 seats from a state in a Lok Sabha General Election.
- Secure at least 8% of the total valid vote in an Assembly or Lok Sabha General Election.
- National Party: To attain national party status, a registered party must meet any of these three conditions:
- Secure at least 6% of valid votes in an Assembly or Lok Sabha General Election in four or more states and win at least 4 seats in a Lok Sabha General Election from any state.
- Win at least 2% of total Lok Sabha seats in a Lok Sabha General Election, spanning at least 3 states.
- The party is recognized as a State Party in at least four states.
Benefits of Recognition
- Reserved Symbol: State parties receive a reserved symbol within the state, while national parties can use the reserved symbol across the country.
- Nomination Ease: Such parties require only one proposer for filing nominations.
- Free Electoral Rolls: They are entitled to two sets of electoral rolls free of cost.
- Media Access: Recognized parties can use state-owned Akashvani/Doordarshan facilities for broadcasting/telecasting during general elections.
- Additional Perks: Recognized parties can avail of other advantages such as subsidized land for party offices, among others.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ramsar Wetlands
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Five more Indian wetlands have been added to the global list of wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar Convention, taking the total number of such highly recognised waterlogged ecosystems in the country to 80.
- India is now the fourth-largest nation on the Ramsar map, trailing only behind the UK (175), Mexico (144), and China (82).
- Tamil Nadu continues to have the maximum number of Ramsar sites (16) followed by Uttar Pradesh (10).
List of newly designated Ramsar Sites:
[1] Ankasamudra Bird Conservation Reserve (Karnataka):
- Spread over 98.76 hectares adjoining Ankasamudra village.
- A biodiversity hotspot with over 210 plant species, 8 mammals, 25 reptiles, and 240 bird species.
- Vital nesting and roosting ground for over 30,000 waterbirds, including the Painted Stork and Black-headed Ibis.
[2] Aghanashini Estuary (Karnataka):
- Covers 4,801 hectares at the confluence of Aghanashini River with the Arabian Sea.
- Offers flood and erosion risk mitigation, biodiversity conservation, and livelihood support.
- Sustains 6,000-7,500 families through fishing, agriculture, and traditional fish farming.
- Acts as a natural barrier against storms and cyclones.
[3] Magadi Kere Conservation Reserve (Karnataka):
- A human-made wetland spanning nearly 50 hectares, originally designed for rainwater storage.
- Home to 166 bird species, including 130 migratory birds.
- Sanctuary for vulnerable and near-threatened species like the Common Pochard, River Tern, and Oriental Darter.
- A crucial wintering ground for the Bar-headed Goose.
[4] Karaivetti Bird Sanctuary (Tamil Nadu):
- Encompassing 453.72 hectares, it’s one of Tamil Nadu’s largest inland wetlands.
- Facilitates groundwater recharge and supports agricultural activities.
- Hosts around 198 bird species, including the Bar-headed Goose and Common Teal.
[5] Longwood Shola Reserve Forest (Tamil Nadu):
- Named after “Solai,” meaning tropical rainforest in Tamil.
- Integral to the Western Ghats’ unique biodiversity.
- Provides sanctuary to globally endangered and vulnerable bird species like the Nilgiri Laughing Thrush, Nilgiri Blue Robin, and Nilgiri Wood-pigeon.
- Home to 14 of the 26 endemic bird species of the Western Ghats.
Back2Basics: Ramsar Convention
|
Explanation |
| Purpose |
International treaty aimed at conserving and promoting the sustainable use of wetlands. |
| Establishment |
Established on February 2, 1971, in Ramsar, Iran. |
| Participating Countries |
171 contracting parties (countries) as of September 2021. |
| India and Ramsar Convention |
The first Ramsar Site in India, the Chilika Lake in Odisha, was designated in 1981. |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nano DAP
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- The interim budget presented by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman introduces the expansion of Nano DAP application in agriculture.
Understanding Nano DAP
- DAP: DAP, or di-ammonium phosphate, is a widely used fertilizer in India, rich in phosphorus for plant root development.
- Nano DAPL: Introduced by Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative (IFFCO), it is a liquid form of DAP with particle sizes less than 100 nanometers, enhancing its efficiency.
Advantages of Nano DAP
- Efficiency: Nano DAP’s small particle size allows it to penetrate seeds and plant openings more effectively, leading to higher seed vigor, increased chlorophyll, better photosynthetic efficiency, improved crop quality, and higher yields.
- Affordability: Nano DAP is cost-effective compared to conventional DAP, with a 500 ml bottle equivalent to a 50 kg bag of DAP, priced at only Rs 600.
- Convenience: The liquid form is easier to transport, store, and apply, making it farmer-friendly.
