Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ethanol
Mains level: Ethanol production from sugarcane
Central Idea
- The Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution issued a directive to sugar mills and distilleries, not to use sugarcane juice or syrup for ethanol production in the ethanol year 2023-2024.
No Sugarcane Juice for Ethanol Production
- Continuation of Existing Supplies: The directive allows the continued supply of ethanol from B-Heavy molasses based on existing offers received by Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs).
- Regulatory Oversight: The Department of Food and Public Distribution, responsible for monitoring sugar production and availability, implements this directive under the Sugar (Control) Order.
Rationale behind the Directive
- Ensuring Sugar Availability: The government’s decision aims to ensure sufficient sugar availability in India, considering the lower sugar production in the country.
- Food vs. Fuel Consideration: Businesses highlighted this move as a balance between food security and fuel production.
- Impact on Ethanol Blending Targets: The directive is significant in the context of India’s goal of achieving 20% ethanol blending by the 2025-2026 ethanol year.
Implications for Industry
- ISMA’s Response: The Indian Sugar Mills Association (ISMA) is assessing the implications of the order.
- Effect on Domestic Sugar Supply: Industry sources indicate that this decision will ensure adequate sugar supply domestically, especially with reduced sugarcane production in states like Maharashtra and Karnataka.
- Impact on Ethanol Blending Program: The restriction is likely to affect the ethanol blending program, which is a key component of India’s renewable energy strategy.
- Consequences for Ethanol-Only Units: Facilities dedicated solely to ethanol production may face challenges due to this new policy.
Conclusion
- The directive represents a strategic decision by the Indian government to prioritize domestic sugar availability over ethanol production from sugarcane.
- Monitoring the impact of this directive on both the sugar industry and the ethanol blending program will be crucial in the coming years.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Group of Companies Doctrine
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The Supreme Court has issued a landmark ruling, expanding the scope of arbitration agreements to include non-signatories under specific conditions.
- This ruling centers on the “group of companies” doctrine within the framework of arbitration agreements.
‘Group of Companies’ Doctrine
|
Details |
| Essence |
Non-signatory entities in a corporate group can be bound by an arbitration agreement if part of the same group as a signatory. |
| Basis on Mutual Intent |
Relies on the mutual intention to bind both signatories and non-signatory group members. |
| Arbitration as a Tool |
Offers an alternative to court litigation, with enforceable decisions by neutral arbitrators. |
| Root in International Jurisprudence |
Based more on international arbitration practices than domestic law. |
| Indian Legal Precedent |
Established by Chloro Controls India Pvt. Ltd. v. Severn Trent Water Purification Inc. case (2013). |
| Criteria for Application |
Set by the Indian Supreme Court, includes mutual intent, relationship between entities, common subject matter, transaction nature, and contract performance. |
| Objective |
Aims to prevent dispute fragmentation in complex, multi-party transactions. |
| Recent Supreme Court Ruling |
Clarified conditions under which non-signatories can be bound by arbitration agreements, focusing on legal relationships and demonstrated intentions. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Google Gemini
Mains level: Recent breakthrough in AI
Central Idea
- Google has introduced Gemini, a new multimodal general AI model, available globally through Bard.
- It is seen as Google’s response to ChatGPT, offering advanced capabilities in the realm of GenAI.
What is Google Gemini?
- Unlike ChatGPT, Gemini can process and operate across various formats including text, code, audio, image, and video.
- Google claims Gemini Ultra surpasses current models in academic benchmarks and is the first to outperform human experts in massive multitask language understanding (MMLU).
Different versions available
- Three Variants: Gemini comes in three sizes – Ultra, Pro, and Nano – each designed for specific levels of complexity and tasks.
- Gemini Ultra: Intended for highly complex tasks, currently in a trial phase with select users.
- Gemini Pro: Available in Bard for general users, offering advanced reasoning and understanding, and accessible to developers via Google AI Studio or Google Cloud Vertex AI.
- Gemini Nano: Focused on on-device tasks, already integrated into Pixel 8 Pro, and soon available to Android developers via AICore in Android 14.
Addressing Challenges of Hallucinations and Safety
- Factuality and Hallucinations: While improvements have been made, Gemini, like other LLMs, is still prone to hallucinations. Google uses additional techniques in Bard to enhance response accuracy.
- Safety Measures: Google emphasizes new protections for Gemini’s multimodal capabilities, conducting comprehensive safety evaluations, including bias and toxicity assessments.
- Ongoing Safety Research: Google collaborates with external experts to stress-test models and identify potential risks in areas like cyber-offence and persuasion.
| Hallucination: Asking a generative AI application for five examples of bicycle models that will fit in the back of your specific make of sport utility vehicle. If only three models exist, the GenAI application may still provide five — two of which are entirely fabricated. |
Comparing Gemini and ChatGPT 4
- Flexibility and Capabilities: Gemini appears more versatile than GPT4, especially with its video processing and offline functionality.
- Accessibility and Cost: Unlike the paid-access ChatGPT4, Gemini is currently free to use, potentially giving it a broader user base.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) Programme
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Centre has taken significant steps to increase domestic sugar availability, including banning sugar exports and restricting the diversion of sugar for ethanol production.
