From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Akira Ransomware
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The Computer Emergency Response Team of India (CERT-In) issued a warning about the Akira ransomware, a highly dangerous cyber threat that has been wreaking havoc on corporate networks worldwide.
What is the Akira Ransomware?
Encryption and Data Theft: Akira ransomware encrypts sensitive data on targeted devices and appends the “akira” extension to filenames, making the files inaccessible to users.
Shadow Volume Deletion: The ransomware deletes Windows Shadow Volume copies, hindering data recovery options for affected organizations.
Ransom Demands: The ransomware operators extort victims by demanding a double ransom for decryption and recovery, threatening to leak sensitive data on their dark web blog if payment is not made.
Infection and Working Mechanism
Spread Methods: Akira ransomware is primarily distributed through spear-phishing emails with malicious attachments, drive-by downloads, and specially crafted web links. It also exploits insecure Remote Desktop connections to infiltrate systems.
Selective Encryption: The ransomware avoids encrypting specific system folders to maintain system stability.
Negotiation Process: Each victim is given a unique negotiation password to communicate with the ransomware gang via the threat actor’s Tor site.
Major targets
Corporate Networks: Akira ransomware targets corporate networks across various sectors, including education, finance, real estate, manufacturing, and consulting.
Data Exfiltration: In addition to encryption, the threat actors steal sensitive corporate data, using it as leverage in their extortion attempts.
Protective Measures against Akira Ransomware
Regular Backups: Maintain up-to-date offline backups to ensure data recovery in case of an attack.
System Updates: Regularly update operating systems and networks, and implement virtual patching for legacy systems.
Email Authentication: Establish Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting, and Conformance (DMARC), Domain Keys Identified Mail (DKIM), and Sender Policy Framework (SPF) to prevent email spoofing and spam.
Strong Authentication: Enforce strong password policies and multi-factor authentication (MFA) to secure user accounts.
Data Encryption: Implement data-at-rest and data-in-transit encryption to protect sensitive information.
Attachment Blocking: Block suspicious attachment file types like .exe, .pif, or .url to prevent malicious downloads.
Security Audits: Conduct regular security audits, especially for critical networks and database servers, to identify vulnerabilities.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kuril Islands
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
Russia’s invasion of Ukraine is ongoing, leading to challenges in resource allocation along its western border.
Japan sees a chance to reclaim the Kuril Islands, also known as the Northern Territories in Japan, which were seized by Soviet forces during WWII.
About Kuril Islands
The Kuril Islands, also known as the Kurile Islands, are a volcanic archipelago situated in the northern Pacific Ocean.
They stretch from the northeastern tip of Hokkaido, Japan, to the southernmost tip of Russia’s Kamchatka Peninsula.
It consist of 56 islands, with Iturup, Kunashir, Shikotan, and Habomai being the most significant.
The Kuril Islands are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, an area with intense volcanic and seismic activity, due to the movement of tectonic plates.
The islands are home to several active volcanoes, with some of the notable ones being Alaid, Ebeko, and Chikurachki.
What is the dispute?
The islands have been a subject of territorial dispute between Russia and Japan since the end of World War II.
After the war, the Soviet Union took control of the Kuril Islands, leading to the displacement of around 17,000 Japanese residents who were living there.
Japan claims the southernmost islands (Iturup, Kunashir, Shikotan, and Habomai) and refers to them as the “Northern Territories.”
Russia maintains sovereignty over the islands and considers them an integral part of its territory.
The territorial dispute has hindered the signing of a formal peace treaty between Russia and Japan to officially end World War II hostilities.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Zero FIR
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Recent incidents of violence and crime in Manipur have brought the concept of the ‘Zero First Information Report (FIR)’ into the spotlight.
The Supreme Court has sought for all data regarding such FIRs in Manipur Gangrape Incidence.
What is Zero FIR?
Provision and Purpose: Zero FIR allows any police station to register an FIR for a cognisable offence without assigning a regular FIR number initially.
No diary: Whereas FIRs have serial numbers assigned to them, zero FIRs are assigned the number ‘0’. Hence the name.
Swift Action: The relevant police station subsequently registers a fresh FIR and commences the investigation.
Focus on Victims: It is designed to expedite complaint lodging, particularly for serious crimes involving women and children, without the need to approach multiple police stations.
Preserving Evidence: Early registration helps prevent the loss or tampering of crucial evidence and witnesses.
Transferred Jurisdiction: The Zero FIR is later transferred to the relevant police station where the offence occurred or where the investigation should be conducted.
How does it work?
After a police station registers a zero FIR, it has to transfer the complaint to a police station that has the jurisdiction to investigate the alleged offence.
Once a zero FIR is transferred, the police station with the appropriate jurisdiction assigns it a serial number, thereby converting it into a regular FIR.
Legal Provisions for Zero FIR
The provision of Zero FIR finds support in various judgments and recommendations.
Satvinder Kaur vs. State (1999): The Delhi High Court held that a woman has the right to lodge her complaint from any place other than where the incident occurred.
Justice Verma Committee (2012): The introduction of Zero FIR was based on the recommendation of the Justice Verma Committee, which was formed in response to the 2012 Nirbhaya gangrape case.
