Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Andriamamelo Cave
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Unique prehistoric rock art has been found in the Andriamamelo Cave in western Madagascar, marking a first for the island.
- It reveals pictorial art with nature, human-like, and animal-like figures.
Andriamamelo Cave Art: Key Features
- Beyond Basic Symbols: Previously, Madagascar’s rock art mainly featured basic symbols. The new findings depict more complex scenes and figures.
- Egyptian Religious Motifs: Some scenes bear a resemblance to motifs from Egypt’s Ptolemaic period (300-30 BCE). Major images hint at Egyptian deities like Horus, Thoth, Ma`at, and Anubis.
- Ethiopian and Afro-Arab Connections: Symbols and writings suggest cultural links to the Ethiopian and Afro-Arab worlds.
- Borneo Cave Art Style: The art shares similarities with a two-millennia-old cave art style from Borneo.
- Depiction of Extinct Animals: The art may depict at least three extinct animals of Madagascar, including a giant sloth lemur, elephant birds, and a giant tortoise.
- Mysterious M-Figures: The ubiquitous M-shaped symbol matches the Amharic alphabet’s “hawt” and is linked to the concept of the “breath of life” in some Austronesian languages.
- Absence of Modern and Religious Symbols: The art lacks Christian, Muslim, Hindu symbols, and modern motifs, indicating its ancient origins.
Dating Challenges and Speculations
- Difficulty in Dating: Direct dating of the cave art is challenging due to the inorganic nature of the black pigment.
- Estimated Age: The presence of extinct animals and absence of modern symbols suggest the art could be around 2,000 years old.
- Potential Historical Evidence: The art might provide insights into who colonized Madagascar and when.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: COP28
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Annual Climate Summit: The 28th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP28) was held in Dubai, under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
- High Expectations: There were significant expectations for countries to take decisive steps in addressing the climate crisis.
- Key Focus Areas: Discussions at COP28 revolved around mitigation, adaptation, finance, and the differing responsibilities of developed and developing nations.
Early Developments: Loss and Damage Fund
- COP27 Agreement Follow-up: After agreeing to create the ‘Loss and Damage’ (L&D) fund at COP27, COP28 focused on its operationalization.
- Funding Challenges: Despite the need for substantial funding, contributions have been limited, with the U.S. pledging only $17.5 million.
- Administration and Access Concerns: The World Bank’s role in overseeing the fund raised issues regarding access, legal autonomy, and responsiveness to emergencies.
Emissions Reduction and Energy Transition
- Global Stocktake Findings: The first global stocktake (GST) assessed progress towards the Paris Agreement goals.
- Fossil Fuel Transition: A commitment was made to move away from fossil fuels in energy systems, to triple renewable and nuclear energy capacity by 2030.
- Continued Use in Other Sectors: Fossil fuels remain in use in sectors like plastics, transport, and agriculture.
- Transitional Fuels and Climate Justice: The acceptance of natural gas as a transitional fuel was seen as a compromise on climate justice.
Financial Mechanisms for Climate Action
- Developed Nations’ Responsibility: The GST framework emphasized the leading role of developed nations in climate finance.
- Private Sector Involvement: The role of private investment in addressing financial gaps was acknowledged.
- Green Finance Initiatives: New mechanisms, including a $3.5 billion boost to the Green Climate Fund, were established to support sustainable practices in developing countries.
India’s Stance on Climate and Health Declaration
- UAE Declaration on Climate and Health: This declaration, partnered with the World Health Organisation, was signed by 123 countries but not by India.
- India’s Concerns: India refrained from signing due to potential impacts on its growing healthcare infrastructure and the need to prioritize healthcare requirements.
Global Methane Pledge and India’s Position
- Renewed Focus on Methane: The pledge received attention with over $1 billion in new grants for methane reduction projects.
- India’s Non-Participation: India did not sign the pledge, focusing instead on carbon dioxide emissions and considering the livelihood implications of methane reduction in agriculture.
Assessment of COP28: Achievements and Shortcomings
- Positive Developments: Notable achievements included the climate and health declaration, emphasis on nature-based solutions, and commitments to sustainable food systems.
- Contentious Issues: Disagreements persisted over fossil-fuel subsidies, the role of the World Bank in the L&D fund, and private sector engagement in climate action.
- Mixed Outcomes: While renewable energy targets marked progress, unresolved issues regarding L&D, fossil fuel use, and transitional fuels indicated ongoing challenges.
Conclusion
- Balancing Act: COP28 showcased the intricate balance between ambitious climate goals and the practical realities of economic and social factors.
- Continued Dialogue: The outcomes reflect the need for ongoing dialogue and collaboration to address the multifaceted aspects of climate change and sustainable development.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mullaperiyar Dam
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Tamil Nadu cancelled the decision to open the spillway shutters of Mullaperiyar dam after a lull in rainfall and reduced inflow of water to the dam.
Do you know?
The Mullaperiyar dam is located in Kerala on the river Periyar but is operated and maintained by the neighbouring state of Tamil Nadu.
John Pennycuick (the architect of this dam) sold his family property in England to mobilize money to fund the project! People of the region fondly name their children under his name a remark of reverence.
Mullaperiyar Dam
- It is a masonry gravity dam on the Periyar River in Kerala.
- It is located on the Cardamom Hills of the Western Ghats in Thekkady, Idukki District.
- It was constructed between 1887 and 1895 by John Pennycuick (who was born in Pune) and also reached in an agreement to divert water eastwards to the Madras Presidency area.
- It has a height of 53.6 m (176 ft) from the foundation, and a length of 365.7 m (1,200 ft).
Operational issue
- The dam is located in Kerala but is operated and maintained by Tamil Nadu.
- The catchment area of the Mullaperiyar Dam itself lies entirely in Kerala and thus not an inter-State river.
- In November 2014, the water level hit 142 feet for first time in 35 years.
- The reservoir again hit the maximum limit of 142 feet in August 2018, following incessant rains in the state of Kerala.
