Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kateel Yakshagana Mela
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- The Karnataka High Court has allowed the century-old Kateel Durgaparameshwari Prasadita Yakshagana Mandali to resume all-night shows, adhering to noise pollution norms.
About Kateel Yakshagana Mela
- It refers to a traditional form of theater performance known as Yakshagana, which is predominantly found in the state of Karnataka, India.
- Specifically, “Kateel” refers to the town of Kateel in Karnataka, which is known for its own unique troupes or ‘Melas’ performing this art form.
- It includes stories from Hindu epics like the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.
- They are usually performed on open-air stages at night and can last up to several hours.
Back2Basics: Yakshagana
|
Details |
| Origin and Meaning |
Originates from Karnataka, India. The word “Yakshagana” literally means the song (gana) of the yaksha (nature spirits). |
| Performance Style |
A blend of dance, music, dialogue, elaborate costumes, makeup, and stage techniques. |
| Music |
Accompanied by traditional music, predominantly with the ‘chande’ and ‘maddale’ drums. |
| Narrative Source |
Based on epic and puranic stories, often depicting scenes from Mahabharata, Ramayana, and Bhagavata. |
| Types |
Badagu Thittu: Predominant in the northern parts of Karnataka, characterized by vigorous dance movements and elaborate costumes.
Tenku Thittu: Found in the southern parts, known for its relatively more subdued dance and dialogue delivery. |
| Costumes and Makeup |
Elaborate and colorful, with significant emphasis on facial expressions. Characters are often adorned with headgear. |
| Modern Adaptations |
Contemporary themes are being incorporated, and performances are adapted for global audiences. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Project Tiger
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Launch and Growth: Project Tiger, launched in 1973, has evolved from a forest bureaucracy-administered initiative to a statutory category in 2006, becoming a global success story in conservation.
- Expansion of Tiger Reserves: From nine reserves in 1973, India now boasts 54 reserves across 18 states, covering 2.38% of the country’s land area.
Tiger Population and Conservation Efforts
- Census Methods and Population Growth: The transition from the pug-mark method to camera-trap techniques has shown a significant increase in tiger numbers, with India now home to three-quarters of the world’s tiger population.
- Wildlife (Protection) Act (WLPA) 1972: This Act introduced National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries, changing the rights of forest dwellers and centralizing control with the State government.
Project Tiger’s Transformation and Critical Tiger Habitats (CTH)
- From Centrally Sponsored Scheme to CTH: Project Tiger’s shift to a focus on CTHs aimed to prioritize tiger-centric conservation, introducing Buffer Areas around CTHs.
- 2006 Amendment and NTCA Formation: The amendment to WLPA in 2006 led to the creation of the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) and a tiger conservation plan, though CTHs remained inviolate.
Forest Rights Act (FRA) 2006 and Its Implications
- Recognition of Forest Dwellers’ Rights: The FRA recognized the rights of forest dwellers, including in Tiger Reserves, and established Gram Sabhas as authorities for forest management.
- Introduction of Critical Wildlife Habitat (CWH): The FRA introduced CWH, ensuring that notified areas couldn’t be diverted for non-forestry purposes.
Challenges in CTH Delineation and Legal Compliance
- Hasty CTH Notifications: In 2007, a rushed process led to the notification of 26 Tiger Reserves without full compliance with legal provisions.
- Lack of Buffer Areas: Initially, most CTHs lacked Buffer Areas, a situation rectified only after Supreme Court intervention in 2012.
Relocation and Rehabilitation Issues
- Legal Framework for Relocation: WLPA and LARR Act 2013 outline the process for voluntary relocation, with specific compensation and rehabilitation requirements.
- Implementation Gaps: Actual relocation practices often fall short of legal requirements, leading to minimal consent and inadequate compensation.
Conflict between Tiger Conservation and Forest Dwellers’ Rights
- Resistance to Forest Rights Recognition: Tiger Reserves often witness resistance to recognizing forest dwellers’ rights, leading to conflicts.
- NTCA’s Role and Legal Challenges: NTCA’s actions, including temporary bans and wildlife clearance requirements, have sometimes conflicted with the legal rights of forest dwellers.
Conclusion
- Balancing Biodiversity and Human Interests: India’s journey with Project Tiger highlights the need to balance tiger conservation with the rights and livelihoods of forest dwellers.
- Future Prospects: As tiger populations and reserves grow, India faces the challenge of managing increasing human-wildlife conflicts while ensuring sustainable conservation practices.
- Legal and Policy Evolution: The evolution of laws and policies around tiger conservation reflects a dynamic process of adapting to ecological, social, and legal complexities.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Ambitious Goals: The National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) aims to reduce particulate matter concentrations by 40% by 2026 in 131 Indian cities.
- Mixed Results: An analysis by Respirer Living Sciences and Climate Trends reveals varied progress among cities, with only a few meeting targeted declines in PM 2.5 levels.
About National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)
|
Details |
| Launch |
Launched by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) in January 2019. |
| Objective |
To create a national framework for air quality management with a time-bound target for reducing air pollution. |
| Targets |
Aims to reduce the concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 particles by at least 20% in five years, using 2017 as the base year. |
| Coverage |
Focuses on 132 non-attainment cities identified by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). |
| Non-attainment Cities |
Cities that have consistently fallen short of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for over five years. |
| NAAQS Pollutants |
Includes PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, CO, NH3, Ozone, Lead, Benzene, Benzo-Pyrene, Arsenic, and Nickel. |
| Current Standards |
Annual average prescribed limits are 40 µg/m3 for PM2.5 and 60 µg/m3 for PM10. |
| Revised Targets (2022) |
Updated target of a 40% reduction in particulate matter concentration by 2026. |
| Improvement Assessment |
Requires a 15% or more reduction in annual average PM10 concentration and at least 200 clean air quality days starting from 2020-21. |
Particulate Matter Reduction: Varied City Performances
- Inconsistent Declines: Among 49 cities with consistent data over five years, 27 showed a decline in PM 2.5, but only four met or exceeded targets.
