Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ayodhya Grand Mosque
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- The Indo-Islamic Cultural Foundation (IICF), entrusted with the construction of the mosque in Ayodhya, is embarking on a renewed effort to fund and develop the project.
- The project’s scope has expanded significantly, with plans to build one of India’s largest mosques and other unique features, making it distinct from its initial design.
Ayodhya Grand Mosque
- From Modest to Grand: The original plan, conceived by Prof. S.M. Akhtar, included a hospital, community kitchen, library, and research center. However, the new vision aims to create one of India’s grandest mosques, surpassing the Taj Mahal in grandeur.
- Redesigned Architecture: The earlier design was deemed inadequate for a mosque, and a new design by Pune-based architect Imran Shaikh will be revealed soon.
- Five Minars: The Ayodhya mosque will boast five minarets, a distinctive feature among Indian mosques.
- Water-and-Light Show: Plans include synchronizing water displays with prayer times and automated lighting that mimics sunset and sunrise.
- Giant Fish Aquarium: A massive fish aquarium, larger than Dubai’s, will be added to attract youth and visitors.
Project Background
- Land Allocation: The mosque project was allocated a five-acre plot in Dhannipur, Ayodhya, in February 2020, following the Supreme Court’s decision allowing the construction of both the temple and mosque.
- Cultural Significance: The mosque construction aims to promote harmony and cultural exchange, paralleling the construction of the Ram temple nearby.
Path to Construction
- Commencement Date: Construction is anticipated to begin in the second half of 2024, following the holy month of Ramzan.
- Symbolic Brick: A brick inscribed with Quranic verses will travel to prominent dargahs in India and Madina, Saudi Arabia, before being placed at the construction site.
- Media Campaign: Special songs and videos related to the mosque are being produced, featuring notable artists and voices to generate awareness.
Fundraising Approach
- Digital Fundraising: Instead of door-to-door fundraising, IICF plans to launch a website with QR codes for easy and convenient donations, aiming to replicate the success of the Ram temple fundraising campaign.
- Broad Appeal: The goal is for Ayodhya to become a symbol of cultural diversity and coexistence, attracting visitors to both the temple and mosque.
Conclusion
- The Ayodhya mosque project is undergoing a significant transformation, evolving into a grand and iconic structure.
- With a focus on architectural magnificence, innovative features, and a modern fundraising approach, the mosque aims to contribute to Ayodhya’s cultural richness and serve as a symbol of unity and harmony.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UTF Harbour Project
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- With President Muizzu’s administration insisting on the withdrawal of Indian troops, a high-level core group has been set up to negotiate this process.
- This situation raises questions about the reasons behind the presence of Indian troops and the factors fueling the ‘India Out’ campaign.
Overview of the Current Situation
- Official Statement: Maldives affirmed the policy of President Muizzu’s administration to remove Indian military personnel from the Maldives.
- Negotiation Group: A core group, including Indian High Commissioner, met in Male to discuss the troop withdrawal, though the Indian government has not yet commented on these reports.
Indian Military Presence in the Maldives
- Troop Numbers: Contrary to the rhetoric of the ‘India Out’ campaign, only 88 Indian military personnel are stationed in the Maldives, primarily for training purposes.
- Historical Context: Indian soldiers have been sent to the Maldives for training in combat, reconnaissance, and rescue-aid operations. The only time Indian troops were involved in active military operations was during the 1988 coup attempt, at the request of then-President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom.
Factors behind the ‘India Out’ Campaign
- Controversy over Helicopters: The gifting of two Dhruv Advanced Light Helicopters by India, used for humanitarian purposes, became a point of contention, portrayed as a military presence by certain political factions.
- Perceived Lack of Transparency: The Solih government’s alleged opacity in dealings with India fueled suspicions.
- Maritime Security Dependence: The Maldives relies on India for maritime security, collaborating to counter common threats.
- Police Academy Speculations: The construction of a new police academy with Indian assistance led to rumours about its purpose and scale.
- UTF Harbour Project Agreement: Speculations about the UTF (Uthuru Thila Falhu- Island) project being turned into an Indian naval base, despite official clarifications to the contrary.
Conclusion
- The insistence on the withdrawal of Indian troops from the Maldives and the ensuing ‘India Out’ campaign reflect a complex interplay of historical, political, and security factors.
- While the Indian military presence has been primarily for training and humanitarian assistance, various internal and external elements have contributed to the current sentiment.
- Understanding these nuances is crucial for comprehending the evolving relationship between India and the Maldives and the broader geopolitical implications in the region.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ken-Betwa Link Project
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
Overview of the Project and Violations
- Project Details: The Lower Orr dam, a part of the Ken-Betwa river interlinking project’s second phase, began construction in 2019.
- Violation of Clearance Laws: In 2022, an expert appraisal committee (EAC) reported that the project commenced without formal clearance from the Environment Ministry.
- Incomplete Construction: As of the last report, about 82% of the dam and 33.5% of the canal network were completed without necessary clearances.
- EAC’s Recent Recommendations: In December 2023, the EAC called for a fresh evaluation and more data on potential damage caused by the construction.
What is the Ken Betwa Link Project?
- First of its Kind: This project is the inaugural venture under the National Perspective Plan for interlinking Indian rivers.
- River Linking: It involves transferring water from the Ken River to the Betwa River, both tributaries of the Yamuna.
Phases of the Project
- Phase-I Components: This includes the Daudhan dam complex, Low Level Tunnel, High Level Tunnel, Ken-Betwa link canal, and Power houses.
- Phase-II Components: The second phase will see the construction of the Lower Orr dam, Bina complex project, and Kotha barrage.
Utility of the Project
- Irrigation Benefits: The project aims to irrigate 10.62 lakh hectares annually.
- Drinking Water Supply: It is expected to provide drinking water to 62 lakh people.
- Power Generation: The project will generate 103 MW of hydropower and 27 MW of solar power.
- Regional Development: It promises to bring socio-economic prosperity to the Bundelkhand region through increased agricultural activities and employment.
- Combating Rural Distress: The project is also seen as a solution to distress migration from this region.
Ecological Issues with the Project
- Scientific Basis: Concerns have been raised about the ‘surplus and deficit’ model and the availability of water in the Ken River.
- Water Sharing Disputes: UP and MP have had disagreements over water sharing, especially during non-monsoonal months.
