Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Rani Durgavati
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The recent launch of the Rani Durgavati Gaurav Yatra by the Madhya Pradesh government has sparked interest in the life and legacy of Rani Durgavati.
- As a symbol of India’s self-determination and bravery, Rani Durgavati’s story has gained prominence in political discourse, particularly in relation to tribal outreach.
Who was Rani Durgavati?
- Birth and lineage: Rani Durgavati was born in 1524 in the Chandela dynasty in present-day Uttar Pradesh, near the border with Madhya Pradesh. Her father was Raja Salbahan of Ratha and Mahoba, known for the famous Khajuraho temples.
- Marriage and widowhood: She married Dalpat Shah, the son of Gond King Sangram Shah of the kingdom of Garha-Katanga. However, she was widowed a few years later and took charge of ruling the kingdom.
Mughal Attack on Garha-Katanga
- Early Mughal expansion: During the mid-16th century, Akbar led the Mughal Empire’s expansion in India. Rani Durgavati fought against Baz Bahadur, the Sultan of Malwa, who was eventually defeated by Akbar. However, conflicts between the two states continued.
- Rani Durgavati’s leadership: Rani Durgavati managed the affairs of the kingdom for 16 years, maintaining trade relations and undertaking public works. She was admired for her beauty, grace, courage, and prosperity.
Battle and Sacrifice
- Mughal invasion: The Mughal governor Asaf Khan launched an attack on Garha-Katanga, drawn by tales of Rani Durgavati’s bravery and prowess.
- Her strategy: She positioned her troops in a challenging forested area called Narhi. Although she won the initial battle, the Mughals fortified their position.
- Sacrifice and defeat: During the prolonged fighting, Rani Durgavati was struck by arrows and, rather than surrendering, is believed to have stabbed herself with her dagger. Her son also lost his life. Asaf Khan consolidated his victory and later returned the kingdom to a member of the Gond dynasty.
Legacy and Present-day Politics
- Political symbolism: Rani Durgavati is hailed as a patriotic ruler and defender of culture, becoming a symbol of pride and honor. .
- Tribal outreach: The renaming of public spaces after tribal leaders reflect efforts to engage with tribal communities, which constitute a significant population in Madhya Pradesh.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Archaea , Mitochondria
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Organisms on Earth are categorized into prokaryotes and eukaryotes, with distinct characteristics and evolutionary lineages.
- Archaea, a subset of unicellular organisms, were discovered to have a different lineage than bacteria and are found in extreme environments.
- Some archaea, known as the Asgard, exhibit similarities to eukaryotes, leading to insights into the origins of mitochondria and the evolution of complex life forms.
This article explores the endosymbiotic relationships between archaea and bacteria, the origins of mitochondria, and the unique evolutionary paths taken by plants.
Archaea and Unique Lineages
- Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: Organisms are broadly divided into prokaryotes (unicellular, lacking organelles and nucleus) and eukaryotes (contain organelles and nucleus, often complex and multicellular).
- Archaea’s Distinct Lineage: Archaea differ from bacteria in cell wall composition and gene sequence and were initially found in extreme environments.
- Asgard Archaea: Asgard archaea, named after Norse mythology, exhibit proteins resembling eukaryotic proteins and are found in unique ecosystems.
Origins of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
- Endosymbiotic Theory: Mitochondria and chloroplasts, responsible for energy generation and photosynthesis, respectively, evolved from free-living bacteria through endosymbiosis.
- Mitochondria’s Origin: Mitochondria evolved from a proteobacteria that was engulfed by an Asgard archaea, leading to the development of animals, fungi, and plants.
- Plant Evolution: In plants, the Asgard-mitochondrial union was followed by the incorporation of a photosynthesizing cyanobacterium, which became the chloroplast.
Complexity of such Relationships
- Challenges of Symbiosis: Establishing a functional symbiotic relationship between independent life forms presents challenges.
- Plant Approach: Plants made choices to optimize gene retention, favoring archaean genes for information technology processes and bacterial genes for operations and housekeeping tasks.
- Gene Transfer to the Nucleus: Over time, many mitochondrial genes were transferred to the nucleus, creating a more efficient arrangement.
Insights from Cellular Process Studies
- Reconfiguring Cellular Processes: The research of Rajan Sankaranarayanan’s group at CCMB focuses on understanding the reconfiguration of cellular processes in endosymbiotic relationships.
- Animal and Fungal Adaptations: Animals and fungi adapt by inducing changes in mitochondria to work around discrepancies in amino acid discrimination mechanisms.
- Plant Evolution Complexity: Plants handle the complexity of three gene sets involved in their evolution by segregating policing machineries in the cytoplasm and mitochondria.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cell-Cultivated Chicken
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Two US-based companies have received approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to produce and sell cell-cultivated chicken, a type of lab-grown meat.
- This development is seen as a significant step towards reducing carbon emissions associated with the food industry.
Cell-Cultivated Chicken: How is it made?
- Cell Isolation: The companies isolate cells from live animals that are likely to taste good and reproduce consistently.
- Nutrient-Rich Mixture: The isolated cells are combined with a broth-like mixture containing essential nutrients, such as amino acids, fatty acids, sugars, salts, vitamins, and others required for cell growth.
- Cultivation in Bioreactors: The cells are placed in bioreactors or cultivators, creating a controlled environment that supports cell growth.
- Rapid Proliferation: Within two to three weeks, the cells multiply and form either large sheets (Upside Foods) or cell aggregates (Good Meat).
- Processing and Shaping: The cellular materials are collected, processed, and shaped into various meat products such as cutlets, sausages, or other forms.
Forms of Cell-Cultivated Meat
- Focus on Chicken: Good Meat and Upside Foods initially concentrate on cell-cultivated chicken, given its global consumption demand.
- Expansion Plans: These companies aim to extend their offerings to include other meats in the future. Research is underway for cell-cultivated versions of beef, sea bass, tuna, and shrimp.
Motivations behind Cell-Cultivated Meat
- Climate Mitigation: Cell-cultivated meat has the potential to reduce carbon emissions and land use associated with livestock production, addressing climate change concerns.
