Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Types of Majority Votes
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- In a very rare event, the Parliament passed the women’s reservation bill with a near-unanimous 2/3rd Majority Votes.
- Rajya Sabha gave the green light in an absolute majority vote.
- In Lok Sabha, 454 members voted in favour of the bill that seeks to reserve one-third of seats to women in central and state legislatures.
Types of Majority in Indian Parliament
| |
Description |
Examples of Use |
| Absolute Majority |
More than 50% of the total membership of the house. |
Formation of government at the Center and States. |
| Effective Majority |
More than 50% of the effective strength of the house (total strength minus vacancies). |
Removal of Vice-president in RS, Speaker/Deputy Speaker removal. |
| Simple Majority |
More than 50% of the members present and voting. |
Passing Ordinary/Money/Financial bills, Confidence Motion, etc. |
| Special Majority |
All majorities other than absolute, effective, or simple majority. |
Constitutional amendment bills, National emergency approval, etc. |
Types of Special Majority in Parliament
|
| Article 249 |
2/3rd members present and voting. |
Empowering Parliament to make laws in the state list. |
| Article 368 |
2/3rd members present and voting + more than 50% of the total strength of the house. |
Constitutional amendment bills not affecting federalism. |
| Article 368 + State Ratification |
2/3rd members present and voting + more than 50% of state legislatures by a simple majority. |
Constitutional amendment bills affecting federalism. |
| Article 61 |
2/3rd members of the total strength of the house. |
Impeachment of the Indian President. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Poona Pact
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Mahatma Gandhi used fasting as a potent tool to press for change during India’s struggle for independence.
- He employed it both as a form of personal penance and as a means to pressure the British authorities to meet his demands.
The Gandhi-Ambedkar Debate
- The 1932 Turning Point: In September 1932, within the walls of the Yerawada Central Jail in Pune, Gandhi initiated a hunger strike against the idea of separate electorates for the harijans (lower castes). This action brought him into a fierce debate with another prominent leader, B.R. Ambedkar.
- The Debate’s Legacy: The “Gandhi-Ambedkar debate” revolved around their differing views on caste and ultimately influenced the reservation system that India has today.
Gandhi’s Changing Views on Caste
- Early Beliefs: In his early years, Gandhi held orthodox views on caste, supporting prohibitions on inter-dining and inter-marriage. He considered caste a crucial part of Hinduism.
- Evolution of Beliefs: As Gandhi became a central figure in India’s freedom movement, his views evolved. Partially influenced by the emerging Dalit movement, he advocated unity and opposed untouchability, referring to untouchables as “harijans” or children of God.
- Important Quote: Gandhi wrote in 1936, “I do know that it [untouchability] is harmful both to spiritual and national good.”
Ambedkar’s Radical Views on Caste
- Ambedkar’s Perspective: B.R. Ambedkar’s stance was more radical than Gandhi’s. He believed that mere reform wouldn’t undo centuries of discrimination. He argued that change would only come when the oppressed themselves rejected their condition, including the divine authority of the shastras (holy scriptures) that upheld caste.
- Political Empowerment: Ambedkar emphasized that political power was essential for lower castes to address their grievances and proposed separate electorates as a form of affirmative action.
- Separate Electorates Explained: Ambedkar’s proposal involved separate electorates for lower castes, allowing them to vote for candidates from their own community as well as in the general electorate. He believed this would empower lower castes.
Gandhi’s Opposition to Separate Electorates
- Gandhi’s Perspective: Gandhi opposed separate electorates, arguing that they did too little for lower castes. He believed that lower castes should aspire to lead, not settle for a small share of seats.
- Concerns: Gandhi feared that separate electorates would divide Hindu society further and play into the hands of British colonial rulers who exploited internal divisions.
- Challenging Times: The rising tensions between Hindus and Muslims at the time also fueled Gandhi’s concerns. Separate electorates for lower castes alongside those for Muslims would weaken the unity of the Hindu community.
The Yerawada Fast and the Poona Pact
- Gandhi’s Hunger Strike: In September 1932, Gandhi embarked on a hunger strike in Yerawada Jail against separate electorates for castes. He called it a “God-given opportunity” to sacrifice his life for the downtrodden.
- Ambedkar’s Dilemma: Ambedkar faced a challenging decision. Giving in to Gandhi’s demands was difficult, as it conflicted with his own ideas. However, Gandhi’s immense popularity and the potential for violence against Dalits pressured him.
- The Poona Pact: Eventually, under duress, Ambedkar signed the Poona Pact, securing reservations for lower castes while putting the idea of separate electorates to rest.
Legacy of the Fast
- Mixed Perspectives: Gandhi’s fast is seen by some as preventing British “divide and rule” tactics. Others view it as coercion, as Ambedkar had little choice but to concede. Ambedkar questioned why Gandhi didn’t fast against untouchability itself.
- Unresolved Tensions: The debate’s legacy endures. While the Poona Pact addressed immediate concerns, it left lingering issues of political representation and social transformation within India’s caste system.
- Ambedkar’s View: Ambedkar later wrote, “The Joint Electorate is… a ‘Rotten Borough’ in which the Hindus get the right to nominate an untouchable to set nominally as a representative of the untouchables but really as a tool of the Hindus.”
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Neuralink
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Elon Musk’s brain implant company Neuralink has announced it is one step closer to putting brain implants in people.
Neuralink’s Vision
- Neuralink uses tiny brain implants to control neural signals for movement.
- These implants translate thoughts into actions via a wireless app.
Science behind Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs)
- They use a tiny chip implanted in the brain.
- This chip reads and sends brain signals to an app, turning thoughts into actions.
- It starts with helping paralyzed individuals control a computer cursor using their thoughts.
- Some BCIs use sensor-filled structures like hairnets to detect brain signals.
- They can stimulate different parts of the brain, which showed promise in treating conditions like depression.
India’s Role in Brain Tech
- C-DAC in India is developing BCIs to capture brain signals that show intentions.
