Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Adjournment motion
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
During the monsoon Session of Parliament, Opposition parties demanded discussions on alleged sexual assaults in Manipur and ongoing ethnic violence.
Many MPs moved adjournment motions, leading to the Lok Sabha’s adjournment.
Let’s explore the various motions raised in Indian Parliament and their significance.
(A) Short Duration Discussion (Rule 193)
Applicability: This procedure is available in both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
Description: A short-duration discussion can take place when the Chairman or Speaker believes that a matter is urgent and of sufficient public importance. The discussion can last for a maximum of two and a half hours.
(B) Motion with a Vote (Rule 184)
Applicability: This motion is relevant in Lok Sabha.
Description: If a motion meets certain conditions, such as not containing defamatory statements, being on a matter of recent occurrence, and not being pending before any statutory authority or court of enquiry, it can be admitted. The Speaker can then allocate a time period for the discussion. This type of motion involves a vote to determine Parliament’s position on the issue and requires the government to follow Parliament’s decision.
(C) Adjournment Motion
Applicability: The adjournment motion is relevant only in Lok Sabha and is not available in Rajya Sabha.
Description: An adjournment motion is moved to discuss a “definite matter of urgent public importance” with the Speaker’s consent. The notice for this motion must be given before 10 AM on a given day to the Lok Sabha Secretary-General. The motion must meet specific criteria to be admitted. The passage of an adjournment motion does not require the government to resign but is seen as a strong censure of the government.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Opium Wars
Mains level: World History: Decolonization in Asia
Central Idea
The Opium Wars, waged by European colonial powers on China, exemplify how opium, as an inanimate object, became a powerful historical agent under specific social and political circumstances.
Possible mains question:
Q. Discuss the historical significance of opium as a powerful agent in shaping world history, with a focus on its role in the Opium Wars and its impact on colonialism and Chinese society.
Story of Opium and Tea
Tea’s Introduction to Europe: Tea, originating in China over 2,000 years ago, became popular among the British elite in the mid-17th century and transcended class barriers to become the quintessential British beverage.
Trade Deficit with China: However, the British East India Company faced a trade deficit with China due to the import of tea.
Opium as a Solution: In 1763, the British acquired a monopoly on opium production and trade, which was already in demand in China. Selling opium to China from their rapidly growing colony in India helped offset the trade deficit caused by tea imports.
Opium Cultivation in India
Rapid Growth: Under the British Opium Department, opium production in India saw a massive increase, rising almost 800% within a century. India’s total opium exports to China increased a hundred-fold between 1780 and 1880.
Selective Selling: Interestingly, while India grew all the opium, the British avoided selling it in their own colony, choosing instead to push it into Chinese society.
China’s Addiction and Socio-economic Crises
Addiction Spreads: The highly addictive and debilitating drug led to widespread addiction among China’s upper classes and literati, causing socio-economic crises.
Decline of Qing Dynasty: The ruling Qing dynasty’s inability to curb opium trade eroded the machinery of the state and legitimacy of China’s governance.
The Opium Wars
Discovery of Opium: In 1839, after discovering his son’s opium use, the Qing Emperor launched a crackdown, leading to tensions with British opium traders in Canton.
First Opium War (1839-42): British forces arrived in China to protect “free trade,” leading to a series of defeats for China. The Treaty of Nanking forced China to compensate British opium traders, cede Hong Kong, and open more ports for European trade.
Second Opium War (1856-60): Triggered by a conflict between a Chinese official and British traders, the war further expanded European presence in China and legalized opium trade.
Opium as a Historical Agent
Colonialism and Opium: The Opium Wars epitomized colonialism in Asia, generating immense profits for colonialists at the expense of Indian labor and Chinese sobriety.
Continued Impact: Opioid crises worldwide show opium’s capacity to transcend social classes, making it a historical force with tragic consequences.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Marine Heat Waves
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
MHWs have engulfed regions like the northeast Pacific, southern Indian Ocean, the Atlantic, and the Mediterranean, as reported by Mercator Ocean International.
In April, the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) peaked at 21.1 degrees Celsius, breaking the previous record set in 2016.