- Notable Increases in Pollution: Cities like Delhi, Navi Mumbai, Mumbai, Ujjain, Jaipur, Visakhapatnam, and Pune have seen marginal declines or increases in PM 2.5 levels.
Success Stories and Regional Disparities
- Significant Reductions: Cities like Varanasi, Agra, and Jodhpur reported substantial declines in PM 2.5 and PM 10 levels.
- Uttar Pradesh’s Progress: Except for Jodhpur, cities achieving the 2026 reduction targets are predominantly from Uttar Pradesh.
- Indo-Gangetic Plain’s Pollution: The IGP remains a hotspot for high PM 2.5 levels, with 18 of the top 20 polluted cities located in this region.
Factors Influencing Pollution Levels
- Annual Variations: Pollution levels can vary significantly within a year, with northern and eastern Indian cities peaking during winter.
- Air Quality Monitoring Infrastructure: The number and distribution of continuous ambient air quality monitors significantly impact the accuracy of pollution data.
- Geographical and Meteorological Influences: The study acknowledges the need for further research to understand the impact of emissions, geography, and weather on pollution levels.
NCAP’s Progress and Future Outlook
- Noteworthy Efforts: The NCAP has made progress in reducing pollution in some cities, but the overall effectiveness remains unclear.
- Enhanced Monitoring: The addition of new air quality monitoring stations is expected to provide a clearer picture of pollution levels and aid in mitigation efforts.
Conclusion
- Persistent Pollution Challenges: Despite some successes, many urban areas continue to struggle with rising pollution levels.
- Commitment to Environmental Goals: The NCAP’s revised target reflects India’s commitment to ambitious environmental objectives.
- Need for Comprehensive Strategies: Effective air quality management requires a combination of robust monitoring, targeted policy interventions, and public awareness to achieve sustainable improvements in air quality.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Chandubi Festival
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- The 14th Chandubi Festival was recently held near the Chandubi Lake in Assam’s Kamrup district from January 1 to January 5.
About Chandubi Festival
- The Chandubi Festival happens every year for five days, starting on New Year’s Day, by the Chandubi Lake in Assam.
- Chandubi Lake was formed by a earthquake in 1897.
- The name “Chandubi” comes from “Chand” meaning “five” and “Dubi” meaning “sinking” in the Khasi language.
- At the festival, one can enjoy local culture, try ethnic food, see handcrafted clothes, and go boating.
- The festival’s main goal is to encourage eco-tourism and protect the lake, which has been losing water.
- Preserving the lake and helping the tribes like Rabhas, Garos, Gorkhas, and tea tribes are reasons for holding the festival.
Course of events
- During the festival, many attractive ethnic sports competitions were organized by the festival celebration committee which includes the Baghbol competition, Chagalchari competition, Khutikhel, Lewatana etc.
- Performances of different tribe’s folk dances are held including Garo, Boro, Hajpong, Bihu, Rabha and many others.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lakshadweep
Mains level: Tourism potential of Lakshadweep
Introduction
- PM’s recent trip to Lakshadweep has brought the islands into the national conversation.
About Lakshadweep
|
Details |
| Location |
In the Arabian Sea, off the southwestern coast of India. |
| Geographical Formation |
Formed by coral activities and have a coral atoll structure. |
| Formation as UT |
Formed as a Union Territory of India in 1956. |
| Total Islands |
Comprises 36 islands, including atolls, coral reefs, and submerged banks. |
| Inhibition |
10 of the 36 islands are inhabited. |
| Capital |
Kavaratti is the capital of the Union Territory. |
| Area |
Total area of 32 sq km. |
Cultural Uniqueness of Lakshadweep
- Diverse Influences: The islands exhibit a unique blend of cultural influences from Malayalis, Arabs, Tamils, and Kannadigas.
- Distinct Islamic Practice: The form of Islam practiced here is distinct from the rest of India, reflecting the islands’ diverse ethnic and linguistic heritage.
Historical Roots: A Pre-Islamic Hindu Society
- Early Settlers: Scholar Andrew W Forbes suggests that the first settlers were likely Malabari sailors, possibly castaways.
- Hindu Influence: Evidence points to a pre-Islamic Hindu society, with remnants like buried idols and traditional songs hinting at past Hindu practices.
Conversion to Islam: A Gradual Transition
- Arab Influence: Regular contact with Arab merchants and sailors led to the gradual conversion of islanders to Islam, distinct from the Islamic practices in mainland India.
- Peaceful Introduction of Islam: Historian Mahmood Kooria notes that Islam’s introduction in the region, including Lakshadweep, was marked by minimal political conflict, primarily through commercial interactions.
Cultural Development: Insulation from Mainland Influences
- Control by the Arakkal Kingdom: In the 16th century, the islands fell under the Arakkal kingdom of Kannur, Kerala’s only Muslim dynasty.
- European Interactions: Despite conflicts with European powers, the islands maintained a degree of protection and isolation.
- British Era: The British rule further insulated Lakshadweep, allowing its culture to evolve distinctly from mainland India.
- Linguistic Diversity: The islands’ isolation is reflected in their linguistic diversity, with Malayalam, Jazari, and Mahl being the main languages.
Matrilineal Society: A Unique Aspect of Lakshadweep’s Islam
- Matriliny in Islamic Society: Lakshadweep’s Islamic society is characterized by matriliny, tracing descent and property through the mother’s line.
- Anthropological Perspectives: Anthropologist Leela Dube highlights the compatibility of matriliny with Islam in Lakshadweep, contrary to conventional Islamic practices.
- Kerala’s Influence: Historian Manu Pillai links the matrilineal tradition to Kerala’s cultural patterns, where Nairs and Namboodiris practised matriliny.
- Broader Indian Ocean Context: Kooria points out that matriliny is common among Muslims in the Indian Ocean region, suggesting a broader cultural context.
Religious and Sociological Interpretations
- Islamic Justification for Matriliny: Islanders believe their matrilineal practice aligns with Islam, citing Prophet Muhammad’s life with his first wife, Khadija.
