From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Coffee Board of India
Why in the News?
The Coffee Board of India has launched a 10-year roadmap with a goal to double the country’s coffee production and coffee exports by 2034.
About Coffee Board of India:
Details
About
• Coffee cultivation in India began with the planting of 7 seeds of coffee during 1600 AD by saint Baba Budan, in the courtyard of his hermitage in Chikmagalur, Karnataka.
• Until1995, marketed the pooled supply of coffee.
• Post-1995, coffee marketing became a private-sector activity due to economic liberalisation.
Structural Mandate
• Managed by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, established in 1942, headquartered in Bangalore.
• Comprises 33 members, including a Chairman appointed by the Government of India.
Functions of Coffee Board
• Enhancement of production, productivity & quality.
• Export promotion for achieving higher value returns for Indian Coffee.
• Supporting the development of the domestic market.
Coffee Industry in India – Imports/Exports
• Karnataka is the largest producer (70%), followed by Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
• India exports over 70% of its coffee production.
• India is the 8th largest coffee exporter (FAO) globally (by volume).
• Coffee exports peak from March to June.
Agro-climatic Conditions
• It is a tropical plant which is also grown in semi-tropical climate.
• 16° – 28°C temperature, 150-250cm rainfall and well-drained slopes are essential for its growth.
• Low temperature, frost, dry weather for a long time and harsh sunshine are harmful for its plant.
• Coffee plants grow better in the laterite soils of Karnataka in India.
• Major Varieties Cultivated: Arabica, Robusta and Liberica.
• Arabica has high market value than Robusta coffee due to its mild aromatic flavor.
PYQ:
[2010] Though coffee and tea both are cultivated on hill slopes, there is some difference between them regarding their cultivation. In this context, consider the following statements:
Coffee plant requires a hot and humid climate of tropical areas whereas tea can be cultivated in both tropical and subtropical areas.
Coffee is propagated by seeds but tea is propagated by stem cuttings only.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ‘Bhu-Neer’ Portal, CGWA
Why in the News?
The ‘Bhu-Neer’ Portal was digitally launched by Minister of Jal Shakti, during the India Water Week 2024.
About the ‘Bhu-Neer’ Portal:
Details
About
• Centralized platform for managing groundwater withdrawal permits.
• Developed by the Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) and National Informatics Centre (NIC). • Aims to regulate groundwater usage across India efficiently, ensuring transparency and sustainability.
Features and Provisions
• User-friendly interface with PAN-based single ID, NOC with QR code, and streamlined processes.
• Improved version compared to its predecessor, NOCAP.
• Ensures groundwater compliance and promotes sustainable practices.
Implementation
• The portal is live and accessible for groundwater queries, tracking, and payments.
• Open to both project proponents and the general public for groundwater-related services.
Back2Basics: Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA)
It has the mandate of regulating groundwater development and management in the country.
It is constituted under the Environment (Protection) Act of 1986.
CGWA issues advisories, public notices and grant No Objection Certificates (NOC) for groundwater withdrawal.
PYQ:
[2020] Consider the following statements:
1. 36% of India’s districts are classified as “overexploited” or “critical” by the Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA).
2. CGWA was formed under the Environment (Protection) Act.
3. India has the largest area under groundwater irrigation in the world.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: High-Altitude Sickness
Why in the News?
The tragic death of a trekker scaling Garur Peak in Uttarakhand, underscores the dangers of high-altitude sickness in the Himalayas.
What is High-Altitude Sickness?
Causes: High-altitude sickness, or Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS), occurs when the body struggles to acclimatise to elevations above 8,000 feet (2,400 metres) due to reduced oxygen levels.
Symptoms: Early signs include headache, nausea, fatigue, and shortness of breath. If untreated, it may escalate to:
High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE): Fluid in the lungs, causing breathing difficulties.
High-Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE): Fluid in the brain, leading to confusion, hallucinations, and coma.
Prevention and Treatment
To prevent AMS, experts recommend a slow ascent with rest days every 3-4 days above 3,000 meters and avoiding sleeping elevation increases of more than 500 meters per day.
Medications:
Acetazolamide: Aids acclimatisation.
