From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NaBFID
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The National Bank for Financing Infrastructure & Development (NaBFID) is making significant strides in infrastructure financing, with ambitious goals for loan disbursement and expansion.
Operational for less than a year it has already made substantial progress in lending and aims to further strengthen its presence in the infrastructure sector.
What is NaBFID?
The NBFID was established in 2021 through the enactment of The National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and Development Act, 2021.
It serves as a specialized Development Finance Institution (DFI) in India.
Its primary objectives include addressing the gaps in long-term non-recourse finance for infrastructure development, strengthening the development of bonds and derivatives markets in India, and fostering sustainable economic growth.
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) will regulate and supervise NBFID as an All-India Financial Institution (AIFI).
Development Finance Institutions (DFIs): They are government-owned or public institutions that provide funding for infrastructure and large-scale projects. They play a crucial role in financing projects that are often unviable for traditional banks to lend to. DFIs offer two types of funds: Medium-term funds with a maturity period of 1-5 years, and Large-scale funds with a maturity period exceeding 5 years.
Loan Disbursement and Expansion Targets
Disbursement Target: NaBFID aims to disburse approximately ₹60,000 crore by the end of this fiscal year, showcasing its commitment to fostering infrastructure development.
Sanctioning Loans: NaBFID is poised to sanction loans amounting to ₹1 lakh crore during this fiscal year. These loans will be directed towards both greenfield and brownfield assets in the vital infrastructure space.
Debt Raise: Recently, NaBFID successfully raised ₹10,000 crore through debt issuance, signalling the institution’s ability to attract substantial funding.
High Demand: The debt issuance received an overwhelming response, with bids worth ₹23,629.50 crore, nearly five times the base issue of ₹5,000 crore.
Largest Debt Issuance: The debt securities, with a 10-year tenor, mark the largest debt issuance by a national-level institution.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Global Stocktake (GST)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
The Bonn Climate Change Conference was held from 5 to 15 June 2023.
Building on the mandates that emerged from COP 27 in Egypt last year, the conference hosted a large number of mandated events and continue discussions on issues of critical importance.
It is expected to make progress on these and other important issues and prepare draft decisions for adoption at COP 28 / CMP 18 / CMA 5 in the UAE in December 2023.
Key ideas discussed
Some progress was made on the global stocktake (GST) discussions.
However, the issues of historical responsibility and finance remained contentious, hindering the strengthening of climate actions.
It serves as a mechanism to assess global progress in addressing climate change and to enhance collective climate action.
The GST aims to review the implementation of the Paris Agreement’s goals and targets and identify areas where additional efforts are needed to meet those objectives.
Key aspects of the Global Stocktake include:
Timing: The Paris Agreement mandates that the GST be conducted every five years, starting in 2023. This regular assessment allows for tracking progress and adjusting strategies accordingly.
Assessment of Collective Efforts: GST evaluates the collective efforts of all countries in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, adapting to the impacts of climate change, and providing support to developing nations.
Review of Goals and Targets: It assesses the effectiveness of countries’ actions in meeting the long-term temperature goals outlined in the Paris Agreement, primarily the goal to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
Transparency and Accountability: The GST promotes transparency and accountability by encouraging countries to report on their progress and actions taken toward achieving their climate goals. This allows for a comprehensive and objective assessment of global climate action.
Identification of Gaps and Opportunities: The stocktake identifies gaps in collective efforts, including finance, technology transfer, and capacity-building support, and explores opportunities for enhanced actions to bridge those gaps.
Decision-Making: The findings and recommendations from the GST inform future decision-making, including the setting of new targets and the adjustment of national climate plans, known as Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).
Challenges in Climate Negotiations
Disputes and Delayed Agendas: Developed and developing countries engaged in disagreements, leading to delays in agreeing on meeting agendas.
Historical Responsibility Debate: Australia’s attempt to diminish the historical responsibility of developed nations in causing global warming sparked controversy.
Developing Countries’ Perspective: Developing nations emphasized the importance of acknowledging historical responsibility in addressing climate change.
Potential Conflict at COP28: The issue of historical responsibility is expected to resurface at COP28, posing challenges to reaching consensus.
Finance and Technology Transfer
Disparity in Support: Developing countries expressed concerns about inadequate financial and technological support from developed nations.
Burden of Implementation: Insufficient funds hinder the ability of developing countries to implement robust climate action plans.
Future Outlook
(1) Bridging Adequacy Gap:
Developed Nations’ Perspective: Australia and the United States questioned the sole responsibility of developed countries in bridging the adequacy gap.
Developing Nations’ Concerns: Developing countries emphasized the need for financial support and technology transfers to enhance their climate actions.
Value Addition: Bridging the adequacy gap requires global cooperation, equitable burden-sharing, and increased financial assistance for developing countries.
(2) Financing Climate Action:
Insufficient Funds: Current financial commitments fall short of the required resources for implementing climate action plans.
Summit for a New Global Financial Pact: A Paris summit aims to redirect global financial flows and raise new funds for climate change initiatives.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India's Cable Projects
Mains level: Undersea Fibre Optic Cables
Central Idea
The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) has issued recommendations on rules governing undersea cables connecting Indian telecom networks to the global internet.
These recommendations address concerns raised by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) regarding the participation of Indian firms in undersea cable projects and related regulatory clearances.
What are Undersea Cables?
Undersea cables, also known as submarine cables, are fiber optic strands enclosed in protective layers laid on the ocean floor.
They are essential for global connectivity, transmitting data and communication signals between continents and nations.
These cables form the backbone of international communications infrastructure, ensuring reliable internet connectivity and supporting seamless communication worldwide.
They play a pivotal role in facilitating collaboration, trade, and socio-cultural interactions on a global scale.
Key Recommendation by TRAI
(A) Ownership Requirements for Undersea Cables:
Proof of Ownership: TRAI recommends that all Indian telecom companies operating undersea cables must demonstrate ownership of the portion of cables located in Indian waters.
Significance: This requirement ensures that Indian firms have a stake in undersea cable infrastructure and fosters their active participation in global connectivity.
