Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Various Missions mentioned
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- 2023 Milestones: NASA’s OSIRIS-REx mission returned a sample from an asteroid, and India’s Chandrayaan-3 explored the lunar South Pole.
- 2024 Prospects: The year is set to be thrilling for space exploration, with several missions under NASA’s Artemis plan and Commercial Lunar Payload Services targeting the moon.
Key Missions to Follow in 2024
[1] Europa Clipper: Unveiling Jupiter’s Moon
- Mission Overview: NASA’s Europa Clipper aims to explore Europa, one of Jupiter’s largest moons, known for its icy surface and potential subsurface saltwater ocean.
- Scientific Goals: The mission will conduct close flybys to study Europa’s ice shell, geology, and subsurface ocean, seeking signs of habitability.
- Launch Window: Scheduled for October 10, 2024, with 21 days, aboard a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket.
[2] Artemis II: Human Return to the Moon
- Program Background: Artemis II is part of NASA’s Artemis program, aiming to send humans back to the moon and establish a sustained presence for future Mars missions.
- Mission Details: Artemis II will carry four astronauts on a 10-day mission orbiting the Moon, building upon the uncrewed Artemis I mission.
- Launch Timeline: Planned for as early as November 2024, with potential delays to 2025.
[3] VIPER: Searching for Lunar Water
- Mission Purpose: VIPER, a golf cart-sized rover, will explore the moon’s south pole to search for water and other volatiles.
- Technical Challenges: The mission will navigate extreme lunar temperatures and shadowed regions during its 100-day mission.
- Launch Schedule: Set for November 2024, following a delay for additional lander system tests.
[4] Lunar Trailblazer and PRIME-1: Water Mapping and Drilling
- SIMPLEx Missions: As part of NASA’s low-cost planetary missions, Lunar Trailblazer will orbit the moon to map water locations, while PRIME-1 will test drilling technology.
- Launch Dependencies: Both missions are secondary payloads, with their launch timing contingent on the readiness of primary payloads.
[5] JAXA’s Martian Moon eXploration (MMX) Mission
- Mission Focus: MMX aims to study Mars’ moons, Phobos and Deimos, to determine their origin and collect a sample from Phobos.
- Scientific Objectives: The mission will spend three years conducting science operations around Mars and its moons.
- Launch Plan: Scheduled for around September 2024.
[6] ESA’s Hera Mission: Asteroid Defense Study
- Mission Context: Hera will follow up on NASA’s DART mission to the Didymos-Dimorphos asteroid system, where DART tested the kinetic impact technique for planetary defense.
- Research Goals: Hera will study the physical properties of the asteroids and assess the impact of the DART collision.
- Launch and Arrival: Set for October 2024, with arrival at the asteroid system expected in late 2026.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Karman Line
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Karman line, the theoretical boundary between Earth’s atmosphere and outer space, plays a crucial role in space defense and satellite communications.
Understanding the Karman Line
- The Karman Line is an abstract boundary positioned at an altitude of 100 kilometers above sea level.
- Its primary function is to establish the separation between Earth’s atmosphere and the vast expanse of space.
- Although not universally accepted by all scientists and space explorers, the majority of countries and space organizations acknowledge this demarcation.
- It was formally established in 1960s by the Federation Aeronautique Internationale (FAI), a body responsible for record-keeping.
- Crossing the Karman Line designates an individual as an astronaut.
Potential Threats from Dominating the Karman Line
- Anti-Satellite Weapons: Control over the Karman line could enable adversaries to deploy weapons targeting satellites, disrupting communication links.
- Jamming and Interference: Adversaries might use systems to disrupt satellite communications, causing blackouts or degraded performance.
- Hacking and Cyber-attacks: Unauthorized access to satellite systems could lead to data breaches or manipulation of communication signals.
- Physical Interception or Tampering: The ability to physically reach satellites could allow adversaries to alter orbits, damage components, or eavesdrop on communications.
- Space Debris and Kinetic Kill Vehicles: Creating debris or deploying kinetic kill vehicles could disrupt satellite networks.
- Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Weapons: EMPs could damage satellite electronics, rendering them inoperable.
- Denial of Access to Space: Dominating the Karman line could enable adversaries to deny space access to certain countries or entities.
- Spoofing and Deception: Manipulating satellite communication signals could mislead or deceive users.
- Space-based Cyber-Physical Attacks: Combining cyber and physical methods could disrupt or manipulate satellite operations.
- Policy and Regulatory Challenges: Dominance could lead to geopolitical challenges and affect international agreements related to space activities.
Historical Context and Recent Developments
- First Breach by V-2 Missile: On June 20, 1944, the V-2 became the first object to breach the Karman line, marking a significant milestone in space exploration.
- Superpower Dominance: Both the United States and the Soviet Union have historically sought to dominate space for military and reconnaissance purposes, leading to the development of anti-satellite weapons and ballistic missiles.
India’s Evolving Space Program
- Shift in Focus: India’s space program has transitioned from a developmental focus to incorporating space for national security objectives, particularly in response to China’s counter-space capabilities.
- Military and Security Considerations: India’s approach now includes robust launch capabilities, military satellites, and an emphasis on self-reliance and situational awareness.
Conclusion
- Strategic Importance: The Karman line’s significance extends beyond scientific understanding to encompass crucial defense strategies in space.
- Need for Vigilance and Cooperation: Nations must protect their space-based assets and collaborate internationally to address the multifaceted threats associated with dominating this critical boundary.
- Future of Space Defense: As space becomes increasingly contested, understanding and securing the Karman line is vital for maintaining and defending capabilities in outer space.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Direct-to-Mobile (D2M) Technology
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Telecommunication Engineering Centre (TEC) has identified significant challenges in implementing direct-to-mobile (D2M) technology, which allows streaming TV content directly to mobile phones without an internet connection.
- The proposal for D2M has faced opposition from technology companies like Qualcomm, Samsung, Ericsson, Nokia, and telecom operators.
About Direct-to-Mobile (D2M) Technology
- Direct-to-mobile (D2M) technology is a method of transmitting content directly to mobile devices using broadcast signals. Here are the key points to understand about D2M technology:
- D2M uses broadcast networks, similar to those for TV and radio, to send content directly to mobile devices, bypassing traditional cellular or internet data networks.