- Environmental Impact: The project involves creating a reservoir dam in the Panna National Park and Tiger Reserve, impacting the downstream Ken Gharial Sanctuary.
- Wildlife Act Compliance: Approval by the National Board for Wildlife, as required under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, has not been confirmed.
Issues with the Projects
- Displacement: The project will lead to significant displacement of people.
- Topographical Changes: The flat topography of the Ganga basin poses challenges for dam construction.
- Inundation and Seismic Hazards: Large-scale water transfer risks inundating forests and creating seismic hazards in the Himalayan region.
- Financial and Political Challenges: The project requires substantial financial investment and political support.
- Land Acquisition and Ecological Feasibility: Consensus building for land acquisition and ecological concerns are major hurdles.
Criticisms of Such Projects
- Questionable Science: Critics argue that these projects are based on outdated water management understanding.
- Contravention with Nature: They are seen as going against natural processes, posing more threats than opportunities.
Way Forward
- Expert Scrutiny: Thorough and independent expert scrutiny during the approval stage is crucial.
- Independent Hydrological Study: A comprehensive study of these rivers is necessary to assess the feasibility and impact.
Conclusion
- Developmental projects like the Ken-Betwa Link should not compromise fragile ecosystems or important wildlife habitats.
- The potential destructive impact on the flow of water and sanctuary ecosystems, along with legal compliance, needs clear assessment and consideration.
- Sound environmental governance and due diligence are essential in balancing developmental needs with ecological preservation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Houthi Rebels
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The United States and the United Kingdom have initiated military strikes against Houthi groups in Yemen on January 11.
- This action is a response to the Houthis’ continued aggression towards maritime vessels in the Red Sea, a crucial global trade route.
Background of the Conflict
- Houthi Attacks on Shipping: Since November 2023, Houthi forces have targeted ships in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, disrupting one of the world’s busiest maritime trade routes.
- Israeli-Hamas Conflict: The Houthis’ actions are in response to the Israeli military’s bombardment of Gaza following an attack by Hamas on October 7, which resulted in significant casualties.
Houthi Group and Regional Dynamics
- Who Are the Houthis?: The Houthis are a Shia militant group engaged in the civil war in Yemen, controlling significant parts of the country, including the capital Sana’a.
- Regional Rivalries: The conflict reflects long-standing regional rivalries, with Iran backing the Houthis and Saudi Arabia supporting the Yemeni government. The Houthis’ involvement in the Israel-Hamas war is also seen as part of these broader regional dynamics.
Concerns for Global Trade
- Impact on World Trade: Approximately 12% of global trade passes through the Red Sea and Suez Canal, making the security of this route critical.
- Alternative Routes: Due to safety concerns, some ships have been rerouted around the Cape of Good Hope, leading to increased transit times and fuel costs.
Implications for the Region
- Operation Prosperity Guardian: Launched by the US, this coalition aims to ensure maritime security in the region, but partner countries have shown reluctance to contribute significantly.
- Risks of Wider Conflict: There are concerns about the conflict spreading beyond Israel and Gaza, with the potential for unpredictable outcomes in the Middle East.
- Impact on Yemeni Peace Negotiations: The strikes may affect ongoing peace negotiations in Yemen, mediated by Oman and the United Nations.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kalaram Mandir's Legacy
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Kalaram Mandir, located on the banks of the Godavari in Nashik’s Panchavati area, has recently garnered attention with visits from prominent political leaders, including Prime Minister.
- This temple, steeped in historical, religious, and social significance, has been a focal point for major political and social movements in India.
Kalaram Mandir’s Legacy
- Temple’s Name and Idol: The temple gets its name from the black statue of Lord Ram (‘Kala Ram’ means ‘Black Ram’). The sanctum sanctorum houses statues of Ram, Sita, Lakshman, and a black idol of Hanuman.
- Construction and Features: Built-in 1792 by Sardar Rangarao Odhekar, the temple features 14 steps representing Ram’s years of exile and 84 pillars symbolizing the cycle of rebirth in Hinduism.
- Historical Significance: The temple is renowned for its association with the epic Ramayana, where Lord Ram, along with Sita and Lakshman, is said to have spent time during their exile.
Panchavati’s Role in the Ramayana
- Significance in the Epic: Panchavati, the area where the temple is located, is significant in the Ramayana. It’s believed to be the site where Sita was abducted by Ravan, leading to the epic war in Lanka.
- Name Origin: The name ‘Panchavati’ is derived from the presence of five banyan trees, making the region auspicious according to the epic.
Temple as a Site of Social Reform
- Dalit Satyagraha: In 1930, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and social activist Pandurang Sadashiv Sane (Sane Guruji) led a historic agitation at the Kalaram Mandir, demanding temple entry rights for Dalits.
- Ambedkar’s Protest: The protest involved a sit-in outside the temple, with participants singing songs and raising slogans for equality.
- Continued Relevance: The temple remains a symbol of the struggle for Dalit rights, highlighted by Uddhav Thackeray’s plan to visit on the day of the Ram temple consecration in Ayodhya.
Political Significance
- Recent Political Visits: The temple has seen visits from major political figures, reflecting its continued relevance in contemporary politics and social issues.
- Symbol of Unity and Equality: Leaders visiting the temple often emphasize its role in symbolizing unity and the fight for social justice in India.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Thirty Meter Telescope
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- India’s Department of Science and Technology (DST) has shown a renewed interest in the global scientific endeavor, the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) project, as evidenced by their recent visit to Mauna Kea in Hawai’i.
- This visit marks a significant step in addressing the challenges faced by this ambitious astronomical project.
Overview of the TMT Project
- Project Description: The TMT is envisioned as a 30-metre diameter primary-mirror optical and infrared telescope, designed for deep space observations.
- International Collaboration: It is a joint venture involving the U.S., Japan, China, Canada, and India, with India’s participation approved by the Union Cabinet in 2014.
Key facts related to TMT
- Its 30m diameter prime-mirror will allow it to observe wavelengths ranging from ultraviolet to mid-infrared with up to 80 times more sensitivity of today’s largest telescopes.
- It can deliver images at infrared wavelengths more than 12 times sharper than the famed Hubble Space Telescope and 4 times sharper than James Webb Space Telescope (JSWT).
Challenges and Controversies
- Location Issues: Mauna Kea, the proposed site for the TMT, is an inactive volcano considered sacred by local communities. The site has faced opposition due to its cultural and religious significance.