- Animal Welfare: By eliminating traditional animal farming, it aims to prevent animal cruelty.
- Food Security: Advocates view alternative meat as a means to meet nutritional demands worldwide.
Challenges to Overcome
- Consumer Acceptance: Ensuring that cell-cultivated meat matches the taste, texture, and appearance of traditional meat remains a challenge for widespread adoption.
- Cost Factors: The cost of cell-cultivated meat is expected to remain high in the near future, with concerns regarding quality control at scale.
- Resource Requirements: High-quality cells, suitable growth mediums, and other resources are necessary for successful cultivation.
- Environmental Impact: Studies highlight uncertainties regarding the environmental impact of cell-cultivated meat production, particularly concerning the growth medium used.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Rath Yatra
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Rath Yatra (Chariot Procession), a grand festival held in Puri, Odisha, attracts millions of visitors from around the world.
- This article explores the significance and key elements of the Rath Yatra Festival.
What is Rath Yatra?
- Divine pilgrimage: According to mythology, Lord Jagannath embarks on a nine-day sojourn along with his siblings to his birthplace, the Gundicha Temple.
- The idols’ stay: The deities, Lord Jagannath, Lord Balabhadra, and Devi Subhadra, reside at the Gundicha Temple until the “Bahuda Yatra” (returning car festival) on June 28.
- Procession: The Rath Yatra takes place on the second day of the Odia month of Ashadha Shukla Tithi. It involves a procession of the deities from the Jagannath Temple to the Gundicha Temple.
Key attractions
- Decorated chariots: The three enormous chariots, Taladhwaja Rath for Lord Balabhadra, Darpadalan Rath for Goddess Subhadra, and Nandighosa Rath for Lord Jagannath, are crafted with specific colors, dimensions, wooden horses, guardian deities, and charioteers. Skilled artisans use traditional techniques to build these chariots.
- Chhera Panhara Ritual: Before the chariots are pulled, the scion of the erstwhile Puri royal family performs the Chhera Panhara ritual. The king sweeps the chariot floors with a golden broom, emphasizing the dignity of labor and equality before the Lord.
- Present pulling: Puri’s (ceremonial) king, Gajapati Dibyasingha Deb, has been performing the Chhera Panhara ritual since 1971, highlighting the long-standing tradition.
Significance of the festival
- Devotee participation: The Rath Yatra draws a massive crowd, including foreigners, who flock to witness the grand spectacle.
- Touching the chariot ropes: Devotees strive to touch the ropes of the chariots, as it is believed that the Lord bestows blessings upon those who participate in pulling the chariots.
Return Festival: Bahuda Yatra and Suna Besha
- Bahuda Yatra: The return festival takes place on Ashadha Shukla Dasami. The deities are offered a special cake called “Poda Pitha” at the Mausimaa Temple before their journey back to the Jagannath Temple.
- Suna Besha: Following the Bahuda Yatra, the deities are adorned with gold ornaments during the Suna Besha ceremony. Devotees flock to witness this spectacle, where the lords are beautifully decorated with gold.
- Homecoming: Niladri Bije marks the end of the Rath Yatra and symbolizes the homecoming of the deities to the Jagannath Temple.
- Offering to Goddess Laxmi: Devotees offer Rasagola, a sweet dish made of cheese, to appease Goddess Laxmi on behalf of Lord Jagannath. This ritual seeks to pacify the goddess, who is believed to be upset for not being taken on the chariots.
Also read:
Places in news: Jagannath Puri Temple
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: President Rule, Article 356
Mains level: NA
Central Idea: Union Home Minister has said that imposition of President’s Rule in Manipur was not an option and the situation was soon returning to normal.
What is President Rule?
- Article 356 of the Indian Constitution, commonly known as President’s Rule, empowers the President to impose central rule in a state where the constitutional machinery has broken down.
- While initially intended for extraordinary circumstances, it has often been misused by central governments for political purposes.
Provisions of Article 356:
- Imposition of President’s Rule: Article 356 allows the President to withdraw the executive and legislative powers of a state government when it cannot function in accordance with the Constitution.
- Triggering factors: The President can invoke Article 356 based on a report from the Governor or suo motu if the constitutional machinery has broken down in the state.
- Duration: It can be imposed for six months at a time, with a maximum duration of three years.
- Parliamentary approval: Every six months, Parliament’s approval is required to continue the imposition of President’s Rule.
Historical Origins
- Inspiration from the Government of India Act, 1935: Article 356 was inspired by Section 93 of this act, which allowed the Governor of a province to assume the powers of the government under certain circumstances.
- Controlled democracy: The provision provided some autonomy to provincial governments while enabling British authorities to exercise ultimate power when necessary.
Political Misuse of Article 356
- Early instances: During Congress dominance, Article 356 was used against governments of the Left and regional parties in states. Jawaharlal Nehru’s government utilized it six times until 1959, including to dislodge Kerala’s elected communist government.
- Increasing misuse: In subsequent decades, Article 356 was used frequently against state governments by various central governments, including those led by Indira Gandhi and the Janata Party.
Landmark Judgment: S R Bommai Case
- Landmark Supreme Court ruling: In the 1994 R. Bommai v. Union of India case, the Supreme Court provided detailed guidelines on the use of Article 356.
- Specific instances for imposition: The court stated that President’s Rule can be invoked in cases of physical breakdown of the government or a ‘hung assembly.’
- Curbing arbitrary use: The judgment emphasized the need to give the state government a chance to prove its majority or instances of violent breakdown before imposing President’s Rule.
Try this PYQ:
Which of the following are not necessarily the consequences of the proclamation of the President’s rule in a State?
- Dissolution of the State Legislative Assembly
- Removal of the Council of Ministers in the State
- Dissolution of the local bodies
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 1 and 3
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Exercise Air Defender 2023
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- NATO recently concluded its largest air defense exercise, Air Defender 2023, in Germany.
- The exercise involved 250 military aircraft, including 100 from the United States, and aimed to enhance air defense capabilities and deterrence.
Exercise Air Defender 2023
- Largest air defense exercise: Air Defender 2023 marked the largest air defense exercise in the history of NATO, with participation from multiple member nations.
