Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Parthenon Sculptures
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- UK PM Rishi Sunak cancelled his meeting with visiting Greek PM over the latter’s comments on ancient Parthenon Sculptures housed in the British Museum.
Parthenon Sculptures
- The Parthenon Sculptures are ancient Greek stone sculptures over 2,000 years old, originally part of the Parthenon temple in Athens.
- These sculptures, including a 75-meter-long frieze, are significant artifacts of Athens’ Golden Age, depicting gods, heroes, and mythical beings.
- In the early 19th century, Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin and British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, removed the sculptures from the Parthenon.
- The marbles were subsequently purchased by British Museum in 1816.
Debate over Legitimacy
- Greece has accused Lord Elgin of stealing the sculptures, while he maintained he had permission from the Ottoman authorities.
- The original document granting permission has been lost, leading to disputes over its authenticity and content.
Greece’s Campaign for Return
- Greece’s demand for the sculptures’ return dates back to its independence in the early 1830s.
- The campaign gained momentum in the 1980s, spearheaded by Greek actress and then-culture minister Melina Mercouri.
- The British Museum argues that the sculptures were legally acquired and rejects Greece’s demands for their return.
- The museum contends that public benefit lies in having the sculptures in two locations, citing the impossibility of reassembling them completely and concerns over safe return.
Current Developments
- Prime Minister Sunak has described the marbles as a significant asset to the UK and opposes changing laws to facilitate their return.
- Despite the cancelled meeting, Greek officials intend to continue negotiations with the British Museum.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Guru Nanak and his teachings
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Guru Nanak Jayanti commemorates the birth of Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism and the first of its ten Gurus.
- It is celebrated worldwide as Guru Nanak Gurpurab on Kartik Poornima, the full-moon day in the month of Katak (October–November).
Five Key Aspects of Guru Nanak’s Life
[1] Early Life and Philosophical Inclination:
- Born on April 15, 1469, in a Hindu family in Nankana Sahib (now in Pakistan).
- Displayed an early interest in philosophical and spiritual questions.
- Worked as an accountant before embarking on a spiritual journey with a Muslim minstrel, Mardana.
[2] Mystical Experience at Age 30:
- Had a transformative spiritual experience during an early morning ablution by a river.
- Received a divine mission to spread a message of unity and devotion.
- Emerged after three days with the profound declaration, “There is no Hindu, there is no Mussalman.”
[3] Extensive Travels and Interfaith Dialogue:
- Traveled widely, including to Sri Lanka, Baghdad, and Mecca, on journeys called ‘udaasis’.
- Engaged with various religious figures, including Hindu pandits and Sufi saints.
- Advocated for the oneness of God and universal brotherhood.
[4] Preaching the Oneness of God:
- Emphasized the unity of humanity and the presence of one God in all.
- Challenged religious orthodoxy and rituals, promoting a direct connection with the divine.
- His teachings laid the foundation for Sikhism, attracting followers from diverse backgrounds.
- His teachings and hymns are compiled in the Guru Granth Sahib, the holy scripture of Sikhism.
- He wrote in Punjabi, using a script known as Gurmukhi.
[5] Succession and Legacy:
- Spent his final years in Kartarpur, establishing a community with daily prayers and hymns.
- Introduced the practice of ‘langar’, a communal kitchen serving free meals.
- Chose Lehna (later Guru Angad) as his successor, bypassing his own sons.
- Passed away on September 22, 1539, leaving behind a legacy of spiritual and social reform.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Fibre Optic Technology
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the crucial role of the internet in maintaining global connectivity, facilitated largely by high-speed internet connections.
- These connections, enabling video chats, online payments, and virtual meetings, largely depend on the technology of optical fibers.
Understanding Optical Fibers
- Composition and Size: Optical fibers are thin strands of glass, almost as thin as a human hair, used for transmitting information.
- Information Transmission: They carry various forms of data, including text, images, and videos, at speeds close to that of light.
- Everyday Relevance: Optical fibers play a vital role in everyday communications like text messaging and phone calls.
- Fragility vs. Strength: Despite their thinness, these fibers are strong and durable when encased in protective materials.
- Versatility: They are flexible enough to be laid underground, underwater, or wound around spools.
Historical Perspective
- Charles Kao’s Contribution: About 60 years ago, physicist Charles Kao proposed using glass fibers for telecommunications, a suggestion that earned him a Nobel Prize in 2009.
- Replacing Copper Wires: Kao’s idea was initially met with skepticism but eventually replaced copper wires in telecommunication.
How Optical Fibers Work?
- Light as an Electromagnetic Wave: Light, part of the electromagnetic spectrum, can be controlled and guided through optical fibers.
- Total Internal Reflection: This phenomenon allows light to travel long distances within the fiber with minimal loss of power.
- Fiber Optic Communication System: This system includes a transmitter, the optical fiber, and a receiver to encode, carry, and reproduce information.
Data Transmission and Resistance
- High Data-Transmission Rate: Optical fibers can transmit data at rates of several terabits per second.
- Insensitivity to External Disturbances: Unlike copper cables, they are not affected by external factors like lightning or bad weather.
Development of Fiber Optic Cables
- Early Experiments: The concept of guiding light in transparent media dates back to the 19th century, with demonstrations by Jean-Daniel Colladon and others.
- Medical and Defense Applications: Early glass objects were used in medicine and defense before their adaptation for data transmission.
- Advancements in the 20th Century: Significant progress occurred in the 1950s and 1960s, including the development of glass-clad fibers and the invention of lasers.
Modern Manufacturing
- Fiber-Optic Cable Production: Today, glass fibers are produced using the fiber-drawing technique, ensuring high purity and engineered refractive index profiles.