- Sociological Viewpoint: Dr. N P Hafiz Mohamad emphasizes that the islanders see matriliny as integral to their Islamic practice.
Conclusion
- Preservation of Unique Traditions: Lakshadweep’s relative isolation has helped preserve its unique cultural and religious practices.
- Integration of Diverse Influences: The islands represent a remarkable integration of various cultural and religious influences, forming a distinct identity within the Indian subcontinent.
- Significance in Broader Indian Ocean Culture: Lakshadweep’s cultural practices, particularly its matrilineal society, highlight the interconnectedness and diversity of cultures across the Indian Ocean region.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Superconductivity, LK-99
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
What is Superconductivity?
- Zero Resistance: Superconductivity occurs when a material offers almost zero resistance to the flow of electric current, enabling energy-efficient electrical appliances and lossless power transmission.
- Magnetic Behavior: Superconductors also display fascinating behavior under magnetic fields, enabling technologies like MRI machines and superfast Maglev trains.
Exploring the Material LK-99
- Apatite Structure: The Korean group utilized copper-substituted lead apatite, a phosphate mineral with unique tetrahedral motifs, to create LK-99.
- Superconducting Behavior: LK-99 displayed essential superconducting properties, with almost zero resistance to current flow and sudden emergence of resistance above a critical current threshold.
- Magnetic Resilience: LK-99 retained superconductivity even under the presence of a magnetic field until reaching a critical threshold.
Meissner Effect: Key Indicator of Superconductivity
- Definition: The Meissner effect is a phenomenon where materials expel magnetic fields from their interior upon becoming superconductors.
- Observation in Study: The researchers observed this effect in copper-substituted lead apatite, suggesting potential superconductivity.
Quest for Room-Temperature Superconductors
- Significance: Discovering a material that is superconducting at room temperature and pressure (RTP) has immense scientific and commercial value.
- Applications: RTP superconductors could revolutionize power transmission, medical diagnostics, computing, and more, due to their ability to conduct electricity without loss.
Hype and Controversies in Superconductivity Research
- Past Controversies: The field has seen several disputes, including claims by Ranga Dias and a South Korean research group, which were later contested.
- Impact of Hype: The lucrative potential of RTP superconductors has sometimes led to premature claims and controversies in the scientific community.
New Study: Methodology and Findings
- Approach: The team synthesized LK-99 samples using advanced techniques and tested for signs of superconductivity beyond specific claims made by previous studies.
- Direct Current Measurements: They conducted hysteresis experiments, applying and removing a magnetic field to observe the material’s response at various temperatures.
Understanding Hysteresis in Superconductors
- Meissner Effect and DC Current: The Meissner effect is observable with direct current, as alternating current would disrupt the phenomenon.
- Type I and II Superconductors: The study helps distinguish between these types based on how they respond to increasing magnetic field strength.
Challenges and Limitations of the Study
- Small Superconducting Portions: The material’s superconducting sections were small, leading to a low critical magnetic field strength.
- Interference Issues: The presence of cuprous sulphide interfered with molecular structure analysis using X-rays.
Way Forward: Verifying RTP Superconductivity
- Potential for RTP Superconductivity: While the study suggests near-RTP superconductivity in LK-99, definitive observation is yet to be made.
- Need for Further Research: Identifying the material responsible for superconductivity and refining synthesis techniques are crucial next steps.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CLPS Space Initiative
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- A private US company launched a spacecraft carrying NASA instruments, aiming to be the first US spacecraft to land on the Moon in over 50 years.
- This mission is a key component of NASA’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services, integrating private sector capabilities into the Artemis Program.
About Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) Initiative
- NASA’s collaboration with the private sector under the CLPS initiative involves at least 14 companies contracted to deliver payloads to the Moon.
- This partnership aims to develop a market and technology ecosystem in the private space industry for lunar exploration.
- The mission features the Peregrine lander and the Vulcan rocket, both developed by private US space companies.
Objectives and Payloads
- NASA’s Five Payloads: The Peregrine lander carries five NASA payloads designed for various exploratory tasks, including water detection.
- Laser Retroreflector Array: One payload, designed for precision distance measurements, will be permanently deployed on the Moon’s surface.
- Duration of Activity: Other payloads are expected to remain active for ten days post-landing.
Historical Context: Return to the Moon
- Last US Moon Landing: The last US spacecraft landed on the Moon during the Apollo 17 mission in December 1972.
- Renewed Lunar Interest: The US reignited its lunar exploration efforts in the 1990s and formally committed to return in 2018.
- Artemis Program Goals: NASA’s Artemis Program aims to establish a permanent base on the Moon, facilitating longer human and robotic stays for extensive exploration and scientific research.
Back2Basics: NASA’s Artemis Mission
|
Details |
| Background |
Named after Apollo’s twin sister in Greek mythology, Artemis, who is also the goddess of the Moon. |
| Objective |
To enable human exploration to the Moon and Mars, with increasingly complex missions. |
| Key Milestones |
Landing humans on the Moon by 2024.
Landing the first woman and first person of color on the Moon.
Establishing an Artemis Base Camp on the lunar surface and a Gateway (lunar outpost) in lunar orbit. |
| International Collaboration |
Canadian Space Agency, European Space Agency, and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency |
| Artemis I Mission |
First integrated flight test of NASA’s Deep Space Exploration Systems
Uncrewed mission using the Orion spacecraft and Space Launch System (SLS) rocket
Launch from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, in 2022
Goals include safe crew module entry, descent, splashdown, and recovery |
| Future Missions |
Artemis II will have a crew onboard to test Orion’s systems
Plans to use lunar orbit experience for future Mars missions |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: GI Tags
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- Seven products from Odisha, including traditional foods and handicrafts, have received the Geographical Indication (GI) tag.
About GI Tag
- A GI is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation that are due to that origin.
- Nodal Agency: Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry
- India, as a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), enacted the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 w.e.f. September 2003.
- GIs have been defined under Article 22 (1) of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement.
- The tag stands valid for 10 years.