- On December 7, the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution directed mills and distilleries not to use sugarcane juice/syrup for ethanol production.
Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) Programme
- Programme’s Success: The EBP programme, a key achievement of the government, has seen ethanol blending with petrol increase from 1.6% in 2013-14 to 11.8% in 2022-23.
- Feedstock Diversification: The success is attributed to diversifying feedstocks, including C-heavy molasses, B-heavy molasses, sugarcane juice/syrup, and grains.
Ethanol Production from Different Feedstocks
- C-heavy Molasses: Traditionally used for ethanol production, yielding 220-225 litres of ethanol per tonne.
- B-heavy Molasses: Provides higher ethanol yield (290-320 litres per tonne) compared to C-heavy molasses.
- Direct Fermentation of Sugarcane: Fermenting the entire sugarcane without sugar extraction yields 80-81 litres of ethanol per tonne.
Centre’s Ethanol Blending Scheme: Food vs. Fuel Debate
- Increased Ethanol Production Post-2017: The use of B-heavy molasses and sugarcane juice/syrup, along with new substrates like surplus rice, broken grains, and maize, boosted ethanol production.
- Differential Pricing Policy: The government incentivized ethanol production from non-C-heavy molasses feedstocks with higher prices.
- Impact on Industry: Companies like Triveni Engineering & Industries Ltd (TEIL) adapted to multiple feedstocks, including grain during the off-season.
Challenges and Setbacks for the Industry
- Directive’s Impact: The December 7 directive is a setback, especially for companies with capacities to produce ethanol from cane juice/syrup.
- Tender for Ethanol Supply: The OMCs’ tender for 825 crore litres of ethanol for 2023-24 might be affected, particularly the 135 crore litres from sugarcane juice/syrup.
- Uncertainty in Pricing: The Centre has not announced prices for various ethanol feedstocks for 2023-24, despite the ethanol supply year aligning closer to the sugar year.
Sugar Supply Concerns and Policy Implications
- Low Sugar Stocks: The 2022-23 sugar year ended with low stocks, prompting the government to prioritize domestic sugar supply.
- Uncertain Production Forecasts: The National Federation of Cooperative Sugar Factories predicts a decrease in sugar production for 2023-24.
- Government’s Prioritization: The latest decisions reflect the government’s focus on domestic supply and consumer needs over exports and fuel production.
Conclusion
- Shift in Government Policy: The Centre’s recent actions indicate a shift towards prioritizing domestic sugar availability over ethanol production.
- Broader Implications: These decisions impact both the sugar and ethanol industries, reflecting the complex balance between food security and renewable energy initiatives.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Garba, UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Garba, a traditional dance form from Gujarat, was included in the UNESCO list of Intangible Cultural Heritage.
- This recognition makes Garba the 15th cultural item from India to be featured on the UNESCO list, following Kolkata’s Durga Puja, which was added two years ago.
About Garba
- What is it? Garba is a traditional dance form from Gujarat, India, primarily performed during the Navratri festival to worship the Hindu goddess Durga.
- Origins and Meaning: The term “Garba” comes from “Garbha” (womb) and “Deep” (lamp). The dance is performed around a central lamp or a representation of the Goddess, symbolizing life, death, and rebirth.
- Dance Style: Garba is characterized by energetic, circular movements, clapping hands, and intricate footwork, reflecting the cyclical nature of life.
- Music and Instruments: The dance is accompanied by rhythmic music, traditionally using instruments like the dhol (drum), harmonium, and flute, with modern adaptations including electronic instruments.
- Traditional Attire: Women wear a chaniya choli (a colorful, embroidered skirt set) and men don a kediyu and dhoti or pajama, often embellished with mirrors and embroidery.
- Dandiya Raas Association: Garba is often followed by Dandiya Raas, another dance form using sticks (dandiyas), especially after the Aarti (worship ritual).
- Inclusivity and Community Aspect: The dance is inclusive, attracting people of all ages and backgrounds, and emphasizing community participation.
About UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH)
- ICH means the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills – as well as the instruments, objects, artefacts and cultural spaces associated with them that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognize as a part of their cultural heritage.
- Furthermore, its importance is not in the cultural manifestation itself, but in the wealth of knowledge, know-how and skills that are transmitted from one generation to the next.
- The adoption of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the ICH by the General Conference of UNESCO in 2003 was a crucial step towards preserving intangible heritage.
- UNESCO’s list of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity was established in the year 2008.
Criteria for the selection
- There are three criteria for an intangible cultural heritage to be inscribed in the United Nations list.
- The entity must-
- be recognized by communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals as part of their cultural heritage,
- be transmitted from generation to generation and be constantly recreated by communities and groups in response to their environment, their interaction with nature and their history and
- provide them with a sense of identity and continuity, thus promoting respect for cultural diversity and human creativity
India’s ICH on the UNESCO list
- Sangeet Natak Akademi is the nodal organisation which looks after this function, and files nominations of intangible cultural entities from India, for evaluation by the international body.
