Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: X-Ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Indian Space Research Organisation has rang in the new year with the launch of the PSLV-C58 X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat) mission on January 1, 2024.
About XPoSat Mission
- Orbital Details: XPoSat will operate in a Low Earth Orbit at an altitude of about 650 km, with a low inclination of around 6 degrees.
- Dual Scientific Payloads: The satellite is equipped with two payloads, enabling comprehensive studies of X-ray sources, including their temporal, spectral, and polarization characteristics.
- Mission Goals: XPoSat’s primary objectives include measuring X-ray polarization in the 8-30 keV energy band and conducting long-term studies in the 0.8-15 keV band.
- Mission Lifespan: The satellite is expected to be operational for approximately 5 years.
- Observation Strategy: Observations by XPoSat will primarily occur during the Earth’s eclipse period to maximize efficiency.
Payloads aboard XPoSat
- POLIX – Primary Payload: The Polarimeter Instrument in X-rays (POLIX), developed by Bengaluru’s Raman Research Institute (RRI) with ISRO’s collaboration, is tailored to assess the degree and angle of polarization in medium X-ray energy ranges.
- XSPECT – Secondary Payload: The X-ray Spectroscopy and Timing (XSPECT) payload, created by ISRO’s U.R. Rao Satellite Centre (URSC), will gather spectroscopic data in the 0.8-15 keV range.
Significance of XPoSat
- Polarization refers to the orientation of light waves. X-rays, a form of electromagnetic radiation, can also be polarized.
- Studying it from cosmic sources provides valuable information about the physical conditions and processes occurring in extreme environments, such as around black holes, neutron stars, and supernova remnants.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Chameleon Trojan
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Security researchers have identified an updated version of the ‘Chameleon Trojan’ malware, capable of disabling biometric authentication methods.
Chameleon Trojan
- The malware’s primary objective is to steal the phone’s PIN by bypassing fingerprint and face unlock security features.
- This trojan attaches itself to legitimate Android applications, such as Google Chrome, to evade detection.
- It operates in the background and is reportedly undetectable during runtime, bypassing Google Protect alerts and other security software.
- It exploits the Accessibility service on Android 12 and earlier versions, while on newer versions, it circumvents Google’s security restrictions through different methods.
Modus Operandi of Chameleon Trojan
- To bypass new restrictions, the malware displays an HTML page instructing users to enable the Accessibility service for the app, compromising device security.
- Once active, it captures on-screen content, navigates using gestures, and steals PINs and passwords, subsequently accessing more sensitive data like credit card details and login credentials.
- The malware also tracks app usage habits to time its attacks when the device is least likely to be in use.
Protection against Chameleon Trojan
- Users are advised to avoid installing Android apps from unofficial sources to reduce the risk of malware infection.
- Be wary of enabling the Accessibility service for apps that are not well-known or trusted.
- Conducting regular security scans on the device can help in identifying and mitigating threats.
- Ensuring that Google Play Protect is enabled at all times is recommended for continuous monitoring and protection against malware.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Maulana Azad National Fellowship
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Research students have raised concerns about the disparity in scholarship amounts under the Maulana Azad National Fellowship (MANF) compared to other research fellowships.
About Maulana Azad National Fellowship
|
Details |
| Objective |
To support students from minority communities in pursuing M.Phil. and Ph.D. |
| Launch |
Launched by the Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |
| Eligibility |
Students from minority communities (Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, Buddhists, Zoroastrians, Jains) who have cleared CBSE/NTA-UGC NET or CSIR NET |
| Financial Assistance |
Covers university fee, maintenance allowance, and other necessary allowances; granted for up to 5 years |
| Administration |
Managed by the Ministry of Minority Affairs; University Grants Commission (UGC) as the nodal agency |
| Selection Process |
JRF-NET (Junior Research Fellow- National Eligibility Test) examination |
| Purpose and Impact |
Encourages higher studies and research in various fields; aims at educational and socio-economic development of minority communities |
Recent Developments and Concerns
- Discontinuation of MANF: Union Minority Affairs Minister announced the discontinuation of MANF, citing overlaps with similar scholarships.
- Research Community’s Reaction: The research community, represented by the All India Research Scholars Association (AIRSA), has expressed disappointment, emphasizing the role of research in socio-economic development and the importance of MANF for financially constrained minority students.
Comparison with Other Fellowships
- Last Revision in 2019: The last increase in MANF scholarship amounts was in 2019, while other scholarships have seen recent revisions.
- Current Fellowship Amounts: UGC-approved schemes now offer ₹37,000 for junior researchers and ₹42,000 for senior researchers, a significant increase from previous amounts.
Also read:
Scholarship Schemes for Religious Minorities: Reality Check
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Core Sector
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- India’s eight core sectors experienced a significant slowdown, growing by 7.8% in November, down from 12% in October.
About Core Industries in India
- The main or key industries constitute the core sectors of an economy.
- In India, eight sectors are considered the core sectors.
- These sectors are in decreasing order of their weightage: Refinery Products> Electricity> Steel> Coal> Crude Oil> Natural Gas> Cement> Fertilizers.
About Index of Eight Core Industries
- The monthly Index of Eight Core Industries (ICI) is a production volume index.
- ICI measures the collective and individual performance of production in selected eight core industries viz. Coal, Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Refinery Products, Fertilizers, Steel, Cement and Electricity.
- Before the 2004-05 series six core industries namely Coal, Cement, Finished Steel, Electricity, Crude petroleum and Refinery products constituted the index basket.
- Two more industries i.e. Fertilizer and Natural Gas were added to the index basket in the 2004-05 series. The ICI series with base 2011-12 will continue to have eight core industries.
The components covered in these eight industries for compilation of the index are as follows:
- Coal – Coal Production excluding Coking coal.
- Crude Oil – Total Crude Oil Production.
- Natural Gas – Total Natural Gas Production.