- Indeed, the tendency to store water to almost the full level of reservoirs is becoming a norm among water managers across States.
Dispute: Control and safety of the dam
- Supreme court judgment came in February 2006, has allowed Tamil Nadu to raise the level of the dam to 152 ft (46 m) after strengthening it.
- Responding to it, the Mullaperiyar dam was declared an ‘endangered’ scheduled dam by the Kerala Government under the disputed Kerala Irrigation and Water Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2006.
- For Tamil Nadu, the Mullaperiyar dam and the diverted Periyar waters act as a lifeline for Theni, Madurai, Sivaganga, Dindigul and Ramnad districts.
- Tamil Nadu has insisted on exercising the unfettered colonial rights to control the dam and its waters, based on the 1886 lease agreement.
Rule of Curve issue
- A rule curve or rule level specifies the storage or empty space to be maintained in a reservoir during different times of the year.
- It decides the fluctuating storage levels in a reservoir.
- The gate opening schedule of a dam is based on the rule curve. It is part of the “core safety” mechanism in a dam.
- The TN government often blames Kerala for delaying the finalization of the rule curve.
Back2Basics: Periyar River
- The Periyar is the longest river in the state of Kerala with a length of 244 km.
- It is also known as ‘Lifeline of Kerala’ as it is one of the few perennial rivers in the state.
- It originates from Sivagiri hills of Western Ghats and flows through the Periyar National Park.
- The main tributaries of Periyar are Muthirapuzha, Mullayar, Cheruthoni, Perinjankutti.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: 14th Amendment of US Constitution
Mains level: Comparison of Indian Constitution
Central Idea
- The US top court ordered the removal of former President Donald Trump from the ballot for the next Presidential elections.
- The decision was based on Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment of the US Constitution, relating to Trump’s alleged role in the January 6, 2021, attacks on the US Capitol.
14th Amendment of US Constitution
|
Details |
| Ratification Date |
July 9, 1868 |
| Primary Purpose |
To address civil rights issues following the Civil War, particularly regarding former slaves. |
| Key Clauses |
– Citizenship Clause: Citizenship for all persons born or naturalized in the U.S.
– Due Process Clause: Fair legal process required for all citizens.
– Equal Protection Clause: Equal legal protection for all citizens. |
| Historical Context |
Response to post-Civil War issues, including the Black Codes in Southern states. |
| Major Significance |
– Extended Bill of Rights protections to state actions.
– Foundation for numerous civil rights advancements and Supreme Court decisions. |
| Notable Cases |
– Brown v. Board of Education (1954) for desegregation
– Roe v. Wade (1973) for abortion rights |
| Why in news? |
Section 3 disqualifies anyone who, having taken an oath to support the Constitution, engages in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or aids its enemies, from holding any office, civil or military, in the United States.
Applied to Donald Trump |
| Impact on Federalism |
Altered the balance of power between the federal government and states, especially in civil rights and liberties. |
Similar Provisions in India
|
Details |
| Equal Protection Clause |
Article 14: Indian Constitution guarantees “equality before the law” and “equal protection of the laws” within the territory of India. |
| Citizenship Clause |
Articles 5 to 11: Deal with aspects of citizenship in India, including citizenship by birth, descent, registration, naturalization, and incorporation of territory. |
| Due Process Clause |
Article 21: Provides protection of life and personal liberty, stating “No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to a procedure established by law.” |
| Protection of Civil Liberties |
Article 19: Ensures the protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, assembly, etc. |
| Prohibition of Discrimination |
Article 15: Prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. |
| Disqualification for Public Office |
Representation of the People Act, 1951 (Sections 8, 9, 10, 11): Lays out disqualifications for membership of Parliament and State Legislatures due to criminal convictions, corrupt practices, and certain office-of-profit positions. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: World Bank
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
About World Bank
|
Details |
| Establishment |
July 1944, during the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, USA. |
| Initial Purpose |
To help rebuild European nations devastated by World War II;
Later expanded to include global development and poverty reduction. |
| Components |
– International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
– International Development Association (IDA)
– International Finance Corporation (IFC)
– Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
– International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) |
| Membership |
189 member countries as of 2021. |
| Headquarters |
Washington, D.C., United States. |
| Main Functions |
Provides loans, credits, and grants; offers technical expertise and policy advice; researches development issues. |
| Funding |
Through issuance of bonds in the international financial markets and earnings from its investments. |
| Governance |
Led by a President, with a Board of Governors and a Board of Executive Directors. |
| India’s Involvement |
– Founding member since 1944.
– First loan approved in 1949 for Indian Railways. |
Understanding Multilateral Development Banks
- Definition and Membership: MDBs are financial institutions with multiple country members, both developed and developing, that provide financing and technical assistance for development projects.
- Operational Focus: Their operations span various sectors, including transport, energy, and urban infrastructure, with developed countries contributing to the lending pool and developing countries primarily borrowing for development projects.
Rationale behind Proposed Reforms
- Addressing Global Challenges: The climate crisis and other global issues require mechanisms for global-scale action, particularly in emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs).
- Aligning with National Priorities: The expert group recommends that MDBs align more closely with the developmental priorities of individual nations.
- Enhancing Private Sector Engagement: A shift is suggested towards greater private sector involvement in MDB operations, moving away from the culture of limited interaction between private and sovereign financing arms.
Key Aspects of the Proposed Reforms
- Coordination and Stakeholder Involvement: The panel emphasizes the need for greater coordination among stakeholders, including national governments, to develop unified goals and policies.
- Addressing Coordination Failures: The reforms aim to resolve multiple coordination failures among domestic and international stakeholders, both public and private.
- Changing Perception and Practices: The current perception of MDBs as bureaucratic and risk-averse is seen as a barrier to private sector involvement, which is crucial for ramping up financing.
MDBs’ Traditional Lending in Countries like India
- Role in India’s Development: MDBs have been instrumental in financing key infrastructure projects in India, often with longer gestation periods.
- World Bank’s Commitments: Since its establishment in 1944, the World Bank has committed $97.6 billion to India, with significant portions in public administration, agriculture, and transport.