- ICG from India include Kolkata’s Durga Puja (2021), Kumbh Mela (2017), Navroz (2016), Yoga (2016), traditional brass and copper craft of utensil-making among coppersmiths of Punjab (2014), Sankirtana, a ritual musical performance of Manipur (2013), and the Buddhist chanting of Ladakh (2012).
- Before 2011, the list included Chhau dance, Kalbelia folk songs and dance of Rajasthan, and Mudiyettu, a dance drama from Kerala (2010), Ramman, a religious festival and theatre performance of Garhwal in the Himalayas (2009), and Kutiyattam or Sanskrit theatre, and Vedic chanting (2008).
- Ramlila, a traditional performance of Ramayana, was also included in 2008.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cyclone Michaung
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Cyclone Michaung (name suggested by Myanmar) makes landfall in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.
- Michaung is the fourth tropical cyclone over the Bay of Bengal this year.
About Cyclone Michaung
- Uncommon Intensity: December cyclones in the North Indian Ocean typically do not reach high intensities. Michaung, with its severe storm classification, is an exception.
- Upgraded Intensity: Initially predicted as a tropical cyclone, IMD upgraded Michaung to a ‘severe’ storm due to its unexpected intensification.
- Heat Index Contribution: The intensification is attributed to the above-normal heat index values off the southern Andhra Pradesh coast.
Indian Tropical Storms: An Overview
- Annual Cyclones: The North Indian Ocean basin averages about five cyclones per year, predominantly in the Bay of Bengal.
- Arabian Sea Cyclones: Though less frequent, Arabian Sea cyclones often reach higher intensities and can cause extensive damage.
- Peak Cyclone Seasons: Cyclones are most common during pre-monsoon (April-June) and post-monsoon (October-December) months, with May and November seeing more intense storms.
Factors Influencing Storm Intensification
- Ocean Heat: Cyclones draw energy from warm ocean temperatures, typically around 26 degrees Celsius or higher.
- Tropical Cyclone Heat Potential (TCHP): This oceanographic parameter is crucial in cyclone genesis and intensification.
- Complex Atmospheric Conditions: Various atmospheric factors like wind shear, convection, and air-sea interactions also play a role in cyclone development.
- Coriolis Effect: This effect influences cyclone formation in the northern hemisphere, causing air to move anticlockwise in low-pressure areas.
Back2Basics: Extratropical and Tropical Cyclones
- General Definition: Cyclones are large-scale air systems rotating around a low-pressure center, often accompanied by violent storms.
- Extratropical Cyclones: Found outside the tropics, these cyclones have a cold core and gain energy from interactions between cold and warm air masses. They can form over both land and sea.
- Tropical Cyclones: These form in tropical regions and are powered by the condensation of water vapor. They lack associated warm or cold fronts and are known as hurricanes or typhoons in different regions.
Cyclone Naming Process
- Rotational Basis for Naming: The naming of cyclones is done by countries on a rotational basis, following certain existing guidelines.
- Responsibilities of RSMCs and TCWCs: Worldwide, there are six regional specialized meteorological centers (RSMCs) and five regional Tropical Cyclone Warning Centers (TCWCs) mandated for issuing advisories and naming of tropical cyclones.
- IMD’s Role: IMD is one of the six RSMCs providing tropical cyclone and storm surge advisories to 13 member countries under the WMO/Economic and Social Commission for Asia-Pacific (ESCAP) Panel.
- Naming Authority of IMD: RSMC, New Delhi, is also mandated to name the tropical cyclones developing over the north Indian Ocean, including the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.
- Guidelines for Naming: Some rules are to be followed while naming cyclones, such as being neutral to politics, religious beliefs, cultures, and gender, avoiding offensive or cruel names, and keeping the name short and easy to pronounce.
- Future Naming: After ‘Michaung’, the next cyclone as per India’s suggestion will be named ‘Tej’.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Maratha Navy
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- On Navy Day, December 4, PM Modi highlighted Chhatrapati Shivaji’s understanding of naval power and announced the incorporation of his emblem on naval officers’ epaulettes.
Indian Navy’s Acknowledgment of Maratha Heritage
- Training Establishment: The Indian Navy’s training facility in Lonavla is named INS Shivaji.
- Administrative Hub: The Western Naval Command’s logistics and administrative center in Mumbai is named INS Angre, after Kanhoji Angre, a prominent Maratha naval commander.
- New Naval Ensign: The Indian Navy’s new Ensign, unveiled in 2022, features the octagonal design of Shivaji’s seal, symbolizing his maritime vision.
About Maratha Navy
|
Details |
| Foundation and Expansion |
– Founder: Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
– First Vessel: Built around 1654 near Kalyan
– Strategic Naval Bases: Vijaydurg, Sindhudurg, Khanderi, Colaba
– Philosophy: Principle of ‘Jalameva yasya, balameva tasya’ (‘He who rules the seas is all powerful’). |
| Composition and Command |
– Personnel: Native Konkani sailors and mercenaries
– Notable Commanders: Shivaji Maharaj, Admiral Kanhoji Angre |
| Naval Fleet and Technology |
– Ship Types: ‘Gurab’ (large, three-masted) and ‘Galbat’ (smaller, faster), Tarande , Shibad, Pal, Taru, Tirkiti and Machchava.