Odisha’s GI Tagged Products
[1] Kapdaganda Shawl
- Cultural Emblem: Woven by the Dongria Kondh tribe, this shawl is a symbol of heritage and affection, embroidered with significant colors representing nature and emotions.
- Symbol of Commitment: Often presented during courtship, it signifies formal commitment and is a testament to the tribe’s rich textile legacy.
[2] Lanjia Saura Painting (Idital)
- Tribal Artistry: Belonging to the Lanjia Saura community, these murals painted on mud walls are not just art but a spiritual expression of gratitude and well-being.
- Diverse Representations: With 62 types for various occasions, these paintings reflect the community’s deep connection with nature and their ancestors.
[3] Koraput Kala Jeera Rice
- Aromatic Heritage: Known as the ‘Prince of Rice’, this black-coloured variety is celebrated for its taste and nutritional benefits, preserved by tribal farmers for centuries.
- Health and Tradition: Beyond its culinary appeal, the rice is intertwined with tales of physical, mental, and spiritual well-being.
[4] Similipal Kai Chutney
- Forest Delicacy: Made from red weaver ants found in the Similipal forests, this chutney is a traditional tribal delicacy packed with nutritional and medicinal value.
- Sustainable Livelihood: The preparation and sale of this chutney provide a source of income for the local tribes, reflecting a harmonious relationship with nature.
[5] Nayagarh Kanteimundi Brinjal
- Distinctive Flavour: Known for its prickly thorns and unique taste, this brinjal variety is a culinary favorite, cultivated extensively in Nayagarh district.
- Agricultural Pride: With a history of cultivation dating back nearly a century, this brinjal represents the agricultural ingenuity and tradition of the region.
[6] Odisha Khajuri Guda
- Natural Sweetener: Extracted from date palm trees, this jaggery is an organic delight, known for its dark brown color and unique taste.
- Cultural Sweetness: Traditionally prepared in a trapezoidal form, it’s not just a sweetener but a part of the cultural fabric of Odisha.
[7] Dhenkanal Magji
- Cheese-Based Sweet: Originating from buffalo milk cheese, this sweet is known for its distinct characteristics and nutritional value.
- Legacy of Livelihood: Reflecting the region’s history of buffalo rearing and dairy production, this sweet contributes to the livelihood of thousands.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: First Advance Estimates of GDP
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Growth Projection: India’s GDP is projected to grow by 7.3% in the financial year 2023-24, as per the First Advance Estimates (FAEs) released by the government.
- Comparison with Previous Year: This rate is slightly higher than the 7.2% growth recorded in 2022-23.
What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?
- Definition: GDP quantifies the total monetary value of all goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a specific time frame, typically annually.
- Difference from GNP: GDP is distinct from Gross National Product (GNP), which measures the value of goods and services produced by a country’s nationals, regardless of the production location.
First Advance Estimates of GDP
- Introduction and Timing: First introduced in the financial year 2016-17, the First Advance Estimates (FAE) are released at the beginning of January.
- Nature of Estimates: They represent the initial official projections of GDP growth for the financial year, published before the year concludes.
- Data Exclusion: Notably, the FAE do not include formal GDP data for the third quarter (October to December), which is released with the Second Advance Estimates (SAE) at the end of February.
Significance of FAE
- Election Year Context: With Lok Sabha elections due in April-May, the FAEs gain additional significance, although a full-fledged Union Budget will not be presented this year.
- Budgetary Relevance: The FAE are crucial for the Union Finance Ministry’s budgetary planning for the next financial year, as the SAE are published after the budget is finalized.
- Focus on Nominal GDP: For budget-making, the emphasis is on nominal GDP (the observed variable), including both its absolute level and growth rate.
- Real vs. Nominal GDP: Real GDP, adjusted for inflation, is a derived metric, whereas all budget calculations commence with nominal GDP.
GDP Growth Analysis
- Real GDP Growth: The real GDP (adjusted for inflation) is expected to reach nearly Rs 172 lakh crore by March 2024.
- Comparison with Modi’s Tenure: The GDP has grown from Rs 98 lakh crore at the start of Prime Minister Modi’s first term to almost Rs 140 lakh crore at the beginning of his second term.
- Growth Rate Trends: The estimated 7.3% growth for 2023-24 is higher than most forecasts, indicating a strong economic recovery. However, there’s a noticeable deceleration in growth during Modi’s second term compared to the first.
Factors Driving India’s Growth
- Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE): Accounting for almost 60% of GDP, PFCE is expected to grow by 4.4% in the current year.
- Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF): Investment spending, the second-largest growth engine, has grown by 9.3% this year.
- Government Final Consumption Expenditure (GFCE): Government spending growth has been slower, at 3.9% in the current year.
- Net Exports: The negative growth in net exports indicates a higher import-than-export rate, which has increased by 144% this year.
Concerns and Challenges
- Private Consumption: Muted private consumption, especially in rural India, remains a concern.
- Investment Spending: A significant portion of investment spending is still driven by the government, with private consumption remaining subdued.
- Government Spending: Government spending growth has been relatively low in the second term of Modi’s government.
- Net Exports: The negative growth in net exports, though a mild improvement over the two terms, still indicates an imbalance in trade.
Conclusion
- Economic Recovery: The 7.3% growth rate suggests a robust economic recovery post-pandemic.
- Balanced Growth: The need for balanced growth across all sectors, especially in boosting private consumption and investment, is critical for sustainable development.
- Future Prospects: The ongoing economic policies and reforms will play a crucial role in shaping India’s growth trajectory in the coming years.
https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/gdp-data-advance-estimates-9099092/
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bio-Imaging Bank
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The rising number of cancer cases and the shortage of specialists present a significant challenge in reducing fatalities.
- Mumbai’s Tata Memorial Hospital (TMH) is leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) to create a ‘Bio-Imaging Bank’ for early-stage cancer detection.
What is a ‘Bio-Imaging Bank’?
- Comprehensive Repository: The Bio-Imaging Bank is a repository containing radiology and pathology images linked with clinical information, outcome data, treatment specifics, and additional metadata.
- AI Integration: The project uses deep learning to develop a cancer-specific tailored algorithm for early detection, incorporating data from 60,000 patients.