- Reduced Imports: Adoption of domestically-produced Nano DAP from Kalol, Gujarat, reduces the need for importing fertilizers, enhancing self-reliance and benefiting Indian agriculture.
Government’s Perspective
- Subsidy Relief: Nano DAP’s cost-effectiveness alleviates the government’s subsidy burden on fertilizers, offering fiscal relief.
- Self-Reliance: Producing Nano DAP domestically aligns with the goal of self-sufficiency in fertilizer production, reducing dependency on imports.
- Agricultural Advancement: Wider Nano DAP adoption supports agricultural growth, increasing food grain production and benefiting farmers.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lakhpati Didi Scheme
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The interim budget for 2024-25 has introduced an expansion of the ‘Lakhpati Didi’ scheme, designed to empower women’s self-help groups.
About ‘Lakhpati Didi’ Scheme
- Launch: The ‘Lakhpati Didi’ Scheme was inaugurated on August 15, 2023.
- Objective: The government aims to create two crore prosperous sisters in rural villages, aligning with the broader mission of poverty alleviation and economic empowerment.
- Skill Training: Women participants receive skill training to enable them to earn an income exceeding Rs 1 lakh annually.
- Technology Integration: Women’s self-help groups (SHGs) will have access to drones for agricultural activities, harnessing technology to transform rural agriculture while empowering women.
Leveraging Drone Technology
- Drone Training: Approximately 15,000 women’s SHGs will undergo training in operating and repairing drones.
- Income Generation: This initiative not only opens new avenues for income generation but also equips women with cutting-edge skills.
- Agricultural Revolution: Drones hold the potential to revolutionize agriculture, facilitating precision farming, crop monitoring, and pest control.
Skill Diversification
- Skill Development: Women under this scheme receive training in diverse skills such as LED bulb making, plumbing, and more.
- Eligibility Criteria: Participants must be active members of self-help groups.
Application Process
- Self-Help Groups: To apply for the ‘Lakhpati Didi’ Scheme, women should be part of self-help groups.
- Local Anganwadi Centres: Additional information and application forms are available at local Anganwadi centres.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Blue Economy
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Interim Budget presented by Finance Minister underscores the importance of promoting an environment-friendly ‘blue economy’ for sustainable development.
Understanding Blue Economy
- Definition: The blue economy encompasses economic activities related to oceans, seas, and coastal regions, with a strong emphasis on sustainability.
- Global Perspective: The European Commission defines it as a wide range of established and emerging sectors linked to ocean resources, while the World Bank emphasizes the sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth and livelihoods.
Significance for India
- India’s Coastal Abundance: With its extensive coastline, diverse marine resources, and tourism potential, India stands to benefit significantly from the blue economy.
- Balancing Growth: The blue economy seeks to achieve economic growth while preserving the health of ocean ecosystems.
Budget Proposals
- Restoration and Adaptation: A scheme focusing on climate-resilient activities, restoration, adaptation measures, and integrated coastal aquaculture and mariculture will be launched.
- Integrated Aquaparks: The budget outlines plans for setting up five integrated aquaparks to boost aquaculture productivity.
- Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY): PMMSY will be intensified to double exports to Rs 1 lakh crore and generate 55 lakh employment opportunities.
India’s Blue Economy Policy
- Blue Economy 2.0: The budget introduces the concept of Blue Economy 2.0, building upon a draft policy framework released in July 2022.
- Policy Framework: The framework encompasses various aspects such as marine resources, coastal planning, tourism, fisheries, aquaculture, trade, technology, infrastructure, and international engagement.
Global Engagement
- G20 Summit: India, as the host of the G20 summit, prioritized blue economy discussions, emphasizing its significance on the global stage.
- Responsibility and Collaboration: India recognizes the importance of responsible artificial intelligence and sustainable ocean governance in the context of the blue economy.
Conclusion
- India’s commitment to promoting the blue economy aligns with global efforts for sustainable development.
- The Interim Budget’s proposals aim to harness the potential of India’s coastal resources while preserving the marine ecosystem, fostering economic growth, and creating employment opportunities.
- This strategic shift underscores India’s dedication to responsible and inclusive development.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Payments Banks
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) imposed additional curbs on Paytm Payments Bank Ltd (PPBL), prohibiting it from operating its mobile wallet after February.
- This article provides insights into what payments banks are, their objectives, features, and the regulatory framework governing them.
Understanding Payments Banks
- Definition: Payments banks are financial institutions similar to regular banks but operate on a smaller scale without engaging in credit risk.
- Origin: The concept of payments banks was recommended by the Nachiket Mor Committee.
- Objective: The primary goal is to advance financial inclusion by providing banking and financial services to unbanked and underbanked areas, catering to migrant laborers, low-income households, small entrepreneurs, and more.