What are Marine Heat Waves (MHWs)?
While we often associate heatwaves with the atmosphere, they can also occur in the ocean, known as Marine Heatwaves (MHWs).
These prolonged periods of excessively warm sea surface temperatures (SST) can have significant consequences for marine ecosystems and industries.
SST is the temperature of the top layer of the ocean, typically measured at a depth of 1 millimeter to a few meters using buoys.
MHWs can happen in both summer and winter, with “winter warm-spells” affecting specific regions and species.
How are MHWs measured?
Threshold Criteria: A marine heatwave is characterized by seawater temperatures exceeding a seasonally-varying threshold (often the 90th percentile) for at least 5 consecutive days.
Continuity of Events: Successive heatwaves with gaps of 2 days or less are considered part of the same MHW event.
Causes of Marine Heatwaves
Air-sea heat flux: Ocean currents and air-sea heat flux are common drivers of MHWs, leading to the build-up of warm water in specific areas.
Influences of Wind and Climate Modes: Wind patterns can enhance or suppress MHWs. They influence the likelihood of events occurring in certain regions.
Intensification with Global Warming: Rising global temperatures have resulted in longer-lasting, more frequent, and intense MHWs in recent decades.
Human Influence: 87% of MHWs can be attributed to human-induced warming, with the oceans absorbing significant amounts of heat due to greenhouse gas emissions.
Oceans as Heat Sink: Oceans have absorbed 90% of the additional heat caused by greenhouse gas emissions, increasing global mean sea surface temperature by nearly 0.9 degrees Celsius since 1850.
Impacts of Marine Heatwaves
Ecosystem Structure: MHWs can disrupt ecosystem structure, supporting certain species while suppressing others.
Kelp Forest Destruction: MHWs along the Western Australian coast in 2010-2011 devastated kelp forests and fundamentally altered the ecosystem of the coast.
Economic Losses: MHWs can cause economic losses, particularly in fisheries and aquaculture industries.
Vulnerability of Temperature-Sensitive Species: Species such as corals are highly vulnerable to MHWs. The 2016 marine heatwaves in northern Australia caused severe bleaching of the Great Barrier Reef.
Impact on Marine Ecosystems
Catastrophic Effects: MHWs have led to the death of numerous marine species, altered migration patterns, and caused coral bleaching, endangering coral reefs.
Coral Bleaching: High ocean temperatures in the tropical Atlantic and Caribbean in 2005 led to a massive coral bleaching event, impacting over 80% of surveyed corals, with severe consequences for marine life.
Invasive Species and Ecological Imbalance: MHWs fuel the growth of invasive alien species, disrupting marine food webs and posing threats to wildlife. Ex. Whale entanglements in fishing gear.
Consequences for Humans
Amplifying Storms: Higher ocean temperatures associated with MHWs make storms like hurricanes and cyclones stronger, leading to severe weather events and flooding.
Threat to Coral Reefs: Half a billion people depend on coral reefs for food, income, and protection, but MHWs pose a grave threat to these ecosystems, impacting human livelihoods.
Socio-Economic Impact: Coastal communities are particularly vulnerable to the socio-economic impacts of MHWs, affecting fisheries and tourism.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Tele-MANAS
Mains level: Mental health and telemedicine
Central Idea: The government-run national tele-mental health programme, Tele MANAS, has achieved a significant milestone by receiving over 2,00,000 calls from individuals across India since its launch in October 2022.
What is Tele-MANAS?
Tele Mental Health Assistance and Networking across States (Tele-MANAS) initiative has been launched by the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare in October 2022.
It aims to provide free tele-mental health services all over the country round the clock, particularly catering to people in remote or under-served areas.
Implementation of the scheme
Counselling: The programme includes a network of 38 tele-mental health centres of excellence spread across 27 States and UTs working in over 20 languages.
Helpline: A toll-free, 24/7 helpline number (14416) has been set up across the country allowing callers to select the language of choice for availing services. Service is also accessible at 1-800-91-4416.