Project Scope and Collaboration
- Focus on Specific Cancers: Initially targeting head and neck cancers and lung cancers, the project aims to collect data for at least 1000 patients for each type.
- Multi-Institutional Effort: Funded by the Department of Biotechnology, the project involves collaboration with IIT-Bombay, RGCIRC-New Delhi, AIIMS-New Delhi, and PGIMER-Chandigarh.
AI’s Role in Early Cancer Detection
- Learning from Data: AI analyzes extensive datasets of radiological and pathological images to recognize features associated with various cancers.
- Early Detection: By identifying tissue changes and potential malignancies, AI facilitates early cancer detection, crucial for effective treatment.
TMH’s Implementation of AI
- Data Annotation and Correlation: The team segments and annotates images, correlating them with biopsy results, histopathology reports, and genomic sequences to develop algorithms.
- Clinical Utility: Algorithms developed from the bio-bank assess treatment responses and guide treatment plans, reducing unnecessary chemotherapy for predicted non-responders.
Current Usage of AI in Cancer Detection
- Radiation Reduction: TMH has used AI to reduce radiation exposure for pediatric patients undergoing CT scans by 40%.
- Thoracic Radiology: An AI algorithm in the ICU for thoracic radiology provides immediate diagnoses with 98% accuracy after doctor validation.
Future of AI in Cancer Treatment
- Transformative Potential: AI is expected to tailor treatment approaches based on patient profiles, optimizing therapy outcomes, especially in rural India.
- Simplifying Diagnosis: AI could enable general practitioners to diagnose complex cancers with a simple click, enhancing precision in cancer solutions.
- Continuous Learning: As AI continuously learns and improves, it promises timely cancer diagnoses, better patient outcomes, and support for healthcare professionals.
- Debates and Resistance: The use of AI tools in healthcare raises debates about the potential replacement of human radiologists and faces regulatory scrutiny and resistance from some doctors and health institutions.
Conclusion
- Enhancing Detection and Treatment: Tata Memorial Hospital’s AI-driven Bio-Imaging Bank represents a pioneering step in enhancing cancer detection and treatment, promising a future where technology significantly improves patient care and outcomes.
- Balancing Technology and Human Expertise: While AI offers immense potential, it’s crucial to balance technological advancements with human expertise and address ethical and regulatory considerations to ensure the best possible care for patients.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Landslide Susceptibility Map
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- In the wake of severe monsoon-triggered landslides, IIT Delhi has developed its first National Landslide Susceptibility Map.
About National Landslide Susceptibility Map
- High-Resolution Mapping: The map offers a detailed (100 sq. m resolution) overview of landslide susceptibility across India, including previously unrecognized areas.
- Revealing New Risk Zones: It highlights traditional high-risk areas and uncovers new regions of concern, broadening the scope of landslide monitoring.
- Innovative Analysis Method: An ensemble machine learning approach was utilized to enhance prediction accuracy and address data gaps in uncharted regions.
- Advantages of Ensemble Models: This method effectively combines multiple models to provide a more reliable estimation of landslide risks.
Data Gathering and Analytical Process
- Extensive Data Compilation: Researchers collated data on around 150,000 landslide incidents from various sources, including the Geological Survey of India.
- Identifying Contributing Factors: The team pinpointed 16 critical factors influencing landslide susceptibility, utilizing tools like GeoSadak for remote data collection.
Implications for Disaster Management
- Tool for Stakeholders: The map serves as a critical resource for government bodies, disaster management authorities, and organizations focused on landslide mitigation.
- Enhancing Preparedness and Planning: It will facilitate vulnerability assessment, infrastructure planning, and implementation of mitigation measures.
Need for such map
- Persistent Hazard: Landslides, affecting a small but significant portion of India, pose a recurrent threat, especially in hilly regions.
- Challenges in Management: The localized and sporadic nature of landslides has historically hindered effective tracking and prediction, underscoring the need for a comprehensive mapping solution.
Future Directions and Public Accessibility
- Developing an Early Warning System: Building on the map, efforts are underway to create a comprehensive Landslide Early Warning System.
- Infrastructure Vulnerability Cartogram: A cartogram to identify susceptible infrastructure is also in progress.
- Public Access and Engagement: The map and its data will be accessible through a web interface, promoting public interaction and awareness.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Aditya L1 Mission
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has achieved a significant milestone by placing the Aditya-L1 spacecraft in a halo orbit around the Lagrangian point (L1).
- Launched on September 2, 2023, Aditya-L1 reached the L1 point on January 6, after a 127-day journey covering 1.5 million km.
What is a Halo Orbit?
- Halo orbits are three-dimensional, periodic orbits around Lagrange points in a two-body system like Earth-Sun or Earth-Moon.
- It is commonly linked with L1, L2, and L3 Lagrange points, where the gravitational forces of two large bodies and centrifugal force balance each other.
- It provides a stable line of sight to Earth and the Sun, beneficial for continuous communication and solar power.
- Unlike typical two-dimensional orbits, halo orbits form a 3D loop, resembling a halo around Lagrange points.
- These orbits, especially around L1 and L2 points, require periodic adjustments for a spacecraft to maintain its trajectory.
- It offers energy-efficient positions in space due to balanced gravitational forces, requiring minimal propulsion for orbit maintenance.
- James Webb Space Telescope utilizes a halo orbit around the Earth-Sun L2 point for a stable observation position.
Aditya-L1’s Mission Objectives and Operations
- Orbit Characteristics: Aditya-L1 is in a periodic halo orbit around L1, approximately 1.5 million km from Earth, with an orbital period of about 177.86 days.
- Mission Life and Goals: With a mission life of five years, Aditya-L1 aims to study the sun’s photosphere, chromosphere, and corona, along with in-situ studies of particles and fields at L1.
- Continuous Solar Observation: The satellite’s position allows for uninterrupted solar observation, crucial for understanding solar activities and space weather dynamics.
Understanding Lagrange Points and L1
- Lagrange Points Explained: Lagrange Points are positions in space where a small object can maintain its position relative to two larger bodies due to the gravitational balance.