- Refinery Products – Total Refinery Production (in terms of Crude Throughput).
- Fertilizer – Urea, Ammonium Sulphate (A/S), Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN), Ammonium chloride (A/C), Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Complex Grade Fertilizer and Single superphosphate (SSP).
- Steel – Production of Alloy and Non-Alloy Steel only.
- Cement – Production of Large Plants and Mini Plants.
- Electricity – Actual Electricity Generation of Thermal, Nuclear, Hydro, imports from Bhutan.
Recent data: Sector-Wise Growth Details
- Decline in ICI: The ICI witnessed a 3.34% drop from October, marking its lowest since March 2023.
- Sector-Specific Trends: Notably, only refinery products and coal showed month-on-month growth, with significant year-on-year increases.
- Steel Production: Growth in steel production hit a 13-month low at 9.1%.
- Crude Oil and Fertilizer: Crude oil saw a contraction, while fertilizer production growth decelerated.
- Natural Gas and Electricity: Both natural gas output and electricity generation growth slowed down considerably in November.
Comparative Analysis with Previous Year
- Year-on-Year Comparison: The core sectors had a 5.7% growth in November 2022.
- Influence of Base Effects: Last year’s high growth in certain sectors like cement significantly influenced this year’s comparative figures.
Economic Insights and Projections
- Bank of Baroda’s Perspective: The slowdown in fertilizer growth aligns with the end of the rabi sowing season, as per the bank’s chief economist.
- IIP Forecast: The core sectors are expected to contribute to an IIP growth of 7%-8%.
- Economists’ View: Experts predict a continued slowdown in core sector growth due to strong base effects from the previous fiscal year.
Future Expectations and Challenges
- India Ratings and Research Predictions: A slowdown in core sector growth is anticipated in the coming months, influenced by the strong base effect.
- Broader Economic Impact: This slowdown is indicative of larger economic challenges, potentially affecting future policy and market expectations.
Conclusion
- Economic Resilience Test: The trends in India’s core sectors underscore the challenges in sustaining growth amid diverse economic conditions.
- Need for Strategic Economic Planning: Addressing these slowdowns will require astute economic planning and possibly new strategies to boost growth in these key sectors.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Press and Registration of Periodicals Bill, 2023
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Press and Registration of Periodicals Bill, 2023, faced opposition uproar but was passed in the Rajya Sabha on August 3. Subsequently, it was approved in the Lok Sabha on December 21, marking its legislative passage.
Press and Registration of Periodicals Bill: Purpose and Objectives
- Repealing the 1867 Act: The Bill aims to repeal the Press and Registration of Books Act, 1867, modernizing the regulatory framework for periodicals.
- Key Provisions: It includes a notable clause preventing individuals convicted of terrorism or acting against state security from publishing periodicals.
- Rationale for Introduction: The Bill focuses on easing business processes for publishers, removing procedural hurdles, and reducing the administrative burden of declarations and filings.
Comparison with the 1867 Act
- Exclusion of Books: Unlike the 1867 Act, the 2023 Bill excludes books from its purview, as they fall under the HRD Ministry’s jurisdiction.
- Penalty Structure: The new Bill replaces imprisonment with fines for certain violations and introduces an appellate mechanism led by the Press Council of India Chairman.
- Shift in Administrative Power: Power is transferred from the District Magistrate to the newly established Press Registrar General, centralizing the registration and regulation process.
Declaration and Registration Process
- Simplification of Procedures: The Bill simplifies the declaration process, eliminating the need for DM involvement and allowing online intimations for printing presses.
- Simultaneous Processing: It enables concurrent processing of title allotment and registration applications, streamlining the procedure.
- Time-Bound Responses: The specified authority must provide feedback within 60 days, expediting the registration process.
UAPA Provision in the Bill
- Restriction on Convicted Individuals: The Bill bars individuals convicted of terrorist acts or unlawful activities, as defined under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967, from publishing periodicals.
- Security Concerns: This provision addresses concerns about the misuse of periodicals for activities threatening national security or sovereignty.
Conclusion
- Modernizing Media Regulation: The Press and Registration of Periodicals Bill, 2023, represents a significant overhaul of India’s media regulatory framework, aligning it with contemporary needs.
- Balancing Ease of Business and Security: While the Bill aims to facilitate easier operations for publishers, it also incorporates measures to safeguard against security threats.
- Potential for Debate and Discussion: The Bill’s passage, amidst opposition concerns, suggests ongoing debates about media freedom, security, and regulatory oversight in India’s evolving democratic landscape.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Polygraph Test
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- In the ongoing investigation of the Parliament security breach, Delhi Police sought court permission for polygraph tests on six accused to uncover their motives.
- A polygraph test, commonly known as a lie detector test, measures physiological responses believed to differ when a person lies.
Mechanics of a Polygraph Test
- Physiological Monitoring: The test involves attaching instruments like cardio-cuffs or sensitive electrodes to monitor blood pressure, pulse, and other variables.
- Response Analysis: As questions are asked, responses are numerically evaluated to determine truthfulness, deception, or uncertainty.
- Historical Origin: First conducted in the 19th century by Cesare Lombroso, an Italian criminologist, to measure blood pressure changes in suspects during interrogation.
Constitutional and Legal Provisions
- Article 20(3) of the Indian Constitution: This article protects against self-incrimination, stating that no accused shall be compelled to be a witness against themselves.
- Infringement Concerns: Forcing an accused to undergo polygraph or narcoanalysis tests is seen as a violation of Article 20(3), making consent essential.
- Article 21 and Human Rights: Polygraph tests are criticized for mental torture, potentially violating the right to life and privacy under Article 21.
Limitations and Challenges
- Scientific Reliability: Neither polygraph nor narco tests are scientifically proven to be 100% accurate, raising questions about their reliability.