- Legal Hurdles: The Supreme Court of Hawaii invalidated the construction permits in 2015, although they were later restored in 2018. Despite this, local opposition has continued to impede construction.
Alternate Site Consideration
- Plan B: The Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos (ORM) on La Palma in Spain’s Canary Islands is being considered as an alternative site for the TMT.
- India’s Stance: As per statements made in 2020, India prefers moving the project to an alternate site, subject to the availability of necessary permits and procedures.
India’s Role and Contribution
- Major Contributor: India is expected to play a significant role in the TMT project, contributing hardware, instrumentation, and software worth $200 million.
- Mirror Production: Of the 492 required mirrors, India will contribute 83, showcasing its capabilities in precision engineering and technology.
Current Status and Future Prospects
- Ongoing Discussions: Efforts are being made to reach a consensus that respects the concerns of the local people in Hawai’i.
- Progress in Component Development: Despite the delay in construction, significant advancements have been made in developing essential components for the TMT.
- Decision Timeline: A firm decision on the project’s site is anticipated within the next two years, as per Annapurni Subramaniam, director of the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIAP).
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Himalayan Wolf
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- The Himalayan Wolf (Canis lupus chanco), a distinct lupine species inhabiting the Himalayas, has recently been classified as ‘Vulnerable’ on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)’s Red List.
- This classification highlights the urgent need for conservation efforts to protect this unique predator.
About Himalayan Wolf
- Taxonomic Status: Long a subject of taxonomic ambiguity, the Himalayan Wolf has been confirmed as a genetically unique lineage of wolves.
- Population Estimate: The IUCN Red List estimates the population of mature individuals to be between 2,275 and 3,792, acknowledging the uncertainty of this figure.
- Geographical Range: The Himalayan Wolf is found across the Himalayan range of Nepal and India and extends across the Tibetan Plateau.
- Population in India: In the Indian Himalayas, the population is estimated to be between 227 and 378 mature individuals, primarily in Ladakh and the Spiti Valley of Himachal Pradesh, with potential small populations in Uttarakhand and Sikkim.
Conservation Challenges
- Habitat Decline: The species faces a continuing decline in habitat quality and extent.
- Conflict with Livestock: Livestock depredation conflicts are significant, exacerbated by habitat modification and depletion of wild prey.
- Hybridization Threats: Increasing populations of feral dogs in regions like Ladakh and Spiti pose a threat of hybridization.
- Illegal Hunting: The Himalayan Wolf is hunted illegally for its fur and body parts, contributing to its declining numbers.
Conservation Strategies Proposed
- Habitat and Prey Restoration: Securing and restoring healthy wild prey populations and landscapes, and establishing wildlife habitat refuges.
- Improved Livestock Management: Enhancing livestock guarding methods, including predator-proof corral pens, sustainable herding practices, and holistic management practices.
- Feral Dog Population Management: Addressing the growing challenge of feral dogs that threaten the Himalayan Wolf through hybridization.
- Trans-boundary Conservation Efforts: Collaborative efforts among range countries for research, monitoring, and conservation.
- Herding/Pasture Management: Improving practices in regions where wolves are heavily dependent on livestock, such as in Ladakh.
- Inclusion in Conservation Programs: Incorporating the Himalayan Wolf in conservation programs to promote public acceptance and reduce persecution.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Operation AMRITH
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- The Kerala Drug Control Department launched Operation Amrith (Antimicrobial Resistance Intervention For Total Health), a significant initiative to curb the overuse of antibiotics in the state.
Operation AMRITH
- Objective: The initiative aims to optimize antibiotic use by preventing over-the-counter (OTC) sales and ensuring compliance with prescription requirements.
- Pharmacy Regulations: Pharmacies are required to maintain accurate records of antibiotic sales and display notices stating that antibiotics will not be sold without a doctor’s prescription.
- Public Participation: The initiative encourages public involvement by allowing individuals to report pharmacies that sell antibiotics without a prescription.
Enforcement and Compliance
- Surprise Raids: The program includes conducting surprise checks in retail medical shops to detect OTC sales of antibiotics.
- Toll-Free Complaint Number: A toll-free number (18004253182) is provided for the public to lodge complaints against medical shops violating the rules.
- Immediate Action: Complaints are swiftly transferred to relevant zonal offices for verification, followed by immediate departmental action upon confirmation of violations.
Background and Context
- Kerala’s AMR Strategy: Kerala was the first state in India to develop a state action plan on AMR, the Kerala Anti-Microbial Resistance Strategic Action Plan (KARSAP), in 2018.
- Multi-Sectoral Approach: The plan, aligned with India’s National Action Plan on AMR, addresses human, animal, and environmental aspects of AMR containment.
- Support and Collaboration: The plan was developed with contributions from the Centre for Science and Environment and involves various state departments in its implementation.
- Surveillance Networks: The Kerala Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (KARS-NET) monitors AMR in humans, while an integrated plan covers non-human sector surveillance.
- AMR Laboratory: The Kerala State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) inaugurated an AMR laboratory for environmental surveillance in August 2023.
- PROUD Initiative: The Programme on Removal of Unused Drugs (PROUD) is a drug take-back program piloted in Thiruvananthapuram for the proper disposal of unused antibiotics.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sunehri Masjid
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- The Indian History Congress (IHC), a prominent body of historians, has recently taken a stand against the proposed demolition of the Sunehri Masjid, a late medieval mosque in New Delhi.
- Since 1984, the IHC has consistently advocated for the protection of monuments, emphasizing that all structures over 200 years old should be strictly preserved under the Protection of Monuments Act.
About Sunehri Masjid
|
Details |
| Location |
Chandni Chowk, Old Delhi, India |
| Built By |
Mughal noble Roshan-ud-Daula |
| Construction Period |
1721-1722 |
| Legend |
In 1739, Persian invader Nadir Shah, ordered the invasion and plunder of Delhi city while standing in this mosque. |
| Dedication |
Dedicated to Shah Bhik (spiritual mentor of Roshan-ud-Daula) |
| Architectural Style |
Mughal Architecture |
| Architectural Features |
Three golden-domed turrets, slender minarets, stucco decorations |
| Educational Role |
Hosted Madrasa Aminia in 1897, later relocated to Kashmiri Gate in 1917 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mumbai Trans Harbour Link
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Prime Minister is set to inaugurate the Mumbai Trans Harbour Link (MTHL), officially named the Atal Setu Nhava Sheva Sea Link.