- The All India Institute of Medical Sciences is testing this project.
- BrainSight AI, an Indian startup, maps brain connections to understand neurological conditions.
Indian Innovations and Their Impact
- Indian BCIs, like Neuralink’s, aim to help paralyzed patients move and communicate.
- They could also treat mental disorders like schizophrenia.
- Indian hospitals are testing these technologies.
Challenges Ahead
- Invasive BCIs, like Neuralink’s, face rules and need lots of data.
- Non-invasive BCIs are moving faster.
- Indian institutions are actively testing these technologies and mapping the brain.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Government Bond Index-Emerging Markets (GBI-EM)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- In a groundbreaking development, JPMorgan has announced the inclusion of Indian government bonds in its Government Bond Index-Emerging Markets (GBI-EM), slated to commence from June 2024.
- This decision could pave the way for substantial inflows of billions of dollars into local currency-denominated government debt.
What is Government Bond Index-Emerging Markets (GBI-EM)?
| Definition |
An index that tracks the performance of government bonds issued by emerging market countries.
It reflects the returns of local-currency-denominated sovereign bonds. |
| Purpose |
To provide a benchmark for measuring the performance of emerging market government bonds, helping investors assess the attractiveness of these bonds for investment. |
| Issuer |
J.P. Morgan |
| Components |
Includes government bonds issued by various emerging market countries.
The composition may change over time based on eligibility criteria. |
| Coverage |
Covers a broad range of emerging market countries and their local currency government bonds.
Different GBI-EM indices may have specific regional or maturity focuses. |
| Currency |
Denominated in the local currencies of the respective emerging market countries. |
India’s inclusion in GBI-EM
- Long-Awaited Discussion: India’s consideration for inclusion in global indexes began in 2013. However, limitations on foreign investments in domestic debt impeded progress.
- Fully Accessible Route (FAR): In April 2020, the Reserve Bank of India introduced select securities exempt from foreign investment restrictions through the “fully accessible route” (FAR), rendering them eligible for inclusion in global indexes.
- Index-Eligible Bonds: Currently, there are 23 Indian Government Bonds (IGBs) with a combined notional value of $330 billion that meet index eligibility criteria, according to JPMorgan.
- Investor Support: Approximately 73% of benchmarked investors voted in favor of India’s inclusion in the index, marking a significant endorsement.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Adi Shankaracharya
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- A monumental 108-foot-tall statue of Hindu saint Adi Shankaracharya, known as ‘Ekatmata Ki Pratima’ (Statue of Oneness), was recently unveiled in Omkareshwar, Khandwa district, Madhya Pradesh.
- This project is part of the government’s efforts to develop Omkareshwar as a prominent religious and tourism destination.
Adi Shankaracharya: A Brief Overview
- Adi Shankaracharya was a prominent Indian philosopher and theologian, often referred to as Sankara (Jagatguru). He was a staunch advocate of ancient Hinduism.
- His birthplace Kaladi in Ernakulam, Kerala, is poised to be declared a national monument.
- He received guidance from his guru, Govinda Bhagavatpada, under whom he diligently studied texts like ‘Gaudapadiya Karika,’ ‘Brahmasutra,’ Vedas, and Upanishads.
- Shankara propagated the philosophies of ‘Advaita Vedanta’ and ‘Dashanami Sampradaya,’ earning him the title ‘Shankaracharya’ among his disciples.
His Philosophy: Advaita Vedanta
- Non-Dualism: Shankaracharya’s philosophy, known as ‘Advaita Vedanta,’ espouses non-dualism.
- Ultimate Reality: It asserts that the world exists due to the creative energy (Maya) of Brahman, the ultimate, transcendent, and immanent God of the later Vedas.
- Identity of Self: In Advaita Vedanta, the transcendental self of the universe (Atman) and the experiencing self (Jiva) are both identical in truth – both are Brahman. However, the individual self appears different, akin to space inside a container seeming distinct from space as a whole.
- Overcoming Error: Mistakes and ignorance lead to a plurality (Avidya), but understanding Brahman eliminates these errors, resulting in liberation from the cycle of reincarnation and worldly servitude.
Disciples of Adi Shankaracharya
Shankaracharya’s four closest disciples played pivotal roles in propagating his teachings:
- Padmapada: Known for his deep devotion and poetry.
- Totakacharya: Devoted to Shankaracharya’s mission and revered for his poetry “Totakashtakam.”
- Hasta Malaka: A child prodigy who astounded Shankaracharya with his understanding of Advaita philosophy.
- Sureshwara: Initially a householder, he became a disciple after losing a philosophical debate to Shankaracharya.
Contributions of Adi Shankaracharya
- Shankaracharya introduced the ‘Shanmata’ system, which emphasized worship of the five principal deities and restored the Dashanami structure.
- He composed numerous devotional and meditative hymns and authored key texts on Advaita Vedanta, including commentaries on major scriptures.
- Adi Shankaracharya revitalized Hinduism at a time when it faced challenges from Jainism and Buddhism, promoting unity and re-establishing traditions.
- He established four monastic institutions (Mathas) in different corners of India, unifying the nation and codifying leadership roles:
- Sri Sringeri Sharada Peetam in Chikmaglur in Karnataka
- Jyotir Matha in the Garhwal region in Uttarakhand
- Kalika Matha in Dwarka in Gujarat
- Govardhana Matha in Puri in Odisha
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nuakhai
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Prime Minister has greeted the people on the auspicious occasion of Nuakhai.
About Nuakhai
- Nuakhai, also known as Nuakhai Parab or Nuakhai Bhetghat, is alternatively referred to as Navakhai Parv in Chhattisgarh.
- Nuakhai is predominantly an agricultural festival celebrated by tribal communities and Hindus residing in Western Odisha.
- It is also observed in the adjacent regions of Simdega in Jharkhand, where the cultural influence of Western Odisha is prominent.
- Nuakhai is observed to mark the arrival of the new rice harvest.