Dexamethasone: Reduces severe inflammation.
Nifedipine: Prevents HAPE in high-risk individuals. Note: Medications are not foolproof and are to be taken under medical guidance.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: World Toilet Day, 2024
Why in the News?
World Toilet Day, celebrated every year on November 19, is an official United Nations observance aimed at raising awareness of the global sanitation crisis and promoting action for safe toilets worldwide.
2024 Theme: “Sanitation for Peace” – highlights the role of sanitation in promoting peace, security, and resilience.
About World Toilet Day
It is celebrated each year on November 19 to raise awareness about global sanitation issues.
It became an UN-recognized day in 2013 to emphasize the importance of safe sanitation under SDG 6.
It was first proposed by Jack Sim of the World Toilet Organization in 2001.
Purpose: To address the health, dignity, and environmental challenges linked to inadequate sanitation.
Significance and Global Collaborations
Public Health: Prevents waterborne diseases; 1,000 child deaths daily linked to unsafe sanitation (WHO).
UN Initiatives: UNICEF, WHO, and UN-Water work with countries to improve WASH (water, sanitation, hygiene) facilities.
NGO Support: Organizations like World Toilet Organization and WaterAid implement sanitation projects and awareness.
International Partnerships: Programs like Sanitation and Water for All (SWA) unify governments and NGOs for sanitation solutions.
Jal Jeevan Mission: Aims to provide piped drinking water to rural households, supporting sanitation.
Women’s Safety Campaigns: Programs like Hamara Shauchalay: Hamara Samman link sanitation to dignity, especially for women.
Waste Management: SBM Phase II focuses on sustainable waste management and sanitation systems.
PYQ:
[2024] Consider the following statements regarding World Toilet Organization:
It is one of the agencies of the United Nations.
World Toilet Summit, World Toilet Day and World Toilet College are the initiatives of this organization, to inspire action to tackle the global sanitation crisis.
The main focus of its function is to grant funds to the least developed countries and developing countries to achieve the end of open defecation.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve
Why in the News?
The Indian government has notified Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve in Chhattisgarh as the country’s 56th Tiger Reserve, now recognized as the third-largest tiger reserve in India.
Third: Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve, Chhattisgarh
About the Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve (TR):
Details
Location
• Located across Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur, Korea, Surajpur, and Balrampur districts of Chhattisgarh.
• Total area: 2,829.38 sq. km.
• Core area: 2,049.2 sq. km (Guru Ghasidas National Park + Tamor Pingla Wildlife Sanctuary).
• Buffer area: 780.15 sq. km.
Regional Significance
• Contiguous with Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve in Madhya Pradesh forming a 4,500 sq. km landscape.
• Connected to Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve (west) and Palamau Tiger Reserve (east).
Biodiversity
• 753 species documented by Zoological Survey of India.
• 230 bird species.
• 55 mammal species, including several threatened species.
Landscape
• Located within the Chota Nagpur Plateau and partly in the Baghelkhand Plateau.
• Features dense forests, streams, and rivers, providing a rich habitat for tigers and diverse fauna.
PYQ:
[2020] Among the following Tiger Reserves, which one has the largest area under “Critical Tiger Habitat”?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Italy-India Joint Strategic Action Plan
Why in the News?
India and Italy signed an ambitious 5-year ‘joint strategic action plan 2025-2029’ that would include cooperation in space sector, critical technology, research, co-production of military equipment and widening the ambit of economic cooperation.
Key Focus Areas of the Joint Strategic Action Plan:
Details
Political Dialogue
• Regular high-level meetings and reciprocal visits.
• Annual bilateral consultations between foreign ministries to discuss mutual interests.
Economic Cooperation
• Boosting trade, market access, and investments in sectors like transportation, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and green technologies.
• Promoting industrial partnerships and mutual investments.
Connectivity
• Collaborating on sustainable transport initiatives.
• Enhancing maritime and land infrastructure, participating in the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC).
Science, Technology, IT, Innovation
• Cooperation in emerging technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI), telecommunications, and digital services.
• Innovation, research collaborations, and exchange programs for scientific growth.