– Artillery and Arms: Equipped with various cannons, known for innovative naval tactics |
| Tactics and Strategies |
– Coastal Dominance: Excelling in coastal defense
– Guerrilla Tactics: Using hit-and-run tactics, exploiting shallow creeks and bays |
| Major Conflicts and Battles |
– Against European Powers: Engagements with the British and Portuguese
– Conflict with the Siddis: Ongoing conflicts with the Siddis of Janjira |
| Decline and Legacy |
– Reasons for Decline: Internal strife, technological advancements by Europeans, rise of British naval power
– Legacy: Remembered for resisting colonial powers, protecting the western coast of India |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Grandmaster Title
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Grandmaster Title: Indian chess player Vaishali Rameshbabu ( Pragnananda’s sister) has achieved the Grandmaster title by crossing 2,500 FIDE ranking points at the IV El Llobregat Open in Spain.
- Significance: She becomes only the third Indian woman player to earn this title, joining the ranks of Koneru Humpy and Harika Dronavalli.
Understanding the Grandmaster Title
- Highest Chess Honor: The Grandmaster title is the pinnacle of achievement in chess, awarded by the International Chess Federation (FIDE).
- Prestige: It signifies recognition as one of the world’s most talented chess players, proven in highly competitive environments.
Other Recognized Chess Titles
- FIDE Titles: Besides Grandmaster, FIDE awards seven other titles, including International Master (IM), FIDE Master (FM), Candidate Master (CM), Woman Grandmaster (WGM), Woman International Master (WIM), Woman FIDE Master (WFM), and Woman Candidate Master (WCM).
- Lifetime Validity: All FIDE titles, including the Grandmaster title, are valid for life, barring revocation due to offenses like cheating.
History and Criteria of Grandmaster Title
- Origins: The term ‘grandmaster’ dates back about a century and was formalized by FIDE in 1950.
- Initial Awardees: The first batch of Grandmaster titles in 1950 included 27 players, such as then-world champion Mikhail Botvinnik.
- Current Criteria: To achieve the Grandmaster title, a player must reach a FIDE Classical or Standard rating of 2,500 and earn three Grandmaster norms.
- Grandmaster Norms: These norms are based on stringent rules regarding tournament performance, including a performance rating of 2,600 or higher in a FIDE tournament with specific conditions.
Vaishali Rameshbabu’s Path to Grandmaster
- Performance: Vaishali’s achievement of the Grandmaster title is a testament to her exceptional performance in international chess tournaments.
- Representation: Her success adds to India’s growing reputation as a powerhouse in the global chess community.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: VoLTE VO5G
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- India witnessed a significant improvement in call quality with the introduction of VoLTE (Voice over Long-Term Evolution) in 2016, offering clearer voice calls compared to 3G/2G networks.
- With the advent of 5G in India, there’s growing anticipation for a new calling standard, Vo5G (Voice over 5G), already deployed in several countries.
What is Vo5G?
- Definition: Vo5G, also known as Voice over New Radio (VoNR), is the next generation of voice calling, utilizing 5G networks for voice transmission.
- Advantages: It leverages 5G’s speed, capacity, and responsiveness to enhance voice call quality.
- Global Trend: While Vo5G is gaining traction globally, its adoption in countries like India is still in the nascent stages.
VoNR vs. VoLTE: The Advancements
- Call Quality: VoNR offers superior call quality with advanced audio codecs, thanks to 5G’s higher bandwidth.
- Connection Time: Reduced network latency in 5G ensures faster call connections with VoNR.
- Reliability: VoNR promises better call continuity with lower packet loss, potentially reducing voice cut-outs.
- Network Transition: VoNR aims to eliminate call drops experienced during the transition from 5G to 4G for VoLTE calls.
Requirements for Vo5G
- Compatible Device: Users need a Vo5G-supported phone, typically available in models released after 2022 with 5G capabilities.
- Carrier Support: A network provider that offers Vo5G services is essential, along with a plan that includes Vo5G calling.
- 5G Coverage: Effective use of Vo5G requires being in an area with 5G network coverage.
VoNR in India
- Availability: As of now, VoNR is not available in India, despite the ongoing 5G rollout in major cities.
- Carrier Testing: Leading carriers like Reliance are reportedly testing VoNR for seamless integration with existing 4G and 5G networks.
- Timeline: The exact timeline for VoNR’s widespread availability in India remains uncertain.
Try this question from CSP 2019:
Q.With reference to communication technologies, what is/are the difference/differences between LTE (Long-Term Evolution) and VoLTE (Voice over Long-Term Evolution)?
- LTE ‘is commonly marketed as 3G and VoLTE is commonly marketed as advanced 3G.
- LTE is data-only technology and VoLTE is voice-only technology.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: deCODE Initiative
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The UK recently completed sequencing half a million whole genomes, nearly 0.7% of its population, under ‘deCODE’ Initiative.
- Various countries have launched large-scale genome projects, with some focusing on specific populations like African ancestry.
About ‘deCODE’ Initiative
- Inception: Launched in Iceland in 1996, deCODE genomics enrolled most of the Icelandic population for genetic studies.
