Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Enceladus, Cassini, Saturn
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- A re-analysis of data from the Cassini mission has revealed a complex mix of molecules in the gaseous plumes of Saturn’s moon Enceladus.
About Cassini Mission
|
Details |
| Launch Date |
October 15, 1997 |
| Mission Agencies |
NASA, European Space Agency (ESA), Italian Space Agency (ASI) |
| Primary Focus |
Study of Saturn, its rings, moons, and magnetosphere |
| Key Objectives |
– Study Saturn’s atmosphere
– Investigate Saturn’s rings
– Detailed studies of Saturn’s moons
– Explore Saturn’s magnetosphere |
| Major Achievements |
– Successful landing of the Huygens probe on Titan
– Discovery of geysers on Enceladus
– Identification of new moons
– Detailed analysis of Saturn’s rings |
| Enceladus Discoveries |
– Detection of water-ice geysers erupting from the south pole
– Indications of a subsurface ocean
– Analysis of organic compounds in the plumes |
| Significant Milestones |
– Jupiter Flyby: December 2000
– Saturn Orbit Insertion: July 1, 2004
– Huygens Titan Landing: January 2005 |
| Mission Duration |
1997-2017 (including extended missions) |
Discovery of Plumes and Initial Analysis
- Cassini’s Initial Discovery: In 2005, the Cassini spacecraft discovered large plumes escaping from Enceladus’s southern hemisphere.
- Source of Plumes: These plumes are believed to originate from a subsurface ocean through fissures in the moon’s icy surface.
- Initial Molecular Findings: Earlier analyses identified water, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and molecular hydrogen in the plume samples.
Re-examination of Cassini Data
- Research Team: Led by Jonah Peter from the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California.
- Methodology: The team re-examined data using a statistical analysis technique, comparing it against a vast library of known mass spectra.
- Newly Identified Molecules: The analysis revealed the presence of hydrocarbons like hydrogen cyanide (HCN), acetylene (C2H2), propylene (C3H6), ethane (C2H6), along with methanol and molecular oxygen.
Significant Discovery of Nitrogen
- Definite Presence of Nitrogen: The study confirmed the presence of nitrogen in the form of HCN, resolving previous uncertainties due to overlapping signals in mass spectrometry data.
- Potential for Habitability: The diverse chemical reservoir under Enceladus’s surface suggests conditions that might be consistent with a habitable environment.
- Support for Microbial Life: The presence of these compounds, along with mineralogical catalysts and redox gradients, could potentially support microbial communities or complex organic synthesis.
- Caveat on Life Support: The ability of these compounds to support life depends on their concentration in Enceladus’s subsurface ocean.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PACE Mission
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- NASA is gearing up for the launch of PACE (Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem) mission in 2024. The mission’s objective is to enhance the understanding of Earth’s atmosphere.
PACE Mission
|
Details |
| Objective |
To study the interplay of light, aerosols, and clouds, and their impact on air quality and climate. |
| Ocean Study |
Analysis of the ocean color to understand oceanic processes. |
| Primary Instrument |
Ocean Colour Instrument (OCI) for measuring ocean color across a spectrum from ultraviolet to shortwave infrared. |
| Payloads |
– Spectro-polarimeter for Planetary Exploration (SPEXone)
– Hyper Angular Research Polarimeter (HARP2) |
| Instrument Features |
– Complementary spectral and angular sampling
– Polarimetric accuracy
– Enhanced spatial coverage |
| Mission Goals |
– Improved atmospheric correction
– Comprehensive aerosol and cloud science data
– Enhanced ocean research |
| Significance |
Expected to make significant breakthroughs in aerosol-cloud-ocean research through its synergistic payload. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gandabherunda Art
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) has secured legal rights for the unique artistic representation of Gandabherunda Art as symbol of their corporate identity.
About Gandabherunda Art
|
Details |
| Cultural Origin |
Ancient motif found in various cultures including Hittites, Egyptians, Sumerians, and Indians. |
| Introduction to India |
Suggested by John Marshall to be introduced by the Shakas (Scythians), but also found in ancient Indian texts. |
| Ancient Indian References |
Appears in Panchatantra, Mahabharata, Panini’s grammar, and Jain texts like Kalpa Sūtra. |
| Archaeological Sites |
Found in Sirkap near Taxila and the Sanchi Stupa. |
| Literary Appearances |
Featured in Buddhist literature and Panchatantra, often symbolizing unity and vigilance. |
| Karnataka Temple Sculptures |
Prominently depicted in Hindu temples in Karnataka, linked to Vishnu’s Narasimha avatar in Narasimha Purana. |
| Contemporary Significance |
State symbol of Karnataka; associated with the Mysuru royal family and the Order of Gandabherunda. |
| Historical Usage |
Earliest depiction in the Mathura art period (1st century CE). Significant use in the Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646 CE). |
| Karnataka Emblem |
Official state emblem of Karnataka, adopted in 1956. |
| Architectural Presence |
Common in South Indian temple architecture, especially in Karnataka. Notable at the Chennakesava Temple at Belur. |
| Symbolism |
Represents material and spiritual power, strength, and fearlessness. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hydrographic Survey Pact
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Maldives government has chosen not to renew a hydrographic survey agreement with India, marking a significant change in bilateral relations.