Space Sector
• Collaboration between the Italian Space Agency (ASI) and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in Earth observation and lunar science.
• Facilitating mutual commercial space collaborations.
Energy Transition
• Technology summits in renewable energy.
• Cooperation in green hydrogen, biofuels, and energy efficiency.
• Collaboration in global energy alliances like the International Solar Alliance (ISA) and Global Biofuels Alliance.
Defence Cooperation
• Joint defence consultations and staff talks.
• Co-development of defence platforms and equipment.
• Negotiating a Defence Industrial Roadmap.
Security Cooperation
• Capacity-building in cybersecurity and counter-terrorism.
• Regular exchanges and sector-specific talks in multilateral forums.
Significance of the Plan:
Time-Bound Initiatives: It outlines specific, time-bound initiatives to ensure measurable progress and accountability.
Mutual Growth: By focusing on co-development and co-production, the plan aims to leverage the strengths of both nations for mutual economic and technological advancement.
Strategic Alignment: The collaboration in areas like defence, energy transition, and space signifies a strategic alignment of interests, enhancing regional and global stability.
Cultural and People-to-People Ties: Emphasizing cultural exchanges and academic collaborations strengthens the social fabric and mutual understanding between the two countries.
PYQ:
[2016] With reference to the ‘Trans-Pacific Partnership’, consider the following statements:
1. It is an agreement among all the Pacific Rim countries except China and Russia.
2. It is a strategic alliance for the purpose of maritime security only.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Oriental pied Hornbills
Why in the News?
The people of Mayong village in Assam have come together to protect a growing colony of oriental pied hornbills, which they view as symbols of peace and prosperity.
About Oriental-pied Hornbills
Details
Name
Scientific Name: Anthracoceros albirostris Common Names: Sunda Pied Hornbill, Malaysian Pied Hornbill
Size: 600-900 grams, 55-60 cm in length.
Habitat
Found in South and Southeast Asia including India, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia.
Inhabits tropical moist forests, secondary forests, and mangroves.
Behavioural Features
Diet: Omnivorous, mainly fruits (figs), insects, small reptiles. Role: Seed dispersers, forest regeneration agents. Nesting: Female seals in tree cavity, male feeds her.
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List: Least Concern; CITES: Appendix II (conditional trade permitted). Threats: Habitat loss, poaching, pet trade. Conservation: Protected in reserves, community efforts for habitat preservation.
PYQ:
[2016] In which of the following regions of India, are you most likely to come across the ‘Great Indian Hornbill’ in its natural habitat?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination;
Why in the News?
Madhya Pradesh marked a significant milestone in public health by unveiling a commemorative postage stamp dedicated to the Sickle Cell Eradication – 2047 initiative.
What is the Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)?
SCD is a genetic disorder where red blood cells take a crescent shape, impairing circulation and causing complications like anaemia, organ damage, pain episodes, and a shortened lifespan.
It predominantly affects marginalized tribal populations.
Symptoms: Common symptoms include chronic anaemia, painful episodes (sickle cell crisis), and delayed growth and puberty.
Treatment: Treatments include blood transfusions, hydroxyurea to reduce pain episodes, and gene therapy or stem cell transplantation for long-term management.
India’s Mission:
Union Budget 2023-24 announced a mission to eradicate sickle cell anaemia by 2047, focusing on awareness and screening for individuals aged 0-40.
Anaemia Mukt Bharat Strategy: It provides bi weekly iron Folic acid supplementation to all under five children through ASHA workers.
What are the key facts about theSickle Cell Eradication – 2047Initiative?
Details
Aims and Objectives
• Complete eradication of sickle cell anemia by 2047.
• Awareness and screening in tribal communities.
• Accessible diagnosis and treatment, with tools like HPLC.
• Genetic counseling for prevention.
• Technology-driven monitoring via mobile app and National Sickle Cell Portal.
Features of the Program
• Newborn screening and prenatal diagnostics at AIIMS Bhopal.
• Nationwide expansion to 17 states by 2047.
• Advanced testing with HPLC machines.
• Community engagement through support groups and education.