- Impact on Vulnerable Individuals: These tests can adversely affect those unaware of their rights or unable to access legal advice, leading to potential abuse and media exploitation.
Legal and Constitutional Rulings
- Selvi vs State of Karnataka & Anr (2010): The Supreme Court ruled that lie detector tests should be voluntary, with legal implications explained to the accused.
- D.K. Basu vs. State of West Bengal (1997): The Court deemed involuntary administration of these tests as potentially violating the Right to Life and Liberty and the Right to Privacy.
- Indian Evidence Act, 1871: The results of these tests are not admissible as evidence in court.
- National Human Rights Commission Guidelines (1999): Established consent and procedural guidelines for administering polygraph tests.
Way Forward
- Role as Investigative Tools: While not reliable for conclusive evidence, polygraph tests can aid in complex investigations.
- Balancing Scientific Techniques and Rights: The government should promote scientific methods in investigations while ensuring strict adherence to ethical and legal standards.
- Consent and Decency: The administration of these tests must be consensual, respecting the dignity and rights of the individuals involved.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Pervasiveness of Plastic: Plastic, with its beneficial properties like durability, has become a ubiquitous part of modern life.
- Environmental Impact: Approximately 50% of plastic is used only once before being discarded, contributing to significant environmental issues, including ocean pollution.
Psychological Aspects of Plastic Use
- Consumer Behavior Influence: The omnipresence of plastic shapes consumer choices and behaviors, influenced by marketing strategies, packaging design, and product aesthetics.
- Packaging and Brand Perception: Packaging plays a crucial role in plastic use, with visual appeal and brand image significantly impacting consumer preferences.
- Color Psychology in Packaging: The use of color in packaging design evokes specific emotions and expectations, influencing purchasing decisions.
Convenience Factor and Limited Alternatives
- Role of Convenience: Plastic packaging’s ability to keep products fresh and hygienic has been a key driver of its market dominance.
- Lack of Economical Alternatives: The absence of affordable alternatives for food packaging often leaves consumers with no choice but to opt for plastic-wrapped items.
Pro-Environmental Behavior (PEB) and Plastic Use
- Understanding PEB: Limiting plastic use and purchase is an example of pro-environmental behavior, influenced by awareness, knowledge, and values.
- Factors Influencing PEB: Concern about plastic, knowledge of its effects, and the perceived commitment of others to address its impact play roles in shaping PEB.
Market Trends and Social Influences
- Impulsive Buying and Social Media: The growth of social media and peer pressure have been linked to increased compulsive buying behaviors, often leading to increased plastic consumption.
- Influence of Social Norms: Social norms promoting consumption have led to an increase in plastic use, despite its environmental costs.
Stages of Behavioral Readiness in Plastic Consumption
Five Stages of Readiness include-
- Pre-contemplation,
- Contemplation,
- Preparation,
- Action, and
- Maintenance.
Role of Storytelling and Marketing in Plastic Awareness
- Emotional Engagement: Storytelling in marketing can emotionally engage customers with the lifecycle of plastic items, enhancing environmental awareness.
- Positive and Negative Impacts: Marketing power can influence consumer behavior both positively and negatively in the context of plastic use.
- Objective vs. Subjective Knowledge: Understanding the specifics of an issue (objective knowledge) versus personal belief or awareness (subjective knowledge) influences behavior.
- Barriers to Action: Lack of personal connection, gradual environmental impact, moral disengagement, and immediacy issues are barriers to taking action against plastic pollution.
Way forward
- Role of Education and Design: Knowledge is crucial, but behavioural change also depends on product design that encourages environmentally friendly choices.
- Supplier and Retailer Responsibility: Minimizing packaging, using recyclable materials, and clear recycling instructions are key steps.
- Policy Initiatives: Policies raising awareness of plastic pollution’s effects can facilitate a sustainability-focused behavioural shift.
- Emergence of Sustainable Brands: As consumers increasingly look to brands for sustainable options, there is a growing market for environmentally conscious products.
Conclusion
- Critical Role of Habit Change: Altering consumer habits is essential for environmental protection, requiring a multifaceted approach involving education, policy, and market innovation.
- Sources: Insights drawn from the Sustainability and Consumer Behaviour Report 2022 by Deloitte United Kingdom and research by Mittali Tyagi, PhD Scholar at Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Medical Negligence and its impact on the marginalized people
Central Idea
- A women recently died from septic shock after a surgery in Jamshedpur, leading her brother to allege medical negligence due to unauthorized surgeon substitution and lack of postoperative care.
- The case has ignited discussions on the legal and ethical aspects of medical negligence in India, amidst proposed changes to exempt doctors from criminal prosecution.
Understanding Medical Negligence
- Definition and Impact: Medical negligence involves a breach of duty by healthcare professionals, leading to patient harm or death.
- Legal Framework: Currently, under Section 106(1) of the Bharatiya Nyaya (Second) Sanhita (BNSS), doctors face potential imprisonment and fines if convicted of negligence, though proposed changes might alter this.
Recent Developments and Legal Provisions
- Recent Announcement: MHA proposed exempting doctors from criminal prosecution in negligence cases, sparking debate and concern among various stakeholders.
- Constitutional Rights: The proposed changes have to be balanced against constitutional protections like Article 20(3) and Article 21, which safeguard against self-incrimination and ensure the right to life and liberty.
Role of the Indian Medical Association (IMA)
- IMA’s Stance: The IMA has advocated for exempting doctors from criminal prosecution for negligence, citing the increasing harassment and detrimental impact on patient care.
- Concerns Raised: The IMA also highlighted the high number of medical negligence cases filed against doctors and the economic losses due to violence against healthcare professionals.
Ethical and Societal Implications
- Power Dynamics: Critics argue that exempting doctors from criminal prosecution might exacerbate power imbalances in the doctor-patient relationship and lead to increased medical malpractice.