- Asian Development Bank’s Involvement: Formed in 1969, the ADB has committed $59.7 billion to India, focusing on transport, energy, and urban infrastructure.
- Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank’s Financing: The AIIB, established in 2016, has approved $9.9 billion in financing for India, with a focus on transport, energy, and economic resilience.
- European Investment Bank’s Contributions: Since 1958, the EIB has committed Euro 4.5 billion to India, primarily in the transport and energy sectors.
Conclusion
- Implications of the Recommendations: The proposed shift in MDB operations could lead to more effective and targeted development financing, aligning closely with the specific needs and priorities of individual countries.
- Potential for Enhanced Global Impact: By addressing coordination challenges and increasing private sector engagement, MDBs could play a pivotal role in meeting global development goals and addressing critical challenges like the climate crisis.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Enforcement Directorate (ED)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Supreme Court ruled on the procedures for arrests made by the Enforcement Directorate (ED).
About Enforcement Directorate (ED)
|
Details |
| Establishment |
May 1, 1956
Initially set up as an ‘Enforcement Unit’ |
| Mandate |
Enforces economic and financial regulations |
| Jurisdiction |
Nationwide |
| Legal Authority |
– Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002
– Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 |
| Functional Focus |
Economic and financial offenses including money laundering, foreign exchange irregularities |
| Investigative Powers |
– Attachment, confiscation, and arrest
– Conduct raids and searches
– Summon and question individuals |
| Collaboration |
Coordinates with various agencies (CBI, local police) and banks |
| Reporting Authority |
Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance |
| Corruption Investigations |
Has a separate Economic Offenses Division |
| Notable Cases |
– Vijay Mallya extradition
– PNB fraud case
– Augusta Westland VVIP chopper scam |
| International Cooperation |
Works with international law enforcement for cross-border investigations (Interpol, FATF) |
| Public Interface |
Accepts complaints and information regarding economic offenses |
| Transparency and Accountability |
Regular reports to the Ministry of Finance; subject to oversight by judiciary and government bodies |
Issue: Revision of ED Arrest Norms
- Supreme Court Ruling: On Friday, the Supreme Court ruled that the Enforcement Directorate (ED) needs only to orally inform an accused of the grounds of their arrest at the time of arrest.
- Requirement for Written Grounds: The court also specified that the written grounds of arrest must be supplied to the accused within 24 hours of their arrest.
Modification of Previous Supreme Court Ruling
- Earlier Mandate: A two-judge Bench of the Supreme Court on October 3 had mandated the ED to provide the grounds of arrest in writing at the time of custody.
- Current Ruling: The latest ruling by Justices Bela Trivedi and Satish Chandra Sharma modified this requirement.
Legal Framework: Section 19 of PMLA
- ED’s Arrest Power: Section 19 of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) authorizes the ED to arrest individuals based on material evidence.
- Notification Requirement: The law requires that the reasons for such belief must be recorded in writing, and the grounds of arrest be informed to the accused “as soon as may be.”
- Understanding ‘As Soon As May Be’: The court interpreted the phrase to mean “as early as possible”, “without avoidable delay”, “within reasonably convenient” or a “reasonably requisite” period.
Case Background: Supertech Limited’s Founder’s Challenge
- Delhi High Court’s Decision: The Delhi High Court had dismissed a petition by a person to declare his arrest illegal.
- Argument: He contended that his arrest violated Section 19(1) of the PMLA and his fundamental rights, as he was not supplied with written grounds for arrest.
Supreme Court’s December 15 Ruling
- Non-Retrospective Application: The court stated that the October 3 ruling in Pankaj Bansal vs. UOI cannot be applied retrospectively to cases before that date.
- Reference to Vijay Madanlal’s Case: The court relied on its July 27 decision in Vijay Mandanlal Choudhary vs. UOI, by a three-judge Bench, to support its ruling.
- Upholding PMLA Provisions: The validity of Section 19 was upheld, affirming its reasonable nexus with the PMLA’s objectives.
Resolving Bench Discrepancies
- 2002 Ruling: In “Pradip Chandra Parija vs. Pramod Chandra Patnaik,” a Constitution Bench ruled that if two Benches of equal strength arrive at different conclusions on the same question of law, the matter must be referred to a higher Bench.
- Implications for Current Case: This precedent is relevant in resolving discrepancies when two Benches of equal strength, like in the current scenario, differ in their rulings.
Conclusion
- Legal Clarity: The Supreme Court’s ruling provides clarity on the procedures for arrests made by the ED, balancing prompt enforcement action with the rights of the accused.
- Impact on Future Cases: This decision sets a precedent for how the ED’s arrests are to be conducted, influencing future cases involving the agency.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Remittance inflows data
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- In 2023, India witnessed the highest remittance inflows globally, amounting to USD 125 billion.
- The surge was influenced by various factors, including India’s currency agreement with the UAE.
World Bank’s Analysis on Remittance Growth
- Report Findings: The World Bank’s report indicates a slowdown in remittance growth in India to 12.4% in 2023, down from 24.4% in 2022.
- Increased Share in South Asia: India’s share in South Asian remittances is expected to rise to 66% in 2023 from 63% in 2022.
Global Remittance Scenario
- Other Leading Countries: Following India, the top remittance-receiving countries are Mexico (USD 67 billion), China (USD 50 billion), the Philippines (USD 40 billion), and Egypt (USD 24 billion).
- Significance in GDP: In economies like Tajikistan, Tonga, Samoa, Lebanon, and Nicaragua, remittances form a substantial part of the GDP, highlighting their critical economic role.
Contributing Factors for India
- Key Drivers: Declining inflation and robust labor markets in high-income countries contributed to increased remittances.
- Major Sources: Significant remittance flows came from the US, the UK, and Singapore, as well as from the GCC, particularly the UAE.
- UAE’s Role: The UAE is the second-largest source of remittances to India, accounting for 18% of the total.
India-UAE Currency Agreement Impact
- February 2023 Agreement: The agreement to promote local currency use in cross-border transactions and interlink payment systems has boosted remittances.