Lalita Kumari vs. Govt. of UP (2014): The Supreme Court ruled that registration of an FIR is mandatory when information discloses the commission of a cognizable offence.
Back2Basics: First Information Report (FIR)
Essential Document: An FIR is a written document prepared by the police upon receiving information about a cognisable offence.
What is a cognisable offences? It is when an officer can arrest a suspect without a court’s warrant if/she has “reason to believe” that the person committed the offence and arrest is necessary based on certain factors.
Triggering Investigation: It serves as the first step towards initiating the investigation process and subsequent police actions.
Registration for Cognizable Offences: Section 154(1) of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) empowers the police to register an FIR for cognizable offences.
Punishment for Non-Registration: Section 166A of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) provides punishment for public servants failing to record information related to a cognizable offence, with imprisonment of up to two years and a fine.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Worldcoin
Mains level: Not Much
PC: The Hindu
Central Idea
OpenAI CEO Sam Altman recently reintroduced Worldcoin, a project that was previously overshadowed by the popularity of ChatGPT.
What isWorldCoin?
The Worldcoin venture involves a unique model where individuals have their eyes scanned to establish their human uniqueness.
In return for the eye scan, participants receive cryptocurrency and a World ID, forming the basis of the project.
Worldcoin’s aim is to create the “world’s largest identity and financial public network,” accessible to people globally.
How does it works?
Orb Operators: Worldcoin relies on volunteers called “Orb operators” who use a device called “Orb” to scan people’s iris patterns and collect their biometric data.
World ID: Participants receive a World ID through the World app after getting their irises scanned. This unique ID allows them to claim Worldcoin cryptocurrency and conduct transactions.
Proof of Personhood: Scanning irises ensures that people cannot sign up multiple times to receive more crypto rewards.
Cryptocurrency and Transactions: Users can collect WLD at regular intervals or use it for transactions, similar to a standard digital currency.
WLD Cryptocurrency and Compliance
WLD Token: WLD is a cryptocurrency based on the Ethereum blockchain and can be bought, sold, or traded on major exchanges.
Regulatory Compliance: Worldcoin ensures compliance with Europe’s GDPR and uses zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) to maintain user privacy. User data is encrypted and not sold, though it may be shared with necessary third parties.
Various risks
Price Volatility: As with most cryptocurrencies, the price of WLD is subject to fluctuations. Its value can rise or fall, and users should be cautious about investing in lesser-known digital currencies.
Security Risks: Users must be wary of potential scams or hacks related to cryptocurrency investments.
Criticism and Controversies
Privacy Concerns: Worldcoin faced criticism over privacy concerns about the use of biometrics for verification.
Scanning in Emerging Economies: Reports indicated that Worldcoin scanned underprivileged people’s irises in emerging economies during the COVID-19 pandemic, raising ethical questions about informed consent and rewards for scans.
Worldcoin in India
Orb Operators in India: Worldcoin has deployed Orb operators in various locations, particularly in Delhi, Noida, and Bangalore, where people’s irises are scanned to join the network.
Conclusion
Worldcoin’s vision of a global digital network with biometric identity and cryptocurrency rewards is both promising and controversial.
While it aims to foster financial inclusion and provide digital opportunities, it must address privacy and ethical concerns to gain wider acceptance and trust among users worldwide.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cell Free DNA vs. Normal DNA
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Researchers worldwide are increasingly using Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) as a valuable tool to better comprehend human diseases, improve diagnosis, monitoring, and prognosis.
What is Cell-free DNA?
CfDNA refers to small fragments of nucleic acids that are released from cells and found outside the cell in body fluids.
Its discovery dates back to the late 1940s when it was first observed in the blood of pregnant women.
cfDNA can be generated and released from cells in various situations, such as cell death and other physiological processes.
The release of cfDNA is associated with several disease processes, including autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus.
How is it different from normal DNA?
Cell-free DNA
Normal DNA
Found in the bloodstream and other bodily fluids
Found within the cell nucleus or mitochondria
Released from dying or dead cells into the circulation
Remains within the cell’s nucleus or mitochondria
Exists in a fragmented form
Exists as an intact double-stranded helix
Can be isolated and analyzed from blood samples
Requires cell extraction and purification for analysis
Provides valuable genetic information for personalized medicine
Forms the basis of genetic inheritance and traits
Valuable in infectious disease diagnosis and monitoring
Not used for infectious disease diagnosis
Used in forensics for DNA profiling and crime investigations
Not typically used in forensics
Applications of CfDNA
Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT)
Detect genetic abnormalities in foetuses
Screening for Down syndrome, Edwards syndrome, and Patau syndrome
Cancer Screening and Monitoring
Identify genetic mutations in tumour cells
Determine cancer type
Monitor treatment response and disease progression
Transplant Rejection Monitoring
Monitor immune response after organ transplantation
Early detection of organ rejection
Infectious Disease Diagnosis
Identify viruses and bacteria in the bloodstream
Aid in diagnosing infections and guiding treatment
Personalized Medicine
Provide genetic information for tailored treatment plans
Enable precision medicine based on individual genetic profile
Tracking Tumour Mutations
Monitor drug-resistant mutations in cancer patients for treatment adjustments
Recent Advances in Therapeutics
GEMINI Test: Researchers at Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Centre developed a new test called ‘GEMINI’ that uses cfDNA for early cancer detection. By analyzing genetic mutations and using machine learning, they achieved over 90% accuracy in detecting lung cancer, even in early-stage cases.