- Loss Reduction: Modern optical fibers have significantly reduced signal loss, less than 0.2 dB/km.
Future of Fiber Optics
- Expanding Applications: Fiber optics technology is now integral to various fields, including telecommunication, medical science, and laser technology.
- India’s National Mission: The Indian government’s 2020 Union Budget announced a significant investment in quantum technologies and applications, highlighting the future potential of fiber optics.
- Quantum Optics and Communication: The technology stands at the forefront of a new era, with expanding possibilities in quantum optics and home connectivity.
Conclusion
- Impact of Fiber Optics: The evolution of fiber optics has revolutionized communication and connectivity, offering high-speed, reliable data transmission.
- Continued Growth and Innovation: As the technology continues to advance, its applications are likely to expand further, driving innovations in various sectors and enhancing global connectivity.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dollarization
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Argentina faces over 100% inflation and widespread poverty, prompting public support for Milei’s unique economic policies.
- This has prompted the newly elected Javier Milei replacing the peso with the dollar, abolishing the Central Bank, and cutting government spending.
Concept of Dollarization
- Dollarization is the process by which a country adopts a foreign currency in addition to or instead of its national currency.
- Here are 2 types of dollarization:
- Full Dollarization: This occurs when a country adopts a foreign currency (such as the US dollar) as its sole legal tender. In this scenario, the foreign currency completely replaces the domestic currency for all financial transactions.
- Partial Dollarization: In this case, the foreign currency is used alongside the national currency. It often happens unofficially, where residents hold a significant portion of their assets or conduct a large number of their transactions in the foreign currency.
Motive behind Argentine move
- Hyperinflation Solution: Dollarization could break the cycle of rising prices and money supply, as the dollar is not easily manipulated for political gains.
- Growth Potential: By using dollars, economies might focus on exports and attract foreign investment, benefiting from the dollar’s stability.
Potential Challenges
- Loss of Monetary Policy Control: Adopting the dollar means losing the ability to control the money supply through domestic monetary policy.
- Dependence on Export Promotion: Economies must rely solely on export promotion for economic stability, as currency depreciation is no longer an option.
Ecuador’s Experience
- Economic Turnaround: Ecuador, after adopting the dollar, saw significant improvements in GDP growth, poverty reduction, and inflation control.
- Oil and Gas Reserves: Ecuador’s success was partly due to its natural resources, which helped maintain a steady dollar inflow.
- Beyond Dollarization: Ecuador’s economic prosperity was also due to effective fiscal policies and government interventions in the oil sector.
- Social Spending: Increased social spending played a crucial role in translating economic gains into societal benefits.
Comparative Analysis: Greece and the Euro
- Euro Adoption in Greece: Greece’s adoption of the euro initially spurred growth but later limited its fiscal and monetary policy options.
- Austerity Measures: The Eurozone crisis forced Greece into austerity, highlighting the risks of adopting an external currency without policy autonomy.
Conclusion
- Not a Panacea: Dollarization, while potentially stabilizing, is not a standalone solution and requires complementary domestic policies.
- Argentina’s Uncertain Future: With Milei’s intent to slash government spending and abolish the Central Bank, Argentina’s economic future under his administration remains uncertain.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Teenage Galaxies, JWST
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Recently, the James Webb Space Telescope has provided detailed insights into slightly older galaxies, known as ‘teenagers’ in galactic terms, shedding light on their evolution and unique characteristics.
- This research is part of the CECILIA Survey, utilizing Webb to analyze the chemistry of distant galaxies, named after astronomer Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin.
Study of Teenage Galaxies
- Formation Period: The study focuses on galaxies that formed around 2-3 billion years after the Big Bang, which occurred about 13.8 billion years ago.
- Research Methodology: Researchers analyzed light across various wavelengths from 23 such galaxies using Webb, akin to studying their ‘chemical DNA.’
- Key Discoveries: These teenage galaxies exhibit distinct chemical compositions, indicative of intense star formation and rapid developmental phases.
Characteristics of Teenage Galaxies
- Contrast with Modern Galaxies: These galaxies show significant differences in appearance and behavior compared to contemporary galaxies.
- Developmental Mysteries: They undergo crucial, yet not fully understood, processes during this phase, shaping their final structure and nature.
- High Temperatures in Star-Forming Regions: Star-forming areas in these galaxies show temperatures around 24,000 degrees Fahrenheit, much higher than in present-day galaxies.
- Young Stars and Gas Properties: This temperature variation suggests differences in the stars and gas properties of teenage galaxies.
- Detected Elements: Observations identified these galaxies glowing with elements like hydrogen, helium, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, argon, nickel, and silicon.
Significance of Oxygen and Nickel
- Oxygen’s Crucial Role: As a key component of galactic DNA and the third-most abundant element in the universe, oxygen is vital for tracking galaxies’ growth history.
- Nickel – An Unexpected Find: The presence of nickel, usually not bright enough to be observed in nearby galaxies, suggests unique aspects of massive stars in these galaxies.
- Undetected Elements: Astronomers believe that additional elements likely exist in these galaxies but remain undetected due to current technological limits.
Implications of the Findings
- Chemical Immaturity and Rapid Growth: The study indicates that these galaxies are in a phase of rapid formation and are still chemically immature.
- Insights into Star Formation: Understanding the chemical makeup of these galaxies provides valuable information about their star formation history and rate.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: HERVH and 'Jumping Genes'
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Recent breakthroughs in genetic research have shed light on the complexities of early embryonic development, particularly focusing on the inner cell mass, a key component in forming the human body.
Embryonic Development Explained
- Life’s Commencement: Life begins with the fusion of sperm and egg, creating a zygote, the first cell of a new individual.