(B) Distinction between Cable Landing Stations and Points of Presence (PoPs):
Differentiation of Facilities: TRAI suggests distinguishing between cable landing stations and PoPs, which are further connected to the stations.
Regulatory Simplification: Owners of PoPs would be exempted from multiple clearance requirements but would need to comply with lawful interception regulations.
Significance: This differentiation streamlines the regulatory process for telecom companies and promotes ease of doing business.
(C) Allowance for Dark Fiber and Stubs:
Dark Fiber Usage: TRAI recommends permitting the use of dark fiber (unused optical fiber) on existing cable landing stations.
Use of Stubs: TRAI suggests allowing the installation of stubs, short cables in Indian waters, for potential future expansion and use.
Significance: Allowing dark fiber usage and stub installations enhances the flexibility and scalability of undersea cable infrastructure in India.
(D) Financial Viability Models for Repair Vessels
Commissioning Indian Flagged Ships: TRAI proposes that a government committee explore financial viability models for commissioning Indian flagged ships for the repair and maintenance of undersea cables.
Significance: This promotes indigenous capabilities and supports the growth of the domestic maritime industry.
(E) Domestic Traffic and Terrestrial Networks
Permission for Domestic Traffic: TRAI recommends explicitly permitting the carrying of domestic traffic on undersea cables, allowing for connectivity between domestic locations.
Extension through Terrestrial Networks: The regulator suggests enabling undersea cable systems to extend further inland through terrestrial networks to facilitate the flow of international traffic.
Significance: This improves efficiency and promotes seamless communication within India.
Critical Information Infrastructure Protection
Notification of Critical Infrastructure: TRAI proposes notifying undersea cables as critical information infrastructure, making them eligible for protection by the National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC).
Significance: Recognizing undersea cables as critical infrastructure strengthens their security and safeguards against potential cyber threats.
India’s Cable Projects and Future Expansion
India-Asia Xpress (IAX) and India-Europe Xpress (IEX): Reliance Jio is leading these projects, connecting India to Singapore, the Persian Gulf, and Europe. The capacity is around 200 Tbps, with funding from a consortium including Facebook and Google.
MIST: This cable will link Mumbai and Cochin in India to Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore. It has a capacity of 218 Tbps and is scheduled for operation in 2024.
Blue-Raman: Connecting Italy, Greece, Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Oman, and India, this cable bypasses the Egyptian chokepoint. It has a capacity of over 200 Tbps and is funded by a consortium led by Google.
SEA-ME-WE 6: Upgrading the link from Singapore to Marseille, this cable spans 19,200 km with a capacity of 126 Tbps. It is scheduled to be operational in 2025 and involves a consortium of telecommunications companies.
2 Africa Pearl: Extending from India and Pakistan, this cable orbits Africa, connecting 33 nations across three continents. It has a capacity of 180 Tbps and is funded by a consortium that includes Facebook and China Mobile.
India’s Significance in Undersea Connectivity
Growing digital economy: India’s rapidly expanding digital market and high data usage make it a significant consumer and provider of global data connectivity.
Strategic location: Situated at the crossroads of major regions, India serves as a vital link connecting Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East through undersea cable networks.
Technical expertise: India boasts a large pool of skilled professionals in the tech industry, enabling it to actively participate in the development, deployment, and maintenance of undersea cables.
Rising global influence: With its projected economic growth, population size, and geopolitical significance, India’s increasing influence positions it as a key player in shaping the future of undersea cable connectivity.
Connectivity expansion: India’s efforts to enhance domestic and international connectivity, coupled with its focus on improving infrastructure and regulatory frameworks, contribute to its importance in undersea cable networks.
Conclusion
TRAI’s recommendations on undersea cables aim to enhance the participation of Indian firms, simplify regulatory processes, and strengthen the security and efficiency of undersea cable infrastructure in India.
These recommendations promote the growth of the telecom industry and support the country’s digital connectivity goals.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Research and Analysis Wing (RandAW)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: The Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC) appointed senior IPS officer Ravi Sinha as Secretary, Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), the country’s external intelligence agency.
About Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)
Foreign Intelligence: R&AW’s primary function is to gather foreign intelligence, focusing on counter-terrorism, counter-proliferation, and advancing India’s foreign strategic interests.
National Security: It also plays a role in safeguarding India’s nuclear program and advising policymakers on matters related to national security.
Social and Political Events: R&AW has been involved in major events, such as the accession of the state of Sikkim to India in 1975.
History and Establishment
Background: Prior to R&AW, intelligence collection was the responsibility of the Intelligence Bureau (IB) during the British Raj.
Need for a Dedicated Agency: The failure of intelligence during the 1962 Sino-Indian War and the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965 led to the establishment of a separate foreign intelligence agency.
Formation: R&AW was officially formed in 1968, with Rameshwar Nath Kao appointed as its first chief.
Organizational Structure: R&AW’s structure is modeled after the CIA, and it reports to the Prime Minister without parliamentary oversight.
Additional Child Agencies: Over the years, R&AW added agencies like the Radio Research Center, Electronics & Tech. Services, Aviation Research Centre, and Special Frontier Force to enhance its capabilities.
Operations and Activities:
Global Operations: R&AW carries out operations and intelligence activities in various countries, focusing on political, military, economic, and scientific developments that affect India’s national security.
Liaison with Foreign Agencies: R&AW maintains active relationships and coordination with intelligence agencies of other countries, including Russia’s SVR, Afghanistan’s NDS, Israel’s Mossad, Germany’s BND, the CIA, and MI6.
Field Formations: R&AW has ten field formations, known as Special Bureaus, strategically located along India’s borders.
Recruitment and Training: R&AW recruits personnel from various civil services, armed forces, and universities. Training involves both basic and advanced levels, covering areas such as intelligence techniques, espionage, and self-defence.
Challenges and Controversies
Staff Shortage: R&AW faces a significant shortage of employees, with a deficit of 40% below the sanctioned strength.