- This technology is efficient for delivering the same content to many users simultaneously, reducing the load on cellular networks and making it ideal for live events or popular broadcasts.
- Mobile devices need to be equipped with specific hardware to receive and decode broadcast signals, which may require new standards in smartphone manufacturing.
- D2M can offer high-quality video and audio streaming, as it doesn’t depend on the variable speed and stability of an internet connection.
Key Challenges Identified by TEC
- Integration Issues: Integrating smartphones with D2M and digital terrestrial TV to mobile devices (DTT2M) technologies is a major challenge.
- Infrastructure Requirements: Implementing technologies like Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) 3.0 (NextGen TV) may necessitate a new nationwide network for indoor coverage, adding complexity.
- Increased Costs: The adoption of D2M technology could lead to higher costs for smartphone manufacturers and, consequently, higher phone prices.
- Ecosystem and Viability Concerns: Challenges include the availability of a handset ecosystem, scalability, business viability, and spectrum requirements.
TEC’s Report and Consultation Findings
- Device Ecosystem: Success in adopting D2M technology hinges on enabling service on mobile devices, particularly smartphones or tablets, and creating an open-market, low-cost device ecosystem.
- Need for Compatible Standards: A standard compatible with existing mobile handsets is essential for cost-effectiveness and leveraging the existing ecosystem.
- Offloading Broadcasting Traffic: The standard should facilitate offloading broadcasting traffic over phones and guide the design and manufacture of smartphones for direct broadcast signal reception.
Government’s Intent and Potential Uses of D2M
- Convergence of Services: The government aims to explore the convergence of broadcasting and broadband services through D2M technology.
- Direct Broadcasting Benefits: Users could receive terrestrial digital TV content on handsets, similar to FM radio. The technology could broadcast emergency alerts, public safety messages, and social services.
- Traffic Offloading: Telcos could offload video content to broadcasting networks, reducing network congestion.
Global Context and Trials
- Lack of Available Devices: Currently, no mobile devices support these broadcasting technologies or standards globally.
- International Trials: Countries like the USA, Brazil, Mexico, and Canada are conducting trials for D2M technology.
Stakeholder Concerns and Consultation Feedback
- Hasty Implementation Worries: Stakeholders expressed concerns about the government’s rushed approach to implementing a technology still in its early stages.
- Telcos’ Revenue Concerns: Telecom operators are apprehensive about potential revenue losses from their data business if mobiles pick up signals from D2M technology.
Conclusion
- Critical Factors: The success of D2M in India will depend on the development of a device ecosystem and the ability to broadcast to a vast number of open-market mobile devices.
- Navigating Implementation Challenges: Addressing the identified challenges and considering stakeholder concerns will be crucial in determining the feasibility and success of D2M technology in India.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Indian Science Congress
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- The Indian Science Congress, a significant annual event for scientists and science students in India, has been postponed from its usual start date of January 3.
About Indian Science Congress
|
Details |
| Headquarters |
Kolkata, West Bengal, India |
| Establishment |
1914 in Kolkata |
| Annual Meeting |
First week of January |
| Membership |
More than 30,000 scientists |
| First Congress |
1914 at the Asiatic Society in Calcutta |
| Recent Policy Change |
Speakers at future conferences to be vetted; scrutinizes content of talks due to past controversies |
| Notable Participants |
Prominent Indian and foreign scientists, including Nobel laureates |
| Genesis |
Initiated by British chemists Professor J. L. Simonsen and Professor P. S. MacMahon |
| Objectives |
Advance and promote science in India
Hold an annual congress
Publish proceedings and journals
Manage funds for science promotion
Perform acts conducive to these objectives |
| Sections, Committees, and Forums |
Grown from 16 sections in 2000 to 14 sections, including various scientific disciplines |
| International Interaction |
Represented in various foreign scientific academies/associations |
| Internal Challenges |
Discussions on corruption, need for transparency and overhaul of bureaucratic agencies |
Historical Context and Importance
- Consistent Occurrence: Held every year since 1914, except for 2021 and 2022 due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the 108th edition took place in Nagpur from January 3-7, 2023.
- Prime Minister’s Involvement: Traditionally inaugurated by the Prime Minister, the congress is a key event in the PM’s calendar and is often their first public engagement of the New Year.
Reasons behind the Postponement
- Funding Dispute: The postponement is a result of a disagreement between the Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA) and the Department of Science and Technology (DST) over alleged “financial irregularities” and funding withdrawal.
- Venue Change and Withdrawal: The ISCA’s decision to move the event from Lucknow University to Lovely Professional University (LPU) in Jalandhar, which later withdrew its offer to host, contributed to the crisis.
Decline of the Indian Science Congress
- Loss of Prestige: In recent years, the Congress has been criticized for promoting pseudoscience and failing to reflect advancements in science, leading to a decline in participation from top scientists and institutions.
- Calls for Discontinuation: Some scientists have suggested discontinuing the event or withdrawing government support due to its diminishing scientific credibility.
Government’s Dilemma and Actions
- Limited Influence: While the government funds the ISCA and the Congress, it has no direct role in the event’s organization, leading to challenges in addressing controversies.
- Scaling Down Involvement: The government has reduced its involvement, such as no longer presenting awards at the inaugural session and limiting stage sharing with the PM.
Future of the Indian Science Congress
- Potential for Resumption: ISCA general secretary Ranjit Kumar Verma expressed hope for organizing the congress before March 31, with possible attendance by the Prime Minister.
- Continued Government Support: A government official indicated that financial support for future events might resume, despite disagreements over this year’s funding.
Way Forward
- Alternative Scientific Forums: Scientists suggest creating alternative forums to discuss the latest scientific developments and foster scientific temper, similar to events in other countries.
- Enhancing Indian Science: Such forums could increase the competitiveness of Indian science and encourage collaborative research with leading global institutions.
Conclusion
- Assessing the Impact: The postponement of the Indian Science Congress reflects broader issues in India’s scientific community and the need for reform.
- Opportunity for Revitalization: This situation presents an opportunity to revitalize scientific discourse in India, potentially leading to more impactful and globally recognized scientific forums.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Akash Missile System
Mains level: Indigenization in Defence
Central Idea
- India demonstrated the firepower of its Akash surface-to-air (SAM) weapon system, where a single firing unit simultaneously engaged and destroyed four unmanned targets during the recent Exercise Astrashakti 2023.