- L1 Point Advantage: The L1 point, located about 1.5 million km from Earth, offers continuous solar viewing without occultation or eclipse, providing a strategic advantage for solar observation.
Aditya-L1’s Journey Timeline
- Launch and Initial Orbits: Following its launch, ISTRAC conducted four earth-bound maneuvers to position Aditya-L1 in progressively higher orbits.
- Trans-Lagrangian1 Insertion: The spacecraft underwent a crucial manoeuvre on September 19, marking the start of its 110-day journey to L1.
Why Study the Sun?
- Understanding Solar Dynamics: Studying the sun is crucial for comprehending its energy production, temperature variations, and radiation emissions.
- Monitoring Solar Activities: Continuous monitoring of solar flares and coronal mass ejections is vital for predicting space weather and mitigating its impact on space-reliant technologies.
Conclusion
- Unprecedented Solar Study: Aditya-L1’s unique position and advanced instruments enable an unparalleled study of the sun, contributing significantly to our understanding of solar phenomena.
- ISRO’s Achievement: This successful mission underscores ISRO’s expertise in navigating complex space missions and reinforces India’s position as a leading player in space exploration and research.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Alternate Investment Funds (AIFs)
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has implemented its decisions, introducing significant changes to the regulations governing Alternate Investment Funds (AIFs).
- These include extending the mandatory custodian appointment to smaller AIFs and requiring the dematerialization of AIF investments.
About Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs)
|
Details |
| Definition |
AIFs are privately pooled investment vehicles established in India, collecting funds from sophisticated investors for investing. |
| Regulation |
Governed by the SEBI (Alternative Investment Funds) Regulations, 2012. |
| Formation |
Can be formed as a company, Limited Liability Partnership (LLP), trust, etc. |
| Investor Profile |
Aimed at high rollers, including domestic and foreign investors in India. Generally favored by institutions and high net worth individuals due to high investment amounts. |
| Categories of AIFs |
Category I: Invests in start-ups, early-stage ventures, SMEs, etc. Includes venture capital funds, angel funds, etc.
Category II: Includes funds not in Category I/III, like real estate funds, debt funds, etc. No leverage or borrowing except for operational requirements.
Category III: Employs complex trading strategies, may use leverage. Includes hedge funds, PIPE Funds, etc. |
| Fund Structure |
Category I and II AIFs must be close-ended and have a minimum tenure of three years.
Category III AIFs can be open-ended or close-ended. |
Extended Custodian Appointment Requirements
- Previous Norms: Earlier, the mandatory custodian appointment was required for Category III AIFs and Category I and II AIFs with a corpus exceeding ₹500 crore.
- New Extension: As of January 5, this requirement has been extended to all AIFs, regardless of their corpus size.
Mandatory Dematerialization of Investments
- Amendment to AIF Regulations: SEBI has amended its 2012 AIF Regulations to mandate that AIFs hold securities of their investments only in dematerialized form, with certain exceptions.
- Exceptions: These include investments in instruments not eligible for dematerialization and those held by a liquidation scheme of AIF not available in dematerialized form.
- Future Provisions: SEBI has also reserved the right to specify other investments or schemes that may be exempt from this dematerialization requirement.
New Conditions for Custodian Appointment
- Restrictions on Associates: AIFs can appoint a Custodian who is an Associate of a Manager or a Sponsor of an alternate fund only under specific conditions.
- Net Worth and Independence Requirements: These conditions include the Sponsor or Manager having a minimum net worth of ₹20,000 crore and ensuring the Custodian’s independence from the Sponsor or Manager.
Closing Regulatory Gaps
- Addressing Past Breaches: The latest changes aim to close various regulatory gaps that previously allowed breaches in the spirit of the law and the use of investment vehicles to escape regulatory oversight.
- RBI’s Complementary Measures: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has also tightened norms for banks and NBFCs investing in AIFs to prevent potential ever-greening and other regulatory circumventions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Paleolithic Age
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Floods Uncover Historical Artifacts: The recent floods in Mulugu district, Telangana, have led to the discovery of Paleolithic quartzite tools, shedding new light on the region’s ancient human habitation.
- Discovery by Amateur Historians: The tools were found in a dried-up stream bed by a team led by Sriramoju Haragopal, an amateur historian.
About Paleolithic Age
|
Details |
| Timeframe |
Approximately 2.6 million years ago to about 10,000 BCE. |
| Characteristics |
Marked by the use of stone tools by early humans. Tools were mainly hand axes, cleavers, and choppers. |
| Major Sites |
- Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh
- Soan Valley in Punjab
- Sites in Rajasthan, Karnataka, and Maharashtra
- Narmada Valley in Central India
- Attirampakkam in Tamil Nadu
- Hunsgi in Karnataka
- Kurnool in Andhra Pradesh
- Didwana in Rajasthan
- Belan Valley in Uttar Pradesh
|
| Lifestyle |
Nomadic hunter-gatherers; relied on hunting animals and gathering plants for food. |
| Cultural Developments |
Development of basic stone tools and control of fire. |
| Art and Symbolism |
Evidence of early art found in Bhimbetka rock shelters, with paintings and engravings. |
| Climate and Environment |
Varied climatic conditions over millennia; included ice ages and warmer periods. |
| Human Species |
Mainly Homo erectus and Homo sapiens. |
Details of the Discovery
- Location of Find: The hand axes were discovered between Gurrevula and Bhupatipuram villages in Mulugu district.
- Specific Find: Researchers found a significant stone axe measuring 15.5 cm in length, 11 cm in width, and 5.5 cm in thickness.
Context and Comparison
- Global Significance: Similar hand axes have been discovered worldwide, indicating a common tool type used by early humans for various purposes.
- Historical Context in India: The first discovery of a Paleolithic site in India was in 1863 at Attirampakkam near Madras (now Chennai), with bifacial hand-axes dating back to about 15 lakh years, known as the Madras Hand-Axe Industry or Madrasian Culture.