- Marginalized Populations at Risk: There’s concern that such exemptions could disproportionately affect vulnerable groups, including women, queer, transgender individuals, and rural residents.
Legal and Ethical Conundrums
- Good Faith Clause: BNSS clauses provide some protection for acts done in good faith, but the distinction between negligence and accident remains unclear.
- Bioethicists’ Perspective: Experts emphasize the need for a balanced approach that considers both healthcare professionals’ challenges and patients’ rights and safety.
Way Forward
- Nationwide Dialogue: The IMA plans to engage in discussions with the government and public to advocate for their position.
- Need for Comprehensive Data: Critics like Geet suggest conducting a nationwide survey to understand the scope of medical negligence and inform policy decisions.
- Legal Recourse for Patients: Ensuring that patients have access to legal recourse and justice is crucial to maintaining trust in the healthcare system and preventing violence against doctors.
Conclusion
- Complex Decision-Making: Exempting doctors from criminal prosecution for medical negligence is a multifaceted issue requiring careful consideration of legal, ethical, and societal factors.
- Ensuring Justice and Quality Care: Any policy changes must strive to protect patients’ rights while also considering the challenges faced by medical professionals, ensuring that the healthcare system remains just, accountable, and focused on delivering high-quality care. Top of Form
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: INC, Important Sessions
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- On December 28, 1885, the Indian National Congress (INC) was established, marking the beginning of a significant journey in Indian politics.
- The INC’s journey from influencing British policy to leading India’s nationalist movement, dominating post-independence politics, and its current decline offers a rich political narrative.
Indian National Congress: Inception in 1885
- Founding by AO Hume: Allan Octavian Hume, an English bureaucrat, founded the INC to advocate for greater self-governance in India.
- First Session: The inaugural session in Bombay saw 72 reformers, journalists, and lawyers unite, aiming not for independence but to influence British policies favorably for Indians.
- Safety Valve Theory: The INC initially served as a platform for Indians to express grievances, seeking to unify diverse population segments and regenerate the nation across various dimensions.
Politics of Petitions
- Early Challenges: The Congress faced criticism from both the British and Indians; the former for disrupting the status quo and the latter for its passive resistance approach.
- Composition and Critique: Dominated by educated, upper-class individuals, the INC was often seen as too moderate and not sufficiently representative of all Indians.
- Internal Divisions: By 1906, ideological differences led to a split between the moderates (Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Surendranath Banerjea) and the extremists (Bal Gangadhar Tilak), particularly over responses to the Bengal Partition.
Leadership under Mahatma Gandhi
- Reunification and Transformation: The INC, under Gandhi’s influence from 1915, transformed into a mass movement, focusing on social issues like caste discrimination and poverty.
- Diverse Membership: Despite its Hindu upper-caste dominance, the party included members from various ethnic and religious backgrounds.
- Purna Swaraj Declaration: At the 1929 Lahore session, the INC, under Jawaharlal Nehru’s presidency, committed to complete independence, a goal achieved in 1947 but marred by Partition.
Dominance in Post-Independence India
- Electoral Success: The INC’s legacy and organizational strength led to victories in the first six general elections.
- Policy Direction: Under Nehru, the party promoted secularism, socialist economics, and non-aligned foreign policy.
- Internal Power Struggles: Post-Nehru, internal conflicts emerged, notably between Indira Gandhi and the party’s old guard, leading to a split into Congress (R) and Congress (O).
Onset of Decline
- Electoral Setbacks: The Emergency period (1975-77) led to the INC’s first national electoral defeat in 1977.
- Fluctuating Fortunes: While it regained power, the 1989 loss marked the end of its dominance, with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) emerging as a strong alternative.
- Recent Struggles: The INC’s significant reduction in parliamentary strength in the 2014 and 2016 elections underscores its ongoing decline.
Back2Basics: Important Sessions of INC
- 1896, Calcutta: Presided over by Rahimtulla M. Sayani, where the national song “Vande Mataram” was sung for the first time.
- 1906, Calcutta: Presided over by Dadabhai Naoroji, where the goal of Swaraj (self-rule) was formally adopted.
- 1917, Calcutta: Annie Besant became the first woman president of the INC.
- 1924, Belgaum: The only session presided over by Mahatma Gandhi.
- 1937, Faizpur: The first session held in a rural area, reflecting the INC’s commitment to rural issues and agrarian reform.
- 1938, Haripura: Subhas Chandra Bose elected as President, which marked a shift towards a more radical approach in the freedom struggle.
- 1940, Ramgarh: Last session presided over by Mahatma Gandhi; emphasized on individual Satyagraha.
- 1955, Avadi (Madras): Adoption of the ‘Avadi Resolution’ which called for a socialist pattern of society.
- 1964, Bhubaneswar: First session after the death of Jawaharlal Nehru, marking a new era in the party’s leadership.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Participatory Notes
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Indian capital markets witnessed a significant increase in investments through participatory notes (P-notes), reaching ₹1.31 lakh crore by the end of November.
What are Participatory Notes?
|
Details |
| Nature of Instrument |
Offshore derivative instruments with Indian shares as underlying assets. |
| Issuers |
Issued by registered Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs) to overseas investors. |
| Purpose |
To allow foreign investors to invest in Indian stock markets without direct registration. |
| Anonymity |
Provide anonymity for foreign investors; beneficiary details are not disclosed to Indian regulators. |
| Regulatory Oversight |
Governed by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). |
| Compliance |
FIIs issuing P-Notes are required to adhere to KYC norms and other regulatory standards. |
| Controversies |
Associated with risks of money laundering and contributing to market volatility. |
| Regulatory Reforms |
SEBI has tightened norms over time, including enhanced KYC and disclosure requirements. |
| Economic Impact |
Significant source of foreign portfolio investment; influences market sentiment and foreign investor behavior. |
| Impact of Regulatory Changes |
Changes in regulations have affected the flow of investments through P-Notes. |
Correlation with FPI Flows
- P-Notes and FPI Trends: The investment through P-notes typically mirrors the trends in foreign portfolio investor (FPI) flows.