- This 22 km bridge, conceptualized six decades ago, represents a significant development in India’s infrastructure, promising to transform connectivity and economic prospects in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region.
Atal Setu: the Mumbai Trans Harbour Link
- Bridge Specifications: The MTHL is a 22-km-long, six-lane twin-carriageway bridge over the Thane Creek in the Arabian Sea. It connects Sewri in Mumbai to Chirle in Raigad district.
- Components: The structure comprises a 16.5 km sea link and 5.5 km of viaducts on land at both ends.
- Project Objective: Aimed at enhancing connectivity within the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, the MTHL is expected to spur economic growth, reduce travel time, and alleviate congestion on existing routes.
Historical Context and Development
- Initial Proposal: The concept of a bay crossing was first proposed in 1963 by Wilbur Smith Associates but remained dormant for decades.
- Revival and Challenges: The project was revived in the late 90s, with the first tenders floated in 2006. After initial interest from Reliance Infrastructure and subsequent withdrawal, the project faced multiple bidding challenges.
- Funding and Execution: The Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) partnered with the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) for funding, leading to the commencement of work in early 2018. The project cost totaled Rs 21,200 crore, with a significant loan from JICA.
Impact of the Mumbai Trans Harbour Link
- Travel Time Reduction: A study by MMRDA and JICA predicts that the MTHL will cut the average travel time between Sewri and Chirle from 61 minutes to less than 16 minutes.
- Economic and Connectivity Benefits: The bridge is expected to integrate Navi Mumbai’s economy with Mumbai and improve connectivity to key locations like the Navi Mumbai International Airport, Mumbai Pune Expressway, and the Mumbai-Goa Highway.
- Vehicle Usage: An estimated 40,000 vehicles are expected to use the link daily in its opening year.
Concerns and Challenges
- Accessibility for Commuters: Doubts remain about the bridge’s utility for daily commuters between Mumbai and Navi Mumbai, considering the high toll cost and the distance of landing points from main residential areas.
- Additional Commuting Costs: The toll fee of Rs 250 for a one-way crossing and the bridge’s landing points being over 10 km from major residential zones like Vashi and Nerul may increase commuting expenses.
- Lack of Public Transport Options: As of now, there are no announcements regarding public transport facilities, such as dedicated bus lanes, on the bridge.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Swachh Survekshan
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Surat in Gujarat and Indore in Madhya Pradesh have been jointly recognized as the cleanest cities in India at the Union Urban Affairs Ministry’s annual Clean City Awards 2023.
About Swachh Survekshan
- Swachh Survekshan, initiated by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) in 2016, serves as a competitive framework to promote urban sanitation improvements and citizen participation.
- Over time, Swachh Survekshan has grown to become the world’s largest urban sanitation survey.
- In the 2023 edition (SS 2023), emphasis is placed on source segregation of waste, increasing cities’ waste processing capacity, and reducing waste sent to dumpsites.
- SS 2023 introduces new indicators with added importance, focusing on phased plastic reduction, enhanced plastic waste management, “waste to wonder” parks, and zero-waste events.
- The ranking of wards within cities is encouraged through SS 2023.
- The survey assesses cities on dedicated indicators addressing issues such as ‘Open Urination’ (Yellow Spots) and ‘Open Spitting’ (Red Spots).
Highlights of the Clean City Awards 2023
- Top Rankings: Surat and Indore shared the top spot, with Navi Mumbai securing the third position in the cleanest cities category.
- Indore’s Continued Success: Remarkably, Indore has maintained its status as the cleanest city for the seventh consecutive year.
- Other Top Cities: The list of the top 10 cleanest cities also includes Greater Visakhapatnam, Bhopal, Vijayawada, New Delhi, Tirupati, Greater Hyderabad, and Pune.
State Rankings and Special Categories
- Maharashtra Leads: In the state rankings, Maharashtra emerged as the top performer, followed by Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.
- Smaller Cities and Cantonnement Boards: In cities with a population of less than one lakh, Sasvad and Lonavala in Maharashtra, and Patan in Chhattisgarh, were top performers. Mhow Cantonment Board in Madhya Pradesh was recognized as the cleanest cantonment board.
- Cleanest Ganga Towns: Varanasi and Prayagraj in Uttar Pradesh won awards for being the cleanest towns along the Ganga river.
Awards and Themes
- Swachh Survekshan Awards: Initiated by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) in 2016, these awards have become the world’s largest urban sanitation survey.
- Themes: The 2023 survey focused on the theme “Waste to Wealth,” while the upcoming 2024 survey will emphasize “Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle.”
Indore’s Journey to the Top
- Leap in Rankings: Indore’s remarkable journey from ranking 25th in 2016 to consistently holding the top position is noteworthy.
- Key Factors for Success: The city’s success is attributed to a sustainable system of garbage collection, processing, and disposal, along with citizen participation and innovative sanitation measures.
Indore’s Sanitation Initiatives
- Waste Segregation and Disposal: Indore revamped its sanitation and waste collection system, involving NGOs and changing routes for garbage disposal vehicles.
- Legacy Waste Management: The city efficiently cleared and treated large amounts of legacy waste at the Devguradiya ground.
- Infrastructure Development: Funds were allocated for constructing transfer stations and treatment plants for waste management.
- Community Engagement: Efforts were made to build sanitation habits among citizens, including the distribution of free dustbins and imposing fines for littering.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Direct Taxes
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- India’s net direct tax collections have achieved a significant milestone, reaching ₹14.7 lakh crore by January 10, which is over four-fifths of the fiscal year’s target.
- This performance indicates a robust growth of 19.4% compared to the same period in the previous fiscal year, showcasing the country’s strong economic recovery and efficient tax administration.
Overview of Tax Collection Performance
- Total Collections: The net direct tax collections stood at ₹14.7 lakh crore, marking an achievement of 80.61% of the budget estimates for the fiscal year 2023-24.
- Growth Rate: This represents a 19.41% increase over the net collections for the corresponding period of the last year.
- Gross Collection Growth: The gross direct tax collections rose by 16.77% to ₹17.18 lakh crore, with Personal Income Tax (PIT) inflows increasing by 26.11% and Corporate Income Tax (CIT) by 8.32%.
Detailed Analysis of Tax Collection
- Post-Refund Growth: After adjusting for refunds, the net growth in CIT collections was 12.37%, and PIT collections saw a rise of 27.26%.