- The term “nua” signifies new, and “khai” represents food, symbolizing the farmers’ possession of the freshly harvested rice.
- This festival falls on the panchami tithi (the fifth day) of the lunar fortnight in the month of Bhadrapada (usually August- September).
- It occurs the day following the Ganesh Chaturthi festival.
Historical Roots
- Nuakhai traces its origins back to ancient times, with its roots in the Pralambana Yajna, which involves harvesting the first crop and making a reverential offering to the mother goddess.
- In its present form, the festival is linked to the time of the first Chauhan King Ramai Deva of Patnagarh in western Odisha.
Course of Celebrations
- Nuakhai festivities encompass a series of nine rituals commencing with Behrana and culminating in Juhar Bhet.
- Beheren: This marks the announcement of the scheduled meeting date.
- Nuakhai: The highlight of the celebration involves partaking in the freshly harvested crop after offering it to the deity, accompanied by lively dancing and singing.
- Juhar bhet: It involves seeking blessings from elders and exchanging gifts with them as a gesture of respect and affection.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Reservation , Article 344
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- A Constitution Bench led by Chief Justice of India D.Y. Chandrachud is set to scrutinize the constitutional validity of repeatedly extending the reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies.
Historical Context of Reservation
- Original Intent: The Constituent Assembly, led by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, initially envisioned reservation for SCs/STs for ten years from the commencement of the Indian Constitution in 1950.
- Amendments to Article 334: Article 334 of the Constitution, addressing the duration of SC/ST and Anglo-Indian seat reservations, underwent multiple amendments. Each time, the deadline for ending the reservation was extended by approximately ten years.
- The 2019 Amendment: The Constitution (104th Amendment) Act of 2019 abolished the reservation for the Anglo-Indian community and set the deadline to terminate SC/ST reservation in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies for 2030. This extended the reservation period to 80 years from the Constitution’s adoption.
Examining Parliament’s Constituent Power
- Key Question: The Constitution Bench will assess whether Parliament’s constituent power to amend Article 334 repeatedly, extending the SC/ST seat reservation, is constitutionally valid.
- Limited Scope: The examination will focus solely on the 104th Constitution Amendment Act of 2019 concerning SC/ST communities and will not address the termination of the Anglo-Indian quota.
- Impact of Continuous Reservations: The petitioner’s argument contends that persistent extensions of reservation restrict electoral choice by excluding members of other communities from contesting elections. This, they argue, infringes upon the fundamental right to equality under Article 14 of the Constitution.
- Violation of Fundamental Right: The petition asserts that these recurrent extensions violate the basic structure of the Constitution by denying other communities the opportunity to contest in reserved seats, impinging upon their right to equal representation in government.
Government’s Perspective
- Union of India’s Stand: Represented by the Attorney General and Solicitor General, the Union of India contends that the 104th Constitution Amendment Act is constitutionally valid.
What next?
- The Constitution Bench has scheduled the hearing.
- This critical examination of SC/ST reservation extensions raises profound questions about constitutional principles and the right to equality in Indian democracy.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Preamble of Indian Constitution
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The inclusion of the terms “socialist” and “secular” in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution has recently sparked debate.
- Leader of the a party in Lok Sabha has raised concerns about these words in the Preamble.
Significance of the Preamble
- The Preamble encapsulates the core principles and objectives of the Indian Constitution.
- It serves as an introduction to the Constitution, outlining its fundamental ideals.
Original Preamble
- Content in 1950: The Preamble, when the Constitution came into effect in 1950, did not include the terms “socialist” and “secular.” It reflected the vision and objectives of the Constituent Assembly at that time.
Addition of “Socialist” and “Secular”
- The 42nd Amendment: During the Emergency imposed by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1976, the terms “socialist” and “secular” were added to the Preamble through The Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act, 1976.
- Indira Gandhi’s Agenda: Indira Gandhi’s government aimed to emphasize a socialist and pro-poor image, aligning with slogans such as “garibi hatao” (Eradicate poverty). The addition of “socialist” highlighted socialism as a fundamental goal of the Indian state.
- Distinctive Indian Socialism: The Indian version of socialism did not endorse complete nationalization but emphasized selective nationalization of essential sectors.
Understanding “Secular”
- Religious Diversity: India is home to diverse religious beliefs and practices. The term “secular” was added to the Preamble to promote unity and fraternity among people of various faiths.
- State Neutrality: Secularism in the Indian context implies that the state maintains neutrality and impartiality towards all religions. It does not favor any particular religion as a “state religion.”
- Secularism as Law: Articles 25-28 of the Constitution secure the secular nature of the Indian state.
- Inherent in the Constitution: The philosophy of secularism was inherent in the Constitution even before the 42nd Amendment.
Debates Surrounding “Socialist” and “Secular”
- Consensus on Secularism: The concept of secularism was already part of the Constitution’s philosophy. The insertion of the word “secular” in the Preamble simply made explicit what was implicit in various provisions.
- Constituent Assembly Discussions: The Constituent Assembly debated including these words in the Preamble but decided against it.
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar’s Perspective: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar argued that issues related to the state’s policy, organization, and economic aspects should be determined by the people, not dictated by the Constitution itself.
- Ongoing Debates: Over the years, there have been petitions and discussions regarding the removal of “socialist” and “secular” from the Preamble. Some argue that these terms were added arbitrarily during the Emergency.
Conclusion
- The presence of “socialist” and “secular” in the Preamble remains a topic of discussion and legal challenges, with differing views on their inclusion and significance in shaping India’s constitutional identity.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: TrueNat Test
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Kerala has been accorded sanction by the Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR) to use TrueNat test to diagnose Nipah.
- Hospitals with BSL 2 level labs can perform the test.
What is TrueNat Test?
- The TrueNat test is a molecular diagnostic test used for the detection of infectious diseases, including tuberculosis (TB) and COVID-19.
- It is a portable, chip-based and battery-operated machine developed by a Goa-based company.