Criticisms and Controversies: R&AW has faced criticism over bureaucratic issues, favoritism in promotions, corruption allegations, inter-departmental rivalries, and ethnic imbalances in the officer level.
Legal Status and Accountability: R&AW is not answerable to the Parliament of India and is exempt from the Right to Information Act, which has raised concerns about transparency and accountability.
Impact and Significance
National Security and Foreign Policy: R&AW plays a crucial role in safeguarding India’s national security, shaping foreign policy, and countering threats to the country.
Counter-Terrorism Operations: R&AW is actively involved in anti-terror operations, neutralizing elements posing a threat to India’s security.
International Cooperation: R&AW collaborates with intelligence agencies from various countries, sharing intelligence and coordinating efforts to address common challenges.
Major Operations
Description
Operation Smiling Buddha
R&AW assisted in monitoring and managing India’s first nuclear test in 1974.
Operation Topaz
R&AW supported the merger of Sikkim with India in 1975, ensuring a smooth transition.
Liberation of Bangladesh (1971)
R&AW played a significant role in supporting the liberation movement in Bangladesh. It provided training, intelligence, and ammunition to the Bangladeshi guerrilla organization Mukti Bahini. R&AW’s assistance was instrumental in the successful creation of Bangladesh as an independent nation.
Operation Kahuta
R&AW gathered intelligence on Pakistan’s nuclear program by infiltrating the Kahuta Research Labs.
Operation Chanakya
R&AW provided support to the Tamil militant group LTTE during the Sri Lankan Civil War.
Operation Leech
R&AW targeted Burmese rebel groups, particularly the Kachin Independence Army.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: The International Gandhi Peace Prize
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Gita Press, located in Gorakhpur is awarded the prestigious Gandhi Peace Prize for 2021.
The jury, led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, unanimously selects Gita Press for this honor.
The International Gandhi Peace Prize
Establishment
1995
Award Details
Cash prize of ₹1 crore (US$130,000), which can be converted into any currency worldwide
Includes a plaque and a citation
Jury composition
PM (Chair), Leader of the Opposition, Chief Justice, Speaker, and Eminent person
Evaluation
Evaluation based on contributions to non-violence and Gandhian methods
Nominees are considered from competent individuals
Award can be withheld if no deserving candidate is found
Recent laureates
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (Bangladesh Founder) was posthumously awarded in 2020
Significance of the Prize
The International Gandhi Peace Prize pays tribute to Mahatma Gandhi and his philosophy.
The award recognizes outstanding contributions to social, economic, and political transformation through non-violence and Gandhian methods.
About Gita Press
Founding and Establishment: Gita Press was officially founded in 1923 by Jaydayal Goyandka, a businessman from Bankura, West Bengal.
Authenticity of texts: Goyandka’s extensive travels as a businessman led him to form satsangs with like-minded individuals in various towns.
Translation work: The group desired an authentic translation and commentary of the Bhagavad Gita, which led to the establishment of Gita Press.
Publication: Gita Press emerged as a prominent publisher with the launch of its monthly magazine, Kalyan, in 1926.
Versatility: It offers over 1,850 religious books in 15 languages, with approximately 93 crore copies sold.
Pioneering work by the Press
Promotion of Hindi: It played a pivotal role in the consolidation of Hindi as a language of masses.
Bridging Divisions: Gita Press strategically focused on emotional cultivation and avoided highlighting differences between various Hindu sects, fostering unity among the Hindu community.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Earth's Axis and Rotation
Mains level: Not Much
Central Ideas
A recent study conducted by scientists at Seoul National University has revealed that the extraction of groundwater from the earth has caused a shift in the planet’s axis, tilting it nearly 80 cm to the east.
This phenomenon, along with the movement of water through melting ice caps and glaciers, has implications for both the earth’s rotation, sea-level rise, and the distribution of water resources.
Earth’s Axis and Rotation
The Earth’s axis and rotation play significant roles in shaping our planet’s climate, seasons, and day-night cycles.
Here are some key points about Earth’s axis and rotation:
Axis: The axis is an imaginary line that extends between the North Pole and the South Pole and is tilted at an angle of approximately 23.5 degrees relative to its orbital plane around the Sun. This tilt is responsible for Earth’s seasons.
Rotation: Earth rotates on its axis from west to east, completing one full rotation in approximately 24 hours. This rotation is what gives us the cycle of day and night. The side of the Earth facing the Sun experiences daylight, while the opposite side experiences darkness, resulting in day and night.
Polar Regions: The axis of the Earth is inclined with respect to its orbital plane. This inclination causes the Polar Regions to experience variations in daylight throughout the year. During the summer solstice (around June 21), the North Pole is tilted towards the Sun, resulting in 24 hours of continuous daylight in the Arctic Circle and 24 hours of darkness in the Antarctic Circle. The opposite occurs during the winter solstice (around December 21).
Equator: The equator is an imaginary line equidistant from the poles and divides the Earth into the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. The equator experiences relatively consistent day and night lengths throughout the year, with two equinoxes occurring when the Sun is directly above the equator. During the equinoxes (around March 21 and September 21), day and night are approximately equal in length worldwide.
Precession (Cyclic Wobble): In addition to its axial tilt, Earth experiences a slow, cyclic wobble called precession. This wobble causes the orientation of Earth’s axis to change slightly over a period of approximately 26,000 years. Precession does not affect the tilt or the length of the seasons but does influence the positions of the celestial poles and the timing of Earth’s closest approach to the Sun (perihelion) and farthest point (aphelion).
Why in news?
Unlike a stable rotating globe, the earth’s axis experiences a wobble due to various factors such as weather, seasonal changes, the molten core, and natural events like hurricanes.
Scientists track this motion relative to astronomical phenomena, but the role of water movement, including groundwater extraction, had not been fully considered until now.
The earth’s axis wobbles in a circular pattern several meters wide every year.
Study Findings
Researchers at Seoul National University built a climate model linking the earth’s axis shift with water movement, including the melting of ice caps and glaciers.
Initially, the model did not match the observed drift of the axis until groundwater extraction was added to the equation.