Implementation
• Collaborations with institutions like AIIMS Bhopal, Sankalp India, and healthcare providers.
• Phased rollout starting with high-prevalence regions in Madhya Pradesh.
• Government funding for infrastructure and tech development.
• Digital technology for data collection and case management.
PYQ:
[2023] Consider the following statements in the context of interventions being undertaken under the Anemia Mukt Bharat Strategy :
It provides prophylactic calcium supplementation for pre-school children, adolescents and pregnant women.
It runs a campaign for delayed cord clamping at the time of child-birth.
It provides for periodic deworming to children and adolescents.
It addresses non-nutritional causes of anaemia in endemic pockets with special focus on malaria, hemoglobinopathies and fluorosis.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) Only three
(d) All four
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UNICORN Mast
Why in the News?
India and Japan have signed a Memorandum of Implementation (MoI) for the co-development and co-production of the UNICORN (Unified Complex Radio Antenna) mast for Indian Naval warships.
What is the UNICORN Mast?
The UNICORN Mast is an advanced antenna system designed to enhance the stealth and operational capabilities of naval warships.
It was developed through collaboration between three Japanese companies: NEC Corporation, Sampa Kogyo K.K., and The Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd.
It will be co-developed in India by Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL).
It consolidates multiple antennas, typically attached separately to a mast, into a single radar dome (radome).
By reducing the cross-sectional visibility of the mast, UNICORN significantly minimizes the electronic signatures of warships, making them harder to detect.
This technology is already in use on Mogami-class frigates in the Japan Maritime Self-Defence Force.
Objectives behind the Mission:
Enhance Naval Stealth: Improve stealth by reducing electronic and radar signatures.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Operation Sagar Manthan
Why in the News?
The Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) has initiated Operation Sagar Manthan to dismantle the extensive drug empire of Haji Salim, also known as the “Lord of Drugs”.
AboutOperation Sagar Manthan
Details
About the Operation
• An initiative by Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) to dismantle the drug trafficking network led by Haji Salim.
• Launched under the direction of Union Home Minister Amit Shah.
• A comprehensive crackdown on Salim’s syndicate linked to narco-terrorism.
Aims and Objectives
• Break supply lines, seize narcotics, and arrest operatives.
• Disrupt funding for cross-border terrorism.
• Strengthen surveillance in remote coastal areas used by the syndicate.
• Counter aid from entities like Pakistan’s ISI and disrupt links with figures like Dawood Ibrahim.
Goals
• Reduce cartel influence in the Indian Ocean region.
• Mitigate narco-terrorism to enhance regional security.
• Improve maritime security to prevent future networks.
Why does the government crack down on drug trafficking?
Public Health Protection: Drug trafficking fuels addiction, mental health issues, and diseases, straining healthcare systems and undermining societal well-being.
National Security and Social Stability: It funds organized crime, terrorism, and violence, destabilizing communities, weakening governance, and hindering law and order.
PYQ:
[2023] Explain how narco-terrorism has emerged as a serious threat across the country. Suggest suitable measures to counter narco-terrorism.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Western Honey Bees
Why in the News?
Western Honey Bees widely used for boosting pollination has led to unintended ecological consequences.
Now they inadvertently carry and transmit Thai Sacbrood Virus to native bee colonies.
AboutWestern Honey Bees
Scientific Name: Apis mellifera
Introduced globally for their pollination abilities and honey production. In India, they were introduced in 1983 to enhance honey yield.
Widely used in agriculture, particularly for pollination of crops like fruit trees, crops, and vegetables.
Thai Sacbrood Virus Outbreak
The Thai Sacbrood Virus (TSBV) outbreak in China and Vietnam has severely impacted honey bee populations.
In 1991-1992, a Thai sacbrood virus outbreak devastated around 90% of Asiatic honey bee colonies in South India and re-emerged in 2021 in Telangana.
The virus primarily infects honey bee larvae, leading to their high mortality rates.
As a result, the affected regions experienced significant declines in bee colonies, which in turn affected pollination services and honey production.
The movement of bee colonies for commercial pollination and honey production has facilitated the spread of the virus.