- Contributions: The initiative enhanced disease genetics understanding and set standards for handling genomic data, integrating medical records with genealogies.
Merit of Large-Scale Sequencing
- Disease Research and Understanding: Large-scale genome sequencing allows researchers to identify genetic variations associated with various diseases. This information is crucial for understanding the genetic basis of diseases, including rare genetic disorders and complex conditions like cancer.
- Personalized Therapies: With a better understanding of an individual’s genetic makeup, it becomes possible to develop personalized and targeted therapies.
- Genetic Counseling: Large-scale genome sequencing provides valuable information for genetic counseling, helping individuals and families understand their risk for certain genetic conditions.
- Identification of Rare Variants: Large-scale sequencing efforts contribute to the identification of rare genetic variants that might be responsible for certain diseases. These discoveries are essential for expanding our knowledge of the genetic landscape and improving diagnostic capabilities.
- Population Genetics and Evolution: Genome sequencing on a large scale allows researchers to study the genetic diversity within populations. This information is valuable for understanding human evolution, migration patterns, and population-specific genetic traits.
Ethical and Regulatory Challenges
- Privacy Concerns: Genome sequencing generates highly sensitive and personal information. There is a risk that genetic data could be misused or lead to privacy breaches.
- Informed Consent: Obtaining informed consent for genome sequencing is complex due to the vast amount of information generated and the potential for incidental findings.
- Data Ownership and Control: Balancing individual rights with the need for research and medical advancements requires careful consideration of data sharing, ownership, and access policies.
- Genetic Discrimination: Concerns about genetic discrimination in areas such as employment, insurance, and education may discourage individuals from undergoing genome sequencing. L
- Access to Genetic Services: Disparities in access to genetic services and genomic technologies may exacerbate existing healthcare inequalities.
- Ethical Use of Genetic Data in Research: Researchers must adhere to ethical standards when using genetic data in research. This includes obtaining proper consent, ensuring data security, and transparently communicating the purpose and potential risks of the research.
Long-Term Impact and Future Prospects
- Beyond Individual Health: Population-scale genomics will enhance our understanding of human evolution, migration, and adaptation.
- Personalized Medicine: It paves the way for personalized healthcare based on individual genetic profiles.
- Billion Genome Project: The possibility of sequencing a billion genomes in a single project is on the horizon, alongside individuals’ rights to access and understand their own genomic data.
Conclusion
- Population-scale genomics is at the forefront of a genomic revolution, with the potential to transform healthcare, deepen our understanding of human biology, and shape our approach to medicine and biology.
- This evolving field promises to bring personalized, precise treatments and a richer comprehension of our genetic heritage.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Exoplanets
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Six exoplanets have been discovered orbiting HD 110067, a bright star in the Coma Berenices constellation, approximately 100 light-years away.
- The planets’ radii range between that of Earth and Neptune, classifying them as ‘sub-Neptunes’.
About Sub-Neptune Exoplanets
- Prevalence: Sub-Neptunes are commonly found in close-in orbits around more than half of all Sun-like stars.
- Mystery: Despite their prevalence, the composition, formation, and evolution of these planets remain largely unknown.
Observational Details
- TESS Observations: NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) observed dips in HD 110067’s brightness in 2020 and 2022.
- CHEOPS Contribution: Additional observations from the CHaracterising ExOPlanets Satellite (CHEOPS) helped confirm the presence of six planets transiting the star.
- Orbital Calculations: The study calculated the orbits of all six planets, ranging from about nine days for the innermost planet to approximately 54 days for the outermost planet.
Characteristics of the Planets
- Mass and Density Estimates: The planets have relatively low densities, suggesting the presence of large, hydrogen-rich atmospheres.
- Resonant Orbits: All six planets are in resonant orbits, indicating regular gravitational interactions among them.
- System’s Age: The resonant orbits suggest that the system has remained largely unchanged since its formation, estimated to be at least four billion years ago.
HD 110067’s Uniqueness
- Brightness and Host Status: HD 110067 is the brightest star known to host more than four transiting exoplanets.
- Potential for More Discoveries: There is a possibility of additional planets within or beyond the star’s temperate zone, though such observations have not yet been made.
- Learning Opportunity: The HD 110067 system presents a unique opportunity to study sub-Neptunes and understand how such planetary systems form and evolve.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ALTÉRRA Fund
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The United Arab Emirates, as the host of COP-28, has committed US$30 billion to establish ALTÉRRA, a climate investment fund.
What is ALTÉRRA Fund?
- Fund Objective: ALTÉRRA aims to mobilize US$250 billion globally by 2030, aspiring to be the largest fund dedicated to climate investments.
- Focus: The fund is designed to transform emerging markets and developing economies through climate investments.
- Clean Energy in India: An initial portion of the fund is allocated for developing over 6.0 GW of new clean energy capacity in India, including 1,200 MW of wind and solar projects expected to be operational by 2025.
- Financial Requirements: Emerging markets and developing economies reportedly need US$2.4 trillion annually by 2030 to address climate change.
- Key Verticals: ALTÉRRA will focus on four main areas: Energy Transition, Industrial Decarbonisation, Sustainable Living, and Climate Technologies.