- Dirhams and Rupees Usage: The use of dirhams and rupees in transactions is expected to channel more remittances through formal channels.
Global Remittance Trends
- Growth in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Remittances to these countries grew by an estimated 3.8% in 2023.
- Future Concerns: There is a risk of real income decline for migrants in 2024 due to global inflation and low growth prospects.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has introduced tighter norms for Regulated Entities (REs) to curb the practice of evergreening loans through investments in Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs).
- The norms apply to all banks, all India Financial Institutions, and Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs), including Housing Finance Companies.
About Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs)
|
Details |
| Definition |
AIFs are privately pooled investment vehicles established in India, collecting funds from sophisticated investors for investing. |
| Regulation |
Governed by the SEBI (Alternative Investment Funds) Regulations, 2012. |
| Formation |
Can be formed as a company, Limited Liability Partnership (LLP), trust, etc. |
| Investor Profile |
Aimed at high rollers, including domestic and foreign investors in India. Generally favored by institutions and high net worth individuals due to high investment amounts. |
| Categories of AIFs |
Category I: Invests in start-ups, early-stage ventures, SMEs, etc. Includes venture capital funds, angel funds, etc.
Category II: Includes funds not in Category I/III, like real estate funds, debt funds, etc. No leverage or borrowing except for operational requirements.
Category III: Employs complex trading strategies, may use leverage. Includes hedge funds, PIPE Funds, etc. |
| Fund Structure |
Category I and II AIFs must be close-ended and have a minimum tenure of three years.
Category III AIFs can be open-ended or close-ended. |
Background and Regulatory Concerns
- Investment Practices: REs often invest in units of AIFs as part of their regular investment operations.
- RBI’s Observations: The RBI noted certain transactions involving AIFs that substituted direct loan exposure with indirect exposure, raising regulatory concerns.
RBI’s New Guidelines
- Restriction on Investments: REs are prohibited from investing in any AIF scheme that indirectly or directly has downstream investments in a debtor company of the RE.
- Mandatory Liquidation: If an AIF scheme, where an RE is already an investor, makes a downstream investment in a debtor company, the RE must liquidate its investment in the scheme within 30 days from the date of such investment by the AIF.
- Provision for Existing Investments: For existing investments in such schemes, REs have 30 days from the issuance of the circular to liquidate. Failure to do so requires them to make a 100% provision on these investments.
- Capital Fund Deductions: Investments by REs in subordinated units of any AIF scheme with a ‘priority distribution model’ are subject to full deduction from the RE’s capital funds.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sultanpur National Park
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The Sultanpur National Park has observed a 20-30% decrease in the number of migratory birds this season, as reported by forest department officials.
- Estimates show a reduction in bird numbers, with current figures ranging between 8,000 to 10,000, compared to the expected 15,000.
About Sultanpur National Park
- Sultanpur NP is located at Sultanpur village on Gurugram-Jhajjar highway, 15 km from Gurugram, Haryana and 50 km from Delhi.
- It was a bird sanctuary, ideal for birding and bird lookers. Its area covers approximately 142.52 hectares.
- Migratory birds start arriving in the park in September. Birds use the park as a resting place till the following March-April.
- During summer and monsoon months the park is inhabited by many local bird species.
- In April 1971, the Sultanpur Jheel inside the park (an area of 1.21 sq. km.) was accorded Sanctuary status under section 8 of the Punjab Wildlife Preservation Act of 1959.
- The status of the park was upgraded to National Park in July 1991 under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
Significance of the NP
- Spanning 1.42 sq km, it is recognized as a national park, wildlife sanctuary, and a Ramsar site since 2021.
- It is one of the few NPs in the small state of Haryana.
- Another NP in Haryana is Kalesar National Park.
Important Fauna at the Park
- Mammals: Blackbuck, Nilgai, Hog deer, Sambar, Leopard etc.
- Birds: Siberian Cranes, Greater Flamingo, Demoiselle Crane etc.
Annual Migratory Patterns
- Typical Arrival: Migratory birds usually begin arriving in the first week of October.
- Annual Visitation: By the end of January each year, around 22,000 birds visit Sultanpur Park. However, this year’s numbers are anticipated to be much lower.
Possible Reasons for Reduced Migration
- Temperature Changes: Wildlife experts suggests that milder winters in regions like Siberia, Central Asia, and Europe might be influencing migration patterns.
- Food Availability: If migratory birds continue to find sufficient food in their native regions, they may not feel compelled to migrate.
- Local Climate Impact: The local temperature at Sultanpur Park has not dropped significantly to align with the birds’ migratory patterns.
- Effect of Smog: Smog and air pollution could also be contributing factors to the altered migratory behavior.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Red Sea, Operation Prosperity Guardian
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- US Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin announced the creation of Operation Prosperity Guardian to protect Red Sea commerce.
- This follows missile and drone attacks by Yemen’s Iran-aligned Houthis.
Operation Prosperity Guardian
- Countries Involved: The U.K., Bahrain, Canada, France, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Seychelles, and Spain are participating.
- Joint Patrols: These nations will conduct joint patrols in the southern Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden.
Houthi Rebels’ Stance
- Continued Aggression: Houthi rebels declared their intention to persist with attacks on Red Sea shipping.
- Rebels’ Claims: They claim the US-led coalition aims to protect Israel and militarize the sea.
- Attacks Beyond Yemen: Houthis have targeted vessels in key shipping lanes and launched attacks towards Israel.
- Recent Drone Attack: Prior to Austin’s announcement, Houthis claimed a drone attack on cargo vessels in the region.
Significance of the Operation
- Impact on Suez Canal Traffic: About 12% of global shipping traffic through the Suez Canal is affected by the unrest.
- Rerouting and Economic Consequences: Shipping firms are diverting routes, leading to increased costs and delays.