- Increase in PIT and STT Receipts: Net of refunds, PIT and Securities Transaction Tax receipts were up by 27.22%.
What are Direct Taxes?
- A type of tax where the impact and the incidence fall under the same category can be defined as a Direct Tax.
- The tax is paid directly by the organization or an individual to the entity that has imposed the payment.
- The tax must be paid directly to the government and cannot be paid to anyone else.
Types of Direct Taxes
The various types of direct tax that are imposed in India are mentioned below:
(1) Income Tax:
- Depending on an individual’s age and earnings, income tax must be paid.
- Various tax slabs are determined by the Government of India which determines the amount of Income Tax that must be paid.
- The taxpayer must file Income Tax Returns (ITR) on a yearly basis.
- Individuals may receive a refund or might have to pay a tax depending on their ITR. Penalties are levied in case individuals do not file ITR.
(2) Wealth Tax:
- The tax must be paid on a yearly basis and depends on the ownership of properties and the market value of the property.
- In case an individual owns a property, wealth tax must be paid and does not depend on whether the property generates an income or not.
- Corporate taxpayers, Hindu Undivided Families (HUFs), and individuals must pay wealth tax depending on their residential status.
- Payment of wealth tax is exempt for assets like gold deposit bonds, stock holdings, house property, commercial property that have been rented for more than 300 days, and if the house property is owned for business and professional use.
(3) Estate Tax:
- It is also called Inheritance Tax and is paid based on the value of the estate or the money that an individual has left after his/her death.
(4) Corporate Tax:
- Domestic companies, apart from shareholders, will have to pay corporate tax.
- Foreign corporations who make an income in India will also have to pay corporate tax.
- Income earned via selling assets, technical service fees, dividends, royalties, or interest that is based in India is taxable.
- The below-mentioned taxes are also included under Corporate Tax:
- Securities Transaction Tax (STT): The tax must be paid for any income that is earned via taxable security transactions.
- Dividend Distribution Tax (DDT): In case any domestic companies declare, distribute, or are paid any amounts as dividends by shareholders, DDT is levied on them. However, DDT is not levied on foreign companies.
- Fringe Benefits Tax: For companies that provide fringe benefits for maids, drivers, etc., Fringe Benefits Tax is levied on them.
- Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT): For zero-tax companies that have accounts prepared according to the Companies Act, MAT is levied on them.
(5) Capital Gains Tax:
- It is a form of direct tax that is paid due to the income that is earned from the sale of assets or investments. Investments in farms, bonds, shares, businesses, art, and homes come under capital assets.
- Based on its holding period, tax can be classified into long-term and short-term.
- Any assets, apart from securities, that are sold within 36 months from the time they were acquired come under short-term gains.
- Long-term assets are levied if any income is generated from the sale of properties that have been held for a duration of more than 36 months.
Advantages of Direct Taxes
The main advantages of Direct Taxes in India are mentioned below:
- Economic and Social balance: The Government of India has launched well-balanced tax slabs depending on an individual’s earnings and age. The tax slabs are also determined based on the economic situation of the country. Exemptions are also put in place so that all income inequalities are balanced out.
- Productivity: As there is a growth in the number of people who work and community, the returns from direct taxes also increase. Therefore, direct taxes are considered to be very productive.
- Inflation is curbed: Tax is increased by the government during inflation. The increase in taxes reduces the necessity for goods and services, which leads to inflation to compress.
- Certainty: Due to the presence of direct taxes, there is a sense of certainty from the government and the taxpayer. The amount that must be paid and the amount that must be collected is known by the taxpayer and the government, respectively.
- Distribution of wealth is equal: Higher taxes are charged by the government to the individuals or organizations that can afford them. This extra money is used to help the poor and lower societies in India.
What are the disadvantages of direct taxes?
- Easily evadable: Not all are willing to pay their taxes to the government. Some are willing to submit a false return of income to evade tax. These individuals can easily conceal their incomes, with no accountability to the law of the land.
- Arbitrary: Taxes, if progressive, are fixed arbitrarily by the Finance Minister. If proportional, it creates a heavy burden on the poor.
- Disincentive: If there are high taxes, it does not allow an individual to save or invest, leading to the economic suffering of the country. It does not allow businesses/industries to grow, inflicting damage to them.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Republic Day Tableaux
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- The Defence Ministry’s proposal for a rollover plan for States and UTs to showcase their tableaux at the Republic Day parade comes amid ongoing controversies and complaints from various states.
- The plan aims to ensure that every State and UT gets an opportunity to participate within a three-year cycle, addressing the issue of limited slots (approximately 15) available each year.
Selection Process for Republic Day Tableaux
- Participants: State Governments/UT Administrations/Central Ministries/Departments are eligible to send tableaux.
- Application Process: Interested parties submit a concept note and design blueprints to the Ministry of Defence (MoD) by a specified deadline.
- Expert Committee Evaluation: The MoD appoints a committee of experts in art, culture, and related fields to evaluate the proposals in two stages:
-
- Stage 1: Initial assessment of proposals and design sketches, with possible rejections or suggestions for modifications.
- Stage 2: Evaluation of three-dimensional models, leading to final selection or further modifications.
Criteria for Selection
- Factors Considered: Visual appeal, thematic relevance, detailing, accompanying music, use of local artists, and adherence to the year’s overarching theme.
- 2024 Theme: “Viksit Bharat” (Developed India) and “Bharat: Loktantra ki Matrika” (India: the Mother of Democracy).
- Guidelines: The MoD specifies guidelines, including the use of young designers, electronic displays, robotics, 3D printing, augmented/virtual reality, and eco-friendly materials. Conformity to these guidelines is encouraged.
Controversies and Rejections
- Opposition-Ruled States’ Concerns: States like Karnataka, Punjab, and West Bengal have expressed dissatisfaction over their tableaux being rejected.
- Centre’s Stance: The Centre has maintained its decision without providing specific reasons for rejection.
- Possible Reasons for Rejection: Misalignment with the broader theme, as suggested by MoD sources regarding Punjab and West Bengal’s proposals.
- Political Allegations: A politician claimed that the Delhi government’s exclusion lacked justification, intending to showcase the state’s governance model.
Conclusion
- Navigating Challenges: The new rollover plan and selection process aim to balance equitable state representation with adherence to thematic and aesthetic guidelines.