- Enhanced air defense capabilities: The exercise focused on improving air defense strategies, coordination, and interoperability among NATO forces.
- Successful execution: Despite initial concerns, the exercise performed better than anticipated, resulting in minimal disruptions to regular civilian flights.
Deterrence and Signalling to Russia
- Preparing for potential threats: Air Defender 2023 was planned long before the conflict between Russia and Ukraine escalated. The exercise aimed to strengthen NATO’s deterrence posture and send a clear signal to Moscow.
- German Defense Minister’s perspective: German Defense Minister Boris Pistorius viewed the exercise as a demonstration of NATO’s commitment to deterrence, stating that Russia would take notice of the significant military activity.
- Addressing past criticisms: The Bundeswehr, Germany’s armed forces, have faced criticism for being under-equipped and under-prepared. Air Defender 2023 showcased Germany’s efforts to enhance its war-fighting capabilities.
- Positive outcomes: The successful execution of the exercise bolstered Germany’s image, demonstrating its readiness and ability to defend itself and its allies.
- Human connection: The exercise fostered camaraderie and collaboration among pilots from different nations, leaving a positive impression of Germany’s hospitality and professionalism.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Heliopolis Memorial
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- PM Modi will pay his respects at the Heliopolis (Port Tewfik) Memorial in the Heliopolis War Cemetery in Cairo, Egypt.
- Here the names of nearly 4,000 Indian soldiers who fought in World War 1 in Egypt and Palestine are commemorated.
Heliopolis Memorial
- Unveiling and Destruction: The original Port Tewfik memorial unveiled in 1926 and later destroyed during the Israeli-Egyptian War of 1967.
- New Memorial: A new memorial was erected in Heliopolis Commonwealth War Grave Cemetery in 1980, commemorating Indian soldiers who died in the First World War campaigns in Egypt and Palestine.
- Inclusion of Names: The new memorial includes the names of Indian soldiers, unlike its predecessor.
Role of the Indian Army in West Asia during World War 1
- Significance of Indian Troops: Indian troops played a major role in securing the Suez Canal in Egypt and participating in campaigns in Palestine and Mesopotamia.
- Battle of Haifa: Indian cavalry’s participation in the Battle of Haifa, commemorated by a war memorial in New Delhi.
- Diverse Representation: The memorial commemorates numerous Indian regiments from the Indian Army and State Forces of princely states.
- Princely States’ Contribution: Troops from princely states actively participated in various theatres of the war effort during World War 1.
Prominent Indian Soldier Commemorated
- Risaldar Badlu Singh: Risaldar Badlu Singh, a brave soldier and Victoria Cross recipient, is commemorated at the memorial.
- Selfless Sacrifice: Risaldar Badlu Singh displayed exceptional bravery and self-sacrifice during a charge against enemy positions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Samosa Caucus
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Defining the Term: In a recent address to the United States Congress, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi spotlighted the “Samosa Caucus,” a casual descriptor for the group of U.S. politicians of Indian origin.
- Indian Roots in America: This reference was of immense significance to the millions of U.S. residents with Indian heritage, including some members of the Congressional chamber itself.
Etymology and Symbolism: “Samosa Caucus”
- Origin of the Term: The phrase “Samosa Caucus” has its roots in 2018, reportedly coined by Representative Raja Krishnamoorthi from Illinois.
- Strong Cultural Identity: Its usage resonates with the idea of a strong identification with Indian culture, symbolized by the samosa, a quintessential Indian snack. This cultural symbol extends into the digital realm, with “Samosapedia” serving as a repository of Indian slang.
Symbol of Achievement: Vice President Kamala Harris
- Recognizing a Milestone: The Prime Minister specifically mentioned Vice President Kamala Harris, epitomizing the accomplishments of the Indian American community.
- Hope for a Growing Influence: He voiced his hopes for the expansion of the “Samosa Caucus” and its potential role in symbolically bringing the rich diversity of Indian cuisine into the House, indicating a larger acceptance and appreciation of Indian culture.
Total Indian American Representatives in Congress
- Count of Indian Origin Representatives: Currently, there are five U.S. Representatives of Indian descent, with a notable sixth, Vice President Harris, heading the Senate. All these politicians are members of the Democratic Party.
- Names and Constituencies: These representatives are Shamal Thanedar from Michigan, Dr. Ami Bera and Ro Khanna from California, Pramila Jayapal from Washington, and Raja Krishnamoorthi from Illinois.
Influence beyond Congress: Indian Americans in the U.S. Administration
- Broad-Based Representation: Indian Americans occupy various crucial roles within the Biden Administration, signifying their influence in American policymaking.
- Assertive Community Voice: This considerable representation emphasizes the strong voice of the Indian American community in shaping America’s future.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Titan Submersible
Mains level: Submersible Tourism
Central Idea: All five crew onboard the Titan submersible are dead after a catastrophic implosion.
What is Submersible?
- Submersibles are vessels designed for underwater travel, often used for research, exploration, and tourism purposes.
- They are white tubes of about 6.7 meters long and 2.8 meters wide, and have a top speed of three knots or 5.5 kilometers (3.5 miles) an hour.
- In the context of tourism, submersibles provide passengers with the opportunity to experience the wonders of the underwater world and explore marine ecosystems.
- Submersible tourism has gained popularity among adventurous travellers, offering unique opportunities to explore the underwater world.
Submersible Tourism and the Titanic Site
- The wreckage of the RMS Titanic, discovered in 1985, has been a popular destination for tourists over the years.
- OceanGate Expeditions began offering Titanic expeditions, taking crews of “citizen scientists” and “crew members” to the site since 2010.
About Titan Submersible
- The Titan submersible was constructed using titanium and filament-wound carbon fiber.
- With a length of 22 feet and a weight of 10,432 kg, it was capable of reaching depths of 4,000 meters (13,123 feet).
Functionality and Equipment
- The submersible employed 4 electric thrusters for movement and maneuverability.
- Equipped with an array of cameras, lights, and scanners, the Titan facilitated deep-sea exploration and surveying.
- Communication in deep waters was achieved using sound waves (sonar) since radio waves do not transmit effectively.