- Cellular Multiplication: The zygote undergoes rapid cell division, marking the onset of embryonic development.
- Diverse Cell Differentiation: As the embryo develops, cells differentiate into various types, leading to the formation of organs and tissues.
- Journey to Birth: This intricate process culminates in the birth of a newborn after nine months of gestation.
Early Stages of Development
- Inner Cell Mass Formation: Early embryonic cells cluster around the inner cell mass, vital for the embryo’s development.
- Pluripotency of Cells: These cells are pluripotent, meaning they can develop into any cell type in the body.
- Scientific Focus: The inner cell mass is a primary subject of study due to its critical role in human development.
Gene Expression in Embryonic Cells
- Analyzing Gene Activity: Researchers study the proteins produced by genes to understand cell-specific gene expression.
- Deciphering Cell Development: This research provides insights into the active genes in each cell, revealing the mechanisms of cell development.
Discoveries in the Inner Cell Mass
- 2016 Research Insights: Manvendra Singh’s reanalysis of gene expression data identified a new group of non-committed cells in the inner cell mass.
- Enigma of Cell Death: These cells, unlike others, do not progress to later developmental stages and are eliminated early on.
HERVH Gene and Cell Survival
- HERVH’s Crucial Function: A 2014 study revealed that HERVH, a gene with virus-like properties, is essential for maintaining pluripotency in embryonic stem cells.
- Gene Expression Variations: Singh’s research showed that while most inner cell mass cells express HERVH, the non-committed cells that eventually die do not.
- Independent Confirmation: This discovery was corroborated by researchers at the University of Spain in lab-fertilized embryos.
Understanding ‘Jumping Genes’
- Transposons in Non-Committed Cells: The non-committed cells express transposons, or ‘jumping genes’, which can cause DNA damage and lead to cell death.
- HERVH’s Protective Role: HERVH protects most cells from the harmful effects of transposons, but cells lacking HERVH expression are vulnerable.
- Natural Selection in Embryos: The early human embryo acts as a selection ground, favoring cells with HERVH expression.
- HERVH’s Unique Nature: Interestingly, HERVH itself is a transposon but functions protectively rather than destructively.
Implications for Placenta and Beyond
- Placental Development: Cells that form the placenta also exhibit transposon activity but manage to survive without HERVH expression.
- Impact on Regenerative Medicine: Understanding HERVH’s role in cell pluripotency has profound implications for regenerative medicine and could influence embryo viability in fertility treatments.Top of Form
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: AAINA Dashboard
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) has introduced the ‘AAINA Dashboard for Cities’ portal (aaina.gov.in).
About AAINA Dashboard
- The AAINA Dashboard is envisioned as a permanent platform for ULB-related data, with regular updates.
- It invites Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) across India to voluntarily share their key data regularly through a user-friendly data entry form on the portal.
- The primary objectives of the AAINA Dashboard are:
- City Benchmarking: Enable cities to assess their performance relative to other cities.
- Inspiration: Inspire cities by identifying areas for improvement and showcasing possibilities.
- Peer Learning: Promote peer learning and engagement among cities.
Dashboard Structure
The AAINA Dashboard will categorize data submitted by ULBs into five key pillars:
- Political & Administrative Structure
- Finance
- Planning
- Citizen-Centric Governance
- Delivery of Basic Services
Data Submission Process
- ULBs will contribute their data, including audited accounts and self-reported performance metrics, by logging into the dashboard’s portal.
- ULBs will have the flexibility to update their information as needed, ensuring that the dashboard remains a dynamic and up-to-date resource.https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1976720
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Plant Eavesdropping
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The scent of freshly cut grass, more than just a pleasant aroma, is a part of a complex plant communication system involving Green Leaf Volatiles (GLVs).
- For plants, these GLVs are not just fragrances but crucial signals that alert them to imminent threats, such as herbivore attacks.
Concept of Plant Eavesdropping
- Inter-Plant Communication: Plants have the remarkable ability to ‘eavesdrop’ on the distress signals of their neighbors, preparing themselves for similar threats.
- Agricultural Implications: Understanding this natural warning system could revolutionize pest control in agriculture, potentially reducing the need for harmful pesticides.
Understanding Plant Defense Mechanisms
- Research involving mustard plants (Arabidopsis thaliana) has shown that calcium plays a crucial role in plant defense, with calcium levels spiking in response to damage.
- Using genetically modified plants that fluoresce in response to calcium surges, researchers have been able to visually track plant reactions to physical damage and GLV exposure.
- Experiments have demonstrated that plants can detect and respond to GLVs emitted by neighboring plants, as evidenced by fluorescence in modified mustard plants.
- Among the GLVs, specific compounds like E-2-HAL and Z-3-HAL were found to trigger significant responses in plants.
Gene-Level Defense Response
- Activation of Defense Genes: Exposure to GLVs leads to the activation of certain defence-related genes in plants, suggesting that they perceive these volatiles as danger signals.
- Implications for Plant Protection: This gene activation could be a crucial step in natural plant defense mechanisms against herbivores.
Implications and Future Directions
- Natural Pest Control: The study opens up possibilities for using GLVs in agricultural pest control, potentially reducing reliance on chemical pesticides.
- Alternative Strategies: While promising, researchers also consider other substances like jasmonic acid, balancing pest control with the plant’s growth and fruit production.
- Expanding Plant Sensory Research: The findings encourage further exploration into plant perception and response to external stimuli, particularly in natural environments where signaling dynamics are more complex.
- Challenges in Field Studies: One of the main challenges in studying plant volatile signaling in natural settings is the dilution of these compounds in the open air.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Amplifi 2.0 Portal
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The Union Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs in India has taken a significant step towards fostering data-driven policymaking by launching the Amplifi 2.0 portal.