- It is based on real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, which allows for the amplification and detection of specific genetic material (RNA or DNA) from the target pathogen.
- The WHO has approved TrueNat for detecting TB as it is cost-effective and a miniature version of the PCR test.
Benefits offered
- TrueNat machines are designed to be portable and easy to use in various settings, including remote or resource-limited areas.
- This feature has been particularly useful for TB diagnosis in regions with limited healthcare infrastructure.
About RT-PCR
- Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology is a molecular biology method used to detect and quantify DNA or RNA sequences in biological samples.
- It combines PCR amplification with fluorescent probes to monitor DNA amplification in real-time.
- This allows for the quantification of specific genetic material, making it valuable for applications such as gene expression analysis, disease diagnosis, and genetic research.
- It provides high sensitivity, specificity, and rapid results, making it a widely used tool in molecular biology and clinical diagnostics.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Section 6A
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- A Constitution Bench has decided to commence hearings regarding a series of petitions that challenge the constitutionality of Section 6A of the Citizenship Act, of 1955.
Background of Section 6A
- Section 6A was introduced as a special provision in the 1955 Act following the signing of the ‘Assam Accord‘ Memorandum of Settlement on August 15, 1985.
- This accord, facilitated by the Rajiv Gandhi government, aimed to protect the cultural, linguistic, and social identity of Assam.
- It marked the end of a six-year-long agitation led by the All Assam Students Union against illegal immigrants, primarily from Bangladesh.
Legal Challenge
- Centre’s Defense: The Union government has maintained that Section 6A is legally sound and urged the court to dismiss the petitions. These petitions were filed nearly 40 years after the enactment of Section 6A.
- Provisions of Section 6A: Under Section 6A, foreigners who entered Assam before January 1, 1966, and were “ordinarily resident” in the State, were granted all the rights and obligations of Indian citizens. Those who arrived in the State between January 1, 1966, and March 25, 1971, were accorded similar rights and obligations but could not vote for a period of 10 years.
- Challenging Discrimination: Petitioners, including Assam Public Works and others, argue that Section 6A’s “discriminatory” nature in granting citizenship to immigrants, especially illegal ones, is in violation of Article 6 of the Constitution, which establishes the cutoff date for granting citizenship to immigrants as July 19, 1948.
Key Points of Contention
- Conservation of Cultural Rights: The Assam Sanmilita Mahasangha, a Guwahati-based civil society organization, has demanded the updating of the National Register of Citizens (NRC) for Assam based on the 1951 NRC rather than the electoral rolls of March 1971.
- Supreme Court’s Involvement: In December 2014, the Supreme Court formulated 13 questions encompassing various issues related to the constitutionality of Section 6A, including its impact on the political rights of Assam’s citizens and whether it violated the rights of the Assamese people to preserve their cultural identity. In 2015, a three-judge Bench referred the case to a Constitution Bench.
Why discuss this?
- The Section 6A case has been pending for several years, coinciding with the Supreme Court’s monitoring of the final Assam NRC list in August 2019, which excluded over 19 lakh individuals.
- Additionally, the past years witnessed the enactment of the contentious Citizenship (Amendment) Act, which granted accelerated citizenship to immigrants from minority communities in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan.
What lies ahead?
- The upcoming hearings on Section 6A will provide a crucial legal examination of its constitutionality and its implications for the protection of cultural rights and the status of immigrants in Assam.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The center introduced The Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Amendment) Bill, 2023, marking a historic step towards reserving 33% of seats for women in Lok Sabha and state Legislative Assemblies.
73rd and 74th Amendments: Foundations
- Pioneering Amendments (1992): The Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992, and The Constitution (Seventy-fourth Amendment) Act, 1992, laid the groundwork for women’s reservation.
- Narsimha Rao’s tenure: Enacted during Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao’s tenure, these amendments mandated the reservation of one-third of seats for women in Panchayati Raj institutions and chairperson offices at all levels, as well as in urban local bodies.
- Effective Dates: These amendments took effect on April 24, 1993, and June 1, 1993, respectively.
Background to the Amendments
- Balwantrai Mehta Committee (1957): The Balwantrai Mehta Committee recommended the establishment of village-level agencies to represent community interests and execute government development programs. It called for elected local bodies with devolved resources and authority.
- Asoka Mehta Committee (1977): The Asoka Mehta Committee proposed a shift of Panchayati Raj towards a political institution. It identified bureaucratic resistance, political apathy, and role ambiguity as factors undermining Panchayati Raj.
- State Initiatives: Karnataka, West Bengal, and Andhra Pradesh passed laws based on the Asoka Mehta Committee report to strengthen Panchayati Raj. An attempt to enact a national strengthening law through The Constitution (Sixty-fourth Amendment) Bill in 1989, during Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi’s tenure, was unsuccessful in the Rajya Sabha.
Key Features of the Amendments
- Local Self-Governance: The 73rd and 74th Constitution Amendment Acts established local self-governance in rural and urban India, respectively.
- Institutions of Self-Government: Panchayats and municipalities became “institutions of self-government.”
- Empowering Gram Sabha and Ward Committees: The gram sabha became the foundational unit of village democracy, while municipalities formed “ward committees.” These bodies included all adult citizens registered as voters, holding the panchayat or municipality accountable.
- Direct Elections: Direct elections introduced for all three governance tiers: gram panchayat at the village level, taluka or block panchayat at the intermediate level, and zila panchayat or parishad at the district level. States with populations under 20 lakh were exempt.
- Women’s Reservation: One-third of seats were reserved for women, with an additional 33% reservation for SCs and STs. Office-bearer and chairperson positions at all levels also reserved for women.
- Fixed Tenure: Each body had a five-year tenure, and elections for successor bodies had to conclude before the previous body’s term ended. In cases of dissolution, elections had to occur within six months.
- State Election Commissions: Each state established a State Election Commission for electoral roll supervision.
- Development Planning: Panchayats were tasked with creating economic development and social justice plans, covering subjects in the Eleventh Schedule, such as agriculture, land, irrigation, animal husbandry, fisheries, cottage industries, and drinking water.