- Global Risk Influence: In times of global risk, investment through P-notes tends to increase, and the opposite occurs when the risk subsides.
Factors Influencing the Recent Increase
- U.S. Treasury Bond Yields: The decline in U.S. treasury bond yields is believed to have redirected FPIs’ attention to the Indian market for potentially higher returns.
- IPO Attraction: The listing of Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) in India has also been a factor in attracting foreign investors back to the market.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Huntington's Disease
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences in Hyderabad reports three to four cases of Huntington’s disease monthly, with each case impacting entire families.
Understanding Huntington’s Disease
|
Details |
| Nature of Disorder |
Genetic, progressive brain disorder |
| Genetic Cause |
Mutation in the huntingtin gene on chromosome 4 |
| Inheritance Pattern |
Autosomal dominant disorder (only one copy of the defective gene, from either parent, is enough for disease onset) |
| Symptoms |
Movement Disorders: Involuntary movements (chorea), muscle problems (dystonia), abnormal eye movements.
Cognitive Disorders: Difficulty in organizing and focusing, lack of flexibility, impulse control issues.
Psychiatric Disorders: Depression, mood swings, changes in personality |
| Age of Onset |
Typically between 30 and 50 years of age, but can vary widely
Gradual onset, worsening over 10-25 years, leading to severe disabilities |
| Diagnosis |
Genetic testing to detect the presence of the defective gene |
| Treatment |
No cure; treatment focuses on managing symptoms, including medication for movement and psychiatric disorders, and therapy |
| Impact on Life Expectancy |
Can shorten life expectancy, particularly if onset is at a younger age |
Role of the HTT Gene and Glutamine Repeats
- Genetic Mutation: Huntington’s disease is caused by a mutation in the HTT gene, leading to abnormal huntingtin (Htt) proteins that damage neurons.
- Polyglutamine Tracts: The severity of the disease correlates with the length of glutamine repeats in the Htt protein; longer repeats result in earlier and more severe symptoms.
- Inheritance Pattern: The disease manifests even if only one copy of the HTT gene is mutated, demonstrating its dominant nature.
- Similar Proteins and Diseases: Other proteins with polyglutamine tracts, when mutated, can also cause neuronal degeneration, leading to disorders like spinocerebellar ataxia.
Fruit Fly Study: A Model for Understanding Huntington’s
- Genetic Engineering in Flies: Researchers engineered fruit flies to express the human HTT gene with extended polyglutamine tracts in their neurons.
- Gal4/UAS System: Utilizing the Gal4 gene from baker’s yeast, the study induced expression of mutated HTT in fly neurons.
- Symptoms in Flies: Flies with longer glutamine tracts exhibited symptoms similar to Huntington’s disease, unlike those with shorter, normal tracts.
Yod1 Gene Discovery
- Gene Expression Experiment: The study explored the effects of altering the expression of 32 genes on disease-like symptoms in fruit flies.
- Yod1’s Protective Role: Overexpression of the Yod1 gene eliminated neurodegeneration and other disease-like effects in flies with longer glutamine tracts.
Broader Implications and Future Research
- Potential in Human Treatment: If overexpression of the human version of Yod1 shows similar benefits in fruit flies, it could be a promising avenue for treating Huntington’s in humans.
- Value of Model Organisms: Studies in fruit flies and yeasts are pivotal for understanding molecular mechanisms of diseases like Huntington’s.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SLIM Mission
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Japan’s Smart Lander for Investigating Moon (SLIM) spacecraft successfully entered lunar orbit on December 25, ahead of its planned moon landing on January 19.
- If successful, Japan will join an elite group of nations to achieve a soft lunar landing, following India’s Chandrayaan 3 mission in August.
SLIM: An Overview
- Launch and Design: Launched by JAXA on September 7, 2023, SLIM is a lightweight spacecraft, weighing only 590 kg, compared to Chandrayaan 3’s 3,900 kg.
- Mission Objectives: SLIM aims to demonstrate precise lunar landing capabilities, targeting a landing within 100 meters of its chosen site near the Shioli Crater.
Journey to the Moon
- Fuel-Efficient Trajectory: Unlike Chandrayaan 3’s Hohmann transfer orbit, SLIM followed a longer, fuel-efficient path based on weak-stability boundary theory, taking four months to reach the moon.
- Orbital Mechanics: SLIM utilized Earth’s gravity to build kinetic energy, eventually aligning its trajectory with the moon’s orbit for a slower approach and capture.
SLIM’s Lunar Mission Goals
- Precision Landing: SLIM’s attempt to land with minimal deviation from its target site sets a new standard for lunar missions.
- Scientific Payload: The spacecraft will deploy two small rovers, LEV-1 and LEV-2, to study the lunar surface, temperature, radiation, and potentially the moon’s mantle.
Impact on Chandrayaan 4
- Lunar South Pole Exploration: Chandrayaan 4, a joint Indian-Japanese mission (LUPEX), aims to explore regions closer to the moon’s south pole, requiring precise landing technologies.
- Technological Synergy: Technologies and insights from SLIM, particularly in navigation and feature-matching algorithms, will be crucial for the success of Chandrayaan 4.
Challenges of Lunar South Pole Exploration
- Rugged Terrain: The moon’s polar regions, characterized by rocky terrain, craters, and steep slopes, demand highly accurate landing capabilities.
- Water-Ice Exploration: These regions contain water ice, making them prime targets for future lunar missions and resource utilization.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Unemployment in India
Central Idea
- In 1932, M Visvesvaraya highlighted the issue of unemployment among educated individuals in India.