- Legal Framework: Payments banks are registered as public limited companies under the Companies Act 2013 and licensed under Section 22 of the Banking Regulation Act 1949.
- Regulation: They are governed by various legislations, including the Banking Regulation Act, 1949; RBI Act, 1934; Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999, among others.
Key Features of Payments Banks
- Differentiation: Payments banks are distinct entities, not universal banks.
- Scale: They operate on a smaller scale compared to traditional banks.
- Capital Requirements: Payments banks are required to have a minimum paid-up equity capital of 100 crores.
- Promoter Contribution: The promoter must contribute at least 40% of the paid-up equity capital for the first five years from the commencement of business.
Permissible Activities
- Accept deposits up to Rs. 2,00,000.
- Offer demand deposits in the form of savings and current accounts.
- Invest deposits in secure government securities as Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR), accounting for 75% of the demand deposit balance.
- Place the remaining 25% as time deposits with other scheduled commercial banks.
- Provide remittance services, mobile payments/transfers/purchases, ATM/debit cards, net banking, and third-party fund transfers.
- Act as a banking correspondent (BC) for other banks to offer credit and services beyond their capabilities.
Activities Not Permitted
- Loans and Credit Cards: Payments banks cannot issue loans and credit cards.
- Time and NRI Deposits: They are not authorized to accept time deposits or NRI deposits.
- Non-Banking Subsidiaries: Payments banks cannot establish subsidiaries to engage in non-banking financial activities.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Gyanvapi Premise
Introduction
- The Varanasi District Court has issued an order permitting Hindu prayers to be conducted in the southern cellar of the Gyanvapi mosque complex, a decision met with both support and opposition.
- This development comes amid ongoing legal disputes concerning the worship rights at the site.
Allowing Prayers: Court’s Ruling
- Prayers Allowed: The Varanasi District Court has directed the district administration to facilitate the resumption of puja (worship) within the disputed southern cellar of the Gyanvapi mosque complex within seven days.
- Background: The order followed an application filed by Shailendra Kumar Pathak, the priest of the Acharya Ved Vyas Peeth temple, seeking worship rights for visible and invisible deities in the basement of the mosque.
Reaction and Legal Challenges
- Legal Challenge: The Anjuman Intezamia Committee of Gyanvapi Masjid, advised by the All India Muslim Personal Law Board (AIMPLB), intends to challenge the court’s decision in the Allahabad High Court.
- AIMPLB’s Stance: AIMPLB criticized the court’s ruling as “totally unacceptable” and drew parallels to past disputes like the opening of locks at the Babri Masjid in 1986. They expressed concerns about the targeting of old mosques after the establishment of the Ram Mandir in Ayodhya.
Historical Perspective
- Prior Worship: The petitioner claimed that Hindu priests associated with the Vyas family used to perform daily rituals in the cellar before 1993 when it was discontinued by government orders.
- Contested Claims: A member of the Anjuman Intezamia committee contested the assertion, stating that there had never been any puja conducted in the cellar.
Ongoing Legal Proceedings
- Next Hearing: The next hearing on this matter is scheduled for February 8, allowing the defendants, including the Anjuman Intejamia Masajid Committee that manages the Gyanvapi mosque, to file objections.
- Parallel Legal Challenge: Another order by the Allahabad High Court concerns a revision application challenging the Varanasi district judge’s refusal to direct the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) to conduct a scientific survey of the mosque’s wazukhana area.
Concerns and Historical Parallels
- Ethical Concerns: The decision to permit puja in the Gyanvapi mosque’s basement raises ethical questions and concerns about religious rights.
- Parallels to History: AIMPLB sees parallels between recent developments and past disputes, raising concerns about historical patterns of targeting old mosques.
Conclusion
- The Varanasi District Court’s ruling allowing Hindu prayers in the Gyanvapi mosque’s southern cellar has ignited both legal challenges and discussions about religious rights and historical parallels.
- The case continues to be a subject of significant debate and legal scrutiny.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Modernization in Saudi Arabia , MBS's Policies
Introduction
- Crown Prince Mohammad Bin Salman’s Vision 2030 seeks to reshape Saudi Arabia, moving away from oil dependence and embracing modernity.
- This transformation faces resistance from traditionalists but aligns with a changing global image of Saudi Arabia as a tourist-friendly, welcoming nation.
Al-Ula: A Modern Oasis
- Historical Significance: Al-Ula, an ancient city along the incense route, is pivotal in MBS’s vision to modernize Saudi Arabia.
- Breaking Stereotypes: Saudi Arabia aims to challenge traditional beliefs by welcoming tourists beyond pilgrimage destinations.
- Nationalism Beyond Religion: The country’s evolving nationalism is detached from religion, emphasizing individual liberties and empowerment.