- Countries like Armenia, Brazil, and Egypt have shown interest in acquiring the Akash SAM.
About Akash Missile System
|
Details |
| Development and Production |
Developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), produced by Bharat Dynamics Ltd (BDL). |
| Type |
Short-range Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM). |
| Engagement Capacity |
Engages four aerial targets simultaneously at a range of 25 km from a single firing unit. |
| Target Engagement |
Capable of targeting multiple threats concurrently in group or autonomous modes. |
| Electronic Counter-Counter Measures (ECCM) |
Equipped to counter enemy jamming and evasion tactics. |
| Mobility and Agility |
Configured on mobile platforms for rapid deployment and relocation. |
| Operational Use |
In service with the Indian Army and the Indian Air Force (IAF). |
| Range and Altitude |
Effective range of 4.5 km to 25 km, with an altitude range of 100 meters to 20 km. |
| Physical Dimensions |
Length: 5,870 mm; Diameter: 350 mm; Weight: 710 kg. |
| Automation and Response |
Fully automated with quick response from target detection to neutralization. |
| System Architecture |
Open-system architecture for adaptability to current and future air defense environments. |
Comparison with Israel’s Iron Dome
- Interception Capabilities: Akash is often compared to Israel’s Iron Dome due to its ability to intercept UAVs, smaller projectiles, helicopters, and aircraft.
- Defensive Role: While similar to the Iron Dome, Akash is primarily designed for defense against larger aerial threats like aircraft, rather than small rockets.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Slums rehabilitation in India
Central Idea
- Research Citation: Nipesh Narayanan’s research, published in the Economic & Political Weekly on October 21, 2023, delves into the changing conceptualization of slums in Indian parliamentary debates from 1953 to 2014.
- Policy on Slums: These shifting narratives have significantly influenced government policies and approaches towards slums.
Evolution of Discourses on Slums
- Parliamentary Debates Analysis: Narayanan analyzed 1,228 debates in the Rajya Sabha and various policy documents, including Five-Year Plans, to trace the evolution of discourses surrounding slums.
- Dynamic Definitions: The study highlights the fluid nature of slum definitions and the tendency to overlook urban disparity as a causal factor in slum formation.
Eras of Changing Perspectives
- 1950s-1960s: Initially, slums were seen as a by-product of partition and rapid urbanization. The focus was on eradication due to health concerns and spatial constraints, side-lining socio-economic factors like migration. The Slum Areas Act of 1956 marked a significant shift, allowing government intervention in slum areas.
- Early 1970s-Mid-1980s: The narrative shifted to viewing slums as necessary evils requiring development rather than eradication. Town planning emerged as a key tool, pushing slums to city peripheries and prioritizing basic amenities over demolition.
- Mid-1980s-Late 1990s: With the National Commission on Urbanisation’s report in 1985, cities and slums began to be seen as economic assets. This era saw a focus on housing policies and infrastructure development, with economic reasoning driving interventions.
- 2000s-2014: The 2001 Census provided comprehensive data on slums, leading to targeted schemes. Slums transitioned from social concerns to technical, economic objects. The focus was on upgradation strategies, legal rights, and property rights for slum dwellers.
Slum Formation and Government Response
- Causality and Complexity: The research identifies urban planning issues, population growth, land pressure, and housing affordability as key factors in slum formation.
- Government Role: The Union government’s role shifted to funding State governments for urban improvement, with a focus on data-driven policies.
Technocratic Solutions and Challenges
- Technological Reliance: The increasing dependence on technological solutions for urban issues is evident in current government policies.
- Critical Examination: The article warns against using slums merely as a tool for anti-poverty policies and emphasizes understanding slum formation beyond numerical data.
Conclusion
- Historical Insights: Narayanan’s analysis provides valuable insights into the historical shifts in government perceptions and actions towards slums.
- Significance for Urban Studies: This research contributes significantly to the understanding of urban dynamics, socio-economic inequalities, and the complexities of slum life in India.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The nationwide transportation strike entered its second day, causing huge disruptions across the country.
- The strike, involving truck, bus, and tanker drivers, is a protest against stringent regulations under the Bharatiya Nyay Sanhita (BNS) for hit-and-run cases.
Background of the Strike: BNS Provisions
- Implementation of BNS: The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, which introduces tougher penalties for hit-and-run cases, has not yet been implemented.
- Comparison with IPC: The new law replaces Section 304A of the Indian Penal Code, which had a lesser punishment for causing death by negligence.
- Section 106 Controversy: Transporters are protesting Section 106 of the BNS, which increases punishment for rash and negligent driving to a maximum of 10 years.
- Section 106(1) and 106(2): These sections provide for punishments in hit-and-run cases, with Section 106(1) offering a lesser sentence for those who report accidents.
- Abiding to Supreme Court Observations: The increase in sentence duration to 10 years is based on the Supreme Court’s recommendations for stricter actions against reckless drivers who flee accident scenes.
Protesters’ Concerns and Demands
- Fear of Unjust Punishments: Transport operators argue that the new law could lead to unfair punishments and expose drivers to mob violence.
- Lack of Stakeholder Consultation: There is a sentiment that the law was passed without adequate discussion with relevant stakeholders.
- Skepticism about Government Promises: All India Motor Transport Congress expressed doubts about the government’s assurances, predicting fuel shortages and driver protests.
Impact of the Strike
- Widespread Disruptions: The strike has significantly impacted transportation, especially in northern states like Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, and others, as well as West Bengal, Odisha, and southern states.
- Fuel Shortages: Long queues at petrol pumps have been reported, indicating a hit to fuel supply.
Conclusion
- Continued Protests: Despite some transport bodies calling off the strike, others continue to protest, affecting transportation and fuel supply.
- Need for Dialogue: The situation underscores the need for further dialogue between the government and transport stakeholders to address concerns and find a resolution.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sarna Religion
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- A study at IIT Indore on tribal culture, forest conservation, and wildfire in central India sheds light on the Sarna religion’s tenets.