- Ninety years later, the issue of youth unemployment remains a significant concern, despite official data indicating a decrease in the overall unemployment rate.
Unemployment Trends: Data Analysis
- Official Statistics: According to the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), the unemployment rate decreased from 6.1% in 2017-18 to 3.2% in 2022-23.
- Disparities in Experience: Despite the overall reduction, young, highly educated workers face the highest unemployment rates, indicating a structural problem in the Indian economy.
Educational Attainment and Unemployment
- Higher Education and Unemployment: Individuals with higher education have consistently faced higher unemployment rates since the 1990s.
- Trends Over Time: Unemployment rates for graduates have fluctuated, reaching 17% in 2017-18 and then dropping to 13% in 2022-23.
Youth Unemployment
- Young Graduates: The unemployment rate for young workers (aged 18 to 29) with graduate degrees has been notably high, with significant long-term unemployment spells.
- Increasing Share of Graduates: The proportion of graduates in the labor force has risen from 5% in 1993-94 to around 15% in 2022-23, impacting overall unemployment rates.
Challenges and Implications
- Growing Concern: The increasing share of educated workers in the labor force, coupled with high unemployment rates among them, points to a deepening problem.
- Need for Analysis: Understanding the causes of unemployment among the highly educated is crucial, whether it’s the education system’s failure to impart relevant skills or the economy’s inability to create sufficient jobs.
Conclusion
- Serious Issue: Youth unemployment in India is a critical issue that needs comprehensive analysis and action.
- Harnessing Demographic Dividend: Effective measures are required to ensure that the aspirations of the youth are met and the potential of India’s demographic dividend is fully realized.
- Policy Focus: Addressing youth unemployment requires targeted policies that focus on skill development, job creation, and aligning education with market needs.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Card-on-File Tokenisation (CoFT)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has expanded the scope of card-on-file tokenisation (CoFT) services to include card-issuing banks and institutions, enhancing the security of digital payments.
- Previously, tokenisation services were primarily provided through merchants. The RBI’s recent notification marks a significant shift in this approach.
Understanding CoFT and Its Importance
- Card-on-File (CoF) Concept: Traditionally, merchants stored customer card details (CoF) on their platforms, posing risks to financial data security.
- Tokenisation Solution: To mitigate data breach risks, the RBI introduced tokenisation, where a unique token replaces actual card details at the merchant’s end.
- Regulatory Measures: In March 2020, RBI mandated that payment aggregators and merchants should not store actual card data, aiming to minimize system vulnerabilities. The deadline for compliance was extended to December 2021 following industry requests.
Implementation of CoFT by Card Issuers
- Channels for Token Generation: Customers can generate CoFT tokens through mobile and internet banking, offering a convenient and secure method for digital transactions.
- Consent and Authentication: Token generation requires explicit customer consent and Additional Factor of Authentication (AFA) validation, ensuring user control and security.
- Flexibility for Cardholders: Cardholders have the flexibility to tokenise their cards at any time and select specific merchants for maintaining tokens.
- Token Issuance: The tokens can be issued either by the card network, the issuer, or both, providing multiple layers of security.
Impact and Adotion of CoFT
- Enhancing Safety and Convenience: CoFT aims to secure card data without compromising the convenience of card transactions.
- Implementation Timeline: The RBI introduced CoFT in 2021, with full rollout from October 1, 2022.
- Usage Statistics: Since its implementation, over 56 crore tokens have been created, facilitating transactions worth over ₹5 lakh crore.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: FTA, CEPA
Mains level: India-Oman Trade Relations
Central Idea
- India and Oman are rapidly progressing in their negotiations for a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA), expected to be signed in January 2024.
- The second round of talks was recently concluded in Muscat, indicating both countries’ eagerness to finalize the deal.
India-Oman Trade Relations
- Export Destination: Oman is India’s third-largest export destination in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), making the FTA crucial for enhancing Indian exports.
- Current Trade Dynamics: Over 80% of Indian goods currently enter Oman with an average import duty of 5%, and the FTA aims to reduce these barriers.
Potential Benefits of the FTA
- Boost in Exports: The agreement is expected to significantly increase Indian exports in various sectors, including gasoline, iron and steel, electronics, and machinery.
- Key Export Sectors: Sectors like motor gasoline, iron and steel products, electronics, machinery, textiles, plastics, boneless meat, essential oils, and motor cars are likely to benefit from duty elimination.
Economic Context and Strategic Importance
- Oman’s Economy: With a GDP of about USD 115 billion and a higher per capita income compared to India, Oman presents a market for diversified and higher-value Indian goods and services.
- Bilateral Trade Growth: India-Oman bilateral trade reached USD 12.39 billion in 2022-23, with Indian exports and imports showing significant growth.
- Oman’s Position: Oman’s strategic location in the Arabian Gulf region, with key ports along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman, is of utmost importance to India.
- Historical Ties: The longstanding connection between Oman’s ruling family and India has fostered strong bilateral relations, with a significant Indian community contributing to these ties.
India-Oman Strategic Partnership
- Defense and Security: The partnership, strengthened by a MoU signed in 2005, includes joint exercises and cooperation in maritime security.
- Trade and Commerce: Bilateral trade and joint ventures are key pillars of engagement, with significant Indian investment in Oman.
Future Collaborations and Regional Stability
- Space and Rare Earth Metals: Prospects for cooperation in space exploration and rare earth metals exploration are on the horizon.
- Connectivity Projects: Oman could play a crucial role in India’s proposed connectivity corridors and infrastructure projects in West Asia.
Conclusion
- Shared Interests: The deepening India-Oman relationship, marked by shared interests and mutual respect, positions Oman as India’s gateway to West Asia.