- Addressing Discontent: While the plan seeks to mitigate annual complaints, it also raises questions about transparency and political considerations in the selection process.
- Future Prospects: Ensuring a transparent, inclusive, and theme-compliant selection process is crucial for maintaining the integrity and celebratory spirit of the Republic Day parade.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Amaterasu
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- In a significant scientific breakthrough, Japanese scientists discovered an ultra-high-energy cosmic ray in May 2021, which he named ‘Amaterasu’ after the Japanese sun goddess.
Discovery of Amaterasu
- Event Identification: Dr. Toshihiro Fujii, an astronomer at Osaka Metropolitan University, discovered the cosmic ray named Amaterasu.
- Measurement: Amaterasu had an energy of 240 exa-electron-volt (EeV), an extremely high level.
- Comparison with Man-Made Accelerators: This energy is about 40 million times higher than that of protons accelerated by the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).
Mystery of Amaterasu’s Origin
- Unusual Origin: Amaterasu appears to have originated from an empty part of the universe.
- Dr. Fujii’s Theories: Possible explanations include an unidentified source, interaction with a strong magnetic field, or the need for new physics models.
- Previous Records: The “Oh My God” particle, detected in 1991 with an energy of 320 EeV, remains the most energetic cosmic ray recorded.
Nature and Impact of Cosmic Rays
- Composition: Cosmic rays are streams of energetic particles, including protons and alpha particles, originating from outer space and the sun.
- Interaction with Earth: Most cosmic rays lose their energy in Earth’s atmosphere, preventing harmful high-intensity rays from reaching the surface.
- Historical Significance: Studies of cosmic rays since the 1930s have led to the discovery of many subatomic particles, although their sources and high energy remain a mystery.
Types and Origins of Cosmic Rays
- Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR): Originating from beyond our solar system, possibly from supernovae.
- Solar Cosmic Rays: Emitted by the sun, primarily in solar flares, consisting mainly of protons.
- Composition Analysis: Studies show a helium-to-hydrogen nuclei mass ratio in cosmic rays similar to the early universe’s composition.
Implications of High-Energy Cosmic Rays
- Ultra-high-energy cosmic Rays (UHECRs): These are extragalactic particles with energies exceeding 1 EeV.
- Limitations in Space Travel: UHECRs with more than 60 EeV energy face suppression due to interaction with cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation, limiting their travel distance to 50-100 megaparsecs.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Political Split and Merger
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Maharashtra Assembly Speaker ruled that the ruling faction of a political party was the legitimate and real, having the support of the majority of the party’s MLAs.
Anti-Defection Law in India
- Rise of Political Instability: The late 1970s saw rampant floor-crossing by legislators, epitomized by the phrase “Aaya Ram Gaya Ram” after MLA Gaya Lal’s frequent party changes in 1967.
- Legislative Efforts: Various bills, including the 32nd and 48th Constitution Amendment Bills, were introduced to address defections but lapsed or were not passed.
- Enactment of the Law: The 52nd Amendment in 1985, under Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, introduced the Tenth Schedule to the Constitution, embedding the anti-defection law.
Features of the Anti-Defection Law
[A] Disqualification Criteria:
- Members of Political Parties: Disqualification occurs if a member voluntarily gives up their party membership or defies the party’s directive without prior permission, which is not condoned within 15 days.
- Independent Members: Disqualification occurs if they join a political party after election.
- Nominated Members: Disqualification occurs if they join a political party after six months from taking their seat in the House.
[B] Exceptions:
- Merger: A member is not disqualified if their original party merges with another party, and at least two-thirds of its members agree to the merger.
- Presiding Officers: Members who become presiding officers can relinquish party membership and rejoin it after their term without facing disqualification.
[C] Decision Makin:
- Deciding Authority: The presiding officer of the respective House is the authority to decide on disqualification matters, subject to judicial review as established in the Kihoto Hollohan case (1991).
- Rule-making Power: The presiding officer can formulate rules for implementing the Tenth Schedule, subject to the approval of the House.
- Procedure for Disqualification: The presiding officer acts upon a defection case upon receiving a complaint. The accused member must be given a chance to explain, and the matter can be referred to a committee for inquiry.
- Position of Speaker: Party whips do not apply to the Speaker. However, questions of disqualification under the law concerning the Speaker or Chairman are decided by a member elected by the House.
Judicial Interpretations and Election Commission’s Role
- Key Judgments: The Kihoto Hollohan case (1991) made the Speaker’s decision on defection subject to judicial review. Other significant cases include Ravi Naik vs Union of India and G. Viswanathan Vs. The Hon’ble Speaker, Tamil Nadu, which clarified aspects of voluntary membership relinquishment and expulsion.
- Election Commission’s Guidelines: The EC resolves intra-party disputes based on majority support in both organizational and legislative wings and may freeze party symbols in unresolved cases.
Challenges and Criticisms
- Discriminatory Features: The law is criticized for not differentiating between dissent and defection and for its approach to individual versus group defections.
- Absence of Time Limit: The lack of a mandated timeframe for decisions on defection cases has led to manipulation and delays.
- Impact on Democratic Functioning: Critics argue that the law restricts legislators’ freedom and weakens legislative checks on the executive.
Debate on Repeal or Amendment
- Arguments for Repeal: Some argue for the law’s repeal, citing its failure to prevent defections and its hindrance to representative democracy.
- Arguments against Repeal: Proponents believe it ensures government stability, recognizes party systems, and reduces corruption.
- Suggested Amendments: Recommendations for amendments include limiting the law’s scope, enhancing decision-making processes, and promoting intra-party democracy.
Expert Recommendations
- Dinesh Goswami Committee (1990) and Law Commission (170th Report, 1999): Suggested amendments include limiting disqualification and involving the President/Governor and EC in decision-making.
- Constitution Review Commission (2002): Proposed barring defectors from holding public office and invalidating their votes in toppling governments.
- Election Commission’s Proposal: Recommended that decisions under the Tenth Schedule should be made by the President/Governor based on the EC’s binding advice.
Way Forward
- Amending the Law: Amendments should address existing shortcomings, such as defining “voluntarily giving up membership” and removing distinctions in disqualification criteria.
- Enhancing Democratic Functioning: Reforms should focus on promoting intra-party democracy and regulating the use of whips.
- Voter Responsibility: The electorate’s role in holding defectors accountable through the ballot remains crucial.