Winds of Change
- Empowering Women: Saudi Arabia promotes gender equality, offering scholarships and opportunities for young women.
- National Transformation: Young Saudis actively participate in the modernization drive, recognizing its benefits.
- Welcoming the ‘Other’: Saudi Arabia’s newfound friendliness towards foreigners, including easing visa norms and hosting entertainment events.
Challenges on Path to Modernity
- Cultural Sensitivities: Transitioning from conservative traditions is challenging, but Saudis are adapting to change.
- Historical Significance: Al-Ula’s archaeological treasures pose challenges given their potential impact on religious perceptions.
- Top-Down Change: Past experiences highlight the complexities of enforcing societal changes from the top.
Global Engagement
- Strategic Foreign Policy: Saudi Arabia’s balanced foreign policy has insulated it from regional conflicts.
- Cultural Riches: The country aims to showcase its archaeological wonders to the world.
- Green Initiatives: MBS’s ‘green’ approach and emphasis on renewables align with global trends.
Opportunities for India
- Improved Working Conditions: Indian migrant workers can expect better conditions and a renewed social contract.
- Educational and Cultural Exchanges: Indian educators and artists have opportunities to contribute to Saudi Arabia’s educational overhaul.
- Counter-Terrorism Cooperation: India can leverage Saudi Arabia’s counter-terrorism initiatives.
- Bilateral Investments: Collaboration in infrastructure and service sectors presents growth potential for both nations.
Conclusion
- Saudi Arabia’s journey towards modernity is marked by challenges and opportunities.
- As it reshapes its identity and engages with the world, India stands to benefit from this evolving partnership, contributing to mutual growth and cooperation.
- Saudi Arabia’s aspiration to excel in various fields aligns with India’s interests, paving the way for a fruitful relationship.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Brain Tissues in Computers
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Researchers have achieved a groundbreaking fusion of brain-like tissue with electronics, creating an ‘organoid neural network.’
- This innovation marks a significant advancement in neuromorphic computing, directly incorporating brain tissue into computer systems.
Brainoware: Brain Tissues in Computers
- Development Team: A collaborative effort by scientists from Indiana University, the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Centre, and the University of Florida resulted in this breakthrough.
- Publication: The study, published on December 11, signifies a convergence of tissue engineering, electrophysiology, and neural computation, expanding the horizons of scientific and engineering disciplines.
Context of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
- AI’s Foundation: AI relies on artificial neural networks, silicon-based models of the human brain capable of processing vast datasets.
- Memory and Processing Separation: Conventional AI hardware separates memory and processing units, leading to inefficiencies when transferring data between them.
Introducing Biological Neural Networks
- Biocomputing Emergence: Scientists are exploring biological neural networks, composed of live brain cells, as an alternative. These networks can combine memory and data processing.
- Energy Efficiency: Brain cells efficiently store memory and process data without physically segregating these functions.
Organoid Neural Networks
- Biological Components: Brain organoids, three-dimensional aggregates of brain cells, were used to create an ‘organoid neural network.’
- Formation: Human pluripotent stem cells were transformed into various brain cells, including neuron progenitor cells, early-stage neurons, mature neurons, and astrocytes.
- Reservoir Computer: The network was integrated into a reservoir computer, comprising input, reservoir, and output layers.
Brainoware’s Capabilities
- Predicting Mathematical Functions: Brainoware demonstrated its ability to predict complex mathematical functions like the Henon map.
- Voice Recognition: The system could identify Japanese vowels pronounced by individuals with a 78% accuracy rate.
- Efficiency: Brainoware achieved comparable accuracy to artificial neural networks with minimal training requirements.
Promising Insights and Limitations
- Foundational Insights: The study provides crucial insights into learning mechanisms, neural development, and cognitive aspects of neurodegenerative diseases.
- Challenges: Brainoware necessitates technical expertise and infrastructure. Organoids exhibit heterogeneous cell mixes and require optimization for uniformity.
- Ethical Considerations: The fusion of organoids and AI raises ethical questions about consciousness and dignity.
Future Prospects
- Optimizing Encoding Methods: Future research may focus on improving input encoding methods and maintaining uniformity in organoids for longer experiments.
- Complex Computing Problems: Researchers aim to tackle more intricate computing challenges.
- Ethical Discourse: Ethical debates surrounding organoid consciousness and dignity will continue to evolve.
Conclusion
- The creation of Brainoware and the integration of brain organoids with computing systems represent a pioneering step towards more efficient and ethically-conscious AI systems.
- This innovative approach may revolutionize computing paradigms while prompting profound ethical considerations.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Fact-Checking Unit (FCU)
Mains level: Amended IT Rules
Introduction
- A two-judge Bench of the Bombay High Court recently delivered a split verdict on a comedian’s petition challenging the IT (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Amendment Rules, 2023.