Potential Impact: Early detection of cancers using cfDNA could significantly improve patient outcomes and survival rates.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bedaquiline, Pretomanid, and Linezolid (BPaL) Treatment
Mains level: Elimination of TB from India
Central Idea
The interim results of a randomized phase-3/4 trial conducted in India to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of BPaL Regimen, an all-oral, short-course treatment are promising.
BPaL is administered for individuals with pre-XDR TB or treatment-intolerant/non-responsive MDR pulmonary TB
What is BPaL?
The trial uses only three drugs—Bedaquiline, Pretomanid, and Linezolid (BPaL).
The treatment duration is only 26 weeks, contrasting with the conventional 18-month treatment involving eight to nine tablets per day.
Trial Outcomes
It offered a significantly reduced number of tablets per day, resulting in better treatment adherence and improved outcomes.
Approximately 70% of the trial participants have completed the 26-week treatment, with a cure rate exceeding 85%.
In comparison, the cure rate for conventional treatment for DR-TB is 60-65% even with strict adherence.
Treatment Superiority
Advanced TB Cases: The trial participants had advanced TB affecting both lungs, yet the cure rate was above 85%, demonstrating the superiority of the BPaL short-course therapy.
Importance of Early Diagnosis: Early diagnosis and initiation of treatment with the three-drug regimen can lead to even better outcomes for patients with pre-XDR TB.
Issues with the treatment
Three to four trial participants experienced serious adverse effects, but these were either managed or occurred too late in the disease’s progression to be helped.
Some cases of mild adverse effects caused by linezolid included a drop in haemoglobin and platelet counts, as well as neuropathy (tingling sensation and numbness in the legs).
TB Menace in India
Total TB Cases: In 2021, there were approximately 21.3 lakh (2.13 million) reported TB cases in India.
Incidence Rate: The incidence rate of TB in India in 2021 was 210 cases per lakh population.
Drug-Resistant TB: The number of drug-resistant TB cases in India declined from around 1.49 lakh in 2015 to 1.19 lakh in 2021.
Government Initiatives: To combat TB, India has set the target of eliminating the disease by 2025, and various initiatives have been implemented, including active case finding, screening, and improved access to diagnostic tests and treatment.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Stapled Visa
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The issuance of stapled visas by China to Indian nationals from Arunachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir has been a contentious issue between the two countries.
What is Stapled Visa?
A Stapled Visa is an unstamped piece of paper attached to the passport, different from a regular visa that is affixed and stamped.
China has been issuing stapled visas to Indian nationals from certain regions, notably Arunachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir, which are territories that China disputes with India.
By using stapled visas for residents of these regions, China is making a unilateral claim over the disputed territories, suggesting that it considers them as part of its own territory.
China’s Dispute over Indian Territory:
Sovereignty Dispute: China disputes India’s sovereignty over Arunachal Pradesh and questions the legal status of the McMahon Line, the boundary agreed upon between Tibet and British India in 1914. This dispute underlies Chinese claims over the Line of Actual Control (LAC) and its repeated border transgressions into Indian Territory.
Unilateral Claim: China claims approximately 90,000 sq km of Arunachal Pradesh as its territory, referring to it as “Zangnan” or “South Tibet.” Chinese maps often depict Arunachal Pradesh as part of China.
Use of Stapled Visas:
Signaling Intentions: Chinese state media began referring to Arunachal Pradesh as “South Tibet” in 2005. In 2006, China refused to grant a visa to an Indian government official serving in Arunachal Pradesh. Subsequently, China started issuing stapled visas to all Indian citizens from Arunachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir.
Timeline of Events: Stapled visas for Jammu and Kashmir residents appeared around 2008-09. Over the years, China repeatedly issued stapled visas to Indian nationals, including sports athletes, weightlifters, and archers, leading to tensions between the two countries.
India’s Response and Stance
Protest and Diplomatic Efforts: The Indian government has consistently protested against the issuance of stapled visas and conveyed its stance to China, asserting that there should be no discrimination based on domicile or ethnicity in the visa regime for Indian citizens.
Refusal to Accept Stapled Visas: India has refused to accept stapled visas as valid travel documents and cautioned Indian citizens that such visas are not considered valid for travel out of the country.
Sovereignty Assertion: India firmly asserts its sovereignty over Arunachal Pradesh and maintains that stapled visas undermine its territorial integrity.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Muharram
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
For the first time in over three decades, the Jammu and Kashmir government permitted a Muharram procession in Srinagar, drawing thousands of Shia mourners on the 8th of Muharram.
The decision has been widely hailed.
What is Muharram?
Muharram is the first month of the Islamic lunar calendar, and it holds significant religious and historical importance for Muslims worldwide.