Amplifi 2.0 Portal
- Amplifi 2.0 stands for Assessment and Monitoring Platform for Liveable, Inclusive, and Future-Ready Urban India portal.
- It was introduced by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.
- This platform aims to provide easy access to raw data from Indian cities, facilitating researchers, academics, and stakeholders in their efforts to formulate informed urban policies.
- Currently, 258 urban local bodies have been onboarded, and data for 150 cities is accessible on the platform.
- Objectives:
- To make data from all 3,739 municipal corporations accessible through the portal.
- Offer a wide range of data, including total consumption, water quality testing, healthcare expenditure, slum population statistics, and road accident fatalities.
Significance
- Previously, the Ministry used data provided by civic bodies to rank cities based on four indices.
- These indices encompassed ease-of-living, municipal performance, climate smart cities assessment, and data maturity assessment.
- The government plans to release various reports based on subsets of these four indices, shifting towards a more data-centric approach.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Forward Bloc, Netaji's split from INC
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- A veteran leader’s centenary who was associated with Netaji Bose’s All Indian Forward Bloc (AIFB), was celebrated.
All Indian Forward Bloc (AIFB)
|
Details |
| Foundation |
May 3, 1939 by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose at Makur near Unnao (Uttar Pradesh) |
| Original Purpose |
To consolidate left-wing elements within the Indian National Congress and develop an alternative leadership |
| Key Early Members |
S.S. Kavishar (Vice-President), Lal Shankarlal (General Secretary), Vishwambhar Dayalu Tripathi, Khurshed Nariman, Annapurniah, Senapati Bapat, Hari Vishnu Kamath, Pasumpon U. Muthuramalingam Thevar, Sheel Bhadra Yagee, Satya Ranjan Bakshi |
| First All India Conference |
June 20-22, 1940, in Nagpur; declared as a socialist political party |
| Publication |
“Forward Bloc” newspaper started by Netaji in August 1939 |
| Bose’s Arrest and Exile |
Arrested in July 1940, escaped in January 1941, sought support in the Soviet Union and Germany |
| World War II Activities |
Continued anti-British activities in India, notably in Bihar, without direct coordination with Bose or INA |
| Post-War Reorganization |
Reorganized in February 1946 in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh; declared as a socialist party |
| 1946 Elections |
Contested elections to the Constituent Assembly and provincial legislatures; won several seats |
| Arrah Conference |
2nd All India Conference in January 1947 in Arrah, Bihar |
| Post-Independence Status |
Re-established as an independent political party after India’s independence |
Try this PYQ:
Who among the following were the founders of the “Hind Mazdoor Sabha” established in 1948?
(a) B. Krishna Pillai, E.M.S. Namboodiripad and K.C. George
(b) Jayaprakash Narayan, Deen Dayal Upadhyay and M.N. Roy
(c) C.P. Ramaswamy Iyer, K. Kamaraj and Veeresalingam Pantulu
(d) Ashok Mehata, T.S. Ramanujan and G.G. Mehata
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Biogas , Natural Gas, LPG
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Centre plans to enhance its domestic energy sustainability by introducing mandatory blending of compressed biogas (CBG) with Natural Gas.
Mandatory Biogas Blending
This initiative aims to reduce the country’s reliance on natural gas imports and lower emissions.
- Initial Phase (April 2025): The mandatory blending of CBG with natural gas will begin at 1%. This blend will be suitable for use in automobiles and households.
- Progressive Increase (By 2028): The government plans to gradually increase the mandatory blending percentage to around 5% by 2028. This step will further reduce the dependence on pure natural gas.
Why such move?
- India is among the world’s largest importers of oil and gas, with nearly half of its gas consumption relying on imports.
- The blending initiative is designed to curb import costs and enhance energy security.
- These measures align with India’s broader objective of achieving net-zero emissions by 2070.
Comparative Analysis of Biogas, Natural Gas, and LPG
|
Biogas |
Natural Gas |
LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) |
| Composition |
Organic matter decomposition (mainly methane and CO2). |
Fossil fuel (primarily methane). |
Byproduct of natural gas processing (propane, butane). |
| Production |
Anaerobic digestion of organic waste. |
Extracted from underground, requires refining. |
Obtained during natural gas processing and refining. |
| Energy Content |
Lower due to high CO2 content. |
High, efficient for heating and power. |
High per volume, efficient in liquefied state. |
| Environmental Impact |
Renewable, carbon-neutral. |
Cleaner than coal/oil, but emits greenhouse gases. |
Fewer pollutants than gasoline/diesel, emits greenhouse gases. |
| Uses |
Heating, electricity, vehicle fuel, cooking in rural areas. |
Heating, electricity, industrial processes, vehicle fuel. |
Heating, cooking, vehicles, industrial applications. |
| Storage/Transport |
Stored as gas or liquid; requires tanks. |
Pipelines for gas; LNG for long-distance. |
Pressurized tanks as liquid. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Special Category Status
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Recently, Bihar govt passed a resolution seeking Special Category Status (SCS) for the state.
- This demand comes in light of the revelations from the “Bihar Caste-based Survey, 2022,” which unveiled that nearly one-third of Bihar’s population continues to grapple with poverty.
Special Category Status (SCS): An Overview
- Definition: SCS is a classification conferred by the Central government to support the development of states facing geographical or socio-economic disadvantages.
- Origins: SCS was instituted in 1969, based on the recommendations of the 5th Finance Commission (FC).
- Criteria: Five criteria are assessed before granting SCS, including factors like hilly terrain, low population density, and economic backwardness.
- Historical Allocation: Initially, three states—Jammu & Kashmir, Assam, and Nagaland—were granted SCS. Subsequently, eight more states, including Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, received this status.