- These rules grant the government the authority to establish a fact-checking unit (FCU) to identify fake, false, and misleading information about the government on social media platforms.
- The case will now be referred to a third judge by the Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court due to the disagreement between the two justices.
Provisions of IT Rules (2023)
- Fact-Checking Unit (FCU): Amended IT rules empower the government to establish an FCU to identify and remove fake, false, or misleading information related to the Central government’s business on social media platforms.
- Consequences for Non-compliance: Failure to comply with FCU directives may result in intermediaries losing their safe harbour protection under Section 79 of the IT Act, 2000.
Court’s Concerns and Observations
- Unfettered Power: The Court expressed concerns about the government’s unfettered power in the absence of clear guidelines and guardrails, emphasizing the need for necessary safeguards.
- Ambiguity in Terms: The Court noted ambiguity in terms like “fake, false, and misleading” which are subjective and open to interpretation, posing challenges in distinguishing between them.
- Selective Application: The Court questioned why the IT Rules exclusively targeted digital media, leaving print media unaffected, especially when the same content appears in both forms.
- FCU’s Role: Concerns were raised about the FCU’s role and the absence of recourse for users whose content is removed after being flagged by the FCU. The Court expressed worries about the user’s lack of remedy in such cases.
- Overreach: The Court raised concerns about the potential overreach of the Rules, emphasizing that even well-intentioned regulations must have limits to avoid excessive use of power.
- Lack of Opportunity for Defense: The Court found it remarkable that there was no provision in the Rules allowing an intermediary to defend or justify flagged content, violating principles of natural justice.
Legal Arguments
- Petitioners’ Stand: The petitioners argued that the amendment violated freedom of speech and expression under Article 19(1)(a) and did not satisfy reasonable restrictions under Article 19(2). They contended that the government’s power to decide the truth of content was excessive.
- Government’s Stand: The government defended the FCU, stating that it would only notify intermediaries about flagged content, and the intermediaries could choose to remove it or add a disclaimer. Users aggrieved by intermediary decisions could seek legal remedies in court.
Conclusion
- The split verdict highlights the complexity and significance of the IT Rules (2023) and their potential impact on freedom of speech and expression.
- The Court’s concerns about ambiguous terms, selective application, and lack of safeguards underscore the need for a balanced approach to regulate online content while protecting fundamental rights.
- The case’s referral to a third judge will determine its outcome and implications for digital media regulation in India.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Exercise ‘SADA TANSEEQ’
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- The inaugural edition of the India-Saudi Arabia Joint Military Exercise ‘SADA TANSEEQ’ was commenced in Rajasthan.
Exercise ‘SADA TANSEEQ’
- It is a joint military exercise conducted between the armed forces of India and Saudi Arabia.
- The exercise is designed to enhance the capabilities and interoperability of the troops from both nations in conducting joint operations in semi-desert terrains.
- It focuses on tactical training and sharing best practices in conducting operations in a sub-conventional domain.
- The primary objective is to strengthen the bond, cooperation, and camaraderie between the Indian and Saudi Arabian armed forces.
- It also serves as a platform for achieving shared security objectives and fostering bilateral relations between the two friendly nations.
Key components of the Exercise
- The exercise typically involves various military training activities such as establishing mobile vehicle checkposts, conducting cordon and search operations, house intervention drills, reflex shooting, slithering, and sniper firing.
- These activities help in building the capacity of the troops to work together effectively in semi-desert terrains, which can be crucial for addressing security challenges.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: E Ink Displays
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- E-readers like the Kindle offer an enjoyable reading experience with their paper-like E Ink displays.
- Developed at MIT in the 1990s, E Ink technology is now owned by E Ink Corporation.
What is E Ink Displays?
- Microcapsules and Charges: E Ink displays operate using microcapsules containing positively charged white particles and negatively charged black particles suspended in fluid. By applying electrical charges, these particles rise to the surface, creating text and images.
- Reflective Light: Unlike LCD and LED displays that require backlighting, E Ink displays reflect ambient light, resembling paper and reducing eye strain during prolonged reading.
- Energy Efficiency: E Ink’s lack of backlighting results in minimal power consumption, as energy is only used when the image changes. This makes it ideal for devices like e-readers and ensures a long battery life.
- Outdoor Legibility: E Ink displays offer high contrast and readability even under bright lighting conditions, unlike LCD/LED displays that suffer under sunlight.
Differentiating E Ink from E Paper
- While often used interchangeably, E Ink and E Paper represent distinct display technologies. E Paper encompasses any screen mimicking real paper.
- Whereas E Ink specifically employs microcapsules with white and black particles in a clear fluid.