Groundwater pumping accounted for the unexplained cause of the rotation pole drift.
The shift in the earth’s axis due to groundwater extraction was measured at nearly 80 cm tilt to the east.
Implications for Sea-Level Rise
The study revealed that approximately 2,150 billion tonnes of groundwater were pumped and drained into the oceans between 1993 and 2010, contributing to a sea-level rise of 6.24 mm.
Groundwater depletion plays a significant role in the location and magnitude of the axis drift.
Mid-latitude regions, particularly northwest India and western North America, showed the most significant groundwater redistribution effects.
Impact on Water Resources
Groundwater extraction for human activities, including irrigation, is affecting the distribution and availability of water resources.
Excessive groundwater pumping has led to a significant redistribution of water, altering the balance between surface water and groundwater reserves.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Orvakallu Rock Paintings
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
A recent discovery by D. Kanna Babu, former Superintending Archaeologist, reveals a Mesolithic period rock painting in Orvakallu village, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh.
The painting depicts a person tilling land, shedding light on the social life and culture of the ancient inhabitants.
Orvakallu Rock Paintings
The researchers while conducting a survey of the lower River Krishna Valley, identified a new prehistoric rock painting in Orvakallu.
The painting was found on the walls and ceiling of natural rock shelters on a hillock.
The site consists of five caves, two of which exhibit distinct depictions of rock paintings from the Mesolithic Age (approximately 5000 BC).
Composition and Condition of the Paintings
The paintings were created using natural white kaolin and red ochre pigments.
The passage of time and exposure to air and wind have significantly damaged most of the paintings.
Despite the deterioration, some sketches and outlines remain visible for visitors.
Significance of the Find
The discovery sheds light on the social life and culture of the people who inhabited the area during the Mesolithic Age.
One painting depicts a man catching a wild goat while holding a hooklike implement.
Another painting portrays two couples with raised hands, accompanied by a child.
Notably, a painted figure shows a man holding a plough, suggesting a semisettled life pattern and agricultural practices.
Understanding the Painted Figures
The depiction of a man tilling land indicates the cultivation of crops and a semi-settled lifestyle.
The paintings offer valuable insights into the daily activities, occupations, and interactions with the environment of the ancient community.
Back2Basics:
Paleolithic
Mesolithic
Neolithic
Bronze Age
Iron Age
Time Period
2.6 million 10,000 BCE
10,000 6,000 BCE
6,000 2,000 BCE
3,300 1,200 BCE
1,200 500 BCE
Characteristics
Use of crude stone tools
Transition from hunter-gatherer to settled lifestyle
Agriculture and farming practices become more prominent
Introduction of bronze, a metal alloy made of copper and tin
Transition from bronze to iron as the dominant metal
Animals in use
Hunter gatherer lifestyle
Domestication of plants and animals
Domestication of animals
Advanced metallurgical techniques
Increased trade and warfare
Economy
Nomadic existence
Emergence of early agriculture and semi-permanent settlements
Development of pottery and weaving techniques
Rise of complex societies and city-states
Emergence of empires and large scale political systems
Artistic Development
Cave paintings and engravings
Advanced stone tools, including micro-liths
Establishment of permanent settlements and early civilizations
Development of writing systems and recorded history
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NIA
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: The National Investigating Agency (NIA) has assumed control of the investigation into the attacks carried out by Khalistan supporters on Indian Missions in the US and Canada.
About National Investigating Agency (NIA)
(1) Establishment and Mandate
The NIA was established in December 2008 in response to the 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks.
It operates under the National Investigation Agency Act.
It is responsible for investigating offenses related to terrorism, smuggling of arms, drugs, counterfeit currency, and cross-border infiltration.
(2) Jurisdiction and Powers
The NIA has jurisdiction over the whole of India and extends to Indian citizens abroad, government personnel, and individuals on Indian-registered ships and aircraft.
It possesses extensive powers to search, seize, arrest, and prosecute those involved in scheduled offenses under various acts, including the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act and the Indian Penal Code.
(3) Scheduled Offenses:
The NIA investigates offenses listed under the schedule of the NIA Act, which includes acts related to explosives, hijacking, unlawful activities, terrorism, maritime navigation safety, and more.
In 2020, the NIA was empowered to probe offences under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act connected to terrorism cases.
Operational Procedures of the NIA
Referral and Direction: State governments can refer cases involving scheduled offences to the Union Home Ministry, which can then direct the NIA to take over the investigation. The Central government can also initiate investigations suo motu if it believes a scheduled offence has been committed.
Assistance and Cooperation: State governments are required to provide full assistance to the NIA during investigations. This includes sharing information, providing logistical support, and cooperating in the arrest and prosecution of suspects. The NIA relies on the collective efforts of state and central agencies to ensure a comprehensive and effective investigation.
Proactive Investigations: The NIA has the authority to proactively investigate cases involving scheduled offenses, taking the initiative to prevent and preempt acts of terrorism and other serious crimes. This proactive approach enables the agency to identify and neutralize threats in a timely manner, safeguarding national security.
Investigating the recent Attacks
Attacks on Indian Missions in the US and Canada: Khalistan supporters targeted Indian Missions in the U.S. and Canada in March. A group of protesters attacked the Indian Consulate in San Francisco, breaking makeshift security barriers and placing Khalistani flags inside the premises.
Violent Protests at Indian High Commission in London: Pro-Khalistani protestors attempted to vandalize the Indian High Commission in London and removed the national flag during their demonstrations.
Its progress was recently reviewed during the second track 1.5 dialogue on iCET, held between NSA Ajit Doval and his American counterpart Jake Sullivan.
Understanding iCET
The iCET serves as a framework for India-US cooperation in critical and emerging areas of technology.
It was launched in January 2023 to strengthen the strategic partnership and drive technology and defence collaboration between the two countries.
The initiative emphasizes the shared democratic values and respect for universal human rights that should shape the development, governance, and use of technology.