AboutIndian Bees and Their Habitat
Indian bees are predominantly Apis cerana indica, a species of Asian honey bee.
They are found in a wide range of habitats, including forests, agricultural land, and urban environments.
They thrive in areas with abundant flowers and nectar sources.
Indian bees are important for pollination, especially for local flora, and contribute to the ecosystem by supporting biodiversity and food production.
They face threats from habitat loss, pesticide use, and competition from Western Honey Bees, which may outcompete them for food and nesting sites.
Significance of Honey Bee:
Pollination and Food Security: Honey bees play a crucial role in pollinating crops, contributing to the production of fruits, vegetables, and nuts, ensuring global food security and agricultural sustainability.
Biodiversity Conservation: By facilitating plant reproduction, honey bees support ecosystem health and biodiversity, maintaining the balance of natural habitats and enhancing the resilience of ecosystems.
PYQ:
[2023] Which of the following organisms perform waggle dance for others of their kin to indicate the direction and the distance to a source of their food?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kaalinga Specie
PC: The Hindu
Why in the News?
The Western Ghats’ king cobra, commonly called ‘Kalinga Sarpa’, will soon be recognized in the scientific community as Ophiophagus kaalinga.
AboutKaalinga (Ophiophagus kaalinga):
Details
Geographical Location
• Native to the Western Ghats of Karnataka, India, and extends to adjacent regions within the Western Ghats.
• Prefers dense tropical forests and hilly terrains.
Physical Features
• Can grow up to 10-12 feet.
• Carnivorous, feeding on snakes, small mammals, and lizards.
• Potent neurotoxic venom capable of killing several humans or an elephant in a single bite.
Uniqueness
• Known for territorial behaviour and intelligence.
• Females build and fiercely guard nests (4 ft x 3 ft) with 23-43 eggs per clutch.
Conservation Status
• At risk due to habitat fragmentation, human-animal conflict, and the absence of specific anti-venom.
IUCN Status: Vulnerable
WPA, 1972:Schedule II (accorded protection but with lesser restrictions compared to Schedule I)
PYQ:
[2010] King Cobra is the only snake that makes its own nest. Why does it make its nest?
(a) It is a snake-eater and the nest helps attract other snakes
(b) It is a viviparous snake and needs a nest to give birth to its offspring
(c) It is an oviparous snake and lays its eggs in the nest and guards the nest until they are hatched
(d) It is a large, cold-blooded animal and needs a nest to hibernate in the cold season
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Press Council of India
Why in the News?
National Press Day is celebrated annually on November 16 to honour the critical role of a free and responsible press in society.
It marks the start of the Press Council of India in 1966, established as a moral watchdog to uphold press standards and protect it from undue influence or threats.
About the Press Council of India (PCI):
Details
Historical Background
• Constituted on July 4, 1966, as an autonomous, statutory, and quasi-judicial body.
• Established to act as a moral watchdog over the press to ensure it operates with ethics and independence.
• First Press Commission of India (1954) recommended forming a council to uphold professional standards in journalism.
• Initially governed by the Press Council Act of 1965, later replaced by the Press Council Act of 1978.
Composition of PCI
• Comprises 28 members and a Chairperson.
• Chairperson appointed by a committee that includes the Chief Justice of India, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, and a representative of the President.
• Member Representation:
– 13 working journalists representing different news organizations.
– 6 members from editors and newspaper owners.
– 5 members from Parliament (3 from Lok Sabha, 2 from Rajya Sabha).
– 1 nominee each from the University Grants Commission (UGC), the Bar Council of India (BCI), and Sahitya Akademi.
• Term: Each member serves a 3-year term and can be re-elected.
Powers and Functions of PCI
• Quasi-Judicial Authority: PCI has statutory powers to hold inquiries into complaints against the press or journalists for professional misconduct.
• Inquiry Powers: PCI can summon witnesses and call for documents if necessary.
• Disciplinary Action: PCI has the authority to censure or admonish newspapers, editors, or journalists for violating professional ethics.
• Recommendations: Although PCI cannot enforce laws or impose penalties, it can recommend actions to the relevant authorities in case of serious violations.Functions:
• Upholding Press Freedom: Ensures that the press in India is free from undue influence and performs its duties with responsibility.