About Red Sea
|
Details |
| Location |
Between Africa (Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti) and Asia (Saudi Arabia, Yemen). |
| Connection |
Connects to the Indian Ocean via the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden. |
| Length |
Approximately 2,250 km long. |
| Width |
Varies from 355 km at its widest point to 20 km at the Strait of Tiran. |
| Maximum Depth |
About 7,254 feet (2,211 m) in the central median trench. |
| Unique Features |
– One of the world’s saltiest bodies of water.
– Notable for its rich ecosystem, including extensive coral reefs. |
| Climate |
Generally hot and arid; surrounding desert and high evaporation rates contribute to its high salinity. |
| Economic Importance |
Major shipping route; oil-rich region with significant petroleum deposits on the sea’s borders. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Goan Liberation
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Liberation of Goa: On December 19, 1961, India successfully annexed Goa, ending years of Portuguese colonial rule.
- Criticism of Nehru: Prime Minister Narendra Modi accused former Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru of not supporting Goan satyagrahis and delaying military action.
Goa’s Colonization: A Historical Overview
- Portuguese Rule: Goa became a Portuguese colony in 1510 under Admiral Afonso de Albuquerque.
- Long Colonial Encounter: For over four centuries, Goa was a focal point of regional and global power struggles, leading to a unique Goan identity.
- Nationalist Sentiment: The early 20th century saw a rise in nationalist sentiment against Portuguese rule, paralleling India’s anti-British movement.
Beginning of the Freedom Movement
- Goan Nationalism: Tristao de Braganza Cunha, hailed as the father of Goan nationalism, founded the Goa National Congress in 1928.
- Lohia’s Influence: In 1946, Ram Manohar Lohia’s rally in Goa galvanized the freedom movement, advocating civil liberties and integration with India.
- Armed Resistance: Groups like the Azad Gomantak Dal (AGD) advocated for an armed struggle for liberation.
Recognition and Legal Status of Goa’s Annexation
- Supreme Court’s Recognition: The Supreme Court of India validated the annexation, dismissing the law of occupation’s applicability.
- Portugal’s Acknowledgment: In 1974, Portugal recognized Indian sovereignty over Goa through a retroactive treaty.
- International Law: Under jus cogens, forceful annexations post-UN Charter are deemed illegal, but Goa’s annexation is an exception.
Why Goa remained under Portuguese Rule Post-1947?
- Nehru’s Peace Image: Nehru avoided military action to maintain his global peace leader image.
- Partition’s Aftermath: The trauma of Partition and the Indo-Pak war diverted India’s focus.
- International Concerns: There were concerns about internationalizing the issue.
- Lack of Internal Demand: Gandhi believed more groundwork was needed to unify diverse political voices in Goa.
Nehru’s Dilemma and Delay in Military Action
- Global Image and Peaceful Methods: Nehru prioritized India’s global standing and exhausted diplomatic options.
- Portugal’s NATO Strategy: Portugal’s reclassification of Goa aimed to bring it under NATO’s protection.
- Indigenous Push for Liberation: Nehru balanced diplomatic efforts with supporting indigenous liberation movements.
Factors Leading to the 1961 Military Offensive
- Portuguese Aggression: The 1955 firing on satyagraha led India to sever ties with Portugal.
- India’s Decolonization Leadership: India’s role in global anti-colonial movements intensified pressure to liberate Goa.
- African Nations’ Criticism: African criticism at a 1961 seminar highlighted the need to dismantle Portuguese colonialism.
- Decisive Military Action: These factors culminated in Operation Vijay, a swift military campaign liberating Goa in less than two days.
Conclusion
- End of Colonial Rule: The annexation marked the end of Portuguese colonialism in India.
- Historical Significance: Goa’s liberation remains a pivotal event, symbolizing the culmination of India’s struggle against colonialism and the unification of its territories.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gelephu Mega-City Project
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Gelephu “mindfulness” mega-city project, announced by King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, is set to be a pivotal task for Bhutan’s future PM.
- This Special Administrative Region (SAR) project in the Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR) aims to address economic challenges and reverse youth migration trends.
About Gelephu Project
|
Details |
| Location |
Gelephu, Sarpang district, Bhutan, near the border with Assam, India. |
| Announcement |
Made by King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck during the 116th National Day address at Changlimathang Stadium, Thimphu on December 17. |
| Project Vision |
Envisioned as an “economic corridor” connecting South Asia with Southeast Asia via India’s northeastern states to countries like Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Singapore. |
| Area and Structure |
The project will cover an area of 1,000 sq km (250,000 acres) and will be developed as a Special Administrative Region (SAR). |
| Economic and Social Goals |
Aims to be an economic and social hub on Bhutan’s southern border, designed to benefit the entire South Asian region and address youth migration by providing local employment and skilling opportunities. |
| Infrastructure Development |
– Plans for Bhutan’s second international airport capable of landing larger planes than Paro Airport.
– Proposed rail link between Kokrajhar in Assam, India, and Gelephu, Bhutan.
– Enhanced road connectivity for trade and connectivity with Southeast Asian countries. |
| Environmental and Cultural Focus |
Emphasizes environmental sustainability and cultural sensitivity.
Aims to attract ‘quality investment’ from internationally screened companies that align with Bhutanese values. |
| Energy |
Focus on renewable energy sources, aligning with Bhutan’s commitment to environmental sustainability. |
| International Collaboration |
Engagements with prominent Indian industrialists and companies for potential collaboration and investment. |
| Geopolitical Significance |
Strategic initiative for regional integration, enhancing Bhutan’s connectivity with South and Southeast Asia. |
| Advanced Safety Features |
Expected to incorporate advanced safety and environmental features, including a passive decay heat removal system. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: JN.1 Variant
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Following the detection of the JN.1 COVID-19 variant, Karnataka announced that senior citizens are advised to wear masks.
- The JN.1 variant was identified in Kerala and in a traveler from Singapore to Tamil Nadu, with additional cases found in Goa.
Understanding the JN.1 Variant
- Variant Lineage: JN.1 is a sub-variant of BA.2.86, also known as Pirola, first detected in the United States in September and globally as early as January.