Leadership and Management
- Chair: COP-28 President, Sultan Ahmed Al Jaber, will chair the ALTÉRRA fund.
- Management Entity: Lunate, an independent global investment manager, has established ALTÉRRA.
- Domicile: The fund is domiciled in the Abu Dhabi Global Market.
Mission and Impact
- Transformational Solution: ALTÉRRA is positioned as a transformative solution for attracting private capital into climate-focused investments.
- Multiplier Effect: The fund’s scale and structure are expected to create a significant impact in climate investment.
- Reflection of COP Presidency’s Action Agenda: The launch of ALTÉRRA aligns with the UAE’s COP Presidency Action Agenda and efforts to make climate finance more available, accessible, and affordable.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Green Credits Scheme
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- India introduced the Green Credits Scheme at COP28 in Dubai. PM Modi emphasized that this program goes beyond the commercial nature of carbon credits, offering a broader environmental impact.
What is Green Credits Programme?
- Objective: The initiative aims to generate Green Credits through plantation on degraded wasteland.
- Inception: Launched in October by the Environment Ministry, it is designed to incentivize various environment-positive actions.
- Action Areas: Includes tree plantation, water management, sustainable agriculture, waste management, air pollution reduction, mangrove conservation, ecomark label development, and sustainable building.
- Scope beyond Carbon: Unlike existing carbon credit systems, this program extends incentives to actions beyond carbon emission reductions, such as water conservation and soil improvement.
Distinctive Features
- Market-Based Approach: The program aims to create a market for trading green credits, similar to carbon credits, where companies can earn credits for environmental actions and trade them.
- Development Stage: Methodologies and standards for measuring and verifying such actions are under development, and the market for these credits is yet to be established.
- Initial Buyers: It is anticipated that private companies might purchase these green credits to fulfill their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) obligations.
- Wider Beneficiaries: Unlike carbon markets, which primarily target industries and corporations, the green credit program can benefit individuals and communities as well.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: X-Ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Indian Space Research Organisation, following a landmark 2023, will ring in the new year with the launch of the PSLV-C58 X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat) mission on January 1, 2024.
About XPoSat Mission
- Orbital Details: XPoSat will operate in a Low Earth Orbit at an altitude of about 650 km, with a low inclination of around 6 degrees.
- Dual Scientific Payloads: The satellite is equipped with two payloads, enabling comprehensive studies of X-ray sources, including their temporal, spectral, and polarization characteristics.
- Mission Goals: XPoSat’s primary objectives include measuring X-ray polarization in the 8-30 keV energy band and conducting long-term studies in the 0.8-15 keV band.
- Mission Lifespan: The satellite is expected to be operational for approximately 5 years.
- Observation Strategy: Observations by XPoSat will primarily occur during the Earth’s eclipse period to maximize efficiency.
Payloads aboard XPoSat
- POLIX – Primary Payload: The Polarimeter Instrument in X-rays (POLIX), developed by Bengaluru’s Raman Research Institute (RRI) with ISRO’s collaboration, is tailored to assess the degree and angle of polarization in medium X-ray energy ranges.
- XSPECT – Secondary Payload: The X-ray Spectroscopy and Timing (XSPECT) payload, created by ISRO’s U.R. Rao Satellite Centre (URSC), will gather spectroscopic data in the 0.8-15 keV range.
Significance of XPoSat
- Polarization refers to the orientation of light waves. X-rays, a form of electromagnetic radiation, can also be polarized.
- Studying it from cosmic sources provides valuable information about the physical conditions and processes occurring in extreme environments, such as around black holes, neutron stars, and supernova remnants.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Exercise MILAN
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Scheduled for February 2024, Exercise MILAN is set to be India’s largest multilateral naval exercise, with over 50 countries expected to participate.
Exercise MILAN
- Origin: Biennial exercise initiated by the Indian Navy in 1995 at the Andaman and Nicobar Command.
- Initial Participation: Began with four countries – Indonesia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and Thailand in 1995.
- Growth over Years: The exercise has significantly grown in the number of participants and the complexity of exercises.
- Expansion with Policies: Expanded under India’s ‘Act East policy’ and the SAGAR initiative.
- Broader Inclusion: Now includes island nations in the Western Indian Ocean Region (IOR) and IOR littoral states.
Significance of Exercise MILAN
- Showcasing Naval Strength: This exercise reflects the Indian Navy’s growing engagement and capability to assist as a first responder and Preferred Security Partner in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
- Enhanced Operational Reach: The Indian Navy’s increasing presence and operational reach through Mission Based Deployments and other engagements underscore India’s commitment to strong defense ties.
- Importance of Naval Exercises: Conducting 17 multilateral and 20 bilateral exercises annually, these events are crucial for operational capability enhancement, interoperability, and strengthening diplomatic and maritime security ties.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Halal
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- On November 18, the Uttar Pradesh government imposed a state-wide ban on the “production, storing, distribution, and sale of halal certified edible items.”
Understanding Halal and Halal Food
- Definition of Halal: ‘Halal’ is an Arabic term meaning ‘permissible’ in English.