Differentiating Submersibles and Submarines
- Submersibles, such as the Titan, are not fully autonomous and require support ships for launch and recovery.
- They descend using weights and do not possess the power to launch independently.
- Submarines, on the other hand, are self-propelled and capable of launching and returning without external support.
Depth and Cost
- The maximum depth for the OceanGate Titanic expedition is around 12,800 feet, with the wreck located at 12,500 feet.
- The cost of touring the Titanic varies, with the OceanGate expedition priced at $250,000 per person.
Safety Considerations in Submersible Tourism
- The submersible tourism industry adheres to international safety standards and has maintained a safety record without incident for 50 years, according to the Marine Technology Society (MTS).
- Submersible tour companies conduct detailed risk assessments for each experience, ensuring clients are aware of the potential risks involved.
- Clients often undergo risk assessments and sign waivers before embarking on submersible journeys.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Summer Solstice
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The summer solstice, also known as the longest day of the year, occurs on June 21st for those living north of the Equator.
- This article explores the significance of the summer solstice, the reasons behind its occurrence, and the effects it has on different parts of the world.
What is Summer Solstice?
- The summer solstice is the moment when the Earth’s axial tilt is most inclined towards the Sun.
- It occurs annually on or around June 21st in the Northern Hemisphere.
- During the summer solstice, the Sun follows its highest and longest path across the sky.
- This results in an extended duration of daylight hours, making it the longest day of the year.
Factors Influencing the Summer Solstice
- Earth’s Axial Tilt: The Earth’s axis is tilted relative to its orbit around the Sun, at an angle of approximately 23.5 degrees.
- Tropic of Cancer: The summer solstice takes place when the Sun is directly over the Tropic of Cancer, located at 23.5 degrees north latitude.
- Seasonal Variations: The tilt of the Earth’s axis causes different latitudes to receive varying amounts of sunlight throughout the year.
Sunlight Distribution in the Hemispheres
- The Northern Hemisphere receives the maximum amount of sunlight during the summer solstice, typically on June 20, 21, or 22.
- In contrast, the Southern Hemisphere experiences its peak sunlight during the winter solstice, which occurs on December 21, 22, or 23.
Cultural Significance and Celebrations
- The summer solstice holds cultural and religious significance in various civilizations throughout history.
- Festivals and rituals often commemorate this astronomical event, symbolizing the triumph of light and fertility.
- People around the world celebrate the summer solstice through festivals, bonfires, music, dancing, and outdoor activities.
- Notable celebrations include the Summer Solstice Stonehenge Festival in England and the Midnight Sun Festival in Norway.
Back2Basics: Solstices and Equinoxes
|
Summer Solstice |
Winter Solstice |
Equinoxes |
| Date |
Around June 21st |
Around December 21st |
Around March 20th and September 22nd |
| Hemisphere |
Northern |
Northern |
Global (Equal duration of day and night) |
| Day Length |
Longest day and shortest night |
Shortest day and longest night |
Equal day and night duration |
| Sun’s Path |
Highest arc in the sky |
Lowest arc in the sky |
Intermediate arc in the sky |
| Season |
Summer |
Winter |
Spring and Autumn |
| Axial Tilt |
North Pole tilted towards the Sun |
South Pole tilted towards the Sun |
No tilt, relative to the Sun |
| Daylight Hours |
Maximum |
Minimum |
Approximately equal |
| Cultural Significance |
Celebrated as the triumph of light, festivals, and rituals |
Celebrated as the return of light, festivals, and rituals |
Symbolizes balance and transition, celebrated by various cultures |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lab-Grown Diamond (LGD)
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- During PM Modi’s state visit to the US, he presented First Lady Jill Biden with a 7.5-carat lab-grown diamond as a gift.
- Lab-grown diamonds, also known as LGDs, have gained popularity in recent years due to their ethical and environmental advantages over mined diamonds.
| The diamond, a gift for First Lady Jill Biden, was gifted in a papier mache box. “Known as kar-e-kalamdani, Kashmir’s exquisite papier mache involves sakthsazi or meticulous preparation of paper pulp and naqqashi, where skilled artisans paint elaborate designs,” a statement from the MEA said. |
What is Lab-Grown Diamond (LGD)?
- Lab-grown diamonds are diamonds created using technology that simulates the natural geological processes of diamond formation.
- Unlike diamond simulants, such as Moissanite or Cubic Zirconia, LGDs possess the same chemical, physical, and optical properties as natural diamonds.
Ethical and Environmental Advantages
- LGDs are considered socially and environmentally responsible alternatives to mined diamonds.
- Their production avoids the socially exploitative aspects of diamond mining and reduces the environmental impact associated with traditional mining practices.
Characteristics of gifted diamond
- Carat Weight: The diamond weighs 7.5 carats. Carat weight refers to the size and weight of the diamond, with one carat equal to 200 milligrams.
- Origin: The diamond is created in a laboratory using advanced technology and does not come from natural diamond mining.
- Certification: The diamond has been certified by the Gemological Lab, IGI (International Gemological Institute). Certification ensures that the diamond meets industry standards for quality and authenticity.
- Cutting and Polishing: The diamond is expertly cut and polished to enhance its brilliance and visual appeal. The precise craftsmanship and attention to detail result in a well-cut and faceted diamond.
Methods of LGD Production
(A) High Pressure, High Temperature (HPHT) Method:
- This common method involves subjecting a diamond seed, typically made of graphite, to extreme pressures and temperatures to transform it into a diamond.
- HPHT requires heavy presses capable of generating immense pressure (up to 730,000 psi) and temperatures exceeding 1500 degrees Celsius.
(B) Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) and Explosive Formation:
- CVD involves the deposition of carbon atoms onto a diamond seed using a gas mixture, resulting in the growth of a diamond layer.
- Explosive formation, known as detonation nano-diamonds, utilizes explosive reactions to create tiny diamond particles.
Properties and Applications of LGDs
- Optical Properties and Durability: LGDs possess similar optical dispersion to natural diamonds, giving them the characteristic sparkle. Their durability makes them suitable for industrial applications, such as cutters and tools.