- Broader Engagement: As India seeks to expand its global outreach, particularly in West Asia, Oman’s strategic importance and balanced foreign policy make it a key ally in the region.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Mental Health Issues
Central Idea
- The World Health Organization (WHO) recently declared loneliness a significant global health threat, with an estimated 10% of adolescents and 25% of older people affected worldwide.
- Despite being a collectivistic society with over 140 billion people, loneliness in India remains relatively understudied and unacknowledged as a public health and social issue.
Understanding Loneliness
- Definition: Loneliness is defined as the unpleasant experience due to a deficiency in one’s network of social relations, either quantitatively or qualitatively.
- Health Impact: Comparable to smoking 15 cigarettes a day, loneliness can lead to severe mental and physical health issues, including heart disease, depression, and decreased longevity.
Data and Trends in India
- Historical Data: Studies from the early 1990s to recent years show varying rates of loneliness, with a notable increase in loneliness among the elderly and the highly educated.
- Pandemic Effect: COVID-19 and subsequent lockdowns have exacerbated loneliness, particularly among young people and those living alone.
Disparities and Challenges
- Higher Among Educated Youth: Young, highly educated individuals face disproportionately higher rates of unemployment and loneliness, indicating a structural issue in the Indian economy.
- Cultural Stigma: In India, loneliness is often dismissed as a phase or a state of mind, and discussing mental health is stigmatized, making it challenging to address the issue effectively.
Public Health Implications
- Rising Disease Burden: Loneliness contributes to an increased risk of various diseases, potentially inflaming India’s already rising communicable and non-communicable disease burden.
- Inadequate Healthcare Infrastructure: India’s healthcare system struggles with inadequate staff, infrastructure, and budgetary allocation, further complicating the response to the loneliness epidemic.
The Indian Experience of Loneliness
- Cultural Differences: Unlike Western countries, India’s collectivistic culture and socioeconomic barriers present unique challenges in understanding and addressing loneliness.
- Marginalized Communities: Loneliness disproportionately affects marginalized identities, and addressing it requires understanding the intersection of social inequity and mental health.
Addressing Loneliness as a Structural Problem
- Need for Targeted Interventions: Recognizing loneliness as a distinct condition can help develop interventions tailored to India’s cultural context.
- Community-Based Solutions: Addressing loneliness may require community-focused strategies that respond to structural inequities rather than solely clinical approaches.
Conclusion
- National-Level Surveys: Conducting comprehensive surveys in local languages can help understand the true scale of loneliness in India’s diverse population.
- Holistic Approach: Combating loneliness in India requires a multifaceted approach that includes improving mental health literacy, enhancing healthcare infrastructure, and addressing social inequalities.
- Continuous Engagement: As loneliness gains recognition as a public health issue, India must continuously adapt its strategies to effectively support those affected by this silent epidemic.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UAPA
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has declared the Muslim League Jammu Kashmir faction as an “unlawful association” under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) for five years.
- It is a very rare occasion that any election-contesting political party has been banned under UAPA.
Government’s Stance
- The Union Home Minister emphasized that the organization and its members are involved in anti-national and secessionist activities, supporting terrorism, and inciting people to establish Islamic rule in Jammu and Kashmir.
- It stated that the faction is engaged in anti-India and pro-Pakistan propaganda, aiming for Jammu and Kashmir’s secession from India, its merger with Pakistan, and the establishment of Islamic rule.
About Understanding the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA)
- Purpose: The UAPA aims to prevent unlawful activities and associations in India, focusing on maintaining the country’s integrity and sovereignty. Under Section 3 of the UAPA Act, the government has powers to declare an association “unlawful”.
- Evolution: Originally passed in 1967, the UAPA has evolved from the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act (TADA) and the Prevention of Terrorism Act (POTA), with significant amendments in 2004 to include “terrorist act” in its scope.
- Unlawful Activities: These include actions, whether by deeds, words, or visible representation, that work towards the cession or secession of a part of India, disrupt its sovereignty and territorial integrity, or cause disaffection against the country.
- Unlawful Association: Under Section 3 of the UAPA Act, the government has powers to declare an association “unlawful”. An association can be deemed “unlawful” if it engages in, supports, or encourages unlawful activities, as defined under Section 2(p) of the UAPA.
Unlawful Activities and Funding
- Fundraising for Terrorism: The Ministry highlighted that the outfit has been raising funds through various sources, including Pakistan, to support unlawful activities and terrorism.
- Stone-Pelting Incidents: The group’s involvement in stone-pelting against security forces was cited as a sign of disrespect towards India’s constitutional authority and setup.
Linkages with Terrorist Organizations
- Terror Connections: The MHA provided evidence of the faction’s connections with banned terrorist organizations and its role in supporting terrorist activities to instill terror in the country.
- Government’s Concerns: The Central government expressed concerns that if unchecked, the faction would continue its anti-national activities, challenging India’s territorial integrity, security, and sovereignty.
Implications of the Ban
- UAPA Enforcement: The declaration under Section 3 (3) of the UAPA signifies a stringent approach against the group’s activities for the next five years.
- National Security Focus: This move aligns with the government’s commitment to maintaining national security and integrity, particularly in the sensitive region of Jammu and Kashmir.
Conclusion
- Strong Message: The government’s decision sends a clear message against any forces acting against India’s unity, sovereignty, and integrity.
- Continued Vigilance: The ban reflects India’s ongoing efforts to combat separatism and terrorism, ensuring peace and stability in Jammu and Kashmir and across the nation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: INS Imphal
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- INS Imphal (Pennant D68), the third ship of the Visakhapatnam class stealth-guided missile destroyers, is set to join the Indian Navy.
- Part of Project 15B, INS Imphal follows the lineage of the Delhi and Kolkata classes of indigenous destroyers.