• Protecting Journalists: Investigates complaints of harassment or threats against journalists and defends their rights.
• Policy Advisory Role: Advises the government on policy issues that affect press freedom and media laws.
• Studies and Reports: Conducts studies on media issues, such as election reporting, defense coverage, and journalist safety, to provide guidelines on responsible reporting.
PYQ:
[2018] Right to Privacy is protected as an intrinsic part of Right to Life and Personal Liberty. Which of the following in the Constitution of India correctly and appropriately imply the above statement?
(a) Article 14 and the provisions under the 42nd Amendment to the Constitution.
(b) Article 17 and the Directive Principles of State Policy in Part IV.
(c) Article 21 and the freedoms guaranteed in Part III.
(d) Article 24 and the provisions under the 44th Amendment to the Constitution.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bose-Einstein Statistics
Why in the News?
The Union Ministry of Science and Technology has inaugurated the centenary celebrations of Bose-Einstein Statistics at the S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences.
Bose-Einstein Statistics
Bose-Einstein statistics describe how certain particles called bosons (like photons and helium-4 atoms) behave, especially at low temperatures.
This concept was developed by Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein.
It explains the behavior of bosons, which are particles that can exist in the same state as others.
Unlike other particles, bosons can “share” a quantum state, meaning multiple bosons can exist in the same place with the same energy.
It is used to understand particles that don’t follow the Pauli Exclusion Principle (which states that two fermions, like electrons, cannot occupy the same state).
Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC)
A BEC is a special state of matter formed when bosons are cooled down to almost absolute zero (-273°C). In this state, the particles behave as one single quantum entity.
Bosons, when cooled to near absolute zero, lose their individual properties and combine to form a single quantum state.
It was achieved in 1995 by Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman using rubidium atoms.
This discovery earned them the Nobel Prize in Physics.
BECs exhibit unique quantum behaviors like zero viscosity (flow without friction) and act as a “super atom” that is extremely sensitive to any outside influence.
Significance of Bose-Einstein Statistics
Bose-Einstein statistics are essential for understanding quantum mechanics, particularly the behavior of particles in quantum states.
These statistics led to the discovery of Bose-Einstein Condensates, which have unique properties not seen in normal states of matter.
BECs are useful in atomic clocks, superconductors, and quantum computing due to their sensitivity and unique quantum properties.
Bose’s work was crucial in explaining light’s particle nature (photons), which helped develop the concept of wave-particle duality in quantum theory.
Bose-Einstein statistics paved the way for studying low-temperature physics, allowing scientists to observe quantum effects in larger systems.
These statistics and the discovery of BECs continue to inspire new fields of research, including quantum fluids and quantum phase transitions.
PYQ:
[2018] Discuss the work of ‘Bose-Einstein Statistics’ done by Prof. Satyendra Nath Bose and show how it revolutionised the field of Physics.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Domestic Systemically Important Banks (D-SIBs)
Why in the News?
The RBI designated SBI, HDFC Bank, and ICICI Bank as Domestic Systemically Important Banks (D-SIBs) for 2024.
Current D-SIBs in India:
As of 2024, the State Bank of India (SBI), HDFC Bank, and ICICI Bank are classified as D-SIBs.
SBI was classified as a D-SIB in 2015, ICICI Bank in 2016, and HDFC Bank in 2017.
What are Domestic Systemically Important Banks (D-SIBs)?
D-SIBs are banks that are critical to the stability of a country’s financial system.
They are often termed “Too Big To Fail” (TBTF) because their failure could lead to significant disruptions in the economy.
The RBI identifies D-SIBs annually.
The framework for recognizing these banks was issued in July 2014.
The RBI has been publishing an annual list of D-SIBs since 2015.
D-SIBs are placed in different buckets based on systemic importance scores. Higher bucket rankings require greater capital requirements to absorb losses.
SBI is in Bucket 4.
HDFC Bank is in Bucket 3.
ICICI Bank is in Bucket 1.
D-SIBs must maintain additional Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) capital based on their bucket.