- Enhanced Properties and Industrial Uses: LGDs can have their properties enhanced for specific purposes, such as high thermal conductivity and negligible electrical conductivity. These properties make LGDs valuable for electronics, acting as heat spreaders for high-power laser diodes and transistors.
Impact on the Diamond Industry
(A) Sustainable Growth in the Jewellery Industry
- As natural diamond reserves decline, LGDs are gradually replacing mined diamonds in the jewelry sector.
- The production processes for LGDs, including cutting and polishing, align with established practices in the diamond industry.
(B) India’s Diamond Industry
- The rise of LGDs is unlikely to significantly impact India’s diamond industry, which specializes in polishing and cutting diamonds.
- India’s established diamond industry can continue to thrive while incorporating LGDs as part of its offerings.
Commercial LGD Production in India: InCent-LGD
- In the Union Budget 23-24, a 5-year research grant was announced for an Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) with the aim of encouraging the development of LGD machinery, seeds, and recipes.
- It would establish the India Centre for Lab Grown Diamond (InCent-LGD) at IIT Madras.
- The primary aim of InCent-LGD is to provide technical assistance to domestic industries and entrepreneurs, fostering indigenous manufacturing of Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) and High Pressure and High Temperature (HPHT) systems.
- The project seeks to expand the Lab-Grown Diamond (LGD) business by offering affordable technology to start-ups, creating employment opportunities, and boosting LGD exports.
Economic significance of LGDs
- The Gems and Jewellery sector contributes approximately 9% to India’s total merchandise exports and plays a crucial role in the economy.
- LGD have emerged as a notable technological development in the industry, finding applications not only in jewellery but also in sectors like computer chips, satellites, 5G networks, defense, optics, and thermal & medical industries.
- The global LGD diamond market, valued at $1 billion in 2020, is expected to grow rapidly, reaching $5 billion by 2025 and surpassing $15 billion by 2035.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Umbilical Cord Blood, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantations (HSCT)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea: A celebrity couple publicly announced that they had chosen to preserve her baby’s cord blood just a few days before her baby girl was born.
What is Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT)?
- What is it? : HSCT is a medical procedure used to treat various disorders affecting the blood, immune system, and metabolism.
- Source of Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Hematopoietic stem cells, which have the ability to develop into different blood cell types, can be obtained from sources such as bone marrow, peripheral blood, or umbilical cord blood.
- Autologous, Allogeneic, and Haploidentical Transplantation: HSCT can involve the use of the patient’s own stored cord blood (autologous), stem cells from a compatible donor (allogeneic), or partially matched stem cells from a family member (haploidentical).
- Procedure Steps: HSCT involves the destruction or suppression of the patient’s abnormal or deficient hematopoietic cells, followed by the infusion of healthy stem cells.
- Commonly Treated Conditions: HSCT is commonly used to treat conditions such as leukemia, lymphoma, aplastic anemia, inherited immune system disorders, and metabolic disorders.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ten Principal Upanishads
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- PM Modi presented the US President Joe Biden with a number of gifts, including a first edition print of the book The Ten Principal Upanishads from 1937.
Ten Principal Upanishads
- The Ten Principal Upanishads is translated from Sanskrit by Shri Purohit Swami, a scholar of Hindu scripture, and Irish poet WB Yeats.
- It is considered to be one of the best translations of the Upanishads, some of the most important Hindu religious texts.
- Written in the mid-1930s, the book was a product of Yeats’ desire to create a translation which is true to the original text while still being accessible for the layperson.
Two categories of Hindu scriptures
There are broadly two categories of Hindu sacred texts: Shruti (loosely translated as “the revealed”) and Smriti (“the remembered”).
[I] Shruti
- The Shruti category is considered to be the most authoritative and consists of the four Vedas (Rig, Yajur, Sama and Atharva) and accompanying texts.
- These include Brahmanas (ritual texts), Aranyakas (“forest” or “wilderness” texts), and Upanishads (philosophical texts).
[II] Smruti
- The Smruti category of Hindu scriptures is less authoritative – in many ways they are considered to be derived from the first – but more popularly known.
- These include the great epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata, Dharmashastras, Puranas and all other post-Vedic scriptures.
What are the Upanishads?
- The Upanishads, also known as the Vedanta – as they signal the end of the total Veda – speculate about the ontological connection between humanity and the cosmos.
- They serve as foundational texts in many traditions of Hindu theology and have hence attracted far more attention than the Vedas themselves.
- Dated to roughly 800-500 BC, the Upanishads discuss concepts such as transmigration, which have today become central to Hindu tradition.
- Upanishads signify texts that were traditionally transmitted in intimate, teacher-student settings, imparting profound knowledge and spiritual insights.
(A) Spiritual Essence
- The Upanishads form the philosophical portion of the Vedic scriptures known as the Vedanta.
- They explore the metaphysical and mystical aspects of existence, aiming to unravel the nature of reality, the self, and the ultimate truth.
(B) Origins
- The Upanishads were composed between 800-500 BC, following the earlier Vedic texts.
- Various sages, seers, and scholars authored the Upanishads, resulting in a rich diversity of philosophical perspectives.
(C) Themes and Subjects
- The Upanishads delve into profound concepts, such as the nature of the self (atman), the ultimate reality (brahman) (NOT Brahmin), and the relationship between the two.
- They explore metaphysical inquiries, the nature of existence, the concept of karma, the path to liberation (moksha), and the interconnectedness of all beings.
Key Upanishads and Teachings
- While there are over 200 Upanishads, a set of principal Upanishads is considered the most significant and influential.
- There are ten main (or principal) Upanishads:
- Esha
- Kena
- Katha
- Prashna
- Mundaka
- Mandukya
- Taittiriya
- Aitareya
- Chandogya
- Brihadaranyaka
WB Yeats and his translation of Upanishads
(A) Who was WB Yeats?
- WB Yeats (1865-1939) was born in Ireland and is regarded as one of the most influential figures in modern English literature.
- He was a key figure in the Irish Literary Revival, which sought to promote Irish culture, folklore, and independence.
(B) His Interest in the Upanishads
- Yeats’ interest in Indian culture and philosophy predates his encounter with the Upanishads.