Applications of E Ink Displays
- E Ink in E-Readers: E Ink gained popularity in early e-readers like the Amazon Kindle, offering clear text even in bright sunlight. It remains a feature in Kindle and Kobo e-readers today.
- Brief Stint in Mobile Devices: E Ink briefly appeared in some early cell phones but was eventually replaced by more advanced displays.
- Revival in Mobile Devices: Some startups are reintroducing E Ink in smartphones, emphasizing reduced screen time and enhanced focus on communication and productivity.
- Beyond Mobile Devices: E Ink displays are expanding to various urban applications, including bus stop displays and walking direction signs. Restaurants are adopting E Ink menu boards for their matte, glare-free surfaces and readability in diverse lighting conditions.
Pros and Cons
- Advantages: E Ink displays excel in low power consumption, making them suitable for devices requiring extended battery life. They also minimize eye strain due to their paper-like visual experience, matte surface, and outdoor readability.
- Drawbacks: E Ink displays have slower refresh rates compared to LCD and OLED screens, rendering them unsuitable for video or animation. They also have limitations regarding color and resolution and remain relatively expensive for larger sizes.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UNESCO World Heritage List
Mains level: Maratha Military Landscapes
Introduction
- India’s nomination for the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2024-25 is the “Maratha Military Landscapes of India.”
- This nomination encompasses twelve distinct components, each holding a unique place in history and culture.
- Together, they illuminate the strategic military prowess of the Maratha rulers during the 17th to 19th centuries.
Maratha Military Landscapes
- Selecting the Twelve: Maharashtra boasts more than 390 forts, with only twelve chosen for the Maratha Military Landscapes. Among them, eight are protected by the Archaeological Survey of India, including Shivneri, Lohgad, Raigad, Suvarnadurg, Panhala, Vijaydurg, Sindhudurg, and Gingee. Salher, Rajgad, Khanderi, and Pratapgarh are safeguarded by the Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Maharashtra.
- Diverse Fort Types: These forts encompass hill forts, hill-forest forts, hill-plateau forts, coastal forts, and island forts, each with its distinct historical and geographical significance.
- Historical Significance: These forts, scattered across varied geographical and physiographic regions, exemplify the Maratha rulers’ exceptional fortification and military strategies.
Maratha Military Ideology
- The origins of Maratha Military ideology can be traced back to the 17th century during the reign of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj (circa 1670 CE).
- This enduring legacy continued through subsequent rules, including the Peshwa rule until 1818 CE.
Nomination and Criteria
The Maratha Military Landscapes of India is nominated in the category of cultural criteria, specifically under:
-
- Criterion (iii): Bearing exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or civilization.
- Criterion (iv): Exemplifying outstanding architectural or technological ensembles representing significant stages in human history.
- Criterion (vi): Tangibly associated with events, traditions, beliefs, and works of universal significance.
India’s Rich UNESCO Heritage
- Existing World Heritage Sites: India currently boasts 42 World Heritage Sites, comprising 34 cultural sites, seven natural sites, and one mixed site.
- Maharashtra’s Contribution: Maharashtra contributes significantly to India’s heritage with six World Heritage Sites, including Ajanta Caves, Ellora Caves, Elephanta Caves, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus, Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai, and the Western Ghats of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala (in the natural category).
- A Cultural Gem: The Maratha Military Landscapes of India, included in the Tentative List of World Heritage sites in 2021, stands as Maharashtra’s sixth cultural property nominated for inclusion in the prestigious World Heritage List.
Back2Basics: UNESCO World Heritage Sites
|
Description |
| UNESCO World Heritage Sites |
Landmarks or areas selected by UNESCO for their cultural, historical, scientific, or other significant value, legally protected by international treaties. |
| Importance |
World Heritage Sites represent collective and preservative interests of humanity, signifying remarkable accomplishments and intellectual history. |
| Selection Criteria |
Sites must be already-classified landmarks, unique and significant culturally or physically, such as ancient ruins, historical structures, cities, monuments, etc. |
| Conservation |
World Heritage Sites require practical conservation to protect them from risks like trespassing, uncontrolled access, or administrative negligence. |
| World Heritage Committee |
Selects and monitors World Heritage Sites, manages the World Heritage Fund, and provides financial assistance. Composed of 21 states parties elected for a four-year term. |
| Membership |
India is not a member of the World Heritage Committee. |
Note: “States parties” refer to the countries that have ratified the World Heritage Convention and participate in the decision-making process.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Northern White Rhino
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- The northern white rhino, once on the brink of extinction, saw its last male member pass away in 2018, leaving the subspecies on the verge of being lost forever.
- However, a pioneering initiative was launched in 2015 by a group of international scientists known as BioRescue, to resurrect the northern white rhino through in vitro fertilisation (IVF).