Hydrographic Survey Pact: A Backgrounder
- Nature of Hydrographic Surveys: These surveys involve mapping water bodies to facilitate safe and efficient maritime transportation.
- 2019 Agreement: During Prime Minister Modi’s state visit to the Maldives in June 2019, an MoU was signed for cooperation in hydrography between the Indian Navy and the Maldives National Defence Force (MNDF).
Activities under the Pact
- Joint Hydrographic Surveys: Three joint surveys were conducted in 2021, 2022, and 2023, involving Indian Naval Ships like INS Darshak and INS Sutlej.
- Survey Objectives: The surveys aimed to update navigational charts and support sectors like tourism and fisheries. They also involved tidal observations and identifying new shoals.
- Support to MNDF: India provided hydrographic equipment and training to MNDF personnel, aligning with its policy of supporting the Maldives in establishing hydrographic capabilities.
India’s Hydrographic Survey Agreements with Other Countries
- Global Hydrographic Efforts: India has conducted hydrographic surveys in various countries, including Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Bangladesh.
- International Cooperation: The National Hydrographic Office highlights the potential for international cooperation in hydrography, especially in regions with limited capabilities.
Reasons behind Maldives’ Decision
- Regime Change: The election of Mohamed Muizzu of the Progressive Party of Maldives (PPM), seen as more pro-China, contrasts with his predecessor President Solih’s India-friendly stance.
- Geopolitical Dynamics: China’s increasing influence in the Indian Ocean region, particularly through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), has impacted India’s traditional sphere of influence in the Maldives.
- ‘India Out’ Campaign: Allegations of Indian military presence and the new administration’s emphasis on national security and self-reliance in hydrographic capabilities have influenced this decision.
Possible outcomes
- Changing Geopolitical Landscape: The Maldives’ decision reflects the shifting geopolitical dynamics in the Indian Ocean, with growing Chinese influence challenging India’s traditional role.
- Impact on India-Maldives Relations: This development could signify a recalibration of the Maldives’ foreign policy, potentially impacting India’s strategic interests in the region.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Arctic Warming
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Unprecedented Warmth: The Arctic experienced its warmest summer on record in 2023, warming nearly four times faster than the global average since 1979.
- NOAA’s Comprehensive Study: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Arctic Report Card, a peer-reviewed analysis by 82 scientists from 13 countries, details the critical impacts of this warming.
Key Findings and Consequences of the Arctic Warming
[1] Thawing of Subsea Permafrost
- Accelerated Thawing Process: Warmer ocean temperatures are causing a faster thawing of subsea permafrost, which contains organic matter.
- Release of Greenhouse Gases: This thawing leads to the decay of organic matter and the release of methane and carbon dioxide, intensifying global warming and ocean acidification.
- Research Challenges: The extent of greenhouse gas release from subsea permafrost and its future impact on global warming remains uncertain due to limited research.
[2] Food Insecurity
- Decline in Salmon Populations: In Western Alaska, populations of Chinook and chum salmon were 81% and 92% below the 30-year mean, respectively.
- Size Reduction and Species Variation: The size of adult salmon has decreased, and while Chinook and chum salmon declined, sockeye salmon numbers were 98% above the 30-year mean.
- Impact on Indigenous Communities: These changes have led to fishery closures and significant cultural and food security impacts in Indigenous communities.
[3] Raging Wildfires
- Canada’s Severe Wildfire Season: Canada experienced its worst wildfire season, with over 10 million acres burned in the Northwest Territories.
- Evacuations and Air Quality Impact: The fires led to mass evacuations and affected air quality, reaching as far as the southern United States.
[4] Severe Flooding
- Mendenhall Glacier Thinning: The Mendenhall Glacier in Alaska has thinned dramatically, causing annual floods.
- Significant Flooding Event: In August 2023, a glacial lake burst through its ice dam, leading to unprecedented flooding and severe property damage in Juneau.
[5] Greenland Ice Sheet Melting
- Rare Melting Events: The highest point on Greenland’s ice sheet experienced melting for only the fifth time in 34 years.
- Continued Mass Loss: Despite above-average winter snow accumulation, the ice sheet lost approximately 350 trillion pounds of mass between August 2022 and September 2023.
- Contribution to Sea-Level Rise: Greenland’s ice sheet melting is the second-largest contributor to global sea-level rise.
Conclusion
- Immediate and Long-Term Impacts: The record-breaking temperatures in the Arctic have immediate consequences for local communities and long-term implications for global climate patterns.
- Need for Further Research: Enhanced research is crucial to understand the full scope of Arctic warming and to develop effective mitigation strategies.
- Global Responsibility: The findings highlight the urgent need for concerted global efforts to address climate change and its far-reaching impacts.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Visa Free travel for Indians
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Iran has announced the removal of visa requirements for Indian citizens and nationals from 32 other countries.
- The decision is aimed at increasing tourism and improving global perceptions of Iran.