- In 1885, he met Mohini Chatterjee, a prominent figure in Bengal’s Theosophical circles, who visited Dublin. This meeting sparked Yeats’ early engagement with Indian themes in his poetry.
(C) Friendship with Rabindranath Tagore:
- Yeats developed a close friendship with Rabindranath Tagore, the renowned Indian poet, philosopher, and Nobel laureate.
- In 1912, they met in London, where Tagore introduced Yeats to his translated work, including Gitanjali.
(D) Introduction to the Upanishads:
- William Rothenstein, a photographer, sent Yeats the manuscripts of Tagore’s partial translation of the Upanishads.
- Impressed by their spiritual depth and cultural significance, Yeats became intrigued by the Upanishads’ teachings.
- Disappointed with the available English translations of the Upanishads, Yeats sought to create a translation that was both true to the original text and accessible to a wider audience.
- He collaborated with Sanskrit scholar Shri Purohit Swami, who helped him translate the Upanishads with an emphasis on clarity and understanding.
Back2Basics: Key Verses from Upanishads
| Verse |
Source |
Interpretation |
| “Om Asato ma sadgamaya…” |
Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 1.3.28 |
Lead me from the unreal to the real, from darkness to light, from death to immortality. |
| “Aham Brahmasmi” |
Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 1.4.10 |
I am Brahman (NOT Brahmin). |
| “Tat Tvam Asi” |
Chandogya Upanishad 6.8.7 |
That thou art. |
| “Ayam Atma Brahma” |
Mandukya Upanishad 1.2 |
This self is Brahman. |
| “Sarvam Khalvidam Brahma” |
Chandogya Upanishad 3.14.1 |
All this is Brahman. |
| “Neti, neti” |
Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 2.3.6 |
Not this, not this. |
| “Satyam jnanam anantam brahma” |
Taittiriya Upanishad 2.1.3 |
Brahman is truth, knowledge, and infinite. |
| “Yato vacho nivartante, aprapya manasa saha” |
Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 2.3.1 |
Whence words turn away, along with the mind, unable to reach it. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: MATSYA 6000
Mains level: Samudryaan Mission
Central idea
- Hope Dwindling for Titan Submersible: The Titan submersible lost all crew in an underwater implosion.
- Indigenous Indian Submersible: Indian scientists are preparing to undertake a similar dive in an indigenous vehicle called Matsya-6000.
What is Samudrayaan Mission?
- Samudrayaan is a mega mission related to the ocean/sea-launched in October 2021.
- It is aimed to develop “a self-propelled manned submersible to carry three human beings to a water depth of 6,000 meters in the ocean with a suite of scientific sensors and tools for deep ocean exploration.
- It seeks to carry out deep ocean exploration of non-living resources such as polymetallic manganese nodules, gas hydrates, hydro-thermal sulfides, and cobalt crusts, located at a depth between 1000 and 5500 meters.
About MATSYA 6000
- Developed indigenously, MATSYA 6000 is a manned submersible vehicle.
- It will facilitate the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) in conducting deep ocean exploration.
- It has an endurance of 12 hours of operational period and 96 hours in case of emergency, according to the ANI news agency.
- The manned submersible will allow scientific personnel to observe and understand unexplored deep-sea areas by direct intervention.
Design specifications
- Titanium Enclosure: Matsya-6000 features a titanium casing on the front and back, chosen over carbon fiber for enhanced safety.
- Syntactic Foam: The submersible is equipped with syntactic foam, a flotation device that helps determine its location even if it cannot resurface.
Need for such a mission
- Huge coastline: India has a unique maritime position, a 7517 km long coastline, which is home to nine coastal states and 1,382 islands.
- Blue Economy: The mission aims to boost the Central government’s vision of ‘New India’ that highlights the Blue Economy as one of the ten core dimensions of growth.
- Coastal Economy: For India, with its three sides surrounded by the oceans and around 30% of the nation’s population living in coastal areas and coastal regions play a major economic factor. It supports fisheries and aquaculture, tourism, livelihoods, and blue trade.
Lessons learned from Titan Submersible
- Precautions in Place: The Indian scientists working on Matsya-6000 assure multiple back-up safety measures for the crew.
- Safety System Reviews: There may be reviews of the employed safety systems in light of the Titan submersible incident.
- Test Dives and Depth Limit: Prior to the main dives, NIOT divers will undertake test dives up to 500 meters inside a steel submersible.
- Titanium vs. Steel: Titanium, being stronger yet lighter than steel, is preferred for resurfacing ease and balancing extreme ocean depths.
- Spherical Hull Perfection: The submersible’s hull must be perfectly spherical to evenly distribute extreme pressure at ocean depths.
Impact on Safety Measures
- Reviewing Safety Measures: The incident involving the Titan submersible prompts a reevaluation and rechecking of safety measures for the Matsya-6000 mission.
- Incorporating Lessons Learned: The accident serves as a learning opportunity to enhance the safety and reliability of the upcoming Indian mission.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Guinness World Record
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Prime Minister Modi’s leadership of a yoga session at the UN headquarters on the 9th International Yoga Day resulted in the creation of a Guinness World Record for the largest participation of people from different nationalities in a yoga event.
- This article explores the history, significance, and criticisms associated with Guinness World Records.
Origin and Evolution of Guinness World Records
- The idea for Guinness World Records originated from a pub argument in the 1950s, where Sir Hugh Beaver, the Managing Director of Guinness Brewery, sought a definitive answer to settle a debate.
- In response to the need for settling contentious facts, Sir Hugh conceived the idea of a book providing comprehensive and authoritative records.
- Two researchers, Norris and Ross McWhirter, were hired to compile the first edition of the Guinness Book of Records, which became an unexpected success.
- Over time, the book expanded into an annual publication that updated existing records and set new ones.
Scope and Coverage of Guinness World Records
- Guinness World Records documents and lists a wide range of human achievements and extreme natural phenomena.
- The organization currently maintains 62,252 active records, including the world’s tallest building (Burj Khalifa, Dubai) and the longest fingernails ever (Lee Redmond).
- It has expanded its presence through television shows and a robust online platform, garnering a significant social media following.