The word “Muharram” itself means “forbidden” in Arabic, signifying the sacred nature of this month.
It is considered one of the four sacred months in Islam, during which warfare and conflicts are traditionally prohibited.
It is observed by both Sunni and Shia Muslims (and even Hindus), though it holds different historical and religious significance for each group.
Celebration of Ashura
Ashura is the tenth day of Muharram and is the most significant day within the month.
Shia Muslims: They commemorate the martyrdom of Prophet Mohammed’s grandson, Imam Hussain, who was killed in the Battle of Karbala in 680 AD. The prophet’s son-in-law, Ali, and Ali’s elder son, Hassan, are also remembered during this period as having suffered and died. On Ashura, Shia Muslims observe unique mourning rituals, including self-flagellation, chest-beating, and in some cases, forehead cutting using sharpened knives and chains with attached blades. ‘Taziya’, a tableaux procession is also held by the Shia Community.
Sunni Muslims: Ashura marks the day when Prophet Moses and the Children of Israel were saved from Pharaoh’s tyranny by crossing the Red Sea.
Hindu community: Some Hindus also observe Muharram by getting themselves painted in tiger stripes, visiting households and performing “huli kunita” as part of their “harake” (vow).
Ashura Celebration in Kashmir
Ban under Dogra Rulers: During the reign of Dogra rulers, Muharram processions were either prohibited or allowed only at night, citing tensions between Shia and Sunni communities.
1920s: In the 1920s, despite the Dogra order for morning processions, mourners marched during the day, with both Shias and Sunnis joining the procession. This became associated with the Muslim freedom struggle in Kashmir.
Selective Permits: Later, certain individuals and families were issued permits to take out processions, but the main Muharram procession was banned when militancy began.
Significance of allowing processions
The permission for the Muharram procession in Srinagar after a long ban is a significant milestone, signifying progress towards religious freedom in the region.
It emphasizes the need to respect the religious sentiments of the people and uphold the values of inclusivity and unity among different communities in the valley.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Offer for Sale (OFS)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The government’s stake sale in Rail Vikas Nigam Ltd (RVNL) through an offer-for-sale (OFS) received an enthusiastic response from institutional investors.
About Offer for Sale (OFS)
OFS is a method of share sale introduced by India’s securities market regulator SEBI in 2012.
The primary aim was to facilitate promoters of listed companies to reduce their holdings and comply with the minimum public shareholding norms within the stipulated time frame.
This mechanism gained popularity among both state-run and private listed companies as a means to adhere to SEBI’s order.
Subsequently, the government also embraced OFS to divest its shareholding in public sector enterprises.
Key Features of Offer for Sale:
Stake Dilution: In an OFS, the promoters of a company reduce their stake by selling existing shares to retail investors, companies, Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs), and Qualified Institutional Buyers (QIBs) through an exchange platform.
Restriction on Fresh Issuance: Unlike a follow-on public offering (FPO), where companies can raise funds through issuing fresh shares or promoters can sell their existing stakes (or both), OFS is used exclusively for the sale of existing shares.
Eligibility Criteria: Only promoters or shareholders holding more than 10% of the share capital in a company can conduct an OFS.
Limited to Top 200 Companies: The OFS mechanism is available to the top 200 companies based on market capitalization.
Reserved Quota for Institutions: A minimum of 25% of the shares offered in an OFS is reserved for mutual funds (MFs) and insurance companies. Additionally, no single bidder, other than MFs and insurance companies, can be allocated more than 25% of the offering size.
Retail Investor Participation: A minimum of 10% of the offer size is reserved for retail investors, encouraging their participation in the share sale.
Discount Provision: Sellers have the option to offer a discount to retail investors either on the bid price or on the final allotment price.
Timely Notification: The company must inform the stock exchanges about its intention to conduct an OFS at least two banking days prior to the event.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Circular Economy Coalition
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The Resource Efficiency Circular Economy Industry Coalition (RECEIC) was launched with 39 multinational corporations committing to resource efficiency and circular economy principles.
What is RECEIC?
Foundation: The RECEIC, conceived during India’s G20 Presidency, is an industry-led initiative with a global focus on promoting resource efficiency and circular economy practices
Objectives: It aims to address environmental issues arising from waste, such as plastics, microplastics, e-waste, and chemical waste.
Participation: 39 multinational corporations from sectors such as steel, FMCG, and electronics joined RECEIC’s launch.
Leadership: The coalition will be industry-led, with the government playing a supporting role.
Focus: The coalition aims to address environmental challenges arising from different types of waste through resource efficiency and circular economy principles.
Presence: Ministers from Mauritius, Denmark, Italy, Canada, UAE, France, and the European Union attended the event.
India’s measures in this regard
In 2021-22, India generated around 41 lakh tonnes of plastic waste, with 30 lakh tonnes allocated to registered recyclers and plastic waste processing units.
The Plastic Waste Management (Amendment) Rules, 2022, established Extended Producers’ Responsibility (EPR) guidelines to manage plastic waste effectively.