- Mutation Characteristics: While JN.1 has only one additional mutation on the spike protein compared to Pirola, its high number of spike protein mutations has drawn attention of researchers.
Potential Impact of JN.1
- Transmission and Severity: Currently, there is no evidence suggesting that JN.1 causes more severe symptoms or spreads faster than other circulating variants.
- WHO Assessment: Both Pirola and JN.1 have been effectively neutralized by serum from infected and vaccinated individuals, according to the WHO Technical Advisory Group on COVID-19 Vaccine Composition.
Global Spread and Current Concerns
- Increasing Cases: A rise in cases caused by Pirola and JN.1 has been observed globally, including in the USA, Europe, Singapore, and China.
- WHO Data: JN.1 accounted for a significant proportion of COVID-19 sequences in the GISAID database and a notable percentage of variants in the United States.
- Singapore’s Situation: Singapore reported a surge in COVID-19 cases, predominantly JN.1, with increased hospitalizations among older individuals.
Vaccination and Immunity in India
- Hospitalization Risk: Data from Singapore indicates higher hospitalization risks for those who received their last COVID-19 vaccine dose over a year ago.
- Indian Immunity Levels: Doctors suggests that widespread vaccination and exposure to COVID-19 have likely resulted in substantial immunity in India, reducing the need for updated vaccines.
- Consistent Precautions: Experts recommend standard protective measures against respiratory viruses, including masking in crowded and enclosed spaces, staying in well-ventilated areas, and frequent hand washing.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Arctic Region
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Launch of Winter Expedition: India embarks on its first-ever winter expedition to the Arctic, starting this week.
- Significance: With this initiative, India’s Himadri becomes the fourth research station in the Arctic to be manned year-round.
Arctic Region and Its Global Impact
- Geographical Location: The Arctic Circle lies north of latitude 66° 34’ N, encompassing the Arctic Ocean.
- Climate Change Concerns: Scientific studies highlight the Arctic’s influence on global sea levels and atmospheric circulations due to ice melt.
- Rising Temperatures: The Arctic region has experienced an average temperature rise of 4 degrees Celsius over the past century.
- Declining Sea Ice: The Arctic sea ice extent is decreasing at a rate of 13% per decade, potentially leading to an ice-free Arctic Ocean by the summer of 2040.
Challenges in Arctic Expeditions
- Harsh Environmental Conditions: The extreme cold, with February temperatures averaging minus 14 degrees Celsius in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, poses significant challenges.
- Limited Research Stations: So far, only three research stations in the Arctic have had permanent staff year-round.
- Geopolitical Constraints: The presence of multiple state jurisdictions and geopolitical tensions, like the Ukraine-Russia war, complicates Arctic exploration.
India’s Winter Expedition Plan
- Expedition Team: A team of four scientists, funded by the Union Ministry of Earth Sciences, will conduct the expedition from December 19, 2023, to January 15, 2024.
- Research Areas: The expedition will focus on atmospheric sciences, astronomy, astrophysics, climate studies, and more.
- Himadri Station: The team will be based at Himadri, India’s sole research station in Ny-Ålesund, located 1,200 kilometres from the North Pole.
- Special Preparations: Himadri has been equipped for polar night observations, with support from Norwegian agencies.
Evolution of India’s Arctic Interests
- Historical Treaty: India signed the Svalbard Treaty in 1920, allowing operations in the Svalbard archipelago under Norwegian sovereignty.
- Initial Expeditions: The first Indian expedition to the Arctic was in 2007, leading to the establishment of Himadri in 2008.
- Research Developments: India set up the IndArc observatory in 2014 and the Gruvebadet Atmospheric Laboratory in 2016 in Svalbard.
- India’s Arctic Policy: Released in May 2022, it outlines six pillars including science, environmental protection, and international cooperation.
Global Research Presence in the Arctic
- First Research Station: Japan’s National Institute of Polar Research established the first station in Ny-Ålesund in 1990.
- International Collaboration: Ten countries, including India, have established eleven permanent research stations in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard.
- Year-Round Human Presence: Until now, only three stations in the Arctic have been manned throughout the year.
Conclusion
- Enhanced Research Capabilities: India’s first winter expedition to the Arctic marks a significant advancement in its polar research capabilities.
- Global Significance: This initiative contributes to the broader understanding of climate change impacts and fosters international scientific collaboration in the Arctic region.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- In 2023, only 18 audits prepared by the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) were tabled in the Indian Parliament, continuing a trend of decreasing numbers in recent years.
Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)
- Constitutional Office: The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) is an independent constitutional authority responsible for overseeing financial administration in India.
- Key Responsibilities: As the head of the Indian Audit and Accounts Department, the CAG is the guardian of the public purse, monitoring the financial system at both central and state levels.
History of the Office of CAG
- Origins in British India: The role of the CAG evolved with administrative reforms initiated by Lord Canning before the Mutiny of 1857.
- Establishment and Evolution: The office was formalized under the Government of India Act 1858, with Sir Edward Drummond becoming the first Auditor General in 1860. The title ‘Comptroller and Auditor General of India’ was first used in 1884.
- Independence and Strengthening: The Montford Reforms of 1919 and the Government of India Act 1935 further solidified the CAG’s independence and role in a federal setup.
Constitutional Provisions Related to CAG
- Articles Governing CAG: The Constitution outlines the CAG’s appointment, duties, and powers in Articles 148 to 151.
- Duties and Powers: The CAG is responsible for auditing all government accounts and advising on financial matters.
- Audit Reports: The CAG submits audit reports on Union accounts to the President and on state accounts to respective Governors.
Types of Audits Performed by CAG
- Regulatory Audit: Ensures authorized and rule-compliant expenditure.
- Supplementary Audit: Conducted in PSUs for detecting financial leakages.
- Propriety Audit: Focuses on the public interest and proper expenditure.
- Efficiency Audit: Assesses optimal utilization of investments.
- Performance Audit: Evaluates government programs for effectiveness.
- Environmental Audit: Addresses issues related to conservation and environmental management.