Conclusion
- Navigating Political Stability and Democracy: The anti-defection law seeks to balance political stability with democratic representation and legislative accountability.
- Adapting to Contemporary Politics: As political dynamics evolve, so must the legal frameworks, ensuring their relevance and effectiveness.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Tea cultivation in India
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- Echoes of the Past: India’s tea industry is facing challenges similar to the “dark phase” of 2002-07, as noted by the Tea Association of India (TAI).
- Key Concerns: Stagnant prices, oversupply, demand-supply gap, and a trend towards cheaper teas are major issues impacting the industry.
Historical Context and Recent Developments
- Previous Crisis: The industry suffered a significant slump during 2002-07 due to regulatory challenges, falling demand, competition from cheaper international teas, and export quality concerns.
- Current Scenario: Despite India’s economic strides, the tea industry struggles with stagnant prices and increasing input costs, leading to estate closures and reliance on subsidies.
Demand-Supply Imbalance and Quality Concerns
- Oversupply Issues: The meeting highlighted the critical problem of oversupply leading to an imbalance between availability and consumption.
- Quality Decline: To make tea more affordable, there has been a decline in quality, resulting in a “race to the bottom.”
Proposed Measures and Tea Board of India’s Role
- Repositioning Tea: TAI suggests repositioning tea to enhance its perception and consumption patterns.
- Regulatory Steps: Measures include regulating tea waste sold domestically, restricting import of low-quality teas, and promoting tea’s health benefits.
- Potential Impact: Regulating waste could reduce supply by 15-20 million kg, and limiting imports could remove an additional 30 million kg of low-quality teas.
Tea Industry Statistics and Trends
- Production and Export: India’s tea production increased by 39% from 2008 to 2022, with a slight projected increase in 2023. However, exports till October 2023 decreased by 2% compared to 2022.
- Import Increase: Tea imports rose from 27 million kg in 2021 to 30 million kg in 2022.
Overview of the Indian Tea Industry
- Global Standing: India is the second-largest tea producer and the fourth-largest exporter globally, with a significant domestic consumption market.
- Employment and Regulation: The industry directly employs 1.16 million workers, with the Tea Board of India regulating cultivation.
- Main Growing Regions: The Northeast, including Assam, and north Bengal are major tea-growing areas, with significant cultivation in the Nilgiris in south India.
Challenges and Issues
- Global Competition and Quality Decline: Competition from countries like Kenya and the demand for organic tea have affected India’s market position.
- Worker Conditions and Small Tea Growers: Poor worker conditions and challenges faced by small tea growers, including pricing and recognition issues, are significant concerns.
- External Factors: Global events like the Russia-Ukraine war have further compounded problems for the industry.
Tea Board of India Initiatives
- Establishment: The Tea Board was set up under the Tea Act 1953 and functions as a statutory body under the Ministry of Commerce. Headquarters are located in Kolkata, the Board is reconstituted every three years.
- Promotional Efforts: The Board undertakes various initiatives to promote packaged Indian tea and subsidizes participation in international fairs.
- Promotional Activities: The Board supports packaged Indian tea promotion and subsidizes participation in international fairs.
- Tea Development and Promotion Scheme: This scheme aims to enhance productivity, quality, worker welfare, and market promotion.
- Support for Small Growers: The Board has formed SHGs, FPOs, and FPCs to assist small tea growers.
Way Forward
- One District One Product (ODOP) Program: This program can help promote Indian tea.
- Improving ‘AROMA’: ‘AROMA’ stands for Assistance to small growers, Re-energizing infrastructure, Organic and GI tea promotion, Modernization of supply chains, and Adaptability to climate change.
- Supporting Small Farmers: Enhancing production, quality, and sustainability while focusing on high-value markets is crucial for the industry’s growth.
Try this PYQ from 2022
Consider the following States:
- Andhra Pradesh
- Kerala
- Himachal Pradesh
- Tripura
How many of the above are generally known as tea-producing States?
(a) Only one State
(b) Only two States
(c) Only three States
(d) All four States
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Article 30
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Supreme Court’s seven-judge Bench has begun hearing the long-standing dispute over the minority status of Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), a contention that spans nearly six decades.
AMU’s Establishment
- Origins: AMU traces its roots to the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental (MOA) College, founded by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan in 1875 to address Muslims’ educational backwardness.
- University Status in 1920: The institution gained university status in 1920, transitioning from MOA College to AMU, with a focus on both Western education and Islamic theology.
Dispute over Minority Status
- Article 30(1) of the Constitution: It says that all minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
- Initial Legal Challenges: The Supreme Court’s 1967 ruling in S. Azeez Basha vs. Union of India marked the beginning of the legal dispute, questioning the amendments to the AMU Act and the university’s administration.
- Supreme Court’s 1967 Verdict: The court held that AMU was not established nor administered by the Muslim minority, emphasizing that it was created by a central act for government recognition of its degrees.
Nationwide Protests and Political Response
- 1981 Amendment Affirming Minority Status: Following protests by Muslims, the government amended the AMU Act in 1981, explicitly recognizing its minority status.
- Allahabad High Court’s 2005 Ruling: The High Court overturned AMU’s reservation policy and nullified the 1981 amendment, aligning with the Supreme Court’s 1967 decision.
Recent Developments and Government Stance
- Withdrawal of Appeal by NDA Government: In 2016, the NDA government withdrew its appeal in the Supreme Court, stating it could not endorse setting up a minority institution in a secular state.
- Referral to a Larger Bench: In 2019, a three-judge Bench led by then CJI Ranjan Gogoi referred the matter to a seven-judge Bench for a comprehensive review.
Current Proceedings in the Supreme Court
- Composition of the Bench: The case is being heard by a Bench comprising CJI DY Chandrachud and Others
- Focus of the Hearing: The Bench is set to deliberate on the complex historical, legal, and constitutional aspects surrounding AMU’s minority status.
Conclusion
- Significance of the Case: The Supreme Court’s current hearing is crucial in determining the future of AMU’s minority character, a matter deeply intertwined with India’s educational and secular fabric.
- Implications for Minority Rights: The outcome will have significant implications for minority rights in India, particularly concerning the establishment and administration of educational institutions under Article 30(1) of the Constitution.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India Club
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- India is planning to establish its own Protection and Indemnity (P&I) entity, named the India Club, to insure ships operating along Indian coasts and waterways.
- Presently, the Indian shipping industry relies on global firms for insurance coverage.