About Sarna Religion
|
Details |
| Nature of Faith |
Indigenous religious faith predominantly followed in the Chota Nagpur Plateau region. |
| Geographical Spread |
Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, and smaller numbers in Assam, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh. |
| Central Belief |
Reverence of Sarna, the sacred groves, and worship of a village deity (Gram deoti, Dharmes, Marang Buru, etc.) |
| Etymology |
‘Sarna’ means ‘grove’, related to the sal tree. |
| Theology |
Worship of village deities and the mother goddess identified as the earth or nature. |
| Sacred Grooves |
Patches of forest considered sacred, such as sal, mahua, neem, and banyan trees.
No harm allowed to these areas. |
| Practices |
Rituals performed in sacred groves involving village priests; worship of ancestors. |
| Main Festival |
Sarhul: Celebrating nature and ancestors, offerings made to sacred trees like sal.
Karam: Worship of the sacred karam tree, focusing on crop enrichment and preservation of biodiversity.
Faggu: Gathering of dry wood and leaves from forests, reducing fuel load and lowering wildfire risks. |
| Tribes Following |
Followed by various tribes including Santal, Oraon, Ho, Munda, Bhumij, and others. |
| 2011 Census |
Counted 4,957,467 followers in India, primarily in eastern states. |
| Sarna Code Resolution (2020) |
Jharkhand assembly passed a resolution for the inclusion of Sarna as a separate religion in the census. |
| Impact of Colonialism |
Historical conflict due to Western missionary activities in tribal areas. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Snow Leopard
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Kyrgyzstan, a Central Asian country, has declared the snow leopard as its national symbol.
About Snow Leopard
|
Details |
| Habitat |
Mountainous regions of Central and Southern Asia; in India: western and eastern Himalayas. |
| Indian Geographical Range |
Western Himalayas (J&K, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand) and Eastern Himalayas (Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh). |
| Project Snow Leopard (2009) |
Aims to strengthen wildlife conservation in the Himalayan high altitudes, involving local communities. |
| Conservation Status |
IUCN Red List: Vulnerable
CITES: Appendix I
Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (India): Schedule I |
| India’s Conservation Efforts |
Flagship species for high altitude Himalayas.
Part of GSLEP Programme since 2013.
Himalaya Sanrakshak community programme (2020).
National Protocol on Snow Leopard Population Assessment (2019)
SECURE Himalaya project (GEF-UNDP funded).
Listed in 21 critically endangered species for recovery by MoEF&CC.
Conservation breeding at Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park. |
| GSLEP Programme |
Inter-governmental alliance of 12 snow leopard countries (India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Mongolia, Russia, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan), focusing on ecosystem value awareness. |
| Living Himalaya Network Initiative |
WWF’s initiative across Bhutan, India (North-East), and Nepal for conservation impact in the Eastern Himalayas. |
Significance of the Snow Leopard
- The snow leopard symbolizes the health and stability of mountain ecosystems, which cover a significant portion of the global territory.
- The snow leopard has been a totem animal in ancient Kyrgyz culture, associated with the legendary figure Manas.
- The harmony between humans and nature, symbolized by the snow leopard, is portrayed in Chyngyz Aitmatov’s novel “When Mountains Fall.”
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: BOP Crisis, LPG Reforms
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- S. Venkitaramanan, former Governor of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), passed away, leaving behind a legacy of significant contributions.
- His tenure is marked by crucial interventions during India’s economic crises and a commitment to open dialogue and innovative policies.
Navigating the Balance of Payments Crisis
- Economic Turbulence in 1990: India faced a severe balance of payments crisis due to reduced remittances and increased oil prices.
- Critical Measures: Under Venkitaramanan’s leadership, the RBI took bold steps, including pledging gold reserves, to avert a default on international payments.
- Impact of Gold Pledging: This move, though criticized domestically, was crucial in maintaining India’s international credibility and financial stability.
Role in Economic Reforms
- Import Compression Strategy: Venkitaramanan initiated a program of import compression, significantly reducing the current account deficit.
- Foundation for Future Reforms: These measures laid the groundwork for the economic reforms introduced by the Narasimha Rao government and Dr. Manmohan Singh.
Challenges and Controversies
- The Harshad Mehta Scam: Venkitaramanan’s tenure was marred by the securities scandal involving Harshad Mehta, overshadowing his earlier achievements.
- Public Perception: Despite his significant contributions, the public memory often overlooks his role in steering India through economic turmoil.
Remarkable Openness and Inclusivity
- Engagement with Diverse Opinions: Venkitaramanan was known for his openness to different viewpoints, engaging with economists and critics alike.
- Innovative Approach to Policy Making: His willingness to consider varied perspectives contributed to more inclusive and effective economic policies.
Legacy in the RBI and Beyond
- Establishment of the Development Research Group: Venkitaramanan’s vision led to the creation of this group, aiming to foster interaction between the RBI and independent economists.
- Influence on Current Economic Policies: His belief in relying on India’s intellectual resources continues to influence the RBI’s approach, though challenges like inflation management persist.
Conclusion
- Enduring Impact: S. Venkitaramanan’s tenure as RBI Governor was marked by courageous decisions and a commitment to intellectual openness.
- Remembering His Contributions: While his term had its challenges, his role in safeguarding India’s economy and fostering a culture of dialogue and research within the RBI remains a significant part of his legacy.
- Inspiration for Future Leaders: His approach to economic policy and management continues to serve as an inspiration for current and future leaders in the field.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Electoral Bond Scheme
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The government has announced a fresh tranche of electoral bond sales for a 10-day period starting through the authorised branches of State Bank of India across the country.
About the Electoral Bond Scheme
| Definition |
Banking instruments for political party donations with donor anonymity. |
| Launch |
2017-18 Union Budget |
| Purchase Method |
Available to Indian citizens and Indian-incorporated companies from select State Bank of India branches. Can be bought digitally or via cheque. |
| Donation Process |
Purchasers can donate these bonds to eligible political parties of their choice. |
| Denominations |
Available in multiples of ₹1,000, ₹10,000, ₹10 lakh, and ₹1 crore. |
| KYC Requirements |
Purchasers must fulfill existing KYC norms and pay from a bank account. |
| Lifespan of Bonds |
Bonds have a 15-day life to prevent them from becoming a parallel currency. |
| Identity Disclosure |
Donors contributing less than ₹20,000 need not provide identity details like PAN. |
| Redemption |
Electoral Bonds can be encashed only by eligible political parties through an Authorized Bank. |
| Eligibility of Parties |
Only parties meeting specific criteria, including securing at least 1% of votes in the last General Election, can receive Electoral Bonds. |
| Restrictions Lifted |
Foreign and Indian companies can now donate without disclosing contributions as per the Companies Act. |
| Objective |
To enhance transparency in political funding and ensure funds collected by political parties are accounted or clean money. |
Also read:
Challenging the Electoral Bond Scheme
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kharsawan Massacre
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- On January 1, 1948, the town of Kharsawan in present-day Jharkhand witnessed a massacre reminiscent of what happened in Jallianwala Bagh in 1919.