Plastic waste processors generated 2.6 million tonnes of EPR certificates, and purchased approximately 1.51 million tonnes of those certificates for 2022-23 obligations.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Maitree Super Thermal Power Project
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Bharat Heavy Electricals (BHEL), a state-owned engineering firm, achieved a major milestone in Bangladesh.
The 660-MW Unit-2 of the 1,320-MW Maitree Super Thermal Power Project (STPP) was successfully synchronized with the electricity grid in Bangladesh.
Maitree Super Thermal Power Project
Location: The Maitree STPP is a 1,320-MW power plant situated at Rampal, Mongla, Bagerhat, Bangladesh.
Joint Venture: BHEL is responsible for setting up the power plant, which is a 50:50 joint venture between the Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) and NTPC Ltd.
Infrastructure Priority: The project serves as a symbol of successful cooperation between India and Bangladesh and is a priority infrastructure development initiative for Bangladesh.
Objective: The primary goal of the project is to establish a reliable and cost-effective base-load power production system in Bangladesh.
BHEL’s Technological Prowess and Global Leadership:
The successful synchronisation of the 660-MW Unit-2 underscores BHEL’s expertise and technological prowess in the power sector.
This accomplishment further solidifies BHEL’s position as a leading global player in providing dependable and sustainable energy solutions.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hematene
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Researchers have made a groundbreaking discovery of nanoflakes of a material known as hematene, extracted from iron ore.
These nanoflakes have demonstrated exceptional capabilities in withstanding and shielding against high laser intensities.
What is Hematene?
Hematene is a novel 2D material that has been derived from hematite (common iron ore).
It is a thin, single-layer material with unique properties that make it promising for various applications, especially in the field of optics.
Hematene nanoflakes have demonstrated exceptional capabilities in withstanding and shielding against high laser intensities, making them valuable for optical limiting applications.
The material’s stability and potential for futuristic technologies have garnered significant interest from researchers and scientists.
How is it made?
Hematene is derived from naturally occurring hematite, the mineral form of iron oxide, through a process involving sonication, centrifugation, and vacuum-assisted filtration.
With a thickness of just 3 atoms, it exhibits improved photocatalysis efficiency.
Being ferromagnetic, like common magnets, it possesses magnetic properties.
Notably, it has the exceptional ability to withstand and provide shielding against high laser intensities.
Applications of Hematene Nanoflakes
Optical Limiting: Hematene nanoflakes have demonstrated exceptional optical limiting capabilities, making them valuable in protecting sensitive optical equipment, such as sensors, detectors, and other optical devices, from high laser intensities.
Photodetectors: Hematene’s properties make it suitable for developing high-performance photodetectors, which are used to detect and convert light signals into electrical signals. This application has potential in telecommunications, imaging, and optical communications.
Energy Storage: Hematene can be explored for applications in energy storage devices, such as batteries and super-capacitors, due to its unique electronic and electrochemical properties.
Optoelectronics: The material’s properties make it suitable for optoelectronic devices, which involve the interaction of light and electricity, including light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and photovoltaic cells.
Photothermal Therapy: Hematene’s ability to withstand and shield against high laser intensities may find applications in photothermal therapy, a medical technique that uses light to treat diseases like cancer.
Environmental Applications: Hematene’s stability and potential for use in various environments may make it valuable in environmental applications, such as water purification and pollution control.
Sensors: The material’s unique properties may be utilized in developing high-performance sensors for various applications, including gas sensing and environmental monitoring.
Catalysts: Hematene’s surface characteristics and electronic properties could be explored for catalytic applications, promoting chemical reactions in various industrial processes.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Full-Reserve Banking
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Full-reserve banking, also known as 100% reserve banking, and fractional-reserve banking are two different systems of banking that determine how banks handle customer deposits and lending practices.
This article discusses the key differences between these two banking systems and the arguments put forth by proponents of each approach.
What is Full-Reserve Banking?
Custodian Role: In a full-reserve banking system, banks hold all money received as demand deposits from customers in their vaults, acting as safekeepers of depositors’ funds.
Limited Lending: Banks can only lend money from time deposits, which customers can withdraw after an agreed-upon period.
Preventing Bank Runs: The full reserve ensures banks can meet depositor demands even if all customers seek to withdraw their money simultaneously, reducing the risk of a bank run.
Restricted Money Supply: Banks cannot create money through loans, limiting their influence on the economy’s money supply and potentially preventing artificial booms and busts.
Contrary Idea: Fractional-Reserve Banking
Lending with Electronic Money: Banks in a fractional-reserve system predominantly lend in the form of electronic money, allowing them to lend more than the physical cash they have in vaults.
Risk of Bank Runs: Although electronic money minimizes cash withdrawals, excessive loans can lead to a bank run if depositors demand cash that exceeds the actual cash reserves.
Supporting Economic Growth: Proponents argue that fractional-reserve banking fuels investment and economic growth by allowing banks to create loans without relying solely on customer savings.
Arguments for both systems
Fractional-Reserve Banking: Supporters believe fractional-reserve banking frees the economy from the constraints of real savings, stimulating investment and growth.