- District Planning Committees: The 74th Amendment introduced District Planning Committees to consolidate plans prepared by panchayats and municipalities.
Conclusion
- Progressive Foundations: The journey toward women’s political representation in India has been shaped by decades of struggle, starting from grassroots committees to constitutional amendments.
- Empowering Local Governance: The 73rd and 74th Amendments laid the foundation for robust local self-governance, empowering rural and urban communities.
- Women’s Reservation: The inclusion of women’s reservation as a crucial component signifies India’s commitment to gender parity in political decision-making at all levels.
- Continued Progress: With the introduction of The Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Amendment) Bill, 2023, India takes another step forward in its commitment to gender equality and empowerment.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Women's Reservation Bill
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Indian government introduced The Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Amendment) Bill, 2023, aimed at providing 33% reservation to women in the Lok Sabha and state Legislative Assemblies.
- However, this endeavor is not new, dating back to the mid-1990s.
Women’s Reservation Bill: Overview
- Reservation Provisions: The Bill proposes to reserve one-third of the seats in the Lok Sabha and state Assemblies for women, including those belonging to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
- Constitutional Amendments: Similar to a previous Bill from 2010, this one introduces new articles (330A and 332A) in the Constitution to effect these changes.
- Sunset Clause: The Bill includes a sunset clause, stipulating that the reservation will be applicable for 15 years from the Act’s commencement.
Discourse on Women’s Reservation
- Pre-Independence Demands: The discussion on women’s reservation dates back to the pre-Independence era, where various women’s organizations advocated for women’s political representation.
- Recommendations: Several recommendations and reports, such as the 1955 committee’s proposal for 10% reservation in Lok Sabha and State legislative assemblies, set the stage.
- National Perspective Plan: The National Perspective Plan for Women in 1988 called for 30% reservation in all elected bodies.
- Panchayati Raj Act (1993): A significant step was the amendment of the Panchayati Raj Act in 1993, reserving 33% of seats in local government bodies for women.
- Rajya Sabha Approval (2010): The Women’s Reservation Bill, introduced in 1996, finally gained momentum and was approved by the Rajya Sabha on March 9, 2010.
Practical obstacles in Implementation
(a) Delimitation Process Dependency:
- Crucial Condition: The Bill links the implementation of women’s reservation to the delimitation process, which could significantly delay its enactment.
- Impact of Census: Delimitation would occur after the publication of Census results, with the 2021 Census delay potentially affecting the timeline. Assuming the Census results are published after 2026, this could serve as the basis for delimitation of constituencies.
- Operational Timeline: Given the current circumstances, women’s reservation might not be effective in the Lok Sabha until the general elections of 2029.
(b) Seat Identification Uncertainty:
- Lack of Specifics: The Bill does not specify how the reserved seats will be identified, leaving this crucial aspect to be addressed by a separate law. Past proposals suggested rotation and a draw of lots method to determine reserved seats, but the government’s exact approach remains unclear.
(c) Current Seat Reservation Process
- SCs and STs: The Delimitation Act, 2002, lays down principles for reserving seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes based on population distribution.
(d) Constitutional Amendments Required:
- Amendment Necessity: To operationalize the women’s reservation scheme, amendments to Articles 82 and 170(3) of the Constitution are essential.
- Impact on Panchayati Raj: While reservation for women exists in Panchayati Raj institutions, it operates under Article 243D and has achieved significant representation in several states. According to government data as of September 8, 2021, in at least 18 states, the percentage of women elected representatives in Panchayati Raj institutions was more than 50%.
Challenges to Female Representation
- Party Ticket Allocation: Despite pledges in party constitutions, records show that women candidates receive disproportionately fewer party tickets, often relying on family political connections.
- Perceived Electability: The belief that women candidates are less likely to win elections hampers their ticket allocation.
- Structural Barriers: Demanding and time-consuming election campaigns, coupled with family responsibilities, deter many women from active participation.
- Vulnerability: Women politicians face humiliation, abuse, and threats, making participation even more challenging.
- Financial Constraints: High campaign costs, limited financial independence, and lack of party support create hurdles for women candidates.
- Internalized Patriarchy: Many women prioritize family and household duties over political ambitions due to ingrained patriarchal norms.
Significance of Women’s Participation in Lawmaking
- Political Empowerment: Legislative representation empowers women to participate in lawmaking and hold the government accountable.
- Gender Parity Indicator: Women’s presence in national parliaments reflects gender equality progress in politics.
- Unique Skills: Women bring diverse skills to politics, serve as role models, and advocate for gender justice.
- Advocating Women’s Interests: Female politicians represent women’s interests in state policies, bridging the gap between representation and participation.
- Efficiency and Integrity: Studies show that women legislators excel economically, exhibit lower criminality and corruption rates, and are more effective and less susceptible to political opportunism.
Need for such Reservation
- Ensuring Representation: Reservation guarantees women’s presence in decision-making bodies, addressing underrepresentation.
- Encouraging Entry: Reservation encourages women to enter politics, contest elections, and engage in the political process.
- Capacity Building: Participation in legislative processes enhances women’s political capacity, nurturing effective leaders.
- Changing Perceptions: Reservation shifts societal attitudes toward women in politics, challenging stereotypes and promoting participation.
- Promoting Gender-Sensitive Policies: Women politicians advocate for gender-sensitive policies addressing issues like violence against women and discrimination.
Conclusion
- Pressing Need: The Women’s Reservation Bill is long overdue, with women waiting for their rightful place in governance and nation-building.
- Untapped Potential: Women’s leadership qualities are undeniable, and their participation is essential for India’s progress.
- Call for Action: As India aspires to be a global leader, it must prioritize women’s political empowerment and pass the Women’s Reservation Bill without further delay.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: YashoBhoomi
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- PM inaugurated the first phase of the world-class ‘YashoBhoomi’ India International Convention and Expo Centre (IICC) in Dwarka, Delhi.