Independence of the CAG
- Constitutional Safeguards: The CAG’s independence is protected by various constitutional provisions, including security of tenure, ineligibility for further government office, and non-varying service conditions.
- Financial Autonomy: The CAG’s administrative expenses are charged upon the Consolidated Fund of India, ensuring financial independence.
Audit Mandate Sources
- Constitutional Basis: Articles 148 to 151 of the Constitution.
- Statutory Framework: The Duties, Powers and Conditions of Service Act, 1971.
- Regulations: Audit and accounts regulations as notified.
Duties and Functions of the CAG
- Audit Responsibilities: CAG audits all government accounts, including the Consolidated Fund, Contingency Fund, and Public Account.
- Advisory Role: Advises on financial matters and assists parliamentary committees.
- Reporting: Submits audit reports to the President and state Governors.
Limitations on the Powers of CAG
- Post-Facto Reporting: Audits are conducted after expenditures have occurred.
- Exclusions: Certain expenditures like secret service expenses are outside CAG’s purview.
- Challenges with PPP Investments: Limited authority to audit public-private partnerships.
- Limited Audit of NGOs and Local Bodies: No provision for auditing funds given to NGOs and elected local bodies.
- Document Accessibility Issues: Challenges in obtaining necessary documents for audits.
- Appointment Process: The selection process for CAG lacks external transparency.
- Undefined Audit Scope: The term ‘audit’ is not explicitly defined in the Constitution or CAG Act.
CAG Audits over the Years
- Recent Trends: Between 2019 and 2023, an average of 22 reports were tabled annually, a significant decrease from the 40 reports tabled on average between 2014 and 2018.
- Peak and Decline: The number of reports peaked in 2015 with 53 audits but has since declined, with four of the past six years seeing 20 or fewer reports tabled.
Factors Contributing to the Decline
- Staffing and Budget Cuts: The decline in the number of CAG reports tabled in Parliament coincides with reductions in staff strength and budget allocations for the CAG.
- Budget Allocation: In the fiscal year 2023-24, the allocation for the Indian Audit and Accounts Department constituted only 0.13% of the Union Budget.
Conclusion
- Impact on Oversight and Transparency: The reduction in the number of CAG audits tabled in Parliament could have implications for governmental oversight and transparency.
- Need for Adequate Resources: Ensuring the CAG is adequately staffed and funded is crucial for maintaining effective audit practices and upholding the accountability of government operations.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: School of Happiness
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Assam’s Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR) is set to launch the International School of Peace and Happiness, a pioneering institution dedicated to teaching lessons on humanity and societal happiness.
School of Happiness: A Backgrounder
- Bodoland Territorial Council’s Initiative: The Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC), which governs the BTR, has been planning this project for a year.
- Addressing Regional Conflicts: The BTR has experienced ethnic conflicts and extremism. The school aims to instill human values and co-existence in a region marked by diverse faiths, cultures, and ethnicities.
- BTC’s Vision: It emphasizes the need for formal schooling in peace-building and happiness to create peace ambassadors for conflict resolution.
Genesis of the School
- Pilot Project: The concept originated from the Bodoland Happiness Mission, a pilot project introduced a year ago.
- Training Peace Volunteers: Around 400 youth and community leaders were trained as peace and happiness volunteers at Bodoland Community Counselling Centres.
- Training Focus: The program included awareness of social issue-related laws, bias removal, self-awareness, counselling techniques, and stress management.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Veto Power
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- A recent UN resolution vote, where 153 countries voted in favor and 10 against, including the USA’s support for Israel, underscores the influence of a few nations in global decisions.
- This voting pattern brings into focus the veto powers within the UN Security Council (UNSC) and their persistence for over seven decades.
What is the Veto Power in the UNSC?
- Exclusive Membership: The UNSC comprises five permanent members (P5) – the USA, UK, France, Russia, and China – along with 10 non-permanent members.
- Power of Resolutions: Unlike the General Assembly, resolutions passed by the UNSC are legally binding.
- Veto Mechanism: Any P5 member can veto a resolution, blocking its adoption even with the required majority support.
Rationale behind Veto Power for Permanent Members
- Post-WWII Context: The P5, instrumental in forming the UN after World War II, were granted special rights, including veto power, as recognition of their role.
- Strategic Necessity: The veto was considered vital to ensure the participation of these major powers in global peacekeeping efforts.
Formation and Evolution of the UN and Veto Power
- Foundational Discussions: The structure of veto power was developed during key meetings like the Dumbarton Oaks and Yalta Conferences.
- FDR’s Influence: President Franklin D. Roosevelt envisioned the UN as a post-war peacekeeping body, with the ‘Four Policemen’ (USA, USSR, UK, and China) at its core.
- USA’s Diplomatic Efforts: The United States employed strategies, including intelligence, to secure veto power in the UN Charter.
Debate and Criticism of the Veto Power
- Global Dissatisfaction: The exclusive nature of veto power has been a point of contention for many countries.
- Resistance to Change: Attempts to expand the P5 or modify veto rights have been largely unsuccessful due to the vested interests of the permanent members.
- Acknowledging Changes: The increase in non-permanent UNSC members in 1965 was a nod to the changing international environment.
- Reforms agenda: Proposals include making all 15 seats temporary with five-year terms, encouraging open competition for seats, and imposing lobbying and term limits.
Conclusion
- Continued Discussions: The use of veto power in the UNSC remains a contentious issue, reflecting the complex nature of global politics.
- Adapting to Modern Times: As the world’s political landscape evolves, there may be growing pressure to reform the UNSC’s structure and veto mechanism to better align with the current global order.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CRISPR Technology
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Revolutionary Development: The medical world is witnessing a significant breakthrough with the approval of CRISPR-based therapies for sickle-cell disease and β-thalassemia in the U.K. and the U.S.
- Global Impact: These advancements hold the potential to transform the lives of millions suffering from these inherited blood disorders.
CRISPR Technology: From Discovery to Application
- Origins of CRISPR: Discovered in archaea in 1993, CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) elements were later found to form an antiviral defense system in bacteria with Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins.