Focus Areas of the Initiative
The iCET initiative focuses on several key areas to foster collaboration and deepen the partnership between India and the US. These include:
Research Agency Partnership: Establishing a research agency partnership to drive collaboration in areas like artificial intelligence.
Defence Industrial Cooperation: Developing a new defence industrial cooperation roadmap to accelerate technological cooperation for joint development and production.
Common Standards in AI: Developing common standards in artificial intelligence to ensure compatibility and interoperability.
Semiconductor Ecosystem: Supporting the development of a semiconductor ecosystem to strengthen the supply chain and enhance production capabilities.
Human Spaceflight Cooperation: Strengthening cooperation on human spaceflight to advance space exploration efforts.
Advancing 5G and 6G: Collaborating on the development and deployment of 5G and 6G technologies.
OpenRAN Network Technology: Promoting the adoption of OpenRAN network technology in India for a more open and secure telecommunications infrastructure.
Progress Achieved so far
India and the United States have made significant progress in various areas of collaboration under the iCET initiative. Key developments include:
Quantum Coordination Mechanism: Implementation of the Quantum Coordination Mechanism to facilitate cooperation in quantum technologies.
Public-Private Dialogue (PDD) on Telecommunication: Launch of a PDD focused on collaboration in OpenRAN, 5G, and 6G technologies.
AI and Space Exchanges: Important exchanges between India and the US on artificial intelligence and space cooperation.
Semiconductor Supply Chain: Signing of an MoU on establishing a semiconductor supply chain, paving the way for further collaboration in this critical sector.
Defence Cooperation: Advancements in defence cooperation, including the near-conclusion of a mega jet engine deal and the launch of the India-US Defence Acceleration Ecosystem (INDUS-X).
Strategic Trade Dialogue: Establishment of a Strategic Trade Dialogue to address regulatory barriers and review export control norms for strategic technology and trade collaborations.
Future Outlook
The India-US iCET initiative holds great promise for enhancing collaboration in critical and emerging technologies.
By aligning their efforts in areas such as AI, quantum computing, semiconductors, and telecommunications, India and the United States aim to build trusted technology partnerships and deepen their strategic cooperation.
Continued progress in this initiative will pave the way for innovative solutions, economic growth, and shared advancements in critical technology domains for both countries.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kamala Sohoni
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
On June 18, the Google Doodle commemorated Kamala Sohonie on her 112th birth anniversary.
Kamala Sohonie, the first Indian woman to earn a PhD in a scientific discipline, made significant contributions in the field of nutrition and fought against malnutrition among tribal children.
Despite facing gender bias, including from Nobel laureate CV Raman, Sohonie left a lasting impact on Indian science.
Who was Kamala Sohonie?
Kamala Sohonie (nee Bhagvat) was born on June 18, 1911, in Indore, Madhya Pradesh.
Her father and uncle were chemists who had studied at the Tata Institute of Sciences (now IISc, Bengaluru).
Sohonie graduated in 1933 with a BSc degree in Chemistry and Physics from Bombay University, topping the merit list.
Encounter with CV Raman
Sohonie faced rejection from CV Raman when she applied for an MSc degree at IISc.
Determined, she confronted Raman and challenged him to allow her admission.
Raman reluctantly agreed but imposed several conditions, including probation and restrictions on her status as a student.
Academic Achievements and Work
Sohonie completed her course with distinction and secured admission to Cambridge University, where she completed her PhD in just 14 months.
Her research focused on potatoes, leading to the discovery of the enzyme ‘Cytochrome C’ and its role in cellular respiration.
Returning to India, Sohonie served as the head of the Department of Biochemistry at Lady Hardinge College, New Delhi.
She worked at the Nutrition Research Lab, Coonoor, and the Royal Institute of Science in Mumbai, studying various food items to identify their nutrients.
Contribution to Nutrition and Social Impact
Sohonie’s notable work revolved around ‘neera,’ a palm extract drink recommended by Dr. Rajendra Prasad, India’s first President.
She demonstrated that ‘neera’ was a rich source of Vitamin C and other nutrients, making it beneficial for the health of malnourished tribal children and pregnant women.
Sohonie also collaborated with the Aarey Milk project to improve milk quality.
Beyond her scientific endeavors, she played a vital role as a founding member of the Consumer Guidance Society.
Personal Life and Legacy
In 1947, Sohonie married MV Sohonie, an actuary, and the couple resided in Mumbai.
Kamala Sohonie’s accomplishments broke barriers and inspired future generations of women in science.
Her resilience against gender bias and remarkable contributions to nutrition and consumer protection remain an enduring legacy.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Miyawaki Forests
Mains level: Urban forestry
Central Idea: Prime Minister during his latest ‘Mann ki baat’ episode spoke about Miyawaki plantation, the Japanese method of creating dense urban forests in a small area.
Try this question:
Q.The Miyawaki Forests technique has to potential to revolutionize the concept of urban afforestation in India. Discuss.
Miyawaki Method
Miyawaki method is a method of urban afforestation by turning backyards into mini-forests.
It includes planting trees as close as possible in the same area which not only saves space, but the planted saplings also support each other in growth and block sunlight from reaching the ground, thereby preventing the growth of weed.
Thus the saplings become maintenance-free (self-sustainable) after the first three years.
It helps to create a forest in just 20 to 30 years while through conventional methods it takes anywhere between 200 to 300 years.
The technique
The native trees of the region are identified and divided into four layers — shrub, sub-tree, tree, and canopy.
The quality of soil is analysed and biomass which would help enhance the perforation capacity, water retention capacity, and nutrients in it, is mixed with it.
A mound is built with the soil and the seeds are planted at a very high density — three to five sapling per square meter.
The ground is covered with a thick layer of mulch.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Chromosomes
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The Y chromosome, often known as the “master of maleness,” has fascinated scientists and historians for its role in determining sex and its unique genetic characteristics.
This article explores the intriguing journey of the Y chromosome, its significance, and recent discoveries that challenge previous assumptions.
What are Chromosomes?
Chromosomes are fundamental components of cells that play a vital role in storing and transmitting genetic information.