Two-tier working
Tele-MANAS will be organised in a two-tier system; Tier 1 comprises state Tele-MANAS cells which include trained counsellors and mental health specialists.
Tier 2 will comprise specialists at District Mental Health Programme (DMHP)/Medical College resources for physical consultation and/or e-Sanjeevani for audio-visual consultation.
Call Demographics and Concerns
Age Group: Two-thirds of the callers fall in the 18-45 years age group, while 12.5% belong to the 46-64 years age group, and 8% are below 18 years of age.
Gender Distribution: Of the two lakh calls, 59.6% were made by male callers, and 40% by female callers.
Top Concerns: The most common reasons for seeking help were general feelings of sadness (28.8%), sleep-related problems (27.6%), anxiety (20.4%), relationship issues (10%), aggression (9.2%), and low interest in activities (9.7%).
Expansion of the scheme
The initial rollout providing basic support and counselling through a centralized Interactive Voice Response system (IVRS) is being customized for use across all States and UTs.
It is being linked with other services like National teleconsultation, e-Sanjeevani, Ayushman Bharat, mental health professionals, health centres, and emergency psychiatric facilities for specialized care.
This will not only help in providing immediate mental healthcare services but also facilitate a continuum of care.
Eventually, this will include the entire spectrum of mental wellness and illness, and integrate all systems that provide mental health care.
Back2Basics: National Tele Mental Health Programme (NTMHP)
The Indian Government announced the National Tele Mental Health Programme (NTMHP) in the Union Budget 2022-23.
The National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) in Bengaluru is the nodal centre for the programme.
The programme sought to establish a digital mental health network that can address the mental health crisis in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.
The pandemic has brought forth challenges to mental health, and the NTMHP aims to provide accessible and affordable mental health services to all.
The programme will involve the use of digital platforms such as teleconsultations, chatbots, and mobile applications to deliver mental health services.
The NTMHP will integrate with existing mental health services to provide a comprehensive and coordinated approach to mental healthcare.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Surat Diamond Bourse
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
The Surat Diamond Bourse (SDB), hailed as the world’s largest office space project, is set to be inaugurated by Prime Minister.
About Surat Diamond Bourse
The SDB is a large-scale project located in Surat, Gujarat, India.
It is claimed to be the world’s biggest office space in a single project.
It is built to expand and consolidate the diamond trading business from Mumbai to Surat.
Surat is renowned as a major hub for cutting and polishing diamonds, and the development of SDB aims to bring all diamond-related activities and infrastructure under one roof.
Key features
Location: The SDB is situated at DREAM (Diamond Research and Mercantile) city in Surat.
Size: The bourse spans an area of 66 lakh square feet (approximately 6.6 million square feet), making it one of the largest office spaces in the world.
Design: The thematic landscaping of the project is based on the ‘panch tatva’ theme, representing the five elements of nature – air, water, fire, earth, and sky.
Infrastructure: The SDB consists of nine towers, each with ground plus 15 floors. It will accommodate over 4,200 offices with sizes ranging from 300 square feet to 7,500 square feet.
Security: Given the high-security nature of the diamond industry, over 4,000 CCTV cameras have been installed at different locations inside and outside the SDB.
Shifting from Mumbai: The bourse seeks to address the space crunch and expensive office real estate in Mumbai, where much of the diamond trading currently takes place.
Economic significance of SDB
Businesses: The complex will house various diamond-related businesses, including the sale of rough and polished diamonds, diamond manufacturing machinery, diamond planning software, diamond certificate firms, lab-grown diamonds, and more.
Employment: The SDB is expected to generate significant employment opportunities, providing direct employment to over 1 lakh people in various roles related to the diamond industry.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: IMD Heat Index
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Union Ministry of Earth Sciences informed that the India Meteorological Department (IMD) has introduced the Heat Index on an experimental basis.
IMD Heat Index
The Heat Index aims to provide general guidance for regions in India where the combination of temperature and humidity leads to higher apparent temperatures, causing discomfort for people.
It is derived using an equation similar to the one used by the National Weather Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in the USA.
It considers the impact of humidity on high temperatures, providing a “feel-like” temperature for human beings and indicating the level of discomfort.