Iran’s Visa-Free Travel Initiative
- Countries Included: The list includes Russia, UAE, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, Lebanon, several Central Asian and African countries, Japan, Singapore, Southeast Asian nations, and select countries in Latin America and Europe.
- Previous Visa Exemptions: Iran had earlier lifted visa requirements for Türkiye, Azerbaijan, Oman, China, Armenia, Lebanon, and Syria.
- Tourist Influx Statistics: Iran witnessed a 48.5% increase in tourist numbers, reaching 4.4 million in the first eight months of the current Iranian year.
Proposal for Wider Visa-Free Travel
- Ministry’s Initial Proposal: The Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts proposed visa-free travel for 60 countries, though it wasn’t fully approved.
- Umrah Flights to Saudi Arabia: Starting December 19, Iranians can travel to Saudi Arabia for Umrah, marking the first such opportunity in eight years.
India’s Growing Outbound Tourism Market
- Current Visa-Free Countries: 27 countries now offer visa-free entry to Indian citizens, with recent additions including Kenya, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Sri Lanka.
- Popular Destinations for Indian Citizens: The top five travel destinations are the UAE, the USA, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, and Thailand, with many visiting as part of the diaspora.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Outcome of the Rusisan Invasion of Ukraine
Central Idea
- It has been six months since Ukraine launched its counteroffensive against Russian forces.
- Despite initial expectations, Ukraine has failed to achieve significant advancements on the battlefield.
- President Zelensky is actively touring Western capitals, including Washington, to secure ongoing military assistance.
Ukraine’s Counteroffensive: Progress and Challenges
- Initial Strategy and Targets: The counteroffensive focused on three fronts, aiming to disrupt Russia’s land bridge to Crimea and make gains in the south and east.
- Challenges in Advancement: Despite receiving advanced weaponry and training from Western allies, Ukrainian forces struggled against Russia’s fortified defenses, particularly in the south.
- Setbacks and Losses: Ukrainian advances were hindered by minefields, electronic warfare, and lack of air power, leading to significant losses and little change in the frontline.
Russia’s Current Position in the War
- Recovery and Defense Building: After initial retreats, Russia has fortified its defensive positions and is on the offensive in certain areas like Avdiivka.
- Mobilization and Military Production: Russia has mobilized additional troops and ramped up its military production, countering Western sanctions and supply challenges.
- Economic Stability Despite Sanctions: Despite Western sanctions, Russia has managed to maintain economic stability by diversifying its energy trade, particularly with China and India.
Waning Western Support for Ukraine
- Shift in U.S. and EU Stance: There are indications that the U.S. and EU might be encouraging Ukraine to initiate talks with Russia.
- Political and Financial Challenges: In the U.S., Republican opposition and declining public support are affecting aid to Ukraine, with potential implications for the 2024 presidential elections.
- Uncertainty Over Continued Aid: The future of Western support is uncertain, especially if Ukraine fails to achieve significant military successes.
Future Outlook: No End to the Conflict in Sight
- Putin’s Stance on Peace Talks: Russian President Vladimir Putin has expressed no urgency in peace talks, focusing instead on achieving Russia’s objectives.
- Ukraine’s Position on Negotiations: Ukraine, similarly, is not considering negotiations at the moment.
- Potential Strategies and Challenges Ahead: As winter sets in, the conflict is expected to see a temporary freeze in frontline movements, with both sides possibly preparing for future offensives and counteroffensives.
Conclusion
- Continued Dependence on Western Aid: Ukraine’s prospects in the conflict remain heavily reliant on sustained Western military and financial support.
- Uncertain Future for Ukraine: The ongoing war, coupled with geopolitical and economic dynamics, leaves Ukraine in a precarious position as it navigates a complex and evolving conflict landscape.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sri Krishna Janmabhoomi
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- On December 14, the Allahabad High Court allowed an application for the inspection of the Shahi Idgah mosque complex, reigniting the Sri Krishna Janmabhoomi-Shahi Idgah Masjid dispute.
- Hindu petitioners assert that the mosque, constructed by Emperor Aurangzeb in 1670, was built over Lord Krishna’s birthplace in Mathura. The mosque is adjacent to the Krishna Janmasthal Temple, a significant pilgrimage site.
Sri Krishna Janmabhoomi: Latest Legal Plea
- Nature of the Application: The application is part of a petition initiated by eight individuals including the “next friend” of Bhagwan Shree Krishna Virajman.
- Survey Approval: Allahabad High Court approved the survey of the Shahi Idgah mosque on December 14.
- Petition’s Demands: The petitioners seek the removal of structures allegedly encroaching on the disputed land by the UP Sunni Central Waqf Board and the mosque committee, and the transfer of this land to the Shree Krishna Janmbhoomi Trust.
- Challenge to the 1968 Agreement: The plea contests the legality of a compromise agreement dated October 12, 1968, between the Shri Krishna Janmasthan Seva Sansthan and the Trust Shahi Masjid Idgah.
Historical Background and Claims
- Aurangzeb’s Alleged Demolition: The Hindu petition cites historical records, claiming Aurangzeb ordered the demolition of Hindu temples, including one at Lord Krishna’s birthplace, to construct the Idgah Mosque in 1669-70.