Full-Reserve Banking: Supporters argue that full-reserve banking is more natural, prevents bank runs, and limits banks’ ability to create money, which could prevent economic instability.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: No-Confidence Motion
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Opposition parties belonging to the new Alliance INDIA plan to move a no-confidence motion against the government to force the PM to speak on Manipur unrest.
Motion of No-Confidence
In the Indian parliamentary system, a motion of no-confidence plays a crucial role in assessing the government’s strength and accountability.
This motion allows opposition parties or any member to express their lack of confidence in the Council of Ministers, leading to a significant political event.
Procedure for No-Confidence Motion:
Rule 198: The procedure for a no-confidence motion is laid down under Rule 198 of the rules of procedure and conduct of the Lok Sabha.
Absence of Grounds: Such does not require specific grounds to be mentioned in the motion, and even if mentioned, these grounds do not form part of the motion.
Lok Sabha Exclusive: It can only be moved in the Lok Sabha and not in the Rajya Sabha.
Written Notice: Any member of the Lok Sabha can move a no-confidence motion by providing a written notice before 10 am.
Acceptance and Discussion: For the motion to be accepted, a minimum of 50 members must support it. Once accepted, the Speaker announces the date for the motion’s discussion within 10 days.
Voting: Voting can be conducted through a voice vote, division vote (using electronic gadgets, slips, or a ballot box), or a secret ballot vote.
Implications of Voting
Majority Decision: Following the vote, the side with the majority determines the motion’s outcome.
Speaker’s Role: In the event of a tie, the Speaker casts the deciding vote to resolve the impasse.
Outcomes
Government Resignation: If the government fails to prove its majority in the House, it is obligated to resign from power.
Political Impact: A successful no-confidence motion can lead to significant political changes and reshuffling of the government.
Try this PYQ:
Q. Consider the following statements regarding a No-Confidence Motion in India:
There is no mention of a No-Confidence Motion in the Constitution of India.
A Motion of No-Confidence can be introduced in the Lok Sabha only.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CBFC, Film Certification Process
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Union Information & Broadcasting Minister has expressed displeasure with the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) over its approval of the Hollywood film “Oppenheimer.”
The Minister has reportedly asked officials to remove a particular scene from the movie that has generated controversy on social media.
Understanding the CBFC
Role: The Central Board of Film Certification is a statutory body under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, responsible for regulating the public exhibition of films in India under the Cinematograph Act, 1952.
Certification Requirement: Films can be screened in India only after receiving certification from the Board.
Composition: The CBFC comprises a Chairperson and members appointed by the Central Government. There are nine Regional Offices with Advisory Panels to assist in the examination of films.
Film Certification Process
Examining Committee: After submitting all film materials and requisite fees, a regional officer forms an Examining Committee to view the film. For short films (shorter than 72 minutes), the committee includes a CBFC officer and one advisory panel member, with at least one being a woman. For long films (longer than 72 minutes), at least two committee members must be women.
Certification Recommendations: Each committee member provides a written report with their recommendations for modifications and classification of the film.
CBFC Decision: The Chairperson reviews the committee’s reports and initiates further procedures based on their recommendations.
Types of Certifications:
Unrestricted Public Exhibition (U)
Parental Guidance for children below age 12 (U/A)
Adult (A)
Viewing by specialized groups (S)
Controversies and Appeals
Suggested Changes: CBFC may suggest modifications or excisions in the film before granting certification. Applicants dissatisfied with the certification or suggested changes can apply to the Revising Committee.
Revising Committee: The Revising Committee consists of the Chairperson and up to nine members from the board and advisory panel.
Appellate Tribunal: If disagreements persist, the Appellate Tribunal, an independent body, can be approached.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Meri Maati Mera Desh Initiative
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
The Union government has launched the ‘Meri Maati Mera Desh’ campaign as a grand culmination of the ‘Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav,’ celebrating 75 years of Indian Independence.
Meri Maati Mera Desh
This initiative aims to honor and commemorate the sacrifices of martyrs.
It includes freedom fighters, defense personnel, and members of the Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) and State Police, who laid down their lives in the line of duty.
Five-Point Agenda
Shilaphalakam Installation: Memorials will be erected, adorned with the names of those who made the supreme sacrifice for the nation. The veers (bravehearts) will be remembered and respected for their immense contribution to the country’s freedom, unity, and integrity.
Pledge of Commitment: A solemn pledge will be taken by people at the memorial sites, reaffirming their unwavering commitment to the nation and its values.
Vasudha Vandhan: Every gram panchayat or village will participate in ‘Vasudha Vandhan’ by planting 75 saplings of indigenous species, rejuvenating Mother Earth, and developing Amrit Vatikas (Eternal Gardens).
Veeron Ka Vandan: Freedom fighters and the families of deceased freedom fighters will be honored and felicitated. Retired defense personnel, CAPF, and State Police personnel, along with the families of those who lost their lives in the line of duty, will also receive recognition for their invaluable service to the nation.
National Flag Hoisting: The National Flag will be proudly hoisted, and the National Anthem will resonate in unison, filling the air with patriotism and pride.
Implementation and Events
Events will be organized at various levels, from panchayat and village to block, urban local bodies, state, and national levels.