Benefits of having SCS
- Financial Assistance: SCS states used to receive grants based on the Gadgil-Mukherjee formula, accounting for approximately 30% of total central assistance.
- Devolution of Funds: Post the abolition of the Planning Commission and the recommendations of the 14th and 15th FCs, SCS assistance has been subsumed into increased devolution of funds for all states (now 41% in the 15th FC).
- Funding Ratio: SCS states enjoy a favourable 90:10 Centre-State funding split for centrally sponsored schemes, compared to 60:40 or 80:20 for general category states.
- Additional Incentives: SCS states receive concessions in customs and excise duties, income tax rates, and corporate tax rates to attract investments.
Why Bihar’s Demand for SCS?
- Resource Challenges: Bihar attributes its poverty and underdevelopment to limited natural resources, irregular water supply for irrigation, recurring floods in the north, and severe droughts in the south.
- Industrial Shift: The state’s bifurcation led to the relocation of industries to Jharkhand, creating unemployment and investment voids.
- Per-Capita GDP: Bihar’s per-capita GDP, at around ₹54,000, consistently ranks among the lowest in India.
- Welfare Funding: Chief Minister Nitish Kumar asserts that Bihar houses approximately 94 lakh poor families and that SCS recognition would generate about ₹2.5 lakh crore, crucial for funding welfare initiatives over the next five years.
SCS Demands from Other States
- Andhra Pradesh: Since its bifurcation in 2014, Andhra Pradesh has sought SCS due to revenue loss post-Hyderabad’s transfer to Telangana.
- Odisha: Odisha’s appeal for SCS underscores its vulnerability to natural disasters, such as cyclones, and a significant tribal population (around 22%).
- Central Government’s Response: Despite these demands, the Central government, citing the 14th Finance Commission’s report, which recommended against granting SCS to any state, has consistently rejected them.
Is Bihar’s Demand Justified?
- Criteria Fulfillment: Bihar meets most SCS criteria but lacks hilly terrain and geographically difficult areas, crucial for infrastructural development.
- Alternative Solutions: In 2013, the Raghuram Rajan Committee proposed a ‘multi-dimensional index’ methodology instead of SCS, which could be revisited to address Bihar’s socio-economic challenges effectively.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kambala, Jallikattu
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Kambala races were held on this weekend in Bengaluru and many parts of Karnataka.
- This event has faced legal scrutiny in the past, with the Supreme Court temporarily outlawing Kambala, along with Jallikattu and bullock-cart racing, in 2014.
What is Kambala?
- Kambala is a folk sport predominantly practised in the coastal districts of Karnataka, especially where Tulu-speaking communities are prevalent.
- Traditionally, races were organized in slushy paddy fields post-harvest.
- The Kambala Samithi now hosts weekly events from late November to mid-April at various venues across Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts.
- For many, especially the Bunt community, Kambala is a prestigious event.
- Buffalo pairs are meticulously groomed throughout the year in the hopes of winning major races.
Different Kambala Categories
- Negilu (Plough): Entry-level buffalo pairs participate in their first Kambala race using lighter ploughs.
- Hagga (Rope): Jockeys race buffaloes with just a rope tied to both.
- Adda Halage: Participants stand on a horizontal plank dragged by buffaloes, unlike Hagga and Negilu where jockeys run behind.
- Kane Halage: A wooden plank tied to buffaloes, with water gushing out through holes as it’s dragged. The height of splashing water determines the winner.
Kambala’s Popularity across Karnataka
- While Kambala’s popularity is concentrated in coastal Karnataka, movies like ‘Kantara’ in 2022 have widened its appeal across the state.
- The film’s success is credited with generating interest in the sport, making it more popular even beyond its traditional strongholds.
- Historically, the Koraga community faced discrimination during Kambala events. They were considered “untouchable” and ill-treated.
- Critics argue that the sport is still dominated by higher caste groups, while lower caste individuals often perform menial tasks during the event.
Why was Kambala banned by the Supreme Court?
- Several organizations, including People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), alleged animal abuse during traditional sporting events.
- Concerns included the tying of buffalo noses with ropes and continuous whipping during races, seen as cruelty.
- The Supreme Court, hearing these petitions, banned Kambala, Jallikattu, and bullock-cart racing in 2014.
How was the ban lifted?
- In January 2016, the Environment Ministry issued a notification allowing the continuation of bull training for such traditional events, recognizing their cultural significance.
- Specific conditions were set to minimize bull suffering.
- State governments also amended the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, providing exemptions for these events.
- A five-judge constitutional bench upheld these amendments made by Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Maharashtra governments in May.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ozone Layer and Ozone Hole
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Recent research published in the journal Nature Communications has revealed a concerning trend in the Antarctic ozone layer during mid-spring (October).
- Contrary to previously reported recovery trends in total ozone, the core of the Antarctic ozone in mid-spring has experienced a significant 26% reduction since 2004.
Ozone Layer and Ozone Hole
| Location |
Stratosphere, approximately 10-30 km above Earth’s surface. |
| Composition |
Composed of ozone (O3) molecules.
Unit of measurement: Dobsob Unit (DU) |
| Function |
Acts as a protective shield, absorbing and blocking a significant portion of harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. |
| Importance |
Essential for protecting life on Earth by preventing excessive UV radiation, which can harm living organisms and the environment. |
| Ozone-depleting Substances |
Threatened by ODS like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, and other synthetic compounds commonly used in refrigeration, air conditioning, and aerosol propellants. |
| Montreal Protocol |
An international treaty adopted in 1987 to phase out the production and consumption of ODS, resulting in significant recovery of the ozone layer. |
| Current Status |
The ozone layer is in the process of recovery due to the success of the Montreal Protocol. |
| Environmental Impact |
Protects ecosystems, prevents skin cancer, cataracts, and other health issues in humans. |
| Additional Facts |
• The size of the ozone hole over Antarctica varies annually, opening in August and closing in November or December.