- Reference to Official Records: The petition mentions the Official Court Bulletin (Akhbaraat) from January to February 1670 as evidence of Aurangzeb’s orders.
Counterclaims by the Muslim Side
- Legal Arguments: Representatives of the UP Sunni Central Waqf Board and the mosque committee argue in the High Court that the mosque does not fall within the disputed 13.37 acres and dispute the location of Krishna’s birthplace.
- Challenging the Hindu Claims: They assert that the Hindu claims are based on speculation and lack documentary evidence.
Historical Ownership and Management
- Land Ownership Changes: The site, originally nazul land, was auctioned by the East India Company in 1815 to Raja Patni Mal of Benaras.
- Subsequent Transactions: The land was later sold to Jugal Kishore Birla, and the ownership rights were transferred to the Shri Krishna Janmabhoomi Trust, established by Birla.
- Temple Management: In 1956, the Shri Krishna Janmasthan Sewa Sangh, later renamed as Sansthan, was established for temple management.
Parallel with the Gyanvapi Case
- Similar Legal Proceedings: The Mathura case is comparable to the Gyanvapi Mosque dispute in Varanasi, where a court-ordered survey led to the discovery of a structure claimed as a “shivling” by Hindus and a “fountain” by Muslims.
- Archaeological Surveys and Legal Challenges: The Varanasi district court’s order for a scientific survey of the Gyanvapi mosque and the subsequent legal hurdles reflect similar developments in the Mathura case.
Conclusion
- Continuation of Legal Battles: The dispute, rooted in deep historical and religious significance, continues to unfold through legal channels.
- Broader Implications: These cases underscore the complexities of addressing historical claims, legal processes, and maintaining communal harmony in the context of religiously significant sites in India.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Saiga Antelope
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The Saiga Antelope has been reclassified from ‘Critically Endangered’ to ‘Near Threatened’ by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
About Saiga Antelope
|
Details |
| Scientific Name |
Saiga tatarica |
| Physical Characteristics |
Notable for its distinctive bulbous nose; relatively small, with a thin build and long, thin legs |
| Habitat |
Primarily found in the steppe region of Central Asia and Eastern Europe |
| Population Distribution |
Predominantly in Kazakhstan and Russia, with smaller populations in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Mongolia |
| Conservation Status |
IUCN Red List: Near Threatened
CITES: Appendix II |
| Major Threats |
Poaching for horns (used in traditional medicine), habitat loss, and disease outbreaks like pasteurellosis |
| Diet |
Herbivorous, feeding on a variety of grasses and plants |
| Breeding |
Known for its rapid population growth under favorable conditions; breeds in large herds |
| Migration |
Notable for long-distance seasonal migrations |
| Cultural Significance |
Featured in the folklore and culture of the local steppe communities |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bhagat Singh
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- A serious security breach occurred in the Indian Parliament when two individuals jumped into the Lok Sabha chamber, releasing yellow smoke.
- Police sources indicated that the act, involving a total of six individuals, was apparently inspired by the revolutionary Bhagat Singh.
Bhagat Singh’s Historic Act in 1929
- Central Assembly Incident: Over 94 years ago, Bhagat Singh, along with Batukeshwar Dutt, threw bombs and pamphlets in Delhi’s Central Assembly, challenging the British Empire.
- Objective: Their act was not aimed at causing harm but to protest against the lack of autonomy under the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms and to voice against repressive measures.
1929 ‘Indian Parliament’ and Revolutionary Motives
- Political Climate: The period saw Indian nationalists dissatisfied with the limited power under British rule, leading to revolutionary movements.
- HSRA’s Stance: The Hindustan Socialist Republican Army (HSRA), led by Chandrashekhar Azad and involving Bhagat Singh, sought to oppose the facade of an Indian Parliament run by the British.
- Pamphlet’s Message: The HSRA aimed to ‘make the deaf hear’, using their act as a symbolic protest against the British administration.
Fateful Day: April 8, 1929
- Viceroy’s Proclamation: The incident coincided with the Viceroy’s enactment of controversial bills, despite opposition in the Assembly.
- Well-Planned Action: Bhagat Singh and Dutt conducted reconnaissance and executed their plan while dressed in khaki, throwing bombs and pamphlets into the Assembly.
- Immediate Arrest: Following their slogan-shouting and bomb-throwing, both revolutionaries were arrested as per their plan.
Aftermath: Trial and Sentencing
- Response to Criticism: Bhagat Singh and Dutt defended their actions, emphasizing the sanctity of human life and the moral justification of their cause.
- Trial and Sentencing: A month later, both were sentenced to life imprisonment. Bhagat Singh later faced additional charges leading to his execution in 1931.
Conclusion
- Echoes of History: The recent security breach in the Lok Sabha, inspired by Bhagat Singh’s act, reflects a continued legacy of protest in India.
- Legacy of Bhagat Singh: The incident serves as a reminder of Bhagat Singh’s enduring influence in Indian history, symbolizing resistance and the fight for justice.