Understanding P&I Entities
- Function and Structure: A P&I club is a mutual insurance association offering risk pooling, information, and representation for its members, including ship owners, operators, and other maritime stakeholders.
- Coverage Scope: These clubs provide coverage for third-party risks like cargo damage, war, and environmental hazards, which traditional insurers often avoid.
Global P&I Club Landscape
- International Group of P&I Clubs: Headquartered in London, this group comprises 13 clubs covering about 90% of the world’s ocean-going vessels.
- Global Cooperation: These clubs operate on a cooperative model, pooling funds for large claims and determining liability through complex agreements.
Rationale behind making India Club
- Reducing Vulnerability: A local P&I entity can mitigate risks related to international sanctions and pressures, as seen in the Russia-Ukraine conflict.
- Focus on Domestic Shipping: Initially, the India Club will primarily insure ships involved in domestic movements.
Operational Model of India Club
- Government-Led Initiative: The Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways is spearheading the formation of this coalition of domestic fleet owners.
- Scope of Coverage: The India Club will cater to vessels on coastal routes and inland waterways within India.
- Involvement of Traditional Insurers: Traditional insurance and reinsurance companies may participate in underwriting claims and offering services.
Challenges Facing
- Limited Beneficiaries: The initiative might primarily benefit state-owned and smaller shipping lines, as many Indian-owned ships operate under foreign flags to evade stringent regulations.
- Acceptance Issues: The India Club’s coverage might not be recognized by global traders.
- High Coverage Requirements: Offering extensive coverage, especially for large crude carriers, could pose financial challenges.
Conclusion
- Strategic Move: Establishing the India Club is a strategic step towards enhancing India’s maritime insurance capabilities and reducing dependence on international entities.
- Balancing Challenges and Opportunities: While the initiative presents opportunities for greater autonomy in maritime insurance, it also faces challenges in global acceptance and financial viability.
- Potential for Growth: If successfully implemented, the India Club could significantly bolster India’s maritime sector, offering tailored insurance solutions for domestic shipping needs.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Krishna-Godavari Basin
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) commenced its ‘first oil production’ from the deep-water block in the Krishna Godavari (KG) basin off the Bay of Bengal on the Kakinada coast.
First Crude Oil Production: Significance
- Location: The oil extraction is taking place 30 kilometres off the coast of Kakinada, in the Krishna Godavari basin.
- Initial Production Phase: Currently, four out of 26 wells are operational.
- Production Forecast: By May or June, the production is expected to reach 45,000 barrels per day, accounting for 7% of India’s total crude oil production.
- Gas Production Outlook: Alongside oil, the project also anticipates contributing significantly to India’s gas output.
About Krishna-Godavari Basin and its Natural Resources
|
Details |
| Location |
Eastern coast of India |
| Geological Setting |
Rift basin formed during the Mesozoic era |
| Sedimentary Fill |
Primarily composed of sedimentary rocks |
| Tectonic Evolution |
Went through phases of rifting, subsidence, and sedimentation |
| Stratigraphy |
Includes Krishna Formation, Godavari Formation, Cauvery Formation, and more |
| Source Rocks |
Organic-rich shales and mudstones |
| Reservoir Rocks |
Typically sandstones and limestone formations |
| Trap Structures |
Anticlines, fault traps, stratigraphic pinch-outs, and more |
| Major Discoveries |
KG-D6 Block (Dhirubhai-1 and Dhirubhai-3 fields) |
| Exploration and Production |
Companies like Reliance Industries, ONGC, GAIL, and others are active |
| Land Size |
Approximately 15,000 square kilometers |
| Geomorphological Units |
Upland plains, coastal plains, recent flood plains, and delta plains |
| Notable Gas Discovery |
ONGC made the first gas finding in 1983 in the D-6 block, noted for India’s largest natural gas reserves |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sisal Leaves
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Scientists at Stanford University have developed a method to produce highly absorbent material from sisal leaves for use in menstrual hygiene products.
Using Sisal for Sanitary Napkins
- Historical Use of Sisal: Originating from ancient Aztec and Mayan civilizations, sisal leaves have been used for various purposes, including making paper, twine, cloth, carpets, and mezcal.
- Superior Absorption: The material created from sisal leaves has a higher absorption capacity than commercial menstrual pads.
- Environmentally Sustainable Method: The production process is free from polluting or toxic chemicals and can be conducted locally on a small scale.
Global Menstrual Hygiene Challenges
- Rising Use of Hygienic Methods: Despite an increase in the use of sanitary napkins, tampons, and menstrual cups in India, access to menstrual hygiene products remains limited globally.
- Environmental Concerns: The widespread use of sanitary napkins poses environmental challenges due to the non-biodegradable waste they generate.
Sisal as an Eco-Friendly Alternative
- Comparison with Other Plant Fibers: Unlike banana plants, sisal is drought-resistant, making it a more sustainable option for producing absorbent material in arid regions.
- Innovative Delignification Process: The team uses peroxyformic acid for delignification, a more environmentally friendly method than traditional processes.
Life-Cycle Analysis and Environmental Footprint
- Cradle-to-Gate Carbon Footprint Analysis: The environmental footprint of the sisal-based process is comparable to commercial processes for timber and cotton.
- Water Consumption: Water usage in sisal cultivation is significantly lower than in cotton industries, enhancing its sustainability.
Local Manufacturing and Quality Control
- Pilot Production in Nepal: The team is testing the scalability of their method for mass-producing sanitary napkins in Nepal.
- Global Student Engagement Program: High school students worldwide are encouraged to test local plants using this process and contribute to a public database.
Challenges and Future Directions
- Quality Standards Compliance: Ensuring that plant fiber-based menstrual hygiene products meet existing quality standards is crucial.
- Distributed Manufacturing Approach: This model focuses on smaller-scale production catering to local populations, reducing carbon emissions from transportation.
- Research Consortium and Collaboration: The team aims to build a research consortium for open-source collaboration in addressing menstrual health and period poverty.
Conclusion
- Innovative Solution to Period Poverty: The use of sisal in menstrual hygiene products represents a significant advancement in addressing period poverty and environmental sustainability.
- Collaborative Efforts for Global Impact: The initiative’s success hinges on global collaboration, quality control, and adapting the technology to diverse environmental conditions.
- Potential for Widespread Adoption: If successful, this innovation could transform menstrual hygiene practices, making them more sustainable and accessible worldwide.
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