SBI: 0.80% of Risk Weighted Assets (RWAs).
HDFC Bank: 0.40%
ICICI Bank: 0.20%
Global Systemically Important Banks (G-SIBs):
On the global stage, G-SIBs are designated by the Financial Stability Board (FSB).
G-SIBs include large international banks such as JP Morgan Chase and HSBC.
Foreign banks in India that qualify as G-SIBs are required to hold additional CET1 capital in India, proportional to their global risk-weighted assets.
Benefits of D-SIB Classification
It ensures financial stability by requiring additional capital buffers for resilience during economic stress.
It increases public confidence through enhanced monitoring and regulation.
It receives improved supervisory attention, leading to better governance and controls.
It prepares D-SIBs for financial shocks with additional CET1 and stress-testing requirements.
It often benefits from higher credit ratings, lowering borrowing costs and improving access to capital.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ADB
Why in the News?
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) will boost climate-related lending by up to $7.2 billion following an agreement by the United States and Japan to provide risk guarantees for some existing loans.
This marks the first-ever use of sovereign guarantees for climate finance.
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
About
ADB was founded in 1966 following the Conference on Asian Economic Cooperation organized by the United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East.
Headquarters: Located in Manila, Philippines.
Status: Official UN Observer.
Aims and Objectives
Reducing poverty in Asia and the Pacific region.
Provide Program Assistance that provides loans (hard/soft), technical assistance, and grants.
Enhances effectiveness through policy dialogues, advisory services, and co-financing to mobilize additional financial resources.
Goals and Targets
ADB raises funds primarily through bond issues on global capital markets.
The ADB has set a climate finance target of $100 billion from 2019 to 2030. The U.S. will guarantee $1 billion of existing ADB loans, while Japan will underwrite $600 million.
Advantages of the Guarantee Structure:
Expands ADB’s lending capacity.
Lending space will be used over 5 years, while the guarantees will last for 25 years.
Example: A sustainable aviation fuel initiative in Pakistan using cooking oil, with ADB covering about half of the $90 million cost.
Membership
Total Members: 67 countries, with 48 from Asia and the Pacific.
Membership Eligibility: Includes members of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) and non-regional developed countries.
Major Shareholders: Japan and the United States (Each hold 15.607% of shares), China ( 6.444%), India (6.331%), Australia (5.786%).
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Barak River
Why in the News?
Police found dead bodies floating in the Barak River (inflicted due to Manipur Violence).
About the Barak River:
Details
Geographical Location
• Originates from Japvo mountain in Manipur hills at 3,015 m altitude.
• Flows south, forming the border between Assam and Manipur up to Jirimat.
• Flows for 524 km in India, and then enters Bangladesh as Surma and Kushiyara, later becoming Meghna River.• The river is navigable in parts, with National Waterway 6 (121 km).
Physical Features
• Length: 564 km in total, with 524 km in India.
• Drainage area in India: 41,157 sq. km (1.38% of India’s total area).
• Tributaries: Jiri, Dhaleswari, Singla, Longai, Sonai, and Katakhal.
Flora and Fauna/Important Sites
• Fauna: Home to over 2,000 species of fish and rare creatures like the Siamese crocodile, susu dolphin, smooth-coated otter, and black mugger crocodile.
• Flora: Includes Varzea forest, Los llamjao, tidal forests (mangroves), Pats (flat-topped table mountains), and large tropical swamps.
• Wetlands support farming and biodiversity.
• Hydropower projects: Tipaimukh Dam, Tista Champamati, Dhansiri Barrages.
• Affected by flooding and soil erosion, especially during monsoon.
PYQ:
[2014] Consider the following rivers:
1. Barak
2. Lohit
3. Subansiri
Which of the above flows/flow through Arunachal Pradesh?
Since 2021, November 15th is celebrated as Janjatiya Gaurav Divas to honor the contributions of tribal communities in India’s freedom struggle.
This day commemorates the birth anniversary of the legendary SriBirsa Munda.
Who was Birsa Munda?
Born on November 15, 1875, in the Chotanagpur region (now Jharkhand), during a period of significant changes for the Munda community.