- Contemporary Relevance: While the motives of the recent perpetrators are still under investigation, their actions highlight ongoing issues in India, from regional concerns to farmers’ rights, resonating with Bhagat Singh’s revolutionary spirit.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Countervailing Duties (CVDs), RODTEP Scheme
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The US and the European Union have imposed countervailing duties (CVDs) on select Indian products such as paper file folders, common alloy aluminum sheet, and forged steel fluid end blocks.
- These measures are in retaliation against India’s Remission of Duties and Taxes on Export Products (RoDTEP) scheme, initiated in January 2021.
About Countervailing Duties (CVDs)
|
Details |
| Definition |
Tariffs imposed to neutralize the adverse effects of subsidies provided by a foreign government to their export industries. |
| Purpose |
To protect domestic industries from unfair competition due to imports subsidized by the exporting country’s government. |
| Investigation & Imposition |
Requires a domestic investigation to confirm the presence of subsidies and their impact on domestic industries. |
| WTO Compliance |
Imposition of CVDs must comply with World Trade Organization rules. |
| Types of Subsidies |
Includes direct transfers of funds, tax concessions, loan guarantees, and provision of goods/services at a discount. |
| Calculation |
The duty amount is typically equivalent to the value of the foreign subsidy. |
| Duration |
Not permanent; imposed for a specific period and subject to review and removal. |
| Global Use |
Frequently used by countries like the United States, European Union, Canada, and India. |
| Controversy and Disputes |
Can lead to trade disputes, viewed by some as protectionist or unjustified. |
| Impact on Prices |
May result in higher prices for affected goods in the importing country due to increased import costs. |
India’s Response to the Duties
- Government and Exporters’ Defense: The Indian government and affected exporters have actively defended against the subsidy allegations. Their defense covered various programs and schemes at both the Central and State levels in India.
- Method of Defense: The defense was presented through written and oral responses during the investigations.
Potential WTO Dispute
- India’s Stance on Dispute Resolution: Minister of State for Commerce and Industry indicated India’s openness to bilateral resolution.
- WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism: Any party could approach the WTO Dispute Settlement mechanism if they believe a WTO member has adopted measures inconsistent with WTO agreements.
Conclusion
- Growing Trade Tensions: The imposition of CVDs by the US and EU signifies escalating trade tensions with India, particularly concerning the RoDTEP scheme.
- Impact on Indian Exports: These duties could potentially impact Indian exporters, affecting trade dynamics between India and these global economic powers.
- Prospect of WTO Involvement: The possibility of this dispute reaching the WTO highlights the complexities of international trade laws and the need for careful navigation of global trade policies.
Back2Basics: RoDTEP Scheme
|
Details |
| Introduction |
Announced in 2020, replacing the Merchandise Exports from India Scheme (MEIS). |
| Objective |
To refund taxes and duties on exported products not covered under any other scheme, enhancing export competitiveness. |
| Scope and Coverage |
Covers various sectors, beneficial for a wide range of industries, including those not covered under MEIS. |
| Rebate Rates |
Varies based on the taxes and duties incurred on the production and distribution of the exported product. |
| Eligibility |
Exporters must comply with criteria including the condition that goods must be manufactured in India. |
| Claim Process |
Rebate claimed as a transferable duty credit/electronic scrip, maintained in an electronic ledger. |
| Implementation |
Implemented by the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) and Customs Department. |
| Impact |
Aims to make Indian exports more competitive globally by offsetting domestic taxes and levies. |
| Compliance with WTO |
Designed to comply with India’s commitments under the WTO framework. |
| Process |
Fully digital and transparent process for claiming rebates, reducing the compliance burden on exporters. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kambalakonda WLS
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Eastern Ghats Biodiversity Centre situated along the Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary’s periphery, near PM Palem in Visakhapatnam, features a new Nature Interpretation Centre.
About Kambalakonda WLS
|
Details |
| Location |
Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh, India |
| Establishment |
Declared in 1970 under the Wildlife Protection Act of India |
| Area |
Approximately 71 square kilometers (27 square miles) |
| Ecosystem |
Dry evergreen forests and scrubland |
| Biodiversity |
Home to Indian leopards, deer species, wild boar, jackals, reptiles, birds, and medicinal plants |
| Flora |
Predominantly dry evergreen forests with moist deciduous patches |
| Tourism and Recreation |
Offers trekking, bird watching, and nature walks |
| Accessibility |
Easily accessible from the city of Visakhapatnam |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: GPAI
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI) Summit began in New Delhi on December 12, inaugurated by Prime Minister.
- India, along with 28 member countries, is working towards a consensus on a declaration document focusing on the proper use of AI, establishing guardrails for the technology, and its democratization.
GPAI and India
- Founding Member: India joined GPAI as a founding member in June 2020, aiming to bridge the gap between AI theory and practice.
- International Collaboration: The initiative fosters collaboration among scientists, industry professionals, civil society, governments, international organizations, and academia.
- Previous Summits: Prior GPAI summits were held in Montreal, Paris, and Tokyo.
- India’s Stance: IT Minister highlighted India’s focus on sustainable agriculture and collaborative AI, building on the Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) approach used in Aadhaar and UPI systems.