- Police opened fire at a crowd gathered for a protest and the weekly haat (market), killing hundreds, or by some accounts, thousands of Adivasis.
Kharsawan Massacre: A Background
- Since the creation of the Bihar and Orissa Province in 1912, Adivasis in the region sought a separate state, reflecting their unique culture and grievances.
- This demand gained momentum over the years, with the Simon Commission acknowledging the distinct nature of the region in 1930.
- In 1938, the Adivasi Mahasabha was established to further this cause, led by prominent leader Jaipal Singh Munda.
Kharsawan’s Merger Controversy
- Merger with Orissa: In 1947, Kharsawan, a princely state with a significant Odia-speaking population, decided to join Orissa during India’s princely states’ integration.
- Adivasi Opposition: However, most Adivasis opposed this merger, desiring a separate state instead.
The Massacre
- Protest Gathering: On January 1, 1948, a large gathering was organized in Kharsawan to protest the merger, coinciding with the weekly market day. Over 50,000 people, including those from distant villages, assembled, many to see Jaipal Munda, who was expected but did not arrive.
- Police Open Fire: The large crowd and tense atmosphere led the Orissa military police to open fire, resulting in a massacre. The exact number of casualties remains unclear, with estimates ranging from a few dozen to several thousand.
- Aftermath: The bodies were disposed of in a well and the jungle, and many injured were left untreated. The incident remains a dark and unresolved chapter in Indian history.
Legacy
- Uncertain Death Toll: Official records state 35 deaths, but other sources, like P.K. Deo’s “Memoir of a Bygone Era,” suggest numbers as high as 2,000.
- Lack of Accountability: No definitive report or accountability for the massacre has been established.
- Memorial and Remembrance: A memorial in Kharsawan serves as a reminder of this tragedy, with political leaders often visiting to pay respects.
Conclusion
- The Kharsawan massacre is a poignant reminder of the complexities and tragedies during India’s transition to independence, particularly for marginalized communities like the Adivasis.
- It underscores the unresolved issues of tribal rights and recognition in India’s history.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Earthquakes in Japan
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- On January 1, 2024, a 7.5-magnitude earthquake hit Ishikawa prefecture in Japan, triggering tsunami waves over a meter high.
Japan’s Geographical Vulnerability
- Japan’s geographical vulnerability, particularly concerning plate tectonics, is a critical aspect of its environmental and disaster management challenges.
- The country’s location at the convergence of several major tectonic plates makes it highly susceptible to seismic activities.
Here’s a detailed look at how plate tectonics contribute to Japan’s geographical vulnerability:
[1] Convergent Plate Boundaries:
- Pacific Ring of Fire: Japan is located on the Pacific Ring of Fire, an area with a high level of seismic activity due to the presence of numerous tectonic plate boundaries.
- Plates Involved: The primary tectonic plates interacting near Japan are the Pacific Plate, the Philippine Sea Plate, the Eurasian Plate, and the North American Plate.
- Subduction Zones: The Pacific and Philippine Sea plates are subducting beneath the Eurasian and North American plates. This subduction process is a significant source of seismic activity, including powerful earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
[2] Earthquake Activity:
- Frequent Earthquakes: The movement of these plates results in frequent earthquakes. Japan experiences thousands of tremors annually, ranging from minor to catastrophic.
- Major Earthquakes: Historical events like the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and the 1995 Great Hanshin Earthquake demonstrate the potential for massive destruction and loss of life due to Japan’s tectonic setting.
[3] Tsunami Risk:
- Generation of Tsunamis: Earthquakes occurring under the sea or along the coast can displace large volumes of water, leading to tsunamis. The 2011 tsunami, triggered by a massive undersea earthquake, caused widespread devastation and the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
- Coastal Impact: Japan’s extensive coastline makes it particularly vulnerable to tsunamis, which can arrive within minutes of an undersea earthquake, leaving little time for evacuation.
[4] Volcanic Activity:
- Volcanic Eruptions: The subduction of the Pacific and Philippine Sea plates not only causes earthquakes but also contributes to significant volcanic activity. Magma generated by the melting of the subducted plate rises to the surface, leading to volcanic eruptions.
- Active Volcanoes: Japan has over 100 active volcanoes, a direct result of its tectonic setting. Eruptions pose risks to nearby populations and can disrupt air travel and local economies.
[5] Geological Complexity:
- Intersecting Faults: The interaction of multiple tectonic plates creates a complex network of faults, increasing the unpredictability and variability of seismic events.
- Diverse Seismic Phenomena: This complexity leads to a range of seismic phenomena, including deep-focus earthquakes, which occur at greater depths and can affect broader areas.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Virtual Digital Assets (VDAs)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Financial Intelligence Unit India (FIU IND) issued notices to offshore virtual digital asset service providers (VDA SPs) for non-compliance with the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA).
- A request was made to the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology to block URLs of these entities.
About Virtual Digital Assets (VDAs)
- Digital Value: Virtual Digital Assets are digital forms of value like cryptocurrencies and tokens. They are secured using cryptography and blockchain technology.
- Intangible and Digital: These assets exist only in digital form and can be used for transactions, investments, or as a store of value.
- Decentralized: They usually operate independently of central authorities, which makes them attractive but also prone to risks like money laundering. This has led to calls for regulation and oversight.
Premise of Non-Compliance with PMLA
- Regulatory Changes in 2023: VDA SPs were brought under anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing regulations in March 2023.
- Mandatory Compliance: These regulations required VDA SPs to register, verify client identities, and maintain records of financial transactions.
- Non-Registration Issue: Non-compliant entities continued to serve Indian users without registration, evading the AML and CFT framework.