These structures contain genes, which carry instructions for the development, functioning, and inheritance of traits.
Chromosomes consist of tightly coiled DNA molecules wrapped around proteins called histones, forming chromatin.
Before cell division, chromosomes replicate into identical sister chromatids held together at the centromere.
Types of Chromosomes:
Autosomes: Non-sex chromosomes (22 pairs in humans) determine most traits.
Sex Chromosomes: Determine biological sex (XX for females, XY for males).
Functions of Chromosomes
Genetic Information Storage: Genes on chromosomes encode instructions for protein production and cellular processes.
Inheritance: Chromosomes transmit genetic information during sexual reproduction through meiosis, ensuring genetic diversity in offspring.
Gene Expression Regulation: Chromosomes control gene activation or silencing, crucial for development and cell functioning.
Significance of Chromosomes
Understanding Genetic Disorders: Abnormalities in chromosomes cause conditions like Down syndrome, aiding diagnosis and comprehension.
Evolutionary Insights: Comparative analysis of chromosomes reveals evolutionary relationships and genetic material changes over time.
Advancements in Genetic Research: Chromosomes are crucial for genome sequencing, mapping, and studying gene expression, leading to improved understanding of human health, diseases, and targeted therapies.
Our focus: Y Chromosome
Genetic Origins: The Y chromosome is believed to have emerged approximately 200-300 million years ago in a common ancestor of mammals. Its genetic sequence, published in 2003, revealed that it accounts for only 2% of the genetic material inside a cell, encoding around 55 genes.
Quirks and Challenges: Referred to as the “juvenile delinquent” among chromosomes, the Y chromosome has repetitive sequences, a limited number of genes, and a reluctance to recombine with other chromosomes. These characteristics have led to debates about its functional utility and evolutionary trajectory.
Significance of the Y Chromosome
Historical Insights: Researchers have extensively studied the Y chromosome to understand human migration and evolution. It has provided valuable insights into paternity, genetic diversity, and our shared past.
Beyond Sex Determination: Contrary to earlier assumptions, recent studies have revealed that the Y chromosome plays a role in biological functions beyond sex determination. It contains genes associated with aging, lifespan regulation, and other vital processes.
Influence of the Y chromosome on Health
Sex Differences in Lifespan: In the animal kingdom, including mammals, females tend to live longer than males. The absence of a second Y chromosome in males exposes detrimental mutations in the X chromosome, potentially contributing to shorter lifespans.
Age-Related Loss of the Y Chromosome: Studies have shown that men experience a loss of the Y chromosome (LoY) with age, which has been associated with a higher risk of diseases such as cancer and Alzheimer’s. Research on mice models supports these findings, indicating a correlation between LoY and shorter lifespans and memory deficiencies.
Phenotypic Sex and Longevity: Recent research on fruit flies challenges the notion that the presence of a Y chromosome directly influences longevity. Instead, the phenotypic sex of an individual, determined by external genitalia, may play a more significant role.
Future of the Y Chromosome
Species-Specific Evolution: Some species, like rodents, have naturally lost their Y chromosome, offering insights into sex-chromosome turnover. These species serve as models for understanding the process and the potential repurposing of other chromosomes as sex chromosomes.
Signs of Replacement: Genomic analysis of Neanderthal DNA indicates that the Y chromosome has undergone replacement in the lineage leading to modern humans. This suggests that the Y chromosome’s role as the “master of maleness” may eventually be overtaken by another chromosome in the future.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Predator Drones
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) has approved the procurement of armed Predator Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) at the cost of over $3 billion.
The UAVs will be procured from General Atomics Aeronautical Systems (GA-ASI), a United States-based aeronautics company.
Predator Drones: An Overview
The Predator UAV, manufactured by GA-ASI, is known as the MQ-9.
It has an endurance of over 27 hours, speeds of 240 KTAS, and can operate up to 50,000 feet.
It has a payload capacity of 3,850 pounds (1,746 kilograms) and can carry external stores of up to 3,000 pounds (1,361 kilograms).
Benefits and Capabilities of the MQ-9 UAV
The MQ-9 UAV has a higher payload capacity and horsepower compared to its predecessor, the MQ-1 Predator.
It provides long endurance, persistent surveillance, and strike capability for the warfighter.
The maritime variant of the MQ-9 UAV, known as Sea Guardian, has an endurance of over 30 hours.
Enhancing Indian Armed Forces’ Capabilities
The procurement of MQ-9 UAVs will enhance the Indian Armed Forces’ Intelligence-Surveillance-Reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities.
These high-altitude, long-endurance drones will be able to carry out intelligence collection, strike strategic targets in mountains and maritime domains, and support various military operations.
Indian Armed Forces are expected to receive a total of 31 MQ-9s, with 15 for the Navy and eight each for the Army and the Indian Air Force (IAF).
Previous Use of MQ-9 UAVs by India
In the aftermath of the Galwan Valley clashes in 2020, the Indian Navy had leased two MQ-9 UAVs, and the lease has since been extended.
The leased UAVs have completed 10,000 flight hours and have significantly contributed to the Indian Navy’s operations.
International Usage of MQ-9 UAVs
The MQ-9 UAV has been acquired by various countries, including the United States Air Force, Department of Homeland Security, NASA, Royal Air Force, Italian Air Force, French Air Force, and Spanish Air Force.
Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Change of Name under Article 21
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Allahabad High Court has allowed a man to change his name citing fundamental rights under Articles 19(1) (a), 21, and 14.
Delhi High Court permitted two brothers to reflect their father’s changed surname on their Board certificates, asserting the right to identity as an intrinsic part of the right to life under Article 21.
Article
Summary
Article 19(1)(a)
Freedom of speech and expression: Citizens have the right to express their opinions and ideas freely, with reasonable restrictions to safeguard national interests and public order.
Article 21
Right to life and personal liberty: Individuals are protected from arbitrary deprivation of life or liberty and have the right to live with dignity. It includes the right to privacy and encompasses various aspects of human rights.