About INS Imphal
|
Details |
| Ship Name |
INS Imphal (Pennant D68) |
| Class |
Visakhapatnam class stealth-guided missile destroyer (Project 15B) |
| Commissioning Date |
Scheduled for December 26 |
| Builder |
Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDSL) |
| Design |
Indian Navy’s Warship Design Bureau |
| Propulsion System |
Combined gas and gas (COGAG) configuration with four gas turbines |
| Maximum Speed |
30 knots |
| Range |
4000 nautical miles |
| Armament |
BrahMos surface-to-surface cruise missiles
Barak-8 surface-to-air missiles
127 mm main gun
AK-630 30mm guns
Torpedo launchers and anti-submarine rocket launchers |
| Helicopter Facilities |
Can operate two multi-role helicopters (Sea King or HAL Dhruv) |
| Strategic Features |
Stealth capabilities for reduced radar signature
Advanced combat management system
Total atmospheric control system (TACS) for protection against nuclear, biological, and chemical threats |
| Significance |
Represents advanced naval warfare capabilities and strategic asset for the Indian Navy |
| Tribute to Northeast India |
Named after the city of Imphal, honoring the strategic and historical significance of the Northeast region |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: One-Hour Trade Settlement, T+1 Settlement Cycle
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has proposed introducing T+0 (same day) and instant settlement cycles in the equity cash segment, alongside the existing T+1 cycle.
Current Settlement Cycle
- Evolution: SEBI shortened the settlement cycle from T+5 to T+3 in 2002, and then to T+2 in 2003. The T+1 cycle was introduced in 2021 and fully implemented by January 2023.
- T+1 Cycle: Currently, the settlement of funds and securities occurs on the next day after the trade.
About T+0 Settlement Cycle
- Phased Implementation: SEBI plans to introduce the shorter cycle in two phases: Phase 1 with T+0 Settlement and Phase 2 with Instant Settlement.
- T+0 Settlement Details: In Phase 1, trades executed until 1:30 PM will be settled by 4:30 PM on the same day.
- Instant Settlement Mechanics: Phase 2 envisages immediate trade-by-trade settlement, with trading continuing until 3:30 PM.
Scope and Implementation
- Initial Focus: Initially, the T+0 settlement will be available for the top 500 listed equity shares based on market capitalization, implemented in three tranches.
- Surveillance Measures: The same surveillance measures applicable in the T+1 cycle will apply to the T+0 cycle. Trade-for-trade settlement securities will not be eligible for T+0.
Rationale behind Introducing a Shorter Settlement Cycle
- Market Growth and Efficiency: With the significant growth in market volumes and participants, SEBI aims to enhance market efficiency and safety, especially for retail investors.
- Technological Advancements: The evolution of payment systems like UPI and the sophistication of market infrastructure support the feasibility of shorter settlement cycles.
- Investor Attraction: Faster transactions, reliability, and low costs are key factors that attract investors, making Indian securities a more appealing asset class.
Features of the Proposed T+0 Settlement Mechanism
- Early Pay-In Trend: A large percentage of retail investors already make early pay-ins of funds and securities, indicating readiness for instant settlement.
- Instant Receipt Benefits: The mechanism enables instant receipt of funds and securities, reducing settlement shortages and enhancing investor control.
- Investor Protection: Direct crediting of funds and securities into investors’ accounts, especially for UPI clients, strengthens investor protection.
Benefits of the New Mechanism
- Flexibility for Clients: The new mechanism offers faster payouts of funds to sellers and securities to buyers, providing greater flexibility and control.
- Market Ecosystem Advantages: The faster settlement cycle is expected to enhance the operational efficiency of the securities market, benefiting the entire ecosystem.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Space missions in 2024
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The year 2024 is set to be a landmark year in space exploration, following significant achievements in 2023, including NASA’s OSIRIS-REx and India’s Chandrayaan-3 missions.
Upcoming Missions
- The year will feature several key missions under NASA’s Artemis plan and Commercial Lunar Payload Services, along with other international endeavors.
[1] Europa Clipper Mission
- Objective: NASA’s Europa Clipper will explore Jupiter’s moon, Europa, known for its icy surface and potential subsurface saltwater ocean.
- Significance: The mission aims to assess Europa’s habitability for extraterrestrial life by studying its icy shell, geology, and ocean.
- Launch Details: Scheduled for launch on October 10, 2024, aboard a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket, with arrival at Jupiter set for 2030.
[2] Artemis II Mission
- Program Goals: Part of NASA’s Artemis program to return humans to the Moon, including plans for a sustained presence and future Mars missions.
- Mission Specifics: Artemis II, following the uncrewed Artemis I, will be the first crewed mission orbiting the Moon since 1972, planned for November 2024.
[3] VIPER Lunar Mission
- Mission Overview: VIPER (Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover) aims to explore the Moon’s south pole for volatiles like water and carbon dioxide.
- Technology and Schedule: Equipped to handle extreme lunar temperatures, VIPER’s launch is scheduled for November 2024, focusing on resources for future human exploration.
[4] Lunar Trailblazer and PRIME-1 Missions
- SIMPLEx Program: These missions are part of NASA’s Small, Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration (SIMPLEx), offering cost-effective, rideshare opportunities.
- Objectives: Lunar Trailblazer will orbit the Moon to map water locations, while PRIME-1 will test drilling technology, both scheduled for mid-2024.
[5] JAXA’s Martian Moon eXploration (MMX) Mission
- Mission Focus: JAXA’s MMX mission aims to study Mars’ moons, Phobos and Deimos, to determine their origin.
- Science Operations: The spacecraft will conduct a three-year mission, including landing on Phobos and returning a sample to Earth, with a launch planned around September 2024.
[6] ESA’s Hera Mission
- Mission Purpose: Hera, by the European Space Agency, will study the Didymos-Dimorphos asteroid system, following NASA’s DART mission’s kinetic impact in 2022.
- Planetary Defense: Hera will assess the impact of DART’s collision and study the asteroids’ physical properties, with a launch set for October 2024.
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