Soil from every panchayat/village will be collected by young volunteers and brought to the block, from where ‘Mitti Kalash’ (pots of soil) will be ceremoniously transported to Delhi.
The collected soil will be utilized to create a unique garden, the Amrit Vatika, at the Kartavya Path in Delhi, honoring the heroes of Indian freedom struggle and national integrity.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cantonments
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
The Ministry of Defence (MoD) has put forward a proposal to excise civil areas in 58 cantonments across the country, intending to merge them with State municipalities.
Earlier in May, the centre kicked off a plan to abolish the 62 cantonments around the country as “archaic colonial legacies”.
What are Cantonments?
Definition: Cantonments are permanent military stations where a group of military personnel are stationed for administrative purposes. They are governed by the Cantonments Act, 2006, which provides for municipal administration and control of these areas.
Number and Locations: India currently has 62 cantonments spread across various states, with some areas known for their better infrastructure and facilities compared to other parts of the country.
Cantonment Boards: Cantonments are managed by Cantonment Boards, which are democratic bodies comprising elected and nominated members. The Station Commander of the Cantonment serves as the ex-officio President of the Board.
Historical Background
The Cantonments Act, 1924, was enacted by the British to regulate the municipal administration of cantonments.
After India’s independence, the Cantonments Act was modified to suit the democratic setup of the country.
The current Cantonments Act, 2006, replaced the previous version, aiming to provide greater autonomy and accountability to the Cantonment Boards.
Categories of the erstwhile Cantonments
Cantonments are categorized based on the population size residing within them:
Category I: Cantonments with a population of over 50,000.
Category II: Cantonments with a population of 10,000 to 50,000.
Category III: Cantonments with a population of less than 10,000.
Category IV: Industrial or training Cantonments, irrespective of their population size.
Broader plan
Conversion to Exclusive Military Stations: Under the plan, military areas within all cantonments will be carved out and designated as “exclusive military stations.” The Army will exercise “absolute control” over these areas, streamlining their administration and operations.
Merger with Local Municipalities: The civilian areas of cantonments will be integrated with the respective local municipalities. These municipalities will take up the responsibility of maintaining these areas, along with providing essential services and infrastructure.
Move Away from Traditional Cantonment Concept: Post-independence, the Indian Army moved away from the traditional cantonment concept, primarily due to friction between military and civilian authorities. However, certain major cantonments continued to exist, such as Pune Cantonment and Agra Cantonment.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Controlled Human Infection Studies (CHIS)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
India has taken its first step towards introducing Controlled Human Infection Studies (CHIS), a research model widely used in other countries for vaccine and treatment development.
The Indian Council of Medical Research’s (ICMR) Bioethics Unit has prepared a consensus policy statement open for public comment, addressing the need, benefits, and ethical challenges associated with CHIS.
What is Controlled Human Infection Studies (CHIS)?
CHIS also known as human challenge trials, are scientific studies conducted to deliberately expose healthy human volunteers to infectious agents under controlled conditions.
The primary objective of these studies is to gain a better understanding of the pathogens’ behavior, human immune response, and to test potential vaccines, treatments, or preventive measures against the infection.
Key points about Controlled Human Infection Studies (CHIS) include:
Informed Consent: Volunteers participating in CHIS must provide informed consent, fully understanding the potential risks and benefits associated with their participation.
Types of Pathogens: CHIS can be used to study various infectious agents, such as viruses (e.g., influenza, dengue, Zika), bacteria (e.g., cholera, typhoid), and parasites (e.g., malaria).
Vaccine Development: CHIS plays a crucial role in vaccine development by providing controlled environments to assess the efficacy of candidate vaccines and their ability to induce protective immune responses.
Controversy: The use of CHIS has sparked ethical debates about balancing potential risks to participants against potential benefits to public health.
Ethical Concerns Surrounding CHIS in India
Delicate Ethical Balance: CHIS is considered ethically sensitive due to concerns about deliberate harm to participants, fair compensation, third-party risks, and withdrawal from the study, and involving vulnerable participants.
Streamlined Ethics Review: ICMR acknowledges the need for a specialized ethics review process with additional oversight and safeguards to protect study participants.
Deterrents and Unique Context: Technical, clinical, ethical, and legal challenges deterred India from adopting CHIS earlier, partly influenced by the nation’s unique socio-cultural context.
Potential Benefits of CHIS in India
High Disease Burden: India faces a significant burden of morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases, contributing about 30% of the disease burden in the country.
Novel Insights and Efficiency: CHIS offers unique insights into disease pathogenesis and enables accelerated and cost-effective outcomes with smaller sample sizes compared to large clinical trials.
Social Value: CHIS can contribute to public health response, healthcare decision-making, policies, economic benefits, improved pandemic preparedness, and community empowerment.
Encouraging Collaboration and Expertise
Complex Nature of CHIS: ICMR highlights the complexity of CHIS and suggests that collaborations between researchers, institutions, organizations, and countries may be necessary to ensure the right expertise is available.
Crucial Role in Advancing Scientific Understanding: The ICMR Bioethics Unit’s consensus policy statement aims to address ethical concerns associated with CHIS, acknowledging its potential role in advancing the scientific understanding of infectious diseases and accelerating treatment strategies.