Article 14
Right to equality: All individuals are entitled to equal protection under the law, ensuring fairness and prohibiting discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. It promotes equality before the law for all citizens.
Right to Change Name
The right to change one’s name is recognized as a fundamental right under Article 21 of the Constitution, which guarantees the right to life and personal liberty.
It is often exercised for various reasons, including personal preferences, religious conversions, marriage or divorce, or to overcome social or cultural barriers.
Individuals may choose to change their names to reflect their gender identity, religious beliefs, or to align with their professional or artistic pursuits.
Process to change the name
Prepare a petition stating the desire to change the name and reasons for the change.
Prepare an affidavit affirming the intention to change the name and get it notarized.
Publish a notice in two local newspapers announcing the name change.
Apply for Gazette notification through the Department of Publication.
Gather supporting documents like identity and address proof.
File the petition, affidavit, and supporting documents in the appropriate court.
Attend the court hearing and provide necessary explanations.
Obtain a court order approving the name change.
Update official documents with the new name.
Observations by the HCs
Allahabad High Court ruled that the rejection of the name-change applications by the authorities violates fundamental rights guaranteed under Articles 19(1)(a), 21, and 14.
It emphasized the need for congruence in all identity-related documents and the prevention of confusion and potential misuse.
Delhi High Court asserted the right to identity as an intrinsic part of the right to life under Article 21.
Restrictions on the Right to Change Names
Although the right to change names is a fundamental right, it is subject to reasonable restrictions.
Restrictions imposed by law must be fair, just, and reasonable.
Principle of proportionality and the value of human dignity play important roles in determining the reasonableness of restrictions (Jeeja Ghosh vs. Union of India, 2016).
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Pension Scheme (NPS)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) has introduced a new feature for systematic withdrawal from the National Pension Scheme (NPS).
National Pension Scheme (NPS): A Brief Overview
The National Pension Scheme (NPS) is a voluntary retirement savings scheme launched by the Government of India in 2004.
It is regulated and administered by the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA).
The primary objective of the NPS is to provide a pension income to individuals upon their retirement.
Key Features of the NPS:
Contributions: Subscribers make regular contributions to their NPS account during their working years. These contributions accumulate and grow over time.
Investment Options: The NPS offers two investment options: a) Auto Choice: where the funds are invested based on the subscriber’s age, and b) Active Choice: where the subscriber can select the asset classes (equity, corporate bonds, and government securities) and the fund manager.
Portable Account: The NPS account is portable, allowing subscribers to maintain their account even if they change jobs or locations.
Withdrawal Options: Upon retirement, subscribers have the flexibility to withdraw a portion of their accumulated corpus as a lump sum and use the remaining amount to purchase an annuity, which provides a regular pension income.
Tax Benefits: NPS offers tax benefits at different stages. Contributions made by subscribers are eligible for tax deductions under Section 80C, while withdrawals are subject to certain tax exemptions.
Regulated and Transparent: The NPS is regulated by the PFRDA, ensuring transparency and oversight of the scheme. It follows strict investment guidelines and has mechanisms in place to safeguard the interests of subscribers.
Wide Coverage: The NPS is available to all Indian citizens, including salaried employees, self-employed individuals, and non-resident Indians (NRIs).
Benefits of the NPS
Retirement Income: The NPS provides a retirement income to subscribers, ensuring financial security during their post-retirement years.
Long-term Wealth Creation: The investment component of the NPS allows subscribers to accumulate wealth over time, potentially generating higher returns and building a substantial retirement corpus.
Flexibility and Control: Subscribers have the flexibility to choose their investment options and actively manage their NPS accounts, providing a level of control over their retirement savings.
Tax Efficiency: The NPS offers tax benefits both on contributions and withdrawals, making it a tax-efficient retirement savings option.
Portability: The portability feature of the NPS allows subscribers to continue their account irrespective of job changes or relocations.
Regulated and Secure: The NPS is regulated by the PFRDA, ensuring a secure and transparent framework for retirement savings.
Changes introduced: Systematic Withdrawal Plan
NPS subscribers will be allowed to withdraw 60% of their contributions systematically post-retirement.
The current system of one-time withdrawal will be replaced.
40% of the contributions must be in annuity.
Systematic withdrawals can be customized by the subscriber based on their needs.
Withdrawals can be made in lump sum or on a monthly, quarterly, half-yearly, or annual basis.
This feature is applicable to individuals aged 60-75.
Benefits offered by this change
Flexibility: Subscribers can customize their withdrawals based on their financial needs.
Regular Income: Systematic withdrawals provide a regular income stream post-retirement.
Enhanced Financial Planning: Allows for better financial planning and management.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nehru Memorial Museum and Library (NMML)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The decision to rename the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library (NMML) Society has ignited a political controversy.
The institution will now be known as the ‘Prime Ministers Museum and Library Society’.
The controversy reflects the ongoing debate surrounding dynastic politics in India.
About the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library (NMML) (erstwhile)
NMML in New Delhi, is an autonomous institution under the Ministry of Culture.
It is a leading resource center on India’s first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru.
Established in 1964, it houses extensive archives, including Mahatma Gandhi’s writings and private papers of prominent figures like Swami Sahajanand Saraswati, C. Rajagopalachari, and Sarojini Naidu.
It is located in the majestic Teen Murti House, the official residence of the first Prime Minister of India.
It has four major constituents, namely, a Memorial Museum, a library on modern India, a Centre for Contemporary Studies and the Nehru Planetarium.
Pradhanmantri Sangrahalaya (the PM’s Museum)
In April 2022, the NMML inaugurated the Museum as a new addition to the institution.
It is a tribute to every Prime Minister of India since Independence, showcasing their contributions to the nation’s development over the past 75 years.
Why rename it now?
The meeting acknowledged the contributions of all past and present Prime Ministers and expressed the mission of the Society to preserve India’s democratic journey and legacy.
It was felt that renaming the institution would better align with this purpose.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kari Ishad Mango, GI Tag
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The Kari Ishad mango, prominently grown in Ankola taluk of Uttara Kannada, has been awarded the Geographical Indication (GI) tag by the Geographical Indications Registry.