About YashoBhoomi
- YashoBhoomi is the second convention facility to offer top-notch amenities for exhibitions and conferences, following the Bharat Mandapam, which hosted world leaders during the recent G20 Summit.
- It represents PM’s vision to create world-class infrastructure in India for hosting conventions, meetings, and exhibitions, greatly benefiting from its operational status in Dwarka.
Key Features of YashoBhoomi
- Expansive Project: Also known as the India International Convention and Expo Centre, YashoBhoomi spans an impressive 8.9 lakh square meters, with a built-up area exceeding 1.8 lakh square meters.
- Capacity and Facilities: This conference center boasts a remarkable capacity of accommodating 11,000 guests. It comprises 15 convention rooms, including the main auditorium, the grand ballroom, and 13 meeting rooms.
- Auditorium and Ballroom: The main auditorium can seat 6,000 people, while the grand ballroom can accommodate an additional 2,500. There is also seating for up to 500 people in a large open space.
- Exhibition Hall: A massive exhibition hall, spanning over 1.07 lakh square meters, is a prominent feature of YashoBhoomi.
- Metro Connectivity: On the same day as the inauguration of the new metro station in Dwarka Sector 25, YashoBhoomi will be connected to the Delhi Airport Metro Express line.
- Architectural Splendor: The conference center incorporates elements inspired by Indian civilizations, including terrazzo floors with brass inlays resembling rangoli patterns, suspended sound-absorbing metal cylinders, and illuminated pattern walls.
- Sustainability Focus: YashoBhoomi is committed to sustainability, featuring rooftop solar panels, a state-of-the-art wastewater treatment system enabling 100% wastewater reuse, rainwater harvesting, and Green Cities Platinum certification from CII’s Indian Green Building Council (IGBC).
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pralay Ballistic Missiles
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Defense Ministry has granted approval for the acquisition of a regiment of ‘Pralay’ ballistic missiles, earmarked for deployment along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) and the Line of Control (LoC).
- It is the first time that a ballistic missile will be inducted into the services for conventional operations.
Pralay Missile: Key Features
| Strike Range |
150 to 500 kilometers |
| Payload Capacity |
350 kg to 700 kg conventional warhead |
| Warhead Variability |
High explosive preformed fragmentation warheads, penetration-cum-blast (PCB) warheads, runaway denial penetration submunitions (RDPS) |
| Classification |
Quasi-ballistic surface-to-surface missile |
| Maneuverability |
Mid-flight trajectory alteration capability |
| Propulsion |
Solid propellant rocket motor with advanced guidance systems |
| Global Comparisons |
Comparable to China’s Dong Feng 12 and Russia’s Iskander missile |
| Development History |
Development was initiated around 2015, with significant progress during the tenure of General Bipin Rawat as Chief of Army Staff |
Strategic significance
- Longest Range: ‘Pralay’ will emerge as the longest-range surface-to-surface missile within the Army’s inventory.
- Strategic Role: ‘Pralay,’ in conjunction with the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile, will play a central role in India’s planned Rocket Force, augmenting the nation’s strategic posture.
- Imperative: China and Pakistan have already deployed ballistic missiles for tactical purposes, prompting India’s acquisition of ‘Pralay’ missiles.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: H1B Visa
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Indian-American Republican presidential contender Vivek Ramaswamy vows to overhaul the H-1B visa program.
- The H-1B visa, highly sought-after among Indian IT professionals, permits US companies to employ foreign workers for specialized roles requiring theoretical or technical expertise.
Why discuss this?
- The H-1B visa are highly sought-after category used by Indian professionals in the US as many use them as a precursor for permanent residency.
- However, the waiting periods for the employment-based green card for Indians can stretch into decades.
- The US embassy in India has already processed over 9 lakh non-immigrant visa currently and is expected to pass the one million mark soon.
Understanding H-1B Visa Program
- The H-1B visa program is crafted to facilitate the entry of skilled foreign workers into the United States, enabling them to work for American companies.
- It is particularly sought after by Indian IT professionals as it permits U.S. companies to employ foreign workers in specialized roles demanding theoretical or technical expertise.
- Despite its popularity, the H-1B visa program faces criticisms for extended waiting periods and the use of a lottery system for selection.
Ramaswamy’s Perspective
- Personal Experience: Ramaswamy acknowledged his own immigrant experience and contended that the H-1B system is detrimental to all parties involved.
- Merit-Based Reform: He advocated for replacing the lottery system with a meritocratic admission process, describing the current system as a form of indentured servitude that primarily benefits sponsoring companies.
- Eliminating Chain Migration: He also emphasized the need to eliminate chain-based migration, arguing that family members who join immigrants are not merit-based contributors to the country.
Historical Context and Comparisons
- Resonance with Trump: Ramaswamy’s stance on H-1B visas draws parallels with Donald Trump’s 2016 campaign.
- Hard stance: Despite hiring foreign workers under H-1B visas for his businesses, Trump initially adopted a hardline stance on these workers before later softening his rhetoric.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gaja Dwar (Elephant Gate)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Vice-President Jagdeep Dhankhar raised the national flag at the Gaja Dwar (elephant gate) of India’s new Parliament building just days before its first session.
- This event sheds light on the symbolic importance of the Gaja Dwar and the other entrances in the new Parliament.
Gaja Dwar (Elephant Gate)
- Wisdom and Wealth: The new Parliament building features six entrances, each representing a distinct role. The Gaja Dwar, adorned with a sculpture of an elephant, guards the northern entrance. The elephant is a symbol of wisdom, wealth, intellect, memory, and embodies the aspirations of elected representatives in the democracy.
- Vastu Shastra: According to Vastu shastra, the northern direction is associated with planet Mercury, the source of higher intellect, and is presided over by Kubera, the god of wealth. Hence, the Gaja is placed at the northern entrance.