Content of the Proposed Declaration
- Themes and Focus: The declaration is expected to cover AI’s use in sustainable agriculture, healthcare, climate action, and building resilient societies.
- Regulatory Aspects: It will align with past agreements and global ideas on AI regulation.
- India’s Contribution: India’s emphasis is on evaluating AI in sustainable agriculture and promoting collaborative AI.
Global Conversation on AI Regulation
- EU’s AI Act: The European Union passed the AI Act, introducing safeguards and guardrails for AI use, especially in law enforcement, and setting up mechanisms for complaints against violations. It imposes strong restrictions on facial recognition and AI’s potential to manipulate human behavior.
- AI Safety Summit in the UK: Major countries agreed on a declaration for global action to address AI risks, acknowledging the dangers of misuse, cybersecurity threats, biotechnology, and disinformation risks.
- US Executive Order: The Biden Administration issued an order to safeguard against AI threats and oversee safety benchmarks for generative AI bots like ChatGPT and Google Bard.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Exercise VINBAX-2023
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Indian Armed Forces contingent, consisting of 45 personnel, has arrived in Hanoi, Vietnam, to participate in the fourth edition of the Joint Military Exercise VINBAX-2023.
Exercise VINBAX-2023
- Inception: VINBAX was established in 2018, with its inaugural edition held in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India.
- Annual Event: This training event is conducted annually, alternating between India and Vietnam. The last edition took place at Chandimandir Military Station in August 2022.
- Collaborative Partnership: The exercise aims to foster collaborative partnerships and promote interoperability between the two nations.
- Focus on Peacekeeping: It is aligned with Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter on Peace Keeping Operations.
- Training Emphasis: The focus is on the deployment and employment of an Engineer Company and a Medical Team in a Command Post Exercise cum Field Training Exercise format.
Activities and Training Modules
- Tactical Exchange: The exercise will facilitate the exchange of tactics, techniques, and procedures between the contingents.
- Engineering and Medical Drills: Participants will share modern methods for constructing roads, culverts, helipads, ammunition shelters, and observation posts. Combat engineering and medical drills are also part of the training.
- Validation Exercise: The exercise will conclude with a Validation Exercise to showcase the standards achieved by both contingents.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Red Sprites
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- ESA astronauts recorded a red sprite over a thundercloud as part of the Thor-Davis experiment at Danish Technical University.
What are Red Sprites?
|
Details |
| Type |
Transient Luminous Event (TLE) |
| Appearance |
Reddish-orange flashes, often in clusters, with shapes resembling tendrils, jellyfish, or carrots |
| Altitude |
Typically occur at altitudes between 50 to 90 kilometers (31 to 56 miles) |
| Duration |
Extremely brief, lasting only a few milliseconds |
| First Documented |
First photographed in 1989, though pilots had reported sightings for decades |
| Formation |
Triggered by positive lightning discharges from thunderclouds to the ionosphere |
| Color Explanation |
Red coloration due to the excitation of nitrogen molecules; lower parts can appear blue |
| Observation Challenges |
Ephemeral nature and often obscured by thunderclouds; typically observed from aircraft or high-altitude platforms |
| Scientific Significance |
Provides insights into electrical and chemical processes in the upper atmosphere |
| Related Phenomena |
Part of a group that includes blue jets and elves, all linked to thunderstorm activity |
| Research Importance |
Investigated for understanding the Earth’s electromagnetic environment and atmospheric electrical balance |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Election Commission Appointments Bill
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Rajya Sabha passed a bill that revises the process for appointing the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners (ECs), replacing the Election Commission (Conditions of Service of Election Commissioners and Transaction of Business) Act, 1991.
Election Commission Appointments Bill:Key Features
- Appointment Process: The President will appoint the CEC and ECs based on recommendations from a Selection Committee comprising the Prime Minister, a Union Cabinet Minister, and the Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha.
- Search Committee Role: A Search Committee led by the Cabinet Secretary will suggest candidates to the Selection Committee.
- Eligibility Criteria: Candidates must have held a post equivalent to the Secretary to the central government.
- Salary and Conditions: The CEC and ECs will receive salaries and benefits equivalent to the Cabinet Secretary, a change from the previous equivalence to a Supreme Court judge.
Constitutional Context
- Constitutional Provisions: Article 324 of the Constitution allows the President to appoint the CEC and ECs but does not specify the appointment process.
- Supreme Court Directive: In March 2023, the Supreme Court mandated a selection process involving the Prime Minister, Leader of Opposition, and the Chief Justice of India, until Parliament legislates otherwise.
Key Issues and Analysis
- Independence Concerns: The government-dominated Selection Committee could impact the Election Commission’s independence.
- Validity despite Vacancies: The Selection Committee’s recommendations will be valid even with vacancies, potentially leading to government control in appointments.
- Salary and Status: Aligning the CEC and ECs’ salary with the Cabinet Secretary, determined by the government, may affect their independence compared to a salary fixed by Parliament.
- Exclusion of Candidates: Limiting eligibility to senior bureaucrats may exclude other qualified individuals, particularly those with judicial experience.