Color Codes for Experimental Heat Index
The Heat Index is represented with different color codes to signify the varying levels of heat impact and discomfort:
Green: Below 35°C
Yellow: Range of 36-45°C
Orange: Range of 46-55°C
Red: Above 55°C
Mitigating heat impact in India
The Heat Index is currently being implemented on an experimental basis across India, including Andhra Pradesh.
Under the Heat Action Plan, the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) collaborates with local agencies such as the Indian Institute of Public Health (IIPH) to implement the Heat Index project for Bhubaneshwar and Ahmedabad.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Export Preparedness Index (EPI
Mains level: Not Much
PC: Live Mint
Central Idea
Tamil Nadu has emerged as the most export-competitive state in India, securing the top spot in the Export Preparedness Index 2022 by Niti Aayog.
Export Preparedness Index (EPI)
EPI is a comprehensive tool aimed at gauging the export readiness of India’s states and union territories (UTs).
The index analyses various parameters, enabling the identification of strengths and weaknesses in each region and offering valuable insights for effective policy formulation.
EPI focuses on four pillars:
Policy: This pillar evaluates the effectiveness of a state’s trade policy, providing strategic direction for both exports and imports.
Business Ecosystem: The efficiency of a business ecosystem is crucial for attracting investments and fostering an enabling infrastructure for startups and entrepreneurship.
Export Ecosystem: This pillar assesses the business environment specific to exports, determining the level of support and facilitation provided to exporters.
Export Performance: The sole output-based parameter, this pillar examines the reach of export footprints in states and UTs, measuring their actual export achievements.
10 Sub-pillars include: Export Promotion Policy; Institutional Framework; Business Environment; Infrastructure; Transport Connectivity; Export Infrastructure; Trade Support; R&D Infrastructure; Export Diversification; and Growth Orientation.
States performance
Export-Competitive State:Top Contenders: Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Gujarat (last year’s leader) followed closely, while Haryana claimed the fifth position.
Coastal States’ Dominance: Coastal states dominated the top rankings, with four out of the top five positions occupied by them. Andhra Pradesh also secured the ninth spot.
Gujarat- Leading Merchandise Exporter: Gujarat holds the top position as the leading merchandise exporter, accounting for one-third of India’s total merchandise exports.
Top Five Exporting States: Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Uttar Pradesh complete India’s top five exporters.
Seven States’ Dominance: An impressive 75% of India’s total exports are contributed by just seven states.
Reasons for export boost
Export Promotion Policies: The top-performing states have implemented export promotion policies at both state and district levels.
Diversified Export Basket: These states have a diverse export basket, showcasing their global footprint.
Promoting Unique Products: Successful states focus on promoting products unique to their region. Tamil Nadu and Karnataka lead in exporting geographical indication (GI) products.
India’s Export Performance
Resilient Exports: Despite pandemic challenges and supply-side issues, India’s goods exports remained robust, reaching an all-time high of $447 billion in FY23.
Target for FY24: The government refrained from setting a specific export target for FY24 due to global headwinds but may aim for $450 billion to $500 billion in goods exports.
Services Exports: Services exports amounted to $323 billion in FY23, bringing India’s overall exports to $770 billion.
Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Eighth Schedule, Classical Languages
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
The Supreme Court said it cannot direct the Centre to include Rajasthani as an official language in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.
About Eighth Schedule
The Eighth Schedule outlines the official languages of the Republic of India.
Articles 344(1) and 351 of the Constitution contain constitutional provisions relating to the Eighth Schedule.
It was originally created to grant representation on the Official Languages Commission and enrich Hindi and English, the official languages of the Union.
Candidates appearing for public service examinations have the privilege of using any language from the Eighth Schedule as a medium to answer the exam papers.
Article 344(1): It mandates the appointment of a Commission by the President after 5 years from the date the Constitution comes into effect.
Article 351: It places the responsibility on the Union to promote and develop the Hindi language, enabling it to be a medium of expression for India’s diverse cultural elements.