• Special winds caused by the Earth’s rotation create a unique climate over Antarctica, preventing mixing with surrounding air.
• When these winds subside, the hole closes. |
Shift in Ozone Trends
- Mid-Spring Ozone Depletion: The study’s findings reveal a notable decline in mid-spring (October) ozone levels within the middle stratospheric layer, contrary to previous expectations of recovery.
- Early Spring Recovery: Surprisingly, early spring (September) still shows slight ozone increases or a modest recovery of the ozone hole.
Implications of Ozone Variability
- Antarctic Stratospheric Ozone: Antarctic stratospheric ozone plays a critical role in influencing climate patterns across the Southern Hemisphere.
- Understanding Ozone Variability: Ongoing research aims to understand the reasons behind the observed ozone variability, particularly in the context of the Southern Hemisphere’s atmospheric changes.
Key Findings
- Recovery Trends Re-evaluated: When considering satellite data from 2022, previously reported recovery trends in Antarctic spring total ozone, observed since 2001, no longer hold.
- Middle Stratosphere Impact: The middle stratosphere has witnessed continued, significant ozone reduction since 2004, culminating in a 26% loss within the core of the ozone hole.
- Potential Causes: The study suggests that changes in the mesosphere, the atmospheric layer above the stratosphere and the ozone layer, may be driving this reduction.
- Major triggers: Scientists speculate that the extensive ozone hole this year may be linked to volcanic eruptions in Hunga Tonga, Tonga, between December 2022 and January 2023.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Casgevy, Crispr-Cas9 technology
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The recent approval of Casgevy, a groundbreaking gene therapy utilizing Crispr-Cas9 technology, by the UK health authorities represents a monumental achievement in medicine.
- This therapy holds the potential to provide a lifelong cure for individuals grappling with sickle cell disease and thalassaemia, offering newfound hope and possibilities in the field of genetic medicine.
Casgevy: A Gene-Editing Marvel
- World’s First Licensed Gene Therapy: Casgevy stands as the world’s inaugural licensed gene therapy employing Crispr-Cas9 technology, an innovation that garnered the Nobel Prize in 2020.
- Targeting Faulty Genes: This revolutionary therapy specifically targets the flawed genes responsible for sickle cell disease and thalassaemia, offering the tantalizing prospect of a lifelong cure.
- A Paradigm Shift: In the past, the only permanent treatment option was a bone marrow transplant, contingent on discovering a closely matched donor.
Mechanism of Action
- Genetic Errors: Sickle cell disease and thalassaemia both stem from genetic abnormalities within the haemoglobin gene, impairing the structure and functionality of red blood cells.
- Precision Gene Editing: Casgevy harnesses the patient’s blood stem cells, meticulously edited using Crispr-Cas9, with a specific focus on the BCL11A gene.
- Boosting Foetal Haemoglobin: By stimulating the production of foetal haemoglobin, which lacks the irregularities found in adult haemoglobin, the therapy mitigates the symptoms of these debilitating conditions.
Understanding Sickle Cell Disease and Thalassaemia
Sickle Cell Disease: Characterized by crescent-shaped red blood cells, this condition disrupts smooth blood flow, resulting in excruciating pain, infections, anaemia, and even strokes. India bears witness to an annual influx of 30,000-40,000 children born with sickle cell disease.
Thalassaemia: This disorder leads to diminished haemoglobin levels, causing fatigue, breathlessness, and irregular heartbeats, necessitating lifelong blood transfusions and chelation therapy. India is home to the world’s largest population of children with thalassaemia major, numbering approximately 1-1.5 lakh. |
Clinical Trial Results
- Clinical trials of Casgevy showcased remarkable results, with participants afflicted by sickle cell disease reporting a substantial reduction in severe pain crises.
- Those with thalassaemia witnessed a remarkable 70% reduction in the need for blood transfusions.
Administration and Challenges
- One-Time Treatment: Casgevy involves a one-time treatment process, encompassing the collection of bone marrow blood stem cells through apheresis, followed by editing and testing over a span of approximately six months.
- Conditioning Medicine: Prior to the transplant with edited cells, conditioning medicine is administered to clear the bone marrow of existing cells.
- Challenges: Challenges include the expected high cost of the therapy, potentially around $2 million per patient, and the absence of local manufacturing facilities, necessitating the international transport of blood stem cells.
Future Prospects
- Price Reduction: Despite pricing challenges, experts hold the belief that ongoing research will lead to price reductions, making the therapy more accessible. Local manufacturing facilities are also anticipated to emerge.
- Indian Research: Researchers in India are actively pursuing gene therapies for sickle cell disease, with clinical trials on the horizon in the coming years.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ayurveda Gyan Naipunya Initiative (AGNI)
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The Central Council for Research in Ayurveda Sciences (CCRAS), under the Ministry of Ayush, has introduced the “Ayurveda Gyan Naipunya Initiative” (AGNI) to promote research and innovation among Ayurveda practitioners.
Ayurveda Gyan Naipunya Initiative
- AGNI aims to document and validate Ayurvedic medical practices, enhance evidence-based practice culture, and facilitate scientific research in the field.
- It provides a platform for Ayurveda practitioners to share their innovative practices, fostering an evidence-based culture.
- It also supports research to validate pragmatic Ayurvedic practices through scientific methods.
Key functions
- CCRAS will document and publish reported medical practices and therapeutic regimens for educational and academic purposes in consultation with the National Commission for Indian System of Medicine (NCISM).