- International Practices: The appointment processes for election commissions in countries like South Africa, the UK, the US, and Canada vary, with some involving judicial members or parliamentary approval.
Concerns over Independence and Selection Process
- Government Influence: The Bill’s provisions for a government-majority Selection Committee and the acceptance of recommendations despite vacancies could lead to executive dominance in appointments.
- Salary and Removal Parity: The change in salary equivalence and the lack of parity in the removal process of the CEC and ECs compared to Supreme Court judges raise concerns about the Commission’s independence.
Goswami Committee (1990) Recommendations
- Background: The Goswami Committee on Electoral Reforms (1990) made significant recommendations regarding the Election Commission’s functioning.
- Appointment Process: The Committee suggested that the CEC should be appointed by the President in consultation with the Chief Justice and the Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha. For ECs, it recommended a similar process but included the CEC in the consultative process.
- Importance of Independence: The Committee emphasized the need for the Election Commission’s independence from executive influence to ensure free and fair elections.
Conclusion
- Ensuring ECI’s Autonomy: While the Bill aims to formalize the appointment process for the CEC and ECs, maintaining the Election Commission’s autonomy and independence is crucial for upholding democratic principles.
- Need for Deliberation: The concerns raised about the Bill highlight the need for careful consideration to ensure that the Election Commission remains an impartial and effective guardian of electoral integrity in India.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Karan Singh's 1949 Proclamation
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- On December 11, the Supreme Court upheld the abrogation of Article 370, affirming that Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) did not retain sovereignty after joining the Union of India.
- CJI D Y Chandrachud, writing for himself and Justices B R Gavai and Surya Kant, cited a 1949 proclamation by Yuvraj Karan Singh (successor of J&K titular Maharaja) as a key factor in this decision.
Karan Singh’s 1949 Proclamation
- Repeal of the Government of India Act, 1935: The proclamation declared the repeal of the Government of India Act, 1935, which previously governed J&K’s constitutional relationship with India.
- Adoption of the Indian Constitution: It stated that the Indian Constitution would govern J&K’s relationship with the Union of India and abrogate inconsistent constitutional provisions in the state.
Reason behind the Proclamation
- Karan Singh’s Perspective: Speaking to The Indian Express, Karan Singh, aged 92, explained that the proclamation was necessary to eliminate ambiguity regarding J&K’s integration with India.
- Instrument of Accession’s Ambiguity: He noted that while his father, Hari Singh, signed the Instrument of Accession like other rulers, J&K retained a measure of autonomy, leading to questions about its complete integration.
Supreme Court’s Findings
- Essence of the Judgment: The Court stated that J&K did not retain any form of sovereignty upon joining India.
- Significance of the 1949 Proclamation: The Court highlighted that Karan Singh’s proclamation superseded all constitutional provisions inconsistent with the Indian Constitution, effectively surrendering J&K’s sovereignty.
Alignment with the Centre’s Argument
- Centre’s Stance: The Union government argued that the 1949 proclamation acknowledged the supremacy of the Indian Constitution and surrendered sovereignty to it, where the sovereign is ‘We the people of India’.
- Court’s Agreement: The Supreme Court’s ruling aligns with this argument, affirming the complete integration of J&K into India.
Conclusion
- The Supreme Court’s decision clarifies the constitutional status of J&K post the abrogation of Article 370, confirming its full integration into the Indian Union without any retained sovereignty.
- The ruling underscores the historical context of J&K’s accession and the role of the 1949 proclamation in shaping its constitutional relationship with India.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Foreigners’ Tribunals
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Since 1966, Foreigners Tribunals (FTs) in Assam have identified 32,381 people as foreigners.
Foreigners Tribunals in Assam
- Unique Quasi-Judicial Bodies: FTs are specific to Assam, tasked with determining whether a person is illegally staying as a “foreigner” in India.
- Backdrop of Assam’s NRC: With the National Register of Citizens (NRC) in Assam, the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has outlined guidelines for detecting, detaining, and deporting illegal foreign nationals.
- Amendment to Foreigners (Tribunals) Order, 1964: The MHA has amended this order, allowing district magistrates in all States and Union Territories to establish tribunals.
- Shift in Power: Previously, only the Central Government had the authority to constitute such tribunals.
Need for Foreigners Tribunals
- Legal Process for Foreigners: In other regions, foreigners apprehended for illegal stay are tried under the Passport Act, 1920, or the Foreigners Act, 1946, with penalties including imprisonment and eventual deportation.
- Detention Centers: Post-sentence, the accused are held in detention centers until their country of origin agrees to accept them.
Recent Amendments and Their Implications
- Changes in Tribunal Constitution: The 1964 order initially allowed only the Central Government to refer cases to the Tribunals. The amendment now permits State Governments, UT administrations, District Collectors, and District Magistrates to do so.
- Empowerment of Individuals: The amended Foreigners (Tribunal) Order, 2019, enables individuals to approach Tribunals, a change from the earlier provision where only the State could challenge a suspect.
- Context of NRC: With the final NRC publication, this amendment aims to provide adequate opportunities for those not included in the list.