About Northern White Rhino
|
Details |
| Scientific Name |
Ceratotherium simum cottoni |
| Geographic Range |
Eastern and Central Africa |
| Population Status |
Critically Endangered (Only 2 individuals alive) in 2024 |
| Physical Characteristics |
Grayish-white color, two horns, hump on the neck |
| Social Behavior |
Solitary, occasionally seen in small groups |
| Diet |
Herbivorous, primarily grazers |
| Conservation Efforts |
Extensive efforts to save from extinction |
| IUCN Red List Status |
Critically Endangered |
White Rhino Resurrection IVF Project
- Project: BioRescue, a team of scientists from around the world, embarked on a mission to revive the northern white rhino through IVF in 2015.
- Historic Breakthrough: In a remarkable achievement, scientists announced the first-ever rhino pregnancy via the transfer of a lab-made rhino embryo into a surrogate mother.
- Persistence and Dedication: The breakthrough with a southern white rhino, a close relative, followed 13 attempts, showcasing the dedication of the scientists.
Challenges on Road to Revival
- Unique Challenge: Northern white rhinos face an unusual predicament due to the infertility of the last two surviving females, Najin and Fatu.
- Surrogacy Complexity: Preparing a southern white female as a surrogate mother involves isolation, infection prevention protocols, and precise identification of the fertile window.
- Genetic Viability: Even with successful IVF and surrogacy, the limited gene pool from eggs and sperm of deceased zoo rhinos poses a challenge.
- Stem Cell Possibilities: Exploring stem cell techniques to broaden the gene pool shows promise but is experimental and challenging to implement in rhinos.
Lessons from Conservation
- Wild Resilience: Conservation efforts saved the southern white rhino from near-extinction, with their numbers rebounding from a mere 20 in the 19th century to over 17,000.
- Crossbreeding Dilemma: Crossbreeding northern and southern subspecies is not a viable solution due to the loss of unique attributes.
- Behavioral Legacy: Restoring a species requires more than genetic revival; it necessitates the transmission of behavioral traits learned from adults of the same species.
The Race against Time
- Critical Window: To preserve the northern white rhino’s unique behavioral traits, the first IVF calves must learn from the last two surviving females, Najin and Fatu.
- Looming Deadline: With Najin at 35 and Fatu at 24, the window for this crucial interaction is closing, as northern white rhinos rarely live beyond 40 in captivity.
- A Costly Endeavor: BioRescue, funded by the German government and donors, has invested millions in this project, raising questions about resource allocation and prioritization.
The Bigger Picture
- A Noble Cause: The effort to revive the northern white rhino stems from a sense of responsibility to counteract human-driven extinction.
- Conservation Imperative: While the project is ambitious, critics raise concerns about neglecting other endangered species and the need to protect natural habitats.
- Broader Crisis: Rhino populations across species face grave threats, including poaching, with one rhino poached every 16 hours in Africa.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Neutron Stars
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- In the field of astronomy, astronomers sometimes stumble upon celestial objects that leave them scratching their heads.
- In a recent study published in Science, a discovery was reported that is likely to get scientists talking and asking questions.
Neutron Stars: Exceptionally Dense
- Incredibly Dense Objects: Neutron stars are some of the densest things in the universe. They’re as compact as an atomic nucleus but as big as a city, pushing our understanding of super-dense matter to the limit.
- A Weighty Matter: The heavier a neutron star is, the more likely it is to eventually collapse and become something even denser, like a black hole.
Puzzling the Boundary
- A Cosmic Mystery: To understand what happens when neutron stars turn into black holes, objects that are in-between need to be found. These objects also need to be studied very carefully over a long time.
- A New Discovery: A cosmic system has been found in the NGC 1851 star cluster that doesn’t fit neatly into the categories of neutron stars or black holes.
NGC 1851E: The Revelation
- Seeing Something New: Inside NGC 1851, a pair of stars has been spotted that provides fresh insights into the extreme matter in the universe. This system has a millisecond pulsar, a fast-spinning neutron star that sends out beams of radio light, and a massive, dark companion that can’t be seen at any wavelength of light.
- The Pulsar’s Role: Millisecond pulsars are like cosmic clocks. They spin steadily, and any changes in their spin can tell important things about what’s around them.
Unveiling the Weight of Secrets
- Very Precise Measurements: The MeerKAT radio telescope in South Africa was used to closely watch the NGC 1851E system.
- What Was Found: Observations allowed figuring out exactly how the two objects move around each other and how heavy they are together. The system’s mass is almost four times that of the Sun, and the invisible companion is denser than a regular star but not as heavy as a black hole.
- A Strange Mass Gap: The companion’s mass falls in a range that’s puzzling to scientists, between the heaviest neutron stars and the lightest black holes. Understanding objects in this range is a big mystery in astrophysics.