Article 351(1): The President is required to establish a commission every five years, and subsequently every ten years, with a chairman and members representing languages listed in the Eighth Schedule. The primary role is to provide advice to the President on the effective use of Hindi for official purposes by the GOI.
Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Section 69A of IT Act
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The Indian government has exercised its powers under Section 69(A) of the Information Technology Act, 2000.
It requested Twitter and other social media platforms to remove a video depicting the naked parade and sexual assault of two Manipur women.
What is Section 69(A) of the IT Act?
Empowering Content Takedown: Section 69(A) allows the government to issue content-blocking orders to online intermediaries like ISPs, web hosting services, search engines, etc.
Grounds for Blocking: Content can be blocked if it is considered a threat to India’s national security, sovereignty, public order, or friendly relations with foreign states, or if it incites the commission of cognizable offenses.
Review Committee: Requests made by the government for blocking content are sent to a review committee, which issues the necessary directions. Such orders are typically kept confidential.
Supreme Court’s Verdict on Section 69(A)
Striking Down Section 66A: In the case of Shreya Singhal vs. Union of India (2015), the Supreme Court struck down Section 66A of the IT Act, which penalized the sending of offensive messages through communication services.
Section 69(A) Validated: The Court upheld the constitutionality of Section 69(A) of the Information Technology Rules 2009, noting that it is narrowly drawn and includes several safeguards.
Limited Blocking Authority: The Court emphasized that blocking can only be carried out if the Central Government is satisfied about its necessity, and the reasons for blocking must be recorded in writing for legal challenges.
Other Rulings on Section 69(A)
Twitter’s Challenge: Twitter approached the Karnataka High Court in July last year, contesting the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology’s (MeitY) content-blocking orders issued under Section 69(A).
Court’s Dismissal: In July of this year, the single-judge bench of the Karnataka HC dismissed Twitter’s plea, asserting that the Centre has the authority to block tweets.
Extending Blocking Powers: Justice Krishna D Dixit ruled that the Centre’s blocking powers extend not only to single tweets but to entire user accounts as well.
Conclusion
The application of Section 69(A) has been a subject of legal and societal debate, as it aims to balance national security and public order concerns with the protection of free speech and expression.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Short Duration Discussions
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The Opposition called for the suspension of all other business under Rule 267 to discuss the Manipur issue, while the government preferred a “Short Duration Discussion” under Rule 176.
Understanding the nuances of these rules and their implications is essential for effective parliamentary discussions.
Rule 267: Suspension of Business
Overview: Rule 267 allows Rajya Sabha MPs to suspend all listed business and engage in discussions on matters of national importance.
Consent and Suspension: As per the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Rajya Sabha, any member can seek the Chairman’s consent to suspend the application of a rule related to the day’s listed business.
Temporary Suspension: If the motion receives approval, the concerned rule is temporarily suspended.
Short Duration Discussions under Rule 176
Brief Duration Discussions: Rule 176 facilitates short-duration discussions in Rajya Sabha, lasting up to two-and-a-half hours.
Notice and Explanatory Note: MPs desiring to raise urgent public matters must provide a written notice to the Secretary-General, including an explanatory note justifying the discussion.
Scheduling and Procedure: The Chairman, in consultation with the Leader of the Council, schedules the discussion without formal motions or voting.
Statement and Reply: The member who issued the notice presents a brief statement, followed by a concise reply from the Minister.
Contention Surrounding Rule 267
Opposition’s Discontent: The Opposition expresses discontent as their notices under Rule 267 have not been addressed recently.
Past Precedents: In the past, several discussions on diverse subjects occurred under this rule during different Chairmen’s tenures.
Misuse of Rule: Experts suggest that Rule 267 is being misused as a substitute for the adjournment motion in Lok Sabha, where discussions involve motions with elements of censure, which do not apply to Rajya Sabha.
Why discuss this?
Parliamentary debates hold significant value in addressing pressing public matters and discussing issues critical to the nation.
They provide a platform for representatives from various political parties to engage in informed discussions, leading to more effective decision-making and improved governance.
Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Emblems Act, 1950
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
A complaint has been lodged with the Delhi police against 26 Opposition parties for the alleged “improper use” of the name ‘INDIA’ in their newly formed alliance.