- AGNI provides a platform for Ayurveda practitioners to report their innovative practices and experiences across various disease conditions.
- The initiative encourages the culture of evidence-based practice among Ayurveda practitioners, ensuring that their methods are grounded in scientific research.
- AGNI seeks to identify interested Ayurveda practitioners willing to collaborate in creating a comprehensive database through applications.
- Capacity building through research methods and good clinical practice training will also be offered.
- AGNI will undertake research to mainstream pragmatic Ayurvedic practices through scientific validation and evidence-based appraisal.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Deep Space Optical Communications (DSOC)
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- NASA’s DSOC experiment onboarded to Psyche spacecraft, recently demonstrated successful transmission of data over near-infrared laser signals to Earth.
- This technology addresses the challenge of transmitting vast amounts of data over long distances from spacecraft, moving at high speeds in deep space.
Deep Space Optical Communications (DSOC)
- NASA’s DSOC experiment introduces near-infrared laser signals for spacecraft communication.
- DSOC promises data rates at least 10 times faster than conventional radio communication systems, leading to enhanced data transfer rates, higher-resolution images, increased scientific data volume, and even real-time video streaming.
- DSOC’s laser communication technology is comparable to how fiber optics revolutionized Earth-based telecommunications.
Psyche Spacecraft and DSOC
- The Psyche spacecraft is the first to carry a DSOC transceiver, which will test high-bandwidth optical communication with Earth during its initial two years of travel to the asteroid belt.
- DSOC’s successful “first light” milestone was reached when the transceiver locked onto a powerful laser beacon transmitted from NASA’s Table Mountain Facility in California.
- Achieving high data rates relies on extremely precise pointing, which is akin to hitting a small target from a great distance while both are in motion.
- This precision is necessary for the laser transceiver to track its target despite vibrations on the spacecraft.
Key Components for Success
- The spacecraft must isolate the transceiver from vibrations to maintain precision.
- As Earth and the spacecraft change positions during data transmission, DSOC systems adjust to ensure accurate pointing.
- New signal-processing techniques are essential to extract information from weak laser signals transmitted across vast distances in space.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CREAMS Lab
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Farm fires, particularly paddy crop residue fires, contribute to air pollution in northern India. To monitor and address this issue, satellite data is utilized.
CREAMS Laboratory: Monitoring farm fires
- Agency: The Indian Agricultural Research Institute’s (IARI) Consortium for Research on Agro-ecosystem Monitoring and Modeling from Space (CREAMS) Laboratory is responsible for collecting and disseminating daily bulletins on paddy residue fires.
- Coverage: Data covers Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Delhi.
- Information Provided: The bulletin includes district-wise fire incident numbers, comparative data from previous years, location, satellite details, time, and fire intensity.
Satellite Data Collection
- Satellites: Three NASA satellites (VIIRS on Suomi NPP, MODIS on Terra and Aqua) capture data by recording land surface temperatures.
- Coverage: These satellites pass over the Indian subcontinent twice daily, with varying times.
- Resolution: VIIRS offers higher resolution, while MODIS has coarser resolution.
- Data Use: Satellite data is used to differentiate farm fires from other types, such as forest fires or industrial fires.
Monitoring Protocols
- Standardization: In 2021, a standard protocol for monitoring farm fires using satellite data was established.
- Data Comparison: Comparative data is available from 2020 onwards.
- Punjab’s Data: The Punjab Remote Sensing Centre provides similar data specific to Punjab.
Identifying Paddy Fires
- Reflectance Signature: Paddy crop residue fires are distinguished based on the unique reflectance signature of paddy fields.
- Land Surface Temperature: Active fires are identified based on land surface temperature deviations from surrounding areas.
- Fire Intensity: Intensity, expressed as energy emitted per unit area per unit time, indicates the amount of residue burned.
Bulletin Dissemination
- Recipient Agencies: Bulletins are sent to central and state-level agencies, including the Commission for Air Quality Management, the Ministry of Agriculture, and state agriculture departments.
- Action Measures: Authorities use the data to identify hotspots and plan measures, such as machinery availability, to address farm fires.
- Targets: Some states, like Punjab and Haryana, set targets for reducing farm fire incidents based on satellite data.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CERT-In, RTI
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The Centre has included the Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) in the list of organizations exempted from the Right to Information Act (RTI), 2005.
-
There are 26 other intelligence and security organisations established by the Central government such as the Intelligence Bureau, Research and Analysis Wing, Directorate of Enforcement, and National Technical Research Organisation that are exempt under RTI.
About Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In)
|
Details |
| Nodal Agency |
Part of India’s Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology |
| Establishment |
Formed in 2004 under the Information Technology Act, 2000 Section (70B) |
| Inter-agency Coordination |
Works with NCIIPC (under NTRO and PMO) and NDMA (under Ministry of Home Affairs) |
| Functions |
Monitors cyber-attacks, issues security guidelines, liaises with national cybersecurity bodies |
| Recent Activities |
Hosted ‘Synergy’ exercise in 2022 with international participation |
| International Agreements |
MoUs with UK, Korea, Canada, Australia, Malaysia, Singapore, Japan, Uzbekistan; cooperation with Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |
| Notable Incidents |
Reported Android Jelly Bean flaw (2014), Chrome vulnerabilities (2020), WhatsApp vulnerability (2021); investigated AIIMS cyber-attack (2022) |
| Cyberattack Statistics (2021) |
Faced 11.5 million cyberattack incidents including attacks on infrastructure and government |
Back2Basics: Right to Information (RTI) Act
| Enactment |
June 15, 2005 |
| Objective |
Promote transparency and accountability |
| Applicability |
All public authorities at central, state, local levels |
| Scope |
Access to information on matters of public interest, government policies, budgets, etc. |
| RTI Application |
Filed in writing with the concerned public authority |
| Response Time |
Within 30 days (48 hours for life or liberty issues) |
| Exemptions |
Some information exempted to protect national security, privacy, etc.