Cultural Symbolism
- Guardian Statues: All six entrances of the New Parliament Building feature red sandstone sculptures of auspicious animals known as “guardian statues.” These selections were made based on their significance in Indian culture, aesthetic appeal, positive qualities, and Vaastu Shastra principles.
- Asva (Horse): Positioned at the southern entrance, the vigilant horse symbolizes endurance, strength, power, and speed, reflecting the quality of governance.
- Garuda (Eagle-like Bird): The Garuda stands at the eastern ceremonial entrance, representing the aspirations of the people and the country’s administrators. In Vastu shastra, the east is associated with the rising sun, symbolizing hope, victory, and success.
- Makara (Mythological Aquatic Creature): Combining features of different animals, the Makara signifies unity in diversity among the nation’s people.
- Shardula (Mythological Creature): Regarded as the most powerful among all living beings, the Shardula symbolizes the strength of the country’s people.
- Hamsa (Swan): Located at the public entrance to the northeast, the Hamsa highlights the essential quality of discernment and self-realization, born of wisdom, in the nation’s people.
Ceremonial Entrances
- Three of these entrances are designed as ceremonial entrances, meant to welcome special guests and mark significant events.
- These entrances showcase Indian art, culture, ethos, and patriotism.
- They are named Gyan, Shakti, and Karma, representing the Indian knowledge system, patriotism, and artistic traditions, respectively.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Basmati Rice
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- While scientific research often seems distant from practical outcomes, some less-celebrated success stories stand out.
- One such triumph is the transformation of India’s basmati rice industry, driven by scientists at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) in New Delhi.
About Basmati Rice
- Basmati rice is a fragrant, long-grain rice variety primarily cultivated in the Indian subcontinent.
- It is native to the foothills of the Himalayas in India and Pakistan.
- Basmati rice is characterized by its long, slender grains that elongate further when cooked.
- Basmati rice is renowned for its natural aromatic fragrance, often described as nutty or floral.
- There are different Basmati rice varieties, each with its unique characteristics. Some popular varieties include Basmati 370, Basmati 386, and Basmati 1121.
- Basmati rice from certain regions, particularly Indian Basmati, has received Geographical Indication (GI) tags, indicating its specific geographical origin and quality.
[a] First Revolution
- Traditional Basmati Varieties: Until the late 1980s, Indian farmers primarily cultivated traditional basmati varieties with tall plants prone to lodging, resulting in low yields and long cultivation periods.
- Breakthrough with PB-1: In 1989, the IARI introduced Pusa Basmati-1 (PB-1), a crossbreed that combined traditional basmati grain attributes with high-yielding traits. PB-1 was more compact, sturdy, and offered improved yields and maturity times.
[b] The Second Revolution
- PB-1121’s Quality: The real revolution came in 2003 with the release of Pusa Basmati-1121 (PB-1121), which offered a different advantage. While yielding slightly less, it boasted exceptional grain quality, with elongated kernels that expanded impressively upon cooking.
- Market Impact: PB-1121’s grain quality allowed companies like KRBL Ltd. to create a lucrative export brand, making it a global favourite. This variety significantly contributed to India’s basmati rice exports.
[c] Third Revolution
- PB-1509: In 2013, the IARI introduced Pusa Basmati-1509 (PB-1509), a high-yielding variety with a shorter maturity period. This innovation allowed farmers to cultivate an extra crop, enhancing their economic prospects.
- Diverse Crop Combinations: PB-1509’s early maturity has enabled farmers to explore crop diversification, including potatoes, sunflowers, sweet corn, and onions, in addition to basmati rice.
Breeding for Disease Resistance
- Protecting Gains: IARI scientists have recently focused on preserving yield gains by incorporating disease-resistant genes into their improved basmati varieties.
- Marker-Assisted Selection: Genes for bacterial leaf blight and rice blast fungal disease resistance have been identified through marker-assisted selection techniques.
- New Varieties: The release of Pusa Basmati-1885 and Pusa Basmati-1847 in 2021 marked the introduction of varieties with “in-built resistance” against these diseases, reducing the need for chemical crop protection.
Risk Factors
- Market Dependency: Basmati rice lacks a minimum support price (MSP) and relies heavily on exports, with limited domestic consumption.
- Market Vulnerability: Despite its profitability, basmati farming is exposed to market fluctuations and government export policies. Recent restrictions highlight this vulnerability, affecting basmati farmers.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Moonquakes
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- A research utilized seismic data collected between 1976 and 1977, showcasing how the lunar lander left by the Apollo 17 astronauts might be causing seismic activity on the moon.
- The study emphasizes that these moonquakes are not the result of natural processes but stem from vibrations generated by the lunar module descent vehicle, which was placed on the moon’s surface in 1972.
About Apollo 17 Mission
- Apollo 17 was the final Apollo mission to the Moon, marking the sixth lunar landing.
- It was launched by December 6, 1972, with a night launch, which was unique in the Apollo program.
- This mission had specific scientific objectives, differentiating it from previous missions, and aimed to collect ancient highlands crustal material and investigate the possibility of recent lunar volcanic activity.
- Neil Armstrong, the first person to set foot on the lunar surface, went under the Apollo 11 mission in July 20, 1969.
Understanding Moonquakes
- Similarities to Earthquakes: Moonquakes share similarities with earthquakes as both involve seismological vibrations.
- Researchers have identified four types of moonquakes, three of which are relatively benign. Shallow moonquakes, the closest to the surface, are the most destructive.
- Deep Moonquakes: Occur approximately 700 kilometers below the lunar surface.
- Shallow Moonquakes: Take place at depths of only 20 to 30 kilometers, lasting up to 10 minutes.
- Vibrational Moonquakes: Typically result from meteorite impacts.
- Thermal Quakes: Caused by the moon’s crust expanding as it warms following subzero temperatures during the night.
- Moonquakes occur as often as every 27 days, primarily due to temperature fluctuations between lunar day and night, totalling approximately 7,000 moonquakes in a decade.
Moonquakes vs. Earthquakes
- Moonquakes are generally smaller in magnitude than earthquakes but are known for their extended duration.