- FAO Guidelines on Halal Food: The Food and Agriculture Organization defines halal food as compliant with Islamic Law, including specific slaughter methods.
- Vegetarian Food and Halal: Generally, vegetarian food is deemed halal unless it contains prohibited substances like alcohol.
- Labeling of Halal Products: Products claimed as halal must visibly display this on their labels.
Halal-Certified Products
- Purpose of Certification: Halal certification ensures food preparation adheres to Islamic law and is free from contamination.
- Certification Bodies in India: Various private companies in India, like Halal India Pvt Ltd and Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind Halal Trust, offer halal certification. Some are government-recognized, while others are not.
Controversy Surrounding Halal-Certified Products
- Legality: The debate centers on the legality of certificate-issuing authorities and allegations of targeting specific religious communities.
- Parallel Authority issue: The Indian government does not require halal certification; FSSAI certification is the standard for edible products.
- International Trade and Halal Certification: As per the USDA 2022 report, halal certification is not essential for export or import trade permissions.
- Religious violations: A case was filed against entities in Lucknow for purportedly exploiting religious sentiments to enhance sales through halal certification.
Legal Aspects of Halal Certification
- Complaints against Certification: Complaints have emerged against companies for allegedly issuing forged halal certificates for financial benefits.
- Accusations of Illegal Certification: These companies are accused of lacking official recognition to issue halal certificates.
Halal Certification System in India
- Certifying Agencies: Various agencies provide halal certification to Indian companies, products, or food establishments.
- Government Accreditation: The National Accreditation Board for Certification Bodies under the Quality Council of India accredits these Halal Certification Bodies.
- Advantages of Certification: Certification from recognized bodies benefits companies in both domestic and international markets.
- DGFT Guidelines: The Directorate General of Foreign Trade mandates that only facilities with valid certification from accredited bodies can export ‘halal certified’ meat and meat products.
- Government’s i-CAS Scheme: The ‘India Conformity Assessment Scheme’ was developed to regulate the halal certification process.
Implications of the Ban
- Quality confusions: The ban aims to address confusion over food quality standards and align with the Food Safety and Standards Act.
- Curbing forged certification: Companies issuing forged certificates are accused of fostering social unrest and betraying public trust.
- Economic Impact: There are apprehensions about a potential conspiracy to undermine the sales of non-halal certified products.
- Financial Misuse: There are allegations that profits from these activities could be funneled towards supporting terrorist organizations and anti-national activities.
Conclusion
- This ban reflects the complex interplay between food safety regulations, religious practices, and commercial dynamics.
- It highlights the need for a balanced approach in addressing such multifaceted issues.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Finance Commission
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Union Cabinet approved the terms of reference (ToR) for the Sixteenth Finance Commission.
- The Commission will devise a formula for revenue sharing between the Centre and the States for the period starting April 1, 2026.
About Finance Commission
- Establishment: The Finance Commission (FC) of India was established by the President in 1951 under Article 280 of the Indian Constitution.
- Purpose: Its primary role is to define and regulate the financial relations between the central government and the individual state governments.
- Legislative Framework: The Finance Commission (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1951, further outlines the qualifications, appointment, disqualification, term, eligibility, and powers of the Finance Commission.
- Composition: Appointed every five years, the FC comprises a chairman and four other members.
- Evolution: Since the First FC, changes in India’s macroeconomic landscape have significantly influenced the Commission’s recommendations.
Constitutional Provisions
- Article 268: Facilitates the levy of duties by the Centre, with collection and retention by the States.
- Article 280: Outlines the FC’s composition, qualifications for members, and its terms of reference. It mandates the FC to recommend the distribution of net tax proceeds between the Union and States and the allocation among States. It also addresses the financial relations between the Union and States and the devolution of unplanned revenue resources.
Key Functions of the Finance Commission
- Tax Devolution: Recommends how net tax proceeds should be distributed between the Center and States.
- Grants-in-Aid: Determines the principles governing these grants to States.
- Augmenting State Funds: Advises on measures to enhance the States’ Consolidated Funds to support local bodies and panchayats, based on State Finance Commissions’ recommendations.
- Other Financial Functions: Addresses any other financial matters referred by the President.
Members of the Finance Commission
- Structure and Standards: The Finance Commission (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1951, provides a structured format and global standards for the FC.
- Qualifications and Powers: Specifies rules for members’ qualifications, disqualification, appointment, term, eligibility, and powers.
- Composition: The Chairman is chosen for their experience in public affairs. The other members are selected based on their judicial experience, knowledge of government finances, administrative and financial expertise, or special economic knowledge.
Challenges for the 16th Finance Commission
- Overlap with GST Council: The coexistence with the GST Council, a permanent constitutional body, presents a new challenge.
- Conflict of Interest: Decisions by the GST Council on tax rates could impact the FC’s revenue-sharing calculations.
- Feasibility of Recommendations: While the Centre often adopts the FC’s suggestions on tax devolution and fiscal targets, other recommendations may be overlooked.
Major Outstanding Recommendations
- Fiscal Council Creation: The 15th FC proposed a Fiscal Council for collective macro-fiscal management, but the government has shown reluctance.