A Stellar Dance: Cosmic Partnerships
- A Fascinating Idea: One intriguing possibility is that a pulsar is circling around what’s left after two neutron stars collided, something made possible because there are many stars packed closely together in NGC 1851.
- Starry Dance Floor: In this crowded group of stars, they twirl around each other, changing partners as they go. If two neutron stars get too close, they collide, creating a black hole. This black hole can then disturb the dance of other stars in the cluster.
- Still Many Questions: The work isn’t finished. Research is continuing to figure out exactly what the companion is. Is it the lightest black hole, the heaviest neutron star, or something completely different?
- Exploring New Frontiers: When at the border between neutron stars and black holes, there’s a chance of discovering completely new types of objects.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Snow Leopard Population Assessment in India
Mains level: urgent need for increased legal protection and a dedicated conservation approach
Central Idea:
The report on the status of snow leopards in India, released by the Government of India and non-profit organizations, reveals that only 34% of the snow leopard habitat is legally protected. With snow leopards present in the country, the report emphasizes the need for a dedicated Snow Leopard Cell at the Wildlife Institute of India for long-term population monitoring and conservation efforts.
Key Highlights:
- Snow Leopard Population: India is home to snow leopards, and their habitat covers square kilometers.
- Legal Protection: Only a third of the snow leopard habitat in India is legally protected, posing a significant threat to the species.
- Unprotected Areas: Nearly 70% of the crucial snow leopard habitat remains unprotected, highlighting the need for conservation measures.
- Population Assessment: The four-year assessment conducted by SPAI using camera traps identified unique individuals.
- Hotspots: Ladakh has the highest number of snow leopards, followed by Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh.
Key Challenges:
- Limited Legal Protection: The majority of snow leopard habitat lacks legal safeguards, exposing them to potential threats.
- Undefined Range: The absence of an extensive nationwide analysis has left the snow leopard range in India undefined.
- Population Estimate: The need for a revised estimate arises, challenging the previous range of snow leopards in India.
Key Terms and Phrases:
- Snow Leopard Cell: Proposed dedicated unit for long-term monitoring and conservation efforts.
- SPAI: The Snow Leopard Population Assessment in India, coordinating the assessment.
- Camera Traps: Utilized for capturing images of snow leopards at locations.
- Vulnerable: Snow leopards are classified as ‘Vulnerable’ in the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List.
Key Quotes:
- “The snow leopard range in India remained undefined due to lack of an extensive nationwide analysis.”
- “Regular assessments will offer valuable insights for identifying challenges, addressing threats, and formulating effective conservation strategies.”
Key Statements:
- The report emphasizes the necessity of a Snow Leopard Cell for effective conservation strategies.
- Regular population assessments are crucial for understanding challenges and threats to snow leopards.
Key Examples and References:
- The report cites Ladakh, Uttarakhand, and Himachal Pradesh as hotspots for snow leopards.
- SPAI, with partners like the Wildlife Institute of India, conducted the assessment using camera traps.
Key Facts and Data:
- Snow leopard occupancy was recorded in square kilometers, with an estimated presence in square kilometers.
Critical Analysis:
The report underscores the urgent need for increased legal protection and a dedicated conservation approach, citing the inadequacy of the previous population estimate and the undefined snow leopard range. The increased coverage of the region compared to 2016 is noted, but challenges persist, requiring immediate attention.
Way Forward:
- Establish Snow Leopard Cell: Create the proposed Snow Leopard Cell for consistent monitoring and organized studies.
- Regular Assessments: Adopt a periodic population estimation approach every fourth year for continuous insights.
- Legal Safeguards: Increase legal protection for the remaining unprotected snow leopard habitat.
- Revised Population Estimate: Conduct a revised assessment to accurately determine the snow leopard population in India.
- Public Awareness: Increase public awareness to garner support for snow leopard conservation efforts.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Indian Grey Wolf
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The recent sighting of an endangered Indian grey wolf within the vast expanse of the National Chambal Sanctuary in Etawah after 20 years has sparked immense excitement among wildlife enthusiasts and experts.
About Indian Grey Wolf
|
Conservation Status |
| Scientific Name |
Canis lupus pallipes |
| Adaptation to Climate |
Thrives in warmer conditions |
| Social Behavior |
Travels in smaller packs, less vocal |
| Physical Traits |
Size falls between Tibetan and Arabian wolves |
| Preferred Habitat |
Scrublands, grasslands, semi-arid regions |
| Wide Distribution |
Indian subcontinent to Israel, ~3,000 in India |
| IUCN Listing |
Least Concern |
| Legal Protection |
Schedule I of Wildlife Act, CITES Appendix I |
| Major Threats |
Habitat loss, prey population decline |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now