- Shallow moonquakes recorded by Apollo astronauts have reached up to a magnitude of 5.5.
Human Lunar Landings
- Multiple countries have embarked on lunar missions, with India being the most recent in 2023, following the United States, Russia, and China.
- India’s Chandrayaan-3 mission included a seismometer, which detected a moonquake, providing valuable data for future analysis.
Significance of Monitoring Moonquakes
- Understanding moonquakes holds potential significance for future lunar missions, particularly if NASA establishes a permanent lunar outpost.
- Seismometers, like those used on the moon, are vital for comprehending lunar geology and ensuring the safety of future lunar explorers.
- Monitoring lunar seismic activity is crucial for designing experiments and missions aimed at unravelling the mysteries of Earth’s closest celestial neighbor.
- The moon presents a unique opportunity for in-depth planetary study beyond Earth.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Santiniketan
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Situated in West Bengal’s Birbhum district, the small town of Santiniketan has been included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
- This is the place where Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore spent much of his life.
About Santiniketan
- Santiniketan, situated in Birbhum District, West Bengal, India, is an iconic cultural and heritage destination with a rich historical legacy.
- Its prominence is attributed to its association with Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore.
Significance of Santiniketan
- Rabindranath Tagore’s Home: Santiniketan served as the residence of Rabindranath Tagore, where he not only lived but also composed numerous literary works, encompassing songs, poems, and novels.
- Artistic Abode: The Santiniketan campus is adorned with magnificent sculptures, frescoes, murals, and paintings created by eminent artists like Rabindranath Tagore, Nandalal Bose, Ramkinkar, Binodbehari Mukhopadhyay, and others.
- Cultural Festivals: The broader Birbhum District, where Santiniketan is nestled, is renowned for its vibrant fairs and festivals. Notable celebrations include Poush Mela (December), Joydev Mela (January), Basanta Utsav (Holi) in March and the renowned mystic Baul Singers.
- Unique Events: Santiniketan hosts special cultural festivities during Bengali New Year and Rabindra Janmotsav (Rabindranath Tagore’s birth anniversary) in the Bengali month of Boisakh, marked with great enthusiasm.
- Distinctive Festivals: The region observes distinctive festivals such as Briksharopan (festival of Planting Saplings) and Halakarshan (festival of Plowing the Fields) on the 22nd and 23rd days of Sravana (August), respectively. Additionally, Varshamangal, the festival of rains, is celebrated in August/September.
- Poush Mela: Santiniketan hosts the annual Poush Mela, commencing on the 7th day of the Poush month. While officially spanning three days, vendors may extend their stay throughout the month. The festival is renowned for live performances of Bengali folk music, particularly by bauls (traditional wandering minstrels), and showcases tribal dances like Santali.
West Bengal’s Presence on the World Heritage List
- Santiniketan is the second cultural symbol from West Bengal to join the prestigious UNESCO list.
- In 2021, UNESCO added ‘Durga Puja in Kolkata’ to its Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity list, highlighting West Bengal’s rich cultural heritage.
Back2Basics: UNESCO World Heritage Sites
|
Description |
| UNESCO World Heritage Sites |
Landmarks or areas selected by UNESCO for their cultural, historical, scientific, or other significant value, legally protected by international treaties. |
| Importance |
World Heritage Sites represent collective and preservative interests of humanity, signifying remarkable accomplishments and intellectual history. |
| Selection Criteria |
Sites must be already-classified landmarks, unique and significant culturally or physically, such as ancient ruins, historical structures, cities, monuments, etc. |
| Conservation |
World Heritage Sites require practical conservation to protect them from risks like trespassing, uncontrolled access, or administrative negligence. |
| World Heritage Committee |
Selects and monitors World Heritage Sites, manages the World Heritage Fund, and provides financial assistance. Composed of 21 states parties elected for a four-year term. |
| Membership |
India is not a member of the World Heritage Committee. |
Note: “States parties” refer to the countries that have ratified the World Heritage Convention and participate in the decision-making process.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Judicial Data Grid
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- On September 14th, the Supreme Court of India took a monumental stride by incorporating its case data into the National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG).
What is the National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG)?
- Comprehensive Repository: NJDG stands as a comprehensive online repository, housing orders, judgments, and case particulars from a vast network of 18,735 District and subordinate Courts and High Courts.
- Real-time Access: This platform is an integral component of the eCourts Project, providing real-time updates and in-depth data down to the Taluka level.
Administration of NJDG
- E-Courts Initiative: NJDG was conceived as part of Phase II of the e-Courts project, a Centrally Sponsored Scheme designed to modernize the Indian judiciary.
- Collaborative Effort: The National Informatics Centre (NIC) collaborated closely with the in-house software development team of the Computer Cell at the Supreme Court to bring NJDG to fruition.
- User-Friendly Interface: NJDG boasts an interactive interface and an analytics dashboard, ensuring accessibility for legal professionals and the general public.
The Power of Data
- Monitoring and Management: NJDG serves as a potent tool for monitoring and managing case backlogs, ultimately alleviating the burden of pending cases.
- Supreme Court’s Example: Analyzing data from the Supreme Court in 2023, it reveals a total pendency of 64,854 registered cases, with 5,412 new cases received and 5,033 cases disposed of in the last month. This underscores that the backlog primarily consists of legacy cases, managed at a rate comparable to the annual influx of new cases.
- Identifying Bottlenecks: NJDG aids in identifying specific bottlenecks in the judicial process. For instance, a surge in land dispute cases in a particular state prompts policymakers to consider strengthening relevant laws.
- Insights from the Chief Justice: Chief Justice Chandrachud noted that year-wise pendency data indicates the Supreme Court has less than a hundred cases pending from before 2000, allowing the Chief Justice to prioritize the resolution of the oldest cases.
- Specialized Insights: NJDG also facilitates the generation of insights into specific areas of law. For instance, it links Land Records data from 26 States with NJDG to track land dispute cases effectively.
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