Historical Significance
- Paleolithic Era Tools: According to paleontologists, the stone axe dates back to the Lower Paleolithic period, approximately 30 lakh years ago.
- Tool Identification: The tools were identified based on their chipping style, material, and size, typical of Paleolithic hunter-gatherers who used heavy quartzite for large tools.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has successfully tested a 100 W class Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell based Power System (FCPS) in space.
- The FCPS was part of the POEM3 orbital platform, launched onboard PSLV-C58 on January 1, 2024.
About FCPS Experiment
- Primary Goal: The experiment aimed to assess the operation of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel cells in space and gather data for future mission designs.
- Power Generation: During the test, 180 W power was generated using Hydrogen and Oxygen gases, providing valuable data on the performance of the power system.
About Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells
|
Details |
| Basic Principle |
Converts chemical energy from hydrogen into electrical energy, producing water and heat as byproducts. |
| Key Components |
Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA)
Platinum-based catalyst
Gas Diffusion Layers (GDLs)
Bipolar Plates |
| Operation |
Hydrogen Oxidation: At the anode, hydrogen molecules (H2) are split into protons (H+) and electrons (e-).
Proton Conduction: The PEM allows only protons to pass through to the cathode, blocking electrons.
Electron Flow: Electrons travel through an external circuit to the cathode, creating an electric current.
Oxygen Reduction: At the cathode, oxygen molecules (O2) from the air combine with the protons and electrons to form water (H2O).
Heat Production: The reaction generates heat, which can be used for heating purposes in some applications. |
| Types of Membranes |
Perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes (common)
Hydrocarbon-based membranes (alternative) |
| Advantages |
High power density
Low operating temperatures (60-80°C)
Zero emissions with pure hydrogen |
Applications in Space and Society
- Multipurpose Space Use: Fuel cells are particularly suitable for human space missions, providing essential power, water, and heat from a single system.
- Societal Benefits: They have significant potential for societal applications, including as replacements for conventional vehicle engines and in standby power systems.
- Advantages over Batteries: Fuel cells offer range and refuelling times comparable to conventional engines and are expected to enable emission-free transportation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Prithvi Vigyan Scheme
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Union Cabinet, led by Prime Minister, has sanctioned the “Prithvi Vigyan (Prithvi)” scheme, a significant project of the Ministry of Earth Sciences.
- With a budget of Rs 4,797 crore, the scheme is planned for the period from 2021 to 2026.
About Prithvi Vigyan Scheme
- Consolidation of Programs: The Prithvi scheme unifies five existing sub-schemes:
- Atmosphere & Climate Research-Modelling Observing Systems & Services (ACROSS),
- Ocean Services, Modelling Application, Resources and Technology (O-SMART),
- Polar Science and Cryosphere Research (PACER),
- Seismology and Geosciences (SAGE),
- Research, Education, Training and Outreach (REACHOUT).
- Aim: This integration is designed to enhance our understanding of Earth’s systems and apply scientific knowledge for societal, environmental, and economic benefits.
Objectives and Focus Areas
- Comprehensive Observations: The scheme emphasizes long-term monitoring across the atmosphere, ocean, geosphere, cryosphere, and solid earth to track Earth System’s vital signs and changes.
- Development of Predictive Models: It focuses on creating models for weather, ocean, and climate hazards and advancing climate change science.
- Exploration Initiatives: Exploration of Polar Regions and high seas is a key aspect, aiming to discover new phenomena and resources.
- Technological Advancements: The scheme also stresses the development of technology for the sustainable exploitation of oceanic resources for societal applications.
Role of the Ministry of Earth Sciences
- Provision of Critical Services: The Ministry is responsible for delivering crucial services related to weather, climate, ocean and coastal states, hydrology, seismology, and natural hazards.
- Support in Disaster Management: These services are essential for issuing forecasts and warnings for natural disasters, thereby aiding in disaster preparedness and risk mitigation.
Holistic Approach to Earth System Sciences
- Broad Scope of Study: Earth System Sciences involve studying the atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, cryosphere, and biosphere, and their complex interactions.
- Integrated Research Efforts: The Prithvi scheme aims to address these components comprehensively, enhancing understanding and providing reliable services for India.
Impact and Future Prospects
- Addressing Major Challenges: The scheme’s integrated research and development efforts will tackle significant challenges in various fields like weather, climate, oceanography, cryospheric studies, and seismology.
- Harnessing Resources Sustainably: It explores sustainable methods to utilize both living and non-living resources, contributing to national development and environmental conservation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: DigiYatra
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Travellers at Indian airports have raised privacy concerns over the Digi Yatra initiative, which involves collecting facial biometrics without explicit consent.
About DigiYatra
- DigiYatra offers paperless airport entry using facial recognition technology.
- It aims for paperless, contactless airport checkpoints, identifying travelers by facial features linked to boarding passes.
- This system automates passenger entry at various points like airport entry, security checks, and boarding using facial recognition.
- Passengers no longer need to present ID cards and boarding passes.
- The DigiYatra Foundation, a joint venture with stakeholders including the Airports Authority of India and major Indian airports, is implementing the project.
- The Airports Authority of India holds a 26% stake, while five major airports equally share the remaining 74%.
How to Use DigiYatra?
- Passengers register on the DigiYatra app with Aadhaar validation and a self-captured image.
- Next, they scan their boarding pass, sharing credentials with airport authorities.
- At the airport e-gate, passengers scan their boarding pass; the facial recognition system validates their identity and travel documents.
- After validation, passengers can enter through the e-gate.
- Normal security clearance and boarding procedures still apply.
Need for DigiYatra
- Facial recognition technology streamlines flying and reduces airport congestion.
- This technology, already in use at airports like Dubai, Singapore, Atlanta, and Narita (Japan), enhances efficiency.
Data Privacy and Security Concerns
- Data Usage and Deletion: Passenger data will be used only for defined purposes and deleted 24 hours after flight departure.
- Compliance and Concerns: The FRT system will adhere to India’s data privacy and protection practices. However, concerns have been raised about the adequacy of the Personal Data Protection Bill (PDPB), 2019, which falls short of the standards set by the Justice Srikrishna Committee and does not fully align with the Justice K.S. Puttaswamy vs Union of India judgment on the right of privacy.