- Non-Lapsable Fund for Internal Security: Though the Centre agreed ‘in principle’ to establish this fund, its implementation details are pending.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nolamba Pallava Dynasty
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Ancient relics belonging to the Nolamba Pallavas dynasty were unearthed in Cholemarri village, situated 22 km from Penukonda in Sri Sathya Sai district.
Significant Findings
- Battlefield Site: Evidence suggests a fierce battle in the 9th century AD between the Nolamba Pallavas and the Bhana-Vaidambas.
- Inscriptions and Artifacts:
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- An inscription of Mahendra Nolambadhi Raja (875-897 AD), ruler of Henjeru (now Hemavati), was found in the fields.
- Hero stones with Telugu inscriptions (written in ancient Kannada script) from the Nolamba and Vijayanagara periods were discovered near Anjaneyaswamy temple.
About the Nolamba Dynasty
- Time Period: Ruled from the 8th to the 12th centuries C.E.
- Geographical Extent: Nolambavadi region, covering parts of southeast Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh.
- Political History: Initially feudatories to Pallavas, Chalukyas of Badami, Gangas, and Rashtrakutas, later to Chalukyas of Kalyani. Often referred to as Nolamba Pallava in inscriptions.
- Capitals: Initially Chitradurga, later shifted to Hemavati.
- Origin:
- Founded by Mangala Nomabathi Raja (735–785 A.D.).
- Emerged as governors under Pallavas and Chalukyas.
- Experienced shifts in allegiance between Pallavas, Chalukyas, Banas, and Vaidumbas.
- The term “Nolambas” came into existence post the Chalukyas’ resurgence under Vikramaditya I.
- Decline: Overrun by Ganga king Marasimha, who claimed the title Nolambakulantaka.
- Cultural Contributions: Known for constructing grand temple complexes like Kalleshwara Temple in Aralaguppe, Bhoganandishwara Temple in Nandi, and Ramalingeshwara Temple in Avani.
- Religious Affiliation: Predominantly Shaivites, with temples dedicated to Lord Shiva.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kashi Tamil Sangamam
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The Centre announced the schedule for second phase of the Kashi Tamil Sangamam from December 17 to 30.
Kashi Tamil Sangamam
- Kashi Tamil Sangamam celebrates the historical and cultural ties between North and South India.
- It is managed by IIT Madras and BHU (Banaras Hindu University).
- Its main goal is to bring together the knowledge and cultural traditions of North and South India, helping people understand our shared history and strengthen connections between these regions.
- The Ministry of Education organizes this event with help from other ministries like Culture, Textiles, Railways, Tourism, Food Processing, Information & Broadcasting, and the Uttar Pradesh Government.
- This effort aligns with the National Education Policy (NEP), 2020, which focuses on combining traditional Indian knowledge with modern knowledge systems.
Cultural Significance
- In the 15th century, King Parakrama Pandya from the Madurai area wanted to build a Lord Shiva temple, so he went to Kashi (Uttar Pradesh) to get a lingam.
- On his way back, he rested under a tree, but the cow carrying the lingam wouldn’t move when he tried to continue his journey.
- Parakrama Pandya took this as a divine sign and set up the lingam there, in what is now known as Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu.
- The Pandyas built the Kasi Viswanathar Temple in present-day Tenkasi, southwestern Tamil Nadu, near the Kerala border, for those who couldn’t travel to Kashi.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Project Q*
Mains level: AI advancements
Central Idea
- OpenAI, a leading AI technology company, has been embroiled in a high-profile controversy following the dismissal of Sam Altman, its CEO.
- At the heart of the controversy is the development of a new AI model named Q* (Q-star), which has raised significant concerns among OpenAI staff and the broader tech community.
What is Project Q*?
- Advanced AI Algorithm: Q* represents a significant advancement in AI, capable of solving complex mathematical problems, even those outside its training data.
- Step towards AGI: This model is seen as a stride towards Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), capable of performing any intellectual task that a human can.
- Development Team: The breakthrough is attributed to Ilya Sutskever, with further development by Szymon Sidor and Jakub Pachoki.
Why is Q* Feared?
- Potential for Accelerated Scientific Progress: Researchers have expressed concerns about Q*’s ability to rapidly advance scientific discovery, questioning the adequacy of existing safety measures.
- Internal Warnings: Reports suggest that Q*’s capabilities could pose a threat to humanity, a concern believed to be a major factor in Altman’s dismissal.
Concerns Surrounding Project Q*
- Advanced Reasoning and Abstract Understanding: Q* reportedly exhibits unprecedented logical reasoning and understanding of abstract concepts, raising concerns about unpredictable behaviors.
- Combination of AI Methods: According to researcher Sophia Kalanovska, Q* might merge deep learning with human-programmed rules, enhancing its power and versatility.
- AGI Implications: As a step towards AGI, Q* could surpass human capabilities in various domains, leading to control, safety, and ethical issues.
- Capability for Novel Idea Generation: Unlike existing AI models, Q* could potentially generate new ideas and pre-emptively solve problems, leading to decisions beyond human control or understanding.
- Risks of Misuse and Unintended Consequences: The advanced capabilities of Q* heighten the risk of misuse or unforeseen harmful outcomes.
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