Why discuss this?
The complainant argues that the parties have violated the Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, 1950.
It has allegedly attempted to gain “undue influence” in elections by using the name ‘INDIA’ for their coalition.
It alleges that by naming their alliance as ‘INDIA’, they have attempted to exert undue influence on the electorate and may be prosecuted under Section 171F of the Indian Penal Code, 1860.
About Emblems Act, 1950
The Emblems Act, 1950 aims to prevent the improper use of certain emblems and names for commercial and other purposes.
The Act seeks to protect the dignity and sanctity associated with national emblems, insignia, and names of international organizations.
Key features of the Emblem Act
Description
Article/Sections
Protected Emblems and Names
Identifies specific emblems and names protected under the Act, including national emblem, UN emblems, Red Cross, and notified emblems.
Ensures their dignity and sanctity.
Section 3
Prohibition of Improper Use
Prohibits unauthorized use of protected emblems and names for commercial or misleading purposes.
Maintains their integrity and respect.
Section 5
Offenses and Penalties
Establishes penalties, including imprisonment and fines, for violating the Act’s provisions.
Section 7
Exceptions and Permitted Use
Allows certain circumstances and purposes where use of protected emblems and names is permitted with relevant authorities’ permission.
Section 4
Enforcement and Authorities
Grants powers to authorized Police for enforcement, investigation, and legal actions against violators.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Henley Passport Index
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
India has seen an improvement in its ranking on the Henley Passport Index 2023, climbing seven places to the 80th position from 87 last year.
However, despite the rise in ranking, the number of countries allowing visa-free access to Indian passport holders remains the same.
What is Henley Passport Index?
The Henley Passport Index is a global ranking system that measures the strength and value of passports from different countries.
It is published by Henley & Partners, a global residence and citizenship advisory firm.
The index provides an annual ranking of passports based on the number of countries and territories their holders can travel to without requiring a visa or with visa-on-arrival access.
How is it derived?
It takes into account data from the International Air Transport Association (IATA) and other reliable sources.
The index includes 199 passports and 227 travel destinations.
It assigns a “visa-free score” to each passport, which represents the number of destinations that can be visited without obtaining a visa in advance.
The higher the visa-free score, the stronger the passport.
India’s Passport Performance in 2023
India is ranked 80th in 2023.
In 2014, India ranked 76th with 52 countries granting visa-free access to Indian passport holders.
Since then, its ranking has fluctuated, with positions of 88th (2015), 85th (2016), 87th (2017), 81st (2018), 82nd (2019 and 2020), and 81st (2021).
In the Henley Openness Index, which measures the number of nations allowing visa-free access, India ranked 94th out of 97 countries for permitting visa-free access to only four nations.
Global scenario
Singapore Takes the Lead: Singapore has replaced Japan as the country with the most powerful passport, allowing its citizens visa-free access to 192 out of 227 travel destinations globally.
Other Top Countries: Germany, Italy, and Spain share the second position. The third position is shared by Austria, Finland, France, Luxembourg, South Korea, and Sweden.
Japan’s Position: Japan, previously holding the top position for five years, dropped to third place on the Henley Passport Index.
Pakistan: The country known for terrorism and the recent economic crisis has been ranked at 100 in the list. Citizens of Pakistan can travel to just 33 countries without applying for a visa.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Viromes, bacteriophages
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
Viruses have had a significant impact on human history, causing deadly outbreaks of diseases.
However, not all viruses are harmful, and scientists are discovering the importance of the virome (bacteriophages).
Do you know?
Viromes and bacteriophages are closely related because bacteriophages, or phages for short, are a type of virus that specifically infects bacteria.
Bacteriophages are considered part of the virome, as they contribute to the overall viral genetic material present in a given environment or organism.
What are Virome?
What is it: They are the collection of viruses in our bodies contributing to our health, similar to the bacterial microbiome.
Bacteriophages: The majority of viruses inside us are bacteriophages, which kill bacteria in our microbiomes without affecting human cells.
Vast in Numbers: Our bodies host around 380 trillion virus particles, 10x more than the number of bacteria.