Purpose of PMLA Compliance
- Monitoring Financial Transactions: The PMLA aims to track financial transactions to prevent money laundering and terror financing.
- Selective Compliance Advocacy: Legal experts suggest that FIU IND should enforce compliance only on entities fitting the March 2023 notification parameters.
- KYC Benefits: Adherence to KYC mandates is seen as beneficial for VDA SPs, addressing concerns about anonymity and unlawful use of crypto assets.
Global Efforts and Indian Enforcement
- India’s Global Advocacy: India’s enforcement aligns with its global efforts for cryptocurrency regulation, including proposed frameworks by the IMF and the Financial Stability Board.
- G-20 Influence: India’s role in the G-20 has been pivotal in advocating for global cryptocurrency regulation.
International Regulatory Landscapes
- Dubai’s VARA Model: Dubai’s Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority (VARA) provides a comprehensive licensing framework, emphasizing consumer protection and AML-CFT compliance.
- EU’s MiCA Regulation: The Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA) in the EU focuses on transparency, disclosure, and supervision, requiring service providers to be authorized.
- U.S. Regulatory Framework: The U.S. lacks a comprehensive nationwide framework but covers digital assets under existing regulations like the Bank Secrecy Act.
Considerations in Regulating Virtual Digital Assets (VDAs)
- Policy Options by BIS: The Bureau for International Settlements (BIS) outlines three policy options: outright ban, containment, and regulation.
- Challenges of an Outright Ban: An outright ban may be unenforceable due to the pseudo-anonymous nature of crypto markets.
- Containment Strategy: Containment involves controlling flows between crypto and traditional financial systems but may not address inherent vulnerabilities.
- Regulatory Motivations: The motivation to regulate varies, with the need to ensure regulatory benefits outweigh costs.
- Focus Areas for Emerging Markets: Emerging market economies (EMEs) need to define regulatory authority, scope of regulation, and fill data gaps to understand technology interconnections.
Conclusion
- Balancing Act: Regulating virtual digital assets presents a complex balancing act between innovation, consumer protection, and financial stability.
- Global Coordination: The varied approaches across jurisdictions highlight the need for global coordination and harmonization in VDA regulations.
- India’s Proactive Stance: India’s recent actions reflect a proactive stance in aligning with global standards while addressing local concerns.
- Future Challenges: As the virtual asset landscape evolves, regulators worldwide will continue to face challenges in adapting their frameworks to ensure effective oversight without stifling innovation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Read the attached story
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- On December 30, 1971, two pivotal laws were enacted, reshaping the administrative landscape of Northeast India.
- These laws marked a transition from the traditional unit of Assam to the broader concept of ‘Northeast India’.
Formation and Composition of Northeast India
- States in the Northeast: The region officially includes Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura, under the North-Eastern Council.
- Pre-Independence Structure: Before Independence, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, and Mizoram were part of colonial Assam. Manipur and Tripura were princely states with British political officers, while Sikkim, under British paramountcy, became an independent country in 1947 and was annexed by India in 1975. Sikkim joined the North-Eastern Council in 2001.
Colonial Context and Frontier Province Dynamics
- Assam as a Frontier Province: Colonial Assam was a frontier province in British India, akin to the North West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan).
- Administrative Divisions: The province was divided into ‘settled districts’ (like present-day Assam and Sylhet in Bangladesh) and ‘excluded areas’ or ‘Hill areas’ (like modern-day Arunachal Pradesh and parts of Nagaland).
The North Eastern Council (NEC) is composed of the following members:
- Governors and Chief Ministers of the Member States: Each of the eight states in the North Eastern region, including Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tripura, Sikkim, Nagaland, and Manipur, is represented by their respective Governors and Chief Ministers. These members are ex-officio members of the Council.
- Chairman: The Chairman is also a member of the Council, although the specific identity of the Chairman is not mentioned in the provided sources.
- Three Members Nominated by the President: The President of India nominates three additional members to the Council. These members are also part of the NEC
Post-Independence Security and Administrative Shifts
- Unique Post-1947 Challenges: After 1947, the region’s borders became largely international, with a narrow land corridor connecting it to the rest of India.
- Creation of Nagaland: The state of Nagaland was created in 1963, following the Sino-Indian War of 1962, as part of efforts to integrate the Naga people into the Indian state.
North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act of 1971
- Statehood and Union Territories: Manipur and Tripura were elevated to statehood, Meghalaya was formed from Assam, and Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh were established as union territories, later becoming states in 1987.
- Strategic Reorganization: This Act represented a strategic shift from the colonial frontier governance to a modern state structure.
Concept and Implications of ‘Northeast India’
- Directional Naming and Identity: The term ‘Northeast India’ highlights the region’s distinct identity and its hierarchical relation to the Indian heartland.
- Racial and Cultural Dimensions: The term ‘Northeasterner’ has often led to racial stereotyping and issues of identity and recognition.
Conclusion
- Complex Administrative Evolution: The formation of Northeast India is a testament to the region’s complex history and the Indian state’s response to unique geopolitical challenges.
- Continued Struggle for Recognition: Despite legislative milestones, Northeast India continues to face challenges in national integration, identity politics, and equitable development.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Genomic Medicine
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Over the past two decades, genomics and the use of genetic information in healthcare have undergone significant transformations.
- Once limited to major research centers, personal genome sequencing has become widely accessible, empowering individuals with detailed knowledge of their genetic makeup.
What is genome sequencing?
- Genome sequencing is the process of determining the complete DNA sequence of an organism’s genome.
- The genome is the entire set of genetic material (DNA in the case of most organisms) that provides the instructions for building, maintaining, and functioning of the organism.
- Genome sequencing involves identifying the order of nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) in an organism’s DNA.
Applications of Personal Genome Sequencing
- Disease Risk Assessment: Personal genome sequencing can identify genetic variants associated with an increased risk of certain diseases, such as cardiovascular conditions, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders.
- Pharmacogenomics: Personal genome sequencing helps predict how an individual will respond to specific medications, allowing for the customization of drug prescriptions based on genetic factors.
- Cancer Genomics: Personal genome sequencing of cancer cells helps identify specific mutations driving tumor growth.
- Rare Genetic Disorders: Personal genome sequencing is a powerful tool for diagnosing rare genetic disorders, particularly in cases where traditional diagnostic methods may be inconclusive.