Judiciary |
| Fees |
Nominal fee varies based on state and information requested |
| First Appellate Authority |
Filed if dissatisfied with the response |
| Second Appeal |
Filed with the relevant Information Commission |
| Whistleblower Protection |
Safeguards against victimization for exposing corruption |
| Impact |
Promotes transparency, accountability, and good governance |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Global Biodiversity Framework Fund (GBFF)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Since the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, the global community has struggled to secure adequate funding for biodiversity conservation.
- However, on August 27, 2023, a significant step was taken as countries established the Global Biodiversity Framework Fund (GBFF).
GBFF: A New Hope for Biodiversity Funding
- Inception: The GBFF was officially established on August 27, 2023, at the 7th Assembly of the Global Environment Facility (GEF) in Vancouver, Canada.
- KMGBF Integration: The GBFF’s primary objective is to support countries in achieving the 23 targets outlined in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF), which was adopted at the 15th Conference of the Parties (COP15) to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity.
- Funding Needs: COP15 determined that at least $200 billion per year until 2030 is required to fund biodiversity protection programs worldwide.
| 1990: GEF launched with ~US$1 billion; 46% funds for biodiversity.
1996: GEF becomes financial mechanism for the Convention at COP3, Argentina.
2002: GEF’s 3rd replenishment: $3 billion, 30% for biodiversity (2002-06).
2010: COP10 in Japan sets Aichi targets; 5th GEF replenishment: $4.34 billion, $1.15 billion for biodiversity.
2014: GEF’s 6th cycle: $4.43 billion, 6.3% for biodiversity.
2019: IPBES report shows 1 million species at extinction risk.
2023: 7th GEF Assembly ratifies GBFF with $200 million seed capital; $1.92 billion for biodiversity in 8th cycle.
1992: CBD signed at Earth Summit, effective 1993; COP1 in Bahamas.
1998: First GEF Assembly in New Delhi; $418 million allocated for biodiversity.
2006: 4th GEF replenishment: $3.13 billion, 26% for biodiversity.
2012: COP11 in India; IPBES to assess biodiversity status.
2018: COP14 in Egypt assesses Aichi targets; GEF’s 7th cycle: $4.1 billion, 21.8% for biodiversity.
2022: COP15 in Montreal adopts Kunming-Montreal Framework; $200 billion/year needed, Global Biodiversity Framework Fund proposed. |
What makes GBFF unique?
- Diverse Funding Sources: Unlike the GEF, which relied on a limited number of donors, the GBFF will source funds from private, philanthropic, and government investments.
- GEF’s Role: The GEF will manage the GBFF, making it a more robust and versatile funding mechanism.
- Budget Allocation: The GBFF has a cumulative budget of $5.25 billion for 2022-26, with 36% allocated for biodiversity. The remaining funds are dedicated to projects addressing climate change, pollution, land, and ocean health.
- Enhanced Impact: Carlos Manuel Rodríguez, Chairperson of GEF, emphasizes the need not only for increased funds but also for strategic utilization to maximize impact.
- Multilateral Fund Potential: GBFF might receive contributions from a proposed multilateral fund generated from fees related to digital genetic sequence information, potentially generating over $15 billion annually.
Challenges Ahead
- Funding Gap Persists: Despite GBFF’s establishment, the financial gap for biodiversity conservation remains significant. In 2019, global spending on biodiversity conservation was far below the estimated need.
- Domestic Financing Struggles: Relying on domestic funds has been challenging, especially for developing countries.
- Long-Term Funding Concerns: The world faces a projected financing gap of $4.1 trillion for biodiversity by 2050, underscoring the need for sustainable funding mechanisms.
Importance of Domestic Funding
- Diverse Solutions: KMGBF’s Target 19 suggests various nature-based solutions such as payment for ecosystem services, green bonds, and benefit-sharing mechanisms to mobilize domestic funding.
- Challenges of Blended Finance: Blended financing, where public resources catalyze private investment, may not be an ideal solution and takes time to implement.
- Biodiversity Credits: Similar to carbon credits, biodiversity credits (biocredits) have gained popularity. They have the potential to generate the funds needed to meet KMGBF targets.
- Biocredits Challenges: Biocredits are in their infancy, and their implementation, including regulation, certification schemes, and policy systems, is still being discussed.
Challenges in Achieving KMGBF Targets
- Protecting 30% of Land and Waters: Achieving the 30×30 target faces challenges, considering existing protected areas’ effectiveness and the inclusion of OECMs (other effective area-based conservation measures).
- Data Gap: The effectiveness of existing protected areas is unclear due to limited available data.
- Debate over OECMs: OECMs are not fully understood, and there are concerns that they might be designated without proper evaluation.
Way forward
- Inclusion in KMGBF Targets: Indigenous peoples and local communities play a crucial role in conservation. KMGBF explicitly emphasizes the need to respect their rights in achieving targets.
- Funding Allocation: The GEF Assembly has allocated up to 20% of donor funds to support indigenous communities in conservation efforts.
- Capacity Building: To avoid human rights violations, there is a need for substantial investment in building the capacity of indigenous communities.
- Strict Norms: Stricter norms should ensure that biodiversity-rich areas are not diverted for other purposes, such as plantations, which cannot replace old-growth forests.
Conclusion
- The establishment of the GBFF represents a significant step towards addressing the long-standing financial challenges in biodiversity conservation.
- However, challenges, such as securing adequate funds and ensuring equitable conservation practices, persist.
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