Beneficial Viruses: Some viruses play beneficial roles, such as killing cancer cells, aiding immune system training, fighting pathogens, and regulating gene expression during pregnancy.
Bacteriophages and Phage Therapy
Bacteriophages’ Mechanism: Bacteriophages hunt down bacteria, attach to their surface, inject viral DNA, and replicate inside the bacteria before causing the bacterial cell to burst and release new viral particles.
Historical Background: In the early 20th century, scientists explored phages as potential treatments for bacterial infections, but antibiotic development overshadowed this research.
Antibiotic Resistance: With the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, scientists are revisiting phage therapy as an alternative to combat bacterial infections.
Advantages of Phages: Phages effectively target multi-resistant pathogens, are precise in eliminating bacterial strains, and do not disrupt the gut microbiome like antibiotics do.
Phage Therapy in Practice
Historical Use: Phage therapy persisted in countries like Georgia, Ukraine, and Russia, where antibiotics were scarce. These regions have witnessed successful treatment outcomes against antibiotic-resistant infections.
Expanding Use: Phage therapy is gaining attention in countries like Belgium, the US, and Germany, with specialized therapy centres and calls for increased exploration and utilization.
Challenges and Safety: Standardization of therapy and tailoring phages to specific bacteria causing the infection remain challenges. However, phage therapies have a good safety record, and human bodies can tolerate them well.
Future Prospects
Complementary Approach: Phages are unlikely to replace antibiotics but could be used in combination to enhance antibiotic effectiveness, particularly against resistant bacterial strains.
Research and Clinical Projects: Further large-scale research and clinical projects are recommended to establish effective phage therapies for different types of infections.
The identification will be based on the longitude and latitude coordinates of the land parcel, and is dependent on detailed surveys and geo-referenced cadastral maps.
ULPIN is generated using the Electronic Commerce Code Management Association (ECCMA) standards during the importing of the geo-referenced shape file into BhuNaksha, a cadastral mapping solution of NIC.
Digital India Land Records Modernisation Programme (DILRMP)
DILRMP is a central sector scheme implemented by the Department of Land Resources under the Ministry of Rural Development.
Erstwhile National Land Record Modernization Programme, it was revamped and converted as a Central Sector Scheme with effect from 1st April, 2016 with 100% funding by the Centre.
The program aims to develop an Integrated Land Information Management System (ILIMS) across the country by leveraging the commonalities in land records systems in different states.
It integrates land records processes and databases with financial institutions, banks, circle rates, registration offices, and other sectors.
The program includes the computerization of land records, survey/re-survey activities, and digitization of registration processes.
Benefits of ULPIN
Curbing malpractices: The implementation of ULPIN and digitization of land records can significantly reduce unethical and illegal activities related to land. The transparency brought about by digitization enhances accountability and curbs malpractices.
Efficient Land Use: ULPIN will facilitate proper utilization of land parcels and aid in the formulation and implementation of new schemes.
Linkage with E-Courts: Connecting E-Courts with land records and registration databases offers multiple benefits, including improved accessibility to information and streamlined legal processes related to land disputes.
Indestructible documentation: Digitization of land records proves valuable in times of calamities such as floods and fires, as it helps in preventing loss of documents and expedites the recovery process.
Impacts on Development and Welfare
Development Catalyst: By providing transparent and accessible land information, digitization supports informed decision-making and effective resource management.
Proper Scheme Implementation: Linking land records with various government departments facilitates the efficient implementation of welfare schemes ex. PM Awas Yojana.
Beneficiary targeting: Accurate and up-to-date land data helps identify beneficiaries and ensures the targeted delivery of benefits and services.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: DPT3
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The coverage rate for DPT3 vaccines (diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus) in India reached an all-time high of 93% in 2022, surpassing the pre-pandemic record of 91% in 2019.
This significant increase from the 85% coverage in 2021 was reported by the World Health Organization (WHO).
What is DPT3?
DPT3 vaccines refer to a combination vaccine that provides protection against three infectious diseases: diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), and tetanus.
The “DPT” in