Concerns Over Biometric Scanning at Airports
- Privacy and Consent: Issues of data storage, access, and the option to opt-out raise privacy concerns among passengers.
- Biometric Data Misuse: Without clear regulations, there’s a risk of personal data being accessed or misused by unauthorized entities.
Issues with Biometric Scanning Technologies
- Inherent Bias: Research indicates that FRT and AI can be biased, with higher misidentification rates for non-white individuals.
- Algorithmic Discrimination: Studies have shown that machine learning algorithms can discriminate based on race and gender.
Conclusion
- Advancements in Air Travel: The implementation of FRT in Indian airports marks a significant technological advancement in air travel.
- Addressing Privacy Concerns: Ensuring robust data privacy measures and addressing inherent biases in technology are crucial for the successful and ethical implementation of FRT systems.
- Future of Air Travel Security: As FRT becomes more prevalent, continuous evaluation and improvement of these systems will be essential to safeguard passenger privacy and enhance travel efficiency.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2022:
Consider the following (2022)
- Aarogya Setu
- CoWIN
- Digi Locker
- DIKSHA
Which of the above are built on top of open-source digital platforms?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Supreme Court Legal Services Committee
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Justice BR Gavai has been appointed as the Chairman of the Supreme Court Legal Services Committee (SCLSC), succeeding Justice Sanjiv Khanna.
Understanding the Supreme Court Legal Services Committee
- Constitution and Purpose: The SCLSC, established under Section 3A of the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, aims to provide free legal services to weaker sections of society in cases under the Supreme Court’s jurisdiction.
- Composition: Chaired by a sitting Supreme Court judge, the committee includes members with prescribed experience and qualifications, all nominated by the Chief Justice of India (CJI).
Composition and Functioning of the SCLSC
- Current Members: As of now, the SCLSC comprises Chairperson BR Gavai and nine other members appointed by the CJI.
- Staffing and Administration: The Committee can appoint officers and employees as per the Centre’s guidelines, in consultation with the CJI.
Need for Legal Services in India
- Constitutional Basis: The Indian Constitution, particularly Article 39A, emphasizes the state’s role in ensuring legal justice is accessible to all citizens, regardless of economic or other disabilities.
- Historical Development: The concept of legal aid in India evolved over decades, with significant progress marked by the establishment of a national committee under Justice PN Bhagwati in 1980.
Legal Services Authorities Act and Its Provisions
- Statutory Framework: The 1987 Act provides a legal basis for offering free and competent legal services to eligible groups, including women, children, SC/ST, EWS categories, and others.
- Establishment of NALSA: Formed in 1995, the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) oversees legal aid programs and formulates policies for legal services.
- Nationwide Network: The Act envisions a network across India for legal aid, with State Legal Services Authorities (SLSAs) and District Legal Services Authorities (DLSAs) implementing these services at state and district levels, respectively.
Role of State and District Legal Services Authorities
- State-Level Implementation: Each SLSA, led by the Chief Justice of the respective High Court, executes NALSA’s policies and provides free legal services.
- District and Taluk Committees: DLSAs and Taluk Legal Services Committees, chaired by district and senior civil judges respectively, conduct legal awareness programs and provide various legal services.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Zosurabalpin
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- New Antibiotic Class: Researchers have identified zosurabalpin, a new class of antibiotics showing potential against the drug-resistant bacterium Acinetobacter baumannii.
- Effective against CRAB: Zosurabalpin has been found effective against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB)-induced pneumonia and sepsis in mouse models.
About Zosurabalpin
- Development Process: The antibiotic originated from a tethered macrocyclic peptide (MCP) selectively targeting A. baumannii and was optimized for efficacy and tolerability.
- Novel Mode of Action: Zosurabalpin operates through a previously unknown mechanism, inhibiting the transport of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in bacteria.
- Inhibition of LPS Transport: By blocking a protein complex essential for LPS transport to the bacterial surface, zosurabalpin disrupts the outer membrane structure of Gram-negative bacteria, leading to bacterial death.
Effectiveness and Clinical Trials
- Laboratory and Animal Studies: Zosurabalpin demonstrated effectiveness against over 100 CRAB clinical samples in the lab and significantly reduced bacterial levels in mice with CRAB-induced pneumonia and sepsis.
- Phase I Clinical Trials: The antibiotic has undergone evaluation in two phase I clinical trials, marking the initial steps towards potential human use.
Implications and Future Prospects
- Addressing Antibiotic Resistance: The discovery of zosurabalpin offers hope in the fight against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, a growing global health concern.
- Potential Clinical Application: If further trials are successful, zosurabalpin could become a vital tool in treating infections caused by drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.
- Continued Research: Ongoing and future studies will be crucial to fully understand the antibiotic’s safety, efficacy, and potential resistance mechanisms.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: KLI-SOFC Project
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- The Prime Minister has inaugurated Kochi-Lakshadweep islands submarine optical fiber connection (KLI-SOFC) project.
About KLI-SOFC Project
- The KLI-SOFC project extends submarine cable connectivity from Kochi to eleven Lakshadweep Islands, including Kavaratti, Agatti, and Minicoy.
- The project aims to provide high-speed wireline broadband connectivity through FTTH and 5G/4G Mobile networks to the Lakshadweep Islands population.
- Funded by the Universal Services Obligation Fund (USOF), Department of Telecommunication.
- The total link distance of the project is 1,868 kms.
- Implementing agencies include BSNL as the Project Executing Agency and M/s NEC Corporation India Pvt Ltd for contract work.
Benefits of the Project
- Contributes to ‘Digital India’ and ‘National Broadband Mission’, enabling e-governance projects in Lakshadweep.
- Boosts E-Governance, Tourism, Education, Health, Commerce, and Industries, potentially improving living standards and accelerating social and economic development.
- The bandwidth created will be available to all Telecom Service Providers (TSPs) to enhance telecom services in the Lakshadweep Islands.
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