Making and Validating the Records
- Guinness World Records has a global network of over 75 adjudicators responsible for determining record-breaking attempts.
- An application process allows individuals to invite an adjudicator to witness and verify the record.
- Specific criteria must be met, such as objective measurability, breakability, standardizability, verifiability, and being the best in the world.
- In 2022, Guinness World Records received over 56,000 record enquiries from 171 countries, with more than 7,300 records approved.
Criticisms and Policy Changes
- Guinness World Records faced criticism for its business model, which involved creating records as publicity stunts for companies and individuals, attracting accusations of supporting risky activities.
- Comedian John Oliver criticized the organization in 2019 for accepting money from authoritarian governments for vanity projects.
- In response to the criticisms, Guinness World Records revised its policies and disqualified records causing harm to animals, endangering participants or spectators, or resulting in food waste.
Back2Basics: Yoga
- Origin: Yoga originated in ancient India and has its roots in Indian philosophy, spirituality, and culture.
- Etymology: The word “yoga” is derived from the Sanskrit word “yuj,” which means “to join” or “to unite.” It signifies the union of mind, body, and spirit.
- Historical References: Yoga-like practices were mentioned in the Rig-Veda, an ancient Hindu text dating back to approximately 1500 BCE. References to yoga can also be found in the Upanishads, which are philosophical texts from around 800 to 400 BCE.
- Sage Patanjali: The sage Patanjali is considered the father of classical yoga. He compiled the Yoga Sutras, a foundational text that provides a systematic and philosophical framework for the practice of yoga. The Yoga Sutras were written around the 2nd century BCE.
- Eight Limbs of Yoga: Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras outline the eight limbs or stages of yoga, known as Ashtanga Yoga. These limbs include ethical principles (yamas and niyamas), physical postures (asanas), breath control (pranayama), sense withdrawal (pratyahara), concentration (dharana), meditation (dhyana), and self-realization (samadhi).
- Schools and Styles: There are various schools and styles of yoga, each with its own approach and emphasis. Some popular styles include Hatha, Vinyasa, Ashtanga, Iyengar, Bikram, Kundalini, and Yin yoga.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: GE-414 Engine Deal
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- During Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s official State visit to the United States, a significant agreement is likely to be announced.
- The deal is expected to facilitate the transfer of at least 11 critical jet engine technologies.
GE-414 Engine Deal
- An agreement is expected between General Electric (GE), an American multinational corporation, and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) of India.
- The agreement aims to enable the licensed manufacture of GE’s F414 engine in India for the indigenous Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas Mk2.
- The F414 engine is part of GE’s suite of military aircraft engines and has been utilized by the US Navy for over 30 years.
- It boasts a track record of over 1,600 engines delivered, accumulating more than 5 million engine flight hours across various missions.
Features and Advancements of the F414 Engine
- The F414 engine belongs to the thrust class of 22,000 lb or 98 kN and incorporates advanced technologies such as Full Authority Digital Electronic Control (FADEC).
- GE’s highlights the engine’s use of advanced materials and cooling techniques, improving performance and extending component life.
F414-Powered Jets and their Significance
- Eight nations, including the US, have aircraft powered by F414 engines, such as the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet and EA18G Growler, as well as Saab’s Gripen E/F fighters.
- The manufacturer’s website suggests the potential use of F414 engines for emerging platforms like the Korean KF-X.
India-Specific Version: F414-INS6
- The Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) of the Defence Research Development Organisation (DRDO) selected the F414-INS6 engine for the LCA Tejas Mk2.
- The LCA Tejas currently employs the GE-404-IN20 engine, which is a derivative of the GE-404 engine developed in the 1970s.
Future Prospects: Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA)
- F414 engines may also be considered for the prototypes and initial batch of India’s fifth-generation fighter aircraft, the Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA).
- AMCA is a potential recipient of the engine, although it might face competition from other engine manufacturers.
Significance of the Deal
- Only a few countries, including the US, Russia, the UK, and France, possess the necessary technology and metallurgy for manufacturing engines that power combat aircraft.
- Despite India’s pursuit of self-reliance in critical technologies, the country has not yet achieved mastery in manufacturing such engines.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) has emerged as a significant commitment in global climate financing at the recently-concluded Bonn climate conference in Germany.
- The conference, which sets the stage for the upcoming Conference of Parties-28 (COP28) in Dubai, has exposed significant gaps in funding for climate action.
Conference of Parties (COP)
- The Conference of Parties (COP) is a key international event where countries come together to address the urgent challenges posed by climate change.
- It is the supreme decision-making body of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
- The COP brings together representatives from various countries to assess progress, negotiate agreements, and establish international climate policies and commitments.
- The first COP took place in 1995 in Berlin, Germany, following the adoption of the UNFCCC in 1992.
- Since then, the COP has been held annually, with each event designated by a specific number (e.g., COP21, COP22) indicating the sequential order.
|
What is New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG)?
- The commitment of $100 billion per year till 2020 to developing nations by developed countries was set at the 2009 COP.
- The cost estimates for addressing climate change indicate that billions, and possibly trillions, of dollars are required.
- The 2015 Paris Climate Agreement emphasized the need for a NCQG for climate financing before 2025.
- The NCGQ aims to account for the needs and priorities of developing nations and has been termed the “most important climate goal.”
- It should reflect scientific evidence, respond to increased funding requirements for Loss and Damage, and involve developed countries increasing their commitments.
Need for NCQG
- Developed countries provided $83.3 billion in 2020 out of the promised $100 billion per year.
- However, an analysis by Oxfam suggests that these figures may be inflated by as much as 225% due to misleading and dishonest reporting.
- The $100 billion target set in 2009 lacked clarity in terms of the definition and source of ‘climate finance.’
Challenges and Concerns
(A) Accessibility and Sustainability of Climate Finance
- While the funds for climate finance have increased, they remain largely inaccessible to developing countries.
- The majority of climate finance comes in the form of loans and equity, burdening developing nations with a debilitating debt crisis.
- Only around 5% of climate finance is provided as grants, which severely limits the capacity of countries in need.
(B) Developed Countries’ Perspective
- Developed countries argue that the NCQG should be seen as a collective goal for all countries.