- Reproductive Health: Couples planning to have children can undergo personal genome sequencing to assess the risk of passing on genetic conditions to their offspring.
- Forensic Identification: Personal genome sequencing can be used in forensics for human identification and the resolution of criminal investigations.
- Research and Scientific Discovery: Aggregated personal genomic data from large populations contribute to ongoing research, advancing our understanding of the genetic basis of diseases and human biology.
Case Study: Iceland’s Genetics Research
- Iceland’s Unique Demographics: Iceland’s historical demographic isolation and early initiation of population-level genome sequencing have made it a focal point in genetics research.
- Research on Lifespan and Genetic Variants: A study in Iceland suggested that actionable incidental genetic variants could potentially improve lifespan, with significant findings related to cancer-related genotypes.
Future of Genome Sequencing and Healthcare
- Increasing Accessibility: As genome sequencing becomes more accessible and affordable, regular population-scale sequencing and newborn sequencing initiatives are becoming more feasible.
- Benefits for Population Health: Widespread implementation of these programs could provide medically actionable insights, enabling proactive and effective disease treatment and prevention.
- Advancements in Technology: Current genome sequencing technologies, often referred to as second-generation sequencing, have limitations in handling repetitive sequences and resolving structural variations. Third-generation sequencing technologies, such as single-molecule sequencing, are expected to overcome these challenges and provide longer read lengths, improving the accuracy and completeness of genome sequences.
Conclusion
- The advancements in genomics are paving the way for a more proactive and personalized approach to healthcare, with significant potential for disease prevention and management.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Health Tax
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Public health researchers recommend a health tax of 20% to 30% on sugar, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), and high-fat, salt, and sugar (HFSS) products, in addition to the existing GST.
- The recommendation stems from a UNICEF-funded project, aiming to influence policies to reduce sugar consumption.
Study Insights and Recommendations
- Targeting Bulk Consumers: The study suggests taxing bulk consumers like confectionery manufacturers, rather than household sugar purchases.
- Definition of Sugar: The study includes all forms of refined, unrefined sugar, and gur (brown cane sugar) used by manufacturers.
- Impact on Manufacturers: Manufacturers, who buy up to 55% of India’s annual sugar production, are expected to be more price-sensitive than households.
Tax Implications and Demand Reduction
- Niti Aayog’s Interest: Niti Aayog is exploring the impact of health taxes and warning labels on food products to promote healthy eating in India.
- Current and Proposed Tax Rates: Sugar is currently taxed at 18% GST. The proposed additional tax could raise the total tax to 38-48%.
- Price Elasticity Metric: The study uses ‘Price Elasticity’ to estimate demand reduction. A 10% price increase could lead to a 2% demand reduction for households and a 13-18% reduction for manufacturers.
- Health Tax on Beverages and HFSS Products: A 10-30% health tax on SSBs could decrease demand by 7-30%, while a similar tax on HFSS products might lead to a 5-24% decline.
Government Revenue and Public Health Impact
- Increase in Tax Revenues: Additional taxes could boost government revenues by 12-200% across different scenarios.
- Current Tax Rates on Products: Sugar attracts 18% GST, SSBs 28% GST plus 12% cess, and HFSS products 12% GST.
- Public Health Benefits: Higher taxes on unhealthy foods could reduce obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and certain cancers.
India’s Sugar Consumption and Health Risks
- India’s Sugar Intake: India is the world’s largest sugar consumer, with an average consumption of 25 kg per person per year, exceeding WHO recommendations.
- Rise in Sugar-Related Health Issues: There has been a significant increase in the sale of aerated drinks and HFSS food products, contributing to obesity and diabetes.
Taxation and Reformulation
- Encouraging Product Reformulation: The proposed tax rate is linked to sugar volume, encouraging manufacturers to reduce sugar content in products.
- Taxing Sugar Replacements: The study also recommends taxing artificial sweeteners to prevent manufacturers from switching to cheaper, unhealthy alternatives.
Global Precedents and Outcomes
- Health Tax Implementation Worldwide: Over 70 countries, including Mexico, Chile, and South Africa, have implemented health taxes on sugar and related products.
- Positive Outcomes in Mexico: In Mexico, the taxation on SSBs led to decreased consumption of taxed beverages and a reduction in mean BMI among younger age groups.
Conclusion
- Potential for Health Improvement: Imposing a health tax on sugar and related products could significantly contribute to public health improvement in India.
- Consideration of Economic Factors: The success of such a policy will depend on balancing health benefits with economic impacts on consumers and manufacturers.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: OTT Regulation
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Centre’s new draft Broadcasting Services (Regulation) Bill, 2023, aims to revamp the regulatory framework for the broadcasting sector in India.
- The Bill extends regulatory oversight from conventional television services to OTT platforms, digital content, and emerging technologies.
Key Provisions of the Draft Bill
- Single Legal Framework: The Bill seeks to establish a unified legal structure for various broadcasting services, replacing the three-decade-old Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act.
- Mandatory Registration and Self-Regulation: It introduces mandatory registration for broadcasting services, the creation of content evaluation committees for self-regulation, and establishment of programme and advertisement codes.
- Three-Tier Regulatory Mechanism: The Bill proposes a three-tier regulatory structure, including self-regulation by broadcasters, self-regulatory organizations, and a Broadcast Advisory Council.
Government’s Objectives and Concerns Raised
- Ease of Doing Business: The government claims the Bill will enhance ease of doing business and update the regulatory framework to match the sector’s evolving needs.
- Freedom of Speech Concerns: However, there are apprehensions about potential censorship and infringement on freedom of speech, especially for digital media.
Specifics of the Draft Bill
- Intimation of Operations: The Bill requires formal registration or intimation to the government for broadcasting services, with exceptions for entities like Prasar Bharati.
- Modern Broadcasting Definitions: It includes definitions for broadcasting, broadcasting networks, and network operators, encompassing internet broadcasting networks like IPTV and OTT services.
- Content Quality and Accessibility: Broadcasters must adhere to yet-to-be-defined Programme and Advertisement Codes and classify their content for viewer discretion. The Bill also emphasizes accessibility for persons with disabilities.