- Nobel Prize-Winning Innovation: Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna’s work on CRISPR-Cas9 as a ‘molecular scissor’ earned them the 2020 Nobel Prize in chemistry.
- Eukaryotic Genome Editing: Subsequent research demonstrated CRISPR-Cas9’s ability to edit eukaryotic genomes, paving the way for various applications in genetic therapies and agriculture.
CRISPR in Medicine: Recent Approvals and Applications
- CRISPR-Based Treatment for Blood Disorders: The MHRA in the U.K. and the FDA in the U.S. approved ‘Casgevy’ for treating sickle-cell disease and transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia.
- Treatment Mechanism: Casgevy involves modifying a patient’s blood stem cells to correct the genetic defect causing sickling, then regrafting them to produce normal red blood cells.
- Historical Context: This approval marks a full circle from Linus Carl Pauling’s description of sickle-cell disease as a molecular disorder 74 years ago.
Emerging CRISPR Technologies and Approaches
- Base-Editing: This technique allows genome editing at the single nucleotide level.
- Prime Editing: A newer method that uses a search-and-replace strategy for precise genome modifications.
- Epigenetic Modifications: CRISPR systems are also being developed to target epigenetic effects.
Challenges and Future Prospects
- Safety and Accuracy Concerns: Issues like off-target events, where CRISPR-Cas9 edits unintended parts of the genome, pose significant challenges.
- Balancing Risks and Benefits: While the potential of these technologies is enormous, their risks must be weighed against both short- and long-term benefits.
- Ongoing Research and Surveillance: Continuous scrutiny is essential to uncover potential side effects that are currently unknown.
Conclusion
- Celebrating Advances: The approval of therapies like Casgevy heralds a new era for millions suffering from genetic diseases.
- Optimistic Outlook: The advancements in CRISPR technology signal a promising future in the field of genetic medicine and disease treatment.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Guru Teg Bahadur
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- PM paid homage to Guru Teg Bahadur, the ninth Sikh Guru, on his martyrdom day, highlighting his bravery, moral integrity, and teachings that foster unity and peace.
- His sacrifice, especially his defence of Kashmiri Pandits against Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb’s forced religious conversions in the 17th century, stands as a pivotal moment in Indian history.
Guru Teg Bahadur’s Life and Contributions
- Extensive Travels: Guru Teg Bahadur, born on April 1, 1621, was known for his extensive travels across India, akin to Guru Nanak Dev, the founder of Sikhism.
- Reviving Sikh Centers: His journeys were instrumental in revitalizing Sikh centers beyond Punjab, setting the stage for the formation of the Khalsa by his son, Guru Gobind Singh, in 1699.
- Poetic Legacy: A prolific poet, Guru Teg Bahadur’s hymns are an integral part of the Guru Granth Sahib, the central religious scripture of Sikhism.
- Founder of Anandpur Sahib: He founded Anandpur Sahib in 1665, a city of great religious and historical significance for Sikhs.
Execution by Aurangzeb
- Protection of Kashmiri Pandits: In 1675, Kashmiri Pandits approached Guru Teg Bahadur for protection against Aurangzeb’s religious persecution.
- Arrest and Martyrdom: Guru Teg Bahadur was arrested and later executed in Delhi on November 24, 1675, in Chandni Chowk, for refusing to convert to Islam and standing up for religious freedom.
- Memorials in Delhi: Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib marks the place of his execution, and Gurudwara Rakab Ganj Sahib commemorates the site where his body was cremated.
Try this PYQ:
Q.Consider the following Bhakti Saints:
- Dadu Dayal
- Guru Nanak
- Tyagaraja
Who among the above was/were preaching when the Lodi dynasty fell and Babur took over?
(a) 1 and 3
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 1 and 2
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Zero Trust Authentication (ZTA)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- In response to rising cyberattacks, the Centre has established a secure e-mail system for 10,000 users across critical ministries and departments.
- The National Informatics Centre (NIC) has designed this system, incorporating Zero Trust Authentication (ZTA).
What is Zero Trust Authentication (ZTA)?
- ZTA is a security concept and framework that operates on the principle of “never trust, always verify.”
- This approach to cybersecurity is a significant shift from traditional security models that operated under the assumption that everything inside an organization’s network should be trusted.
- In contrast, Zero Trust assumes that trust is never granted implicitly but must be continually evaluated and authenticated, regardless of the user’s location or the network’s perimeter.
Key Principles of ZTA
- Least Privilege Access: Users are granted only the minimum level of access needed to perform their job functions. This limits the potential damage in case of a security breach.
- Strict User Verification: Every user, whether inside or outside the organization’s network, must be authenticated, authorized, and continuously validated for security configuration and posture before being granted access to applications and data.
- Micro-segmentation: The network is divided into small zones to maintain separate access for separate parts of the network. If one segment is breached, the others remain secure.
- Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA): ZTA often requires multiple pieces of evidence to authenticate a user’s identity. This could include something the user knows (password), something the user has (security token), and something the user is (biometric verification).
- Continuous Monitoring and Validation: The system continuously monitors and validates that the traffic and data are secure and that the user’s behaviour aligns with the expected patterns.
Implementation of Zero Trust Authentication
- Technology: Implementation of Zero Trust requires technologies like identity and access management (IAM), data encryption, endpoint security, and network segmentation tools.
- Policy and Governance: Organizations need to establish comprehensive security policies that enforce Zero Trust principles, including how data is accessed and protected.
- User Education and Awareness: Training users on the importance of cybersecurity and the role they play in maintaining it is crucial.
Benefits of Zero Trust Authentication
- Enhanced Security Posture: By verifying every user and device, Zero Trust reduces the attack surface and mitigates the risk of internal threats.
- Data Protection: Sensitive data is better protected through stringent access controls and encryption.
- Compliance: Helps in meeting regulatory requirements by providing detailed logs and reports on user activities and data access.
- Adaptability: Zero Trust is adaptable to a variety of IT environments, including cloud and hybrid systems.
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