He spent his early years traveling with his parents; received primary education under Jaipal Nag.
He was influenced by the Sardari agitation, a peaceful movement against British rule, Birsa emerged as a leader advocating tribal rights.
Causes of the Rebellion:
British policies like the Permanent Settlement Act (1793) disrupted traditional land systems, leading to displacement and exploitation of tribal communities.
The Mundas’ khuntkatti land rights system was eroded by jagirdars and thikadars, resulting in land alienation.
Increased migration of non-tribals under British rule led to exploitation through high-interest money lending and forced labor.
Missionary-led education raised awareness among tribals, creating social divides but also sparking movements for tribal rights.
Historical Background:
Birsa started the Birsait faith to counter Christian missionary conversions among tribals. It became a challenge to British conversion efforts.
Members of the Munda and Oraon communities joined the Birsait sect.
The Mundas honored him as Dharati Aaba (Father of the Earth).
The Ulgulan Movement: Also known as the Munda Rebellion, led by Birsa Munda in 1899-1900.
Concentrated in the Munda belt of Khunti, Tamar, Sarwada, and Bandgaon.
The goal was to establish Munda Raj (self-rule) and independence, known as Ulgulan or the “Great Tumult.”
The rebellion was ultimately suppressed by British forces, leading to Birsa Munda’s capture and death.
Birsa Munda’s mobilization left a lasting impact, prompting government reforms like the repeal of the Begar system and enactment of the Tenancy Act (1903).
The movement was violently suppressed, and Birsa Munda died in jail on June 9, 1900.
Significance:
Janjatiya Gaurav Divas is significant in preserving the legacy of tribal resistance leaders and advocating for tribal rights.
It promotes a more inclusive society that values the contributions of all communities in India’s historical and cultural fabric.
PYQ:
[2020] With reference to the history of India, “Ulgulan” or the Great Tumult is the description of which of the following events?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Student Direct Stream visa
Why in the News?
Canada hasdiscontinued the Student Direct Stream (SDS), ending faster processing for students from specific countries, including India.
What is the Student Direct Stream (SDS) Visa?
The SDS is a fast-track visa processing program introduced by Canada in 2018 to expedite study permits for students from certain countries, including India.
Under SDS, applicants typically experienced processing times of around 20 days.
This stream was designed to simplify and speed up the application process for eligible students by requiring proof of financial stability (such as a Guaranteed Investment Certificate) and specific educational documentation.
The SDS applied to students from 14 countries, including: India, China, Pakistan, Vietnam, Trinidad and Tobago, among others.
Since its launch, SDS has been popular among Indian students, with a high approval rate for study permits in recent years.
Why was SDS discontinued?
Fair Access: Moving to a single, standardized process aims to provide equal opportunity for all applicants.
Strengthened Protection: Canada intends to address student vulnerability by improving safeguards in its regular process.
The changes are part of Canada’s broader immigration reforms, which also update financial requirements and study permit caps.
How does the discontinuation affect Indian Students?
Indian students will face:
Longer Processing Times: Visa approvals may now take longer under the standard process.
Additional Financial Proof: More financial documentation will be required.
Post-Graduation Work Permit (PGWP) Changes: New rules from November 1, 2024 may impact work options after graduation.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Exercise ‘Poorvi Prahar’
Why in the News?
The Indian Army is conducting a high-intensity tri-services exercise named Poorvi Prahar from November 10 to 18 in Arunachal Pradesh’s forward areas.
About Exercise ‘Poorvi Prahar’
It is a joint effort of the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force to improve combat effectiveness for Integrated Joint Operations in challenging mountainous terrain.
It features a broad range of advanced military platforms:
Aircraft and Helicopters: Includes fighter aircraft, reconnaissance platforms, Chinook helicopters, and the Advanced Light Helicopter (Rudra).
Artillery: Deployment of M777 Ultra-Light Howitzers.
Capabilities: These assets provide high mobility, firepower, and precision suited to the region’s tough terrain.
Significance:
It emphasizes the Indian Armed Forces’ readiness to conduct multi-domain operations across land, air, and sea, reinforcing India’s strategic deterrence capabilities in the region.