Self-Regulation and Government Oversight
- Content Evaluation Committees: Broadcasters must establish committees with diverse representation for content certification, except for shows exempted by the government.
- Broadcast Advisory Council: An advisory council will oversee regulation implementation, with the power to make recommendations to the government.
Inspection, Seizure, and Penalties
- Inspection Rights: The Centre and authorized officers can inspect broadcasting networks and services, raising concerns about government overreach.
- Penalties for Non-Compliance: The Bill includes penalties like removal of shows, apologies, off-air periods, or cancellation of registration for non-compliance.
Concerns and Critiques
- Digital Rights and Free Speech: Organizations like the Internet Freedom Foundation express concerns about the Bill’s impact on online free speech and creative expression.
- Ambiguity and Rule-Making: The Bill’s numerous instances of “as may be prescribed” or “as notified by the Government” create uncertainty for stakeholders.
- Impact on Digital Platforms: Experts highlight the need for careful consideration of the Bill’s impact on online content creators and the digital space’s dynamism.
Conclusion
- The bill, represents a significant shift in India’s broadcasting sector regulation, aiming to encompass modern digital platforms while raising critical questions about content regulation, freedom of expression, and government oversight.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Census of India
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Initially planned for 2020, the Census exercise is now postponed to at least October 2024, considering the time required for preparatory activities post-boundary setting.
- The delay also postpones the implementation of the law reserving 33% of seats for women in Parliament and State Assemblies, which is contingent on Census completion.
About the Census of India
- The decennial Census of India has been conducted 16 times, as of 2021.
- While it has been undertaken every 10 years, beginning in 1872 under British Viceroy Lord Mayo, the first complete census was taken in 1881.
- Post 1949, it has been conducted by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
- All the censuses since 1951 were conducted under the Census of India Act, 1948.
- The last census was held in 2011, whilst the next was to be held in 2021.
Background of Women’s Reservation Delay
- 128th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2023: Known as the Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam, this Act mandates one-third reservation for women, effective post-delimitation based on the latest Census.
- Presidential Assent and Delimitation: The Act, receiving Presidential assent in September 2023, awaits the delimitation exercise, which depends on the new Census data.
Census Delays and COVID-19 Impact
- Historical Consistency: India has conducted a Census every decade since 1881, with the latest phase initially set for April 2020.
- COVID-19 Pandemic Disruption: The pandemic necessitated the postponement of the Census, leading to continued reliance on 2011 data for policy and subsidy decisions.
- Lack of Clarity in Recent Notifications: Recent notifications have not specified reasons for the delay, moving away from earlier attributions to the pandemic.
Census Preparation and Questionnaire Status
- Houselisting and Housing Schedule: The first phase questionnaire was notified in January 2020, including 31 questions.
- Population Enumeration Phase: The second phase, with 28 finalized questions, awaits official notification.
Delay in Vital Statistics Reports
- Non-Release of Recent Reports: The RGI and Census Commissioner’s office have not released reports on births, deaths, and causes of deaths for 2021, 2022, and 2023.
- Importance of Vital Statistics: These reports are crucial for planning and evaluating health care, family planning, and educational programs.
- Last Released Reports: The latest available reports cover up to the year 2020, including new codes for COVID-19 related deaths.
Conclusion
- Evidence-based policymaking amidst delays: The extended timeline for the Census necessitates strategic planning to ensure accurate data collection and analysis.
- Awaiting Women’s Reservation Implementation: The delay underscores the need for adaptive measures to implement the women’s reservation law effectively once the Census is completed.
- Broader Implications for Governance: The postponement affects various aspects of governance and policy-making, highlighting the importance of timely and accurate demographic data.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Genocide Convention, 1948
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- South Africa has petitioned the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to declare Israel in breach of the 1948 Genocide Convention.
Genocide Convention, 1948
|
Details |
| Full Name |
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide |
| Adoption Date |
December 9, 1948 |
| Primary Aim |
To prevent and punish the crime of genocide |
| Definition of Genocide |
Acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group |
| Key Provisions |
Includes killing or causing harm to members of a group, deliberately inflicting destructive conditions, imposing measures to prevent births, and forcibly transferring children |
| Punishable Acts |
Genocide, conspiracy, incitement, attempt, and complicity in genocide |
| Implementation and Enforcement |
States must enact legislation to give effect to the Convention’s provisions and provide penalties for perpetrators;
Genocide recognized as a crime under international law |
| Historical Context |
Created post-Holocaust and World War II as a global commitment against atrocities |
| Legal Framework Impact |
Established legal basis for defining and prosecuting genocide, influencing international criminal law |
| India’s Involvement |
Ratified by India on August 27, 1959;
Principles incorporated into India’s domestic legal system |
South Africa’s Stance and Actions
- Preventive Obligation: Following its application to the ICJ, South Africa stated its obligation to prevent genocide, seeking urgent provisional measures to halt violence in Gaza.
- Israel’s Response: Israel has strongly condemned South Africa’s accusations, terming them as “blood libel.”
- Potential Impact of ICJ Ruling: Even if the ICJ issues provisional measures, Israel, like Russia in the Ukraine case, may choose to ignore them.
Historical Roots of South Africa’s Position
- Longstanding Criticism of Israel: South Africa has a history of criticizing Israel, including suspending diplomatic relations and expressing solidarity with Palestine.
- Colonialism and Empathy for Palestine: South Africa’s own history of colonialism and apartheid has fostered empathy towards the Palestinian cause.
- Influential Figures: Leaders like Nelson Mandela have historically supported Palestinian rights.
- Resistance to Western Influence: South Africa’s stance is partly influenced by a desire to resist Western-dominated worldviews, evident in its approach to global issues like the Russia-Ukraine conflict.
Economic and Political Considerations
- Trade Relations with Israel: Despite being Israel’s largest African trading partner, South Africa has maintained its support for Palestine.
- Shift in African Nations’ Stance: While many African countries have softened their stance towards Israel, South Africa remains steadfast due to the ANC’s anti-discrimination roots and resistance to Western hegemony.
Conclusion
- Balancing Trade and Ideology: South Africa’s actions reflect a complex interplay of historical empathy, political ideology, and economic considerations in its foreign policy.
- Global Implications: This move at the ICJ underscores the ongoing tensions in international relations, particularly in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and broader geopolitical dynamics.
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