The GI certificate has been issued to Matha Totagars Farmer Producer Company Limited, Ankola, and is valid until March 1, 2032 from March 31, 2023.
Kari Ishad Mango
The Kari Ishad mango is renowned for its unique aroma, luscious taste, high amount of pulp, and distinctive shape and size.
They are large and have an oblique to oval shape.
Typically, each panicle bears only one fruit, and a well-grown tree can produce up to 2,000 fruits in a season.
However, the fruit has a short shelf life of about five days.
Cultivation and Production
Apart from Ankola, the Kari Ishad mango is grown in Karwar and to a certain extent in Kumta of Uttara Kannada.
The prominent cultivation areas include Belse, Shetgeri, Belambara, Mogata, and Vandige villages of Ankola.
Vandige village stands out as the highest producer, yielding around 600 tonnes of fruits per season. Belse village boasts 1,500 plants.
Variants of the Mango
The Ishad mango has two variants:
Kari Ishad, characterized by its thin skin, abundance of pulp, and sweetness,
Bili Ishad, which has thick skin, less pulp, and sweetness.
Back2Basics: Geographical Indication (GI)
A GI is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation that are due to that origin.
Nodal Agency: Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry
India, as a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), enacted the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 w.e.f. September 2003.
GIs have been defined under Article 22 (1) of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Read the attached story
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
The field of taxonomy, which involves naming and classifying living beings, is currently engaged in a heated discussion regarding the renaming of species with objectionable scientific names.
These names often stem from problematic individuals associated with slavery, racism, derogatory terms, and racial slurs.
The debate has gained prominence in recent years, particularly in the wake of movements like Black Lives Matter, which seeks to address systemic racism and dismantle symbols of oppression.
Controversial Naming Practices
(1) Species Named after Controversial Figures:
Anophthalmus hitleri: The blind beetle named after Adolf Hitler by an entomologist who admired him gained popularity among Neo-Nazis, leading to its near-extinction.
Uta stansburiana: The lizard named after Howard Stansbury, known for his involvement in the massacre of Timpanogos Native Americans.
Hibbertia scandens: The plant named after George Hibbert, a prominent member of the pro-slavery and anti-abolition lobby.
(2) Species Named with Derogatory Terms:
Hottentotta tamulus scorpion: The use of “Hottentot” as a derogatory term for Indigenous Black people in Africa.
Rauvolfia caffra: The quinine tree named with an offensive term considered hate speech against Black communities in South Africa.
Rules and International Bodies
Nomenclature Codes: International bodies such as ICZN, ICNafp, ICNB, and ICTV govern the naming of animals, plants, bacteria, and viruses, respectively.
Validity and Publication: New names must be published in openly distributed publications and accompanied by detailed descriptions of typical specimens.
ICZN: International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature
ICNafp: International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
ICNB: International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria
ICTV: International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
Scientific Naming Process
Two-part Scientific Names: Each species has two scientific names, with the first denoting the genus and the second identifying the species within the genus. Both names are italicized.
Naming Conventions: Names are often derived from Latin or Greek, reflecting distinctive features or characteristics of the species.
Challenges in Changing Offensive Names
Limited Appetite for Change: International committees show little inclination to engage in debates on potentially offensive names, prioritizing stability and universality.
Criteria for Name Change: The rules state that name changes should only occur with profound taxonomic knowledge or to rectify names conflicting with established rules.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Wari, Warkari
Mains level: Not Much
The Sant Tukaram and Sant Dyaneshwar Palkhi processions started their three-week-long journeys from the temple towns of Dehu and Alandi in Pune.
Pandharpur Wari
The deities are said to be shifted to Pandharpur right away from Vitthala Temple, Hampi (Karnataka) to avoid demolition.
Tradition: The Wari tradition is an 800-year-old pilgrimage in Maharashtra, where devotees, known as Warkaris, undertake a foot journey to the Vithoba temple (Incarnation of Vishnu) in Pandharpur.
Largest walking event: The event is said to be one of the world’s largest and oldest movements where people gather on one day each year and walk a distance of around 250 km.
Guinness Record: The Wari has been classified by the World Book of Records as “one of the most visited places in a day”
Essence of Wakari Panth: The Wari is a ritualistic practice and a distinctive part of Maharashtrian culture, representing the essence of the Wakari Panth, which is a sect within the Bhakti tradition.
Four Processions: The Wari takes place in four months – Chaitra, Ashadh, Kartik, and Magh. The Ashadhi Ekadashi Wari is the most popular and significant among these processions.
Historical Evolution
Changed over time: Over the years, the Wari procession has evolved with changing practices, associated legends, and unique systems of organization and management.
Influence of Sant Dyaneshwar: The Wari tradition can be traced back to Sant Dyaneshwar, the father of Sant Dyaneshwar, who played a pivotal role in promoting the pilgrimage to Pandharpur.
Legacy of Sant Namdev: Sant Namdev (whose verses find mention in Guru Granth Sahib), a contemporary of Sant Dyaneshwar, also followed the tradition and composed devotional compositions expressing his devotion to Lord Vitthala.
Rituals and Cultural Aspects
Dindi and Musical Fervor: Dindis, comprising groups of devotees, accompany the palkis during the Wari, singing, chanting, and dancing. Musical instruments like the veena and mridangam enhance the devotional fervor.
Seva Dindis and Social Initiatives: Seva Dindis perform selfless service along the Wari route, including annadana (donation of food), medical assistance, and rural infrastructure development.
Social Messaging and Initiatives: The Wari has been utilized as a platform for social messaging and initiatives such as promoting cleanliness through the ‘Nirmal Wari’ campaign and women-centric drives like ‘Wari Nari Shakti’ focusing on menstrual hygiene.
Try this PYQ:
Consider the following pairs:
Traditions Communities
Chaliha Sahib Festival — Sindhis
Nanda Raj Jaat Yatra — Gonds
Wari-Warkari — Santhals
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