- This perspective places the burden of mitigation, adaptation, and loss and damage on developing countries.
- Experts raise concerns that developing nations may struggle to bear the costs while also ensuring sustainable infrastructure development.
- Developed countries advocate for mobilizing private-sector investments and loans as a critical component of climate finance.
Future roadmap
- A deadline looms for countries to agree on the NCQG before 2024.
- While there is no official figure yet, estimates suggest that transitioning to a low-carbon economy requires annual investments of $4 trillion to $6 trillion.
- Some propose setting separate targets or sub-goals for focus areas like mitigation, adaptation, and loss and damage instead of a single aggregate figure.
- The focus should be on scaling up concessional financing, halting debt creation, and transforming the NCQG into an equitable and people-led transition process.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: The National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI) marked its 20th Foundation Day.
What is NIXI?
- NIXI is a not-for-profit Organization under Section 8 of the Companies Act 2013 and was registered on 19th June 2003.
- It’s an initiative under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) vision 1000 days.
- It is tasked with increasing Internet penetration and adoption in India by facilitating infrastructure aspects.
NIXI provides four key services:
- Internet Exchange Points: NIXI sets up and manages Internet Exchange Points, which enhance Internet connectivity and the exchange of data.
- .IN Registry: NIXI oversees the .in domain digital identity, promoting its adoption and growth.
- IRINN: NIXI facilitates the adoption of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses through its Internet Registry and Information Network.
- Data Centre Services: NIXI-CSC offers secure and reliable data storage services, further strengthening the digital ecosystem.
Key initiatives of NIXI
- IPv6 Expert Panel (IP Guru): A joint effort of DOT, MeitY, and the community to support Indian entities in adopting IPv6.
- NIXI Academy: Created to educate people in India on technologies like IPv6 that are not typically taught in educational institutes.
- NIXI-IP-INDEX: Developed an IPv6 index portal to showcase the adoption rate in India and worldwide.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Blue Ocean Event
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- A new study published in Nature Communications warns that the Arctic Ocean could be ice-free in summer by the 2030s, even with significant emission reduction efforts.
- This alarming conclusion challenges previous predictions and highlights the global, damaging, and dangerous consequences of such a scenario.
Accelerated Climate Heating in the Arctic
- Fastest Heating: The Arctic region has been experiencing climate heating at a faster rate than any other part of the planet, making it a frontline area for climate change.
- Focus on Sea Ice: Scientists and local indigenous communities closely monitor the sea ice that covers much of the Arctic Ocean during winter, as it is a critical indicator of climate change.
- Diminishing Sea Ice: Over the past 40 years, multiyear sea ice, which remains at the end of summer, has reduced from approximately 7 million sq. km to 4 million sq. km, representing a significant loss.
Predicting an Ice-Free Arctic: Blue Ocean Event
- What is it: Scientists have been studying when the Arctic Ocean might become ice-free in summer, known as a “blue ocean event,” defined by the sea ice area dropping below 1 million sq. km.
- Complex Modeling: Sea ice is challenging to model accurately due to its sensitivity to atmospheric and oceanic circulation and heat transfer. Previous climate models underestimated the loss of sea ice compared to actual observations.
- Observationally Constrained Projections: The latest study takes a calibrated approach, using observational data to refine the models and project sea ice decline. It suggests the Arctic could become ice-free in summer as early as the 2030s, even with emission reductions.
Implications of an Ice-Free Arctic:
- Climate Feedback: The loss of Arctic sea ice amplifies warming through positive feedback, as it reduces sunlight absorption by the ocean, potentially accelerating the melting of the Greenland ice sheet and contributing to sea-level rise.
- Environmental Shifts: An ice-free Arctic would lead to changes in atmospheric circulation, storm tracks, and ocean biological activity, with far-reaching and undesirable consequences.
- Slender Benefits: While there may be some perceived benefits, such as shorter shipping routes, they pale in comparison to the negative impacts on the climate system and global ecosystems.
Conclusion
- The potential ice-free Arctic Ocean by the 2030s, as indicated by the study, underscores the urgent need for climate action.
- The consequences of such a scenario extend far beyond.
- The study highlights the imperative of mitigating climate change to avoid further damage to the Arctic and the planet as a whole.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ex Khaan Quest 2023
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: The multinational peacekeeping joint exercise, Ex Khaan Quest 2023, has commenced in Mongolia, with the participation of military contingents and observers from over 20 countries.
Ex Khaan Quest 2023
- This 14-day exercise aims to enhance interoperability, share experiences, and provide training for United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (UNPKO).
- The exercise is co-sponsored by the Mongolian Armed Forces (MAF) and the United States Army Pacific Command (USARPAC).
- The Indian Army, represented by a contingent from the GARHWAL RIFLES, is actively involved in this endeavor.
Agenda of the exercise
- Fostering Interoperability: This Exercise focuses on strengthening interoperability among participating nations, facilitating better coordination during joint operations.
- Sharing Experience: The exercise provides a platform for sharing experiences and best practices among military personnel involved in UNPKO, enabling them to learn from each other’s expertise.
- Training for UN Peacekeeping: Participants will be trained for future UN Peacekeeping missions, ensuring they possess the necessary skills and capabilities to carry out peace operations effectively.
- Diverse Training Components: The exercise encompasses various training elements such as Command Post Exercise (CPX), Field Training Exercises (FTX), combat discussions, lectures, and demonstrations.
Back2Basics: UN Peacekeeping
- UN Peacekeeping was established in 1948 to maintain international peace and security.
- The first mission was deployed in 1948 for the Arab-Israeli conflict ceasefire.
- Its missions involve soldiers, police officers, and civilian personnel known as Blue Berets or Blue Helmets.
- Guided by principles of consent, impartiality, and limited use of force, UN Peacekeeping deploys approximately 81,820 personnel from 119 countries in 13 missions worldwide.
- With their assistance, UN Peacekeeping promotes peace, stability, and humanitarian aid globally.
Major Contributors to UN Peacekeeping:
- India: Largest troop contributor, with over 253,000 personnel in 49 missions.
- Bangladesh: Second-largest contributor, with over 150,000 personnel deployed since 1988.
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