Public Consultation and Future Directions
Open for Public Consultation: The ICMR’s consensus policy statement on CHIS is open for public consultation until August 16 to gather input from stakeholders and experts.
Striving for Ethical Research: ICMR emphasizes its commitment to conduct CHIS in India while ensuring ethical principles are upheld and human participants are protected.
Conclusion
The introduction of CHIS in India is a significant step towards advancing medical research and finding cost-effective solutions for infectious diseases.
Public consultation and expert collaborations will help shape the future direction of CHIS research in India and contribute to scientific progress and improved healthcare outcomes.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Broadcasting Day , AIR, Usha Mehta
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
This July 23, commemorated 100 years of radio broadcast in India.
All India Radio (AIR) started broadcasting in 1923 via 2 private stations called the Radio Club of Bombay and Calcutta Radio Club.
Facts for Prelims: Usha Mehta’s Secret Radio
On August 8, 1942, the historic Quit India Resolution was passed during the All India Congress Committee meeting in Bombay.
In this response, the idea of an underground radio station, known by various names such as the Freedom Radio, the Ghost Radio, or the Congress Radio, was conceived to counter the British-controlled AIR.
Usha Mehta, a 22 YO master’s student at Wilson College, became the voice of the Congress Radio.
The radio was an expensive endeavour, but funds were procured through various means, including contributions from Mehta’s colleague, Babubhai Khakhar.
Radio engineering expert Nariman Abarbad Printer constructed the Congress Radio transmission set.
Their first broadcast was on 14 August 1942.
Welcome line in her voice: “This is the Congress Radio calling on 42.34 from somewhere in India.”
In the beginning, they were broadcasting twice a day, in Hindi and English. But they reduced it to just once in the evening between 7.30 and 8.30 pm.
On 12th November 1942, the police raided the radio while Vande Mataram was being played and arrested Mehta and others.
Mehta was conferred the Padma Vibhushan, one of India’s highest civilian honours in 1998.
About All India Radio
On July 23, 1927, the Indian Broadcasting Company (IBC) was formed, but it faced liquidation within three years.
To revive the IBC, Lionel Fielden, a BBC producer, was appointed as the first Controller of Broadcasting in August 1935.
In June 1936, the Indian State Broadcasting Service (ISBS) transformed into All India Radio.
In August 1937, it became the Central News Organisation (CNO) under the Department of Information and Broadcasting.
Expansion and Name Change
In 1947, India had six radio stations, covering 2.5% of the area and 11% of the population. Pakistan had three radio stations.
In 1956, the name “AKASHVANI” was adopted as the National Broadcaster, used interchangeably with AIR, primarily for Hindi broadcasting.
The famous jingle of AIR wascomposed by Walter Kaufmann, who joined AIR in 1937 and significantly contributed to Indian music.
Current Status of AIR
Today, AIR has a network of around 260 radio stations, covering nearly 92% of the country’s total area and serving almost the entire population.
It broadcasts in 23 languages and 146 dialects, making it a broadcasting giant in India.
Controversies
Vividh Bharati Service: Launched in 1957, it included popular film music as a major component.
BV Keskar’s Ban on Film Music: In 1952, AIR imposed a ban on film music, causing Radio Ceylon to gain popularity among Hindi film music enthusiasts with shows like Geetmala.
Film Industry’s Response: The film industry withdrew music rights from AIR, leading to the absence of film music on the radio.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Donanemab
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Donanemab, a drug in trials has shown significant potential in slowing cognitive decline in individuals with early Alzheimer’s.
What is Alzheimer’s Disease?
Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive and irreversible neurological disorder.
Beta-amyloid, a protein that is crucial for brain function, turns toxic in Alzheimer’s patients, forming clumps that disrupt brain cell connections, leading to cognitive issues like memory loss.
These protein deposits disrupt communication between neurons, leading to their deterioration and death.
Early signs include forgetfulness, difficulty finding words, problem-solving challenges, confusion, and disorientation.
The exact cause of Alzheimer’s is not fully understood but is believed to involve genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.
Family history, genetic mutations, head injuries, cardiovascular disease, and certain lifestyle factors are also risk factors.
Donanemab: An antedote
Development: Donanemab is a drug developed by Eli Lilly and aims to treat individuals with early Alzheimer’s disease.
Targeting Amyloid Plaques: The drug targets a common hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease: amyloid plaques in the brain.
Breakthrough in Slowing Cognitive Decline
Alarming Burden: With an estimated 14 million cases of dementia, including Alzheimer’s, expected in India by 2050, the need for effective treatments is urgent.
Phase III Trial: In a phase III trial, Donanemab demonstrated promising results, slowing cognitive decline by 35% compared to a placebo.
Significance: This marks a significant milestone in Alzheimer’s research, as it is the second drug, within a year, to show effectiveness in checking cognitive decline in early-stage Alzheimer’s patients.
Limitations: It is essential to note that Donanemab and the previous drug do not stop or reverse Alzheimer’s disease. However, slowing cognitive decline can significantly improve the quality of life for affected individuals and their families.