- Procedure for Non-Listed Individuals: Persons not found in the final NRC can approach the Tribunals. District Magistrates can also refer cases of individuals who haven’t filed claims against their NRC exclusion.
- Issuance of Fresh Summons: These individuals will receive new summons to prove their citizenship.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Syama Prasad Mookerjee
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Following judgment of the Supreme Court upholding the abrogation of Article 370, many invoked Dr Syama Prasad Mookerjee (1901-53), an ardent opponent of Kashmir’s ‘special status’ in the Indian Union.
Who was Syama Prasad Mookerjee?
- Syama Prasad Mookerjee, an eminent Indian politician, barrister, and academician, played a significant role in shaping India’s political landscape during the mid-20th century.
- Born on July 6, 1901, in Kolkata (formerly Calcutta), Mookerjee emerged as a prominent leader and a staunch advocate of Indian nationalism and Hindu politics.
Early Life and Education
- Bengali Brahmin heritage: Mookerjee hailed from a respected Brahmin family with roots in Jirat, Hooghly District, and West Bengal.
- Academic brilliance: He exhibited exceptional academic prowess, pursuing his education at prestigious institutions such as Presidency College and the University of Calcutta.
- Legal career: Mookerjee became a barrister, being called to the English Bar after studying at Lincoln’s Inn in London.
Political Career
- Initial association with Congress: Mookerjee began his political journey as a member of the Indian National Congress, representing Calcutta University in the Bengal Legislative Council.
- Hindu Mahasabha affiliation: He later joined the Hindu Mahasabha, a right-wing Hindu nationalist organization, and became its president.
- Championing Bengal partition: Mookerjee actively advocated for the partition of Bengal to safeguard Hindu interests, leading to the establishment of a separate West Bengal within the Indian Union.
- Resignation from Bengal cabinet: As Finance Minister of Bengal Province, Mookerjee resigned in 1942, condemning the British government’s oppressive policies and their attempts to hold on to India.
Contributions to Independent India
- Minister for Industry and Supply: Mookerjee served as India’s first Minister for Industry and Supply in Jawaharlal Nehru’s cabinet after independence.
- Nehru-Liaquat Pact and resignation: He resigned from Nehru’s cabinet in 1950, protesting against the Nehru-Liaquat Pact, which he believed compromised the interests of Hindus in East Bengal (now Bangladesh).
- Founding Bharatiya Jana Sangh: Mookerjee, with the support of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), established the Bharatiya Jana Sangh in 1951, laying the foundation for the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).
Mookerjee’s Opposition to Article 370
- Balkanization of India: Mookerjee strongly believed that Article 370 created a sense of separatism and division within the country, leading to the fragmentation of India’s unity.
- Rejection of dual governance: Mookerjee famously stated, “Ek desh mein do Vidhan, do Pradhan aur Do Nishan nahi chalenge” (One country cannot have two constitutions, two prime ministers, and two flags), emphasizing his opposition to the separate status enjoyed by Jammu and Kashmir.
- Reservations about special status: Mookerjee expressed concerns that the special status granted to Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 would impede the state’s full integration into the Indian Union.
- Inequality and separatism: He believed that granting special privileges to one state based on religion or regional factors would lead to a sense of inequality and separatism.
Ideological Stance and Legacy
- Influence on BJP’s policy agenda: His ideology and vision continue to shape the policies and agenda of the Bharatiya Janata Party.
- Controversial demise: Mookerjee’s untimely death in 1953 while in custody remains a subject of controversy and speculation, with demands for an independent inquiry.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Debt Brake Rule
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- On November 15, Germany’s constitutional court declared the government’s reallocation of €60 billion to a “climate and transformation fund” (KTF) as unlawful.
Understanding the Debt Brake Rule
- Definition and Purpose: The debt brake rule caps government borrowing and restricts the federal government’s fiscal deficit to 0.35% of GDP, while prohibiting deficit spending by Germany’s 16 regions.
- Enactment: This rule was incorporated into German law in 2009 by a coalition, mirroring the EU’s Stability and Growth Pact and the 2012 Fiscal Compact Treaty.
Legal Challenge and Its Implications
- Opposition’s Argument: It argued that climate change and energy transition investments, being long-term, shouldn’t be funded by the debt brake’s emergency exemption, which was specific to COVID-19 relief.
- Government’s Defense: The government contended that the reallocated funds addressed economic consequences of the pandemic by linking investment shortfalls to COVID-19’s economic impact.
Germany’s Post-2009 Economic Performance
- Mixed Outcomes: Germany experienced growth and budget surpluses in the last decade, benefiting from low-interest policies of the ECB.
- Zero-Deficit Budget: The government achieved a zero-deficit budget, promoting it as an ideal approach for the EU during a sovereign debt crisis.
- Challenges and Criticisms: A cooling economy highlighted under-investment in infrastructure. Critics urged for expansionary fiscal measures, while others favored higher taxation. Chancellor Angela Merkel emphasized the need to avoid burdening the younger generation with debt.
- Pandemic Response: In 2020, the debt brake rule was suspended for pandemic-related borrowing, with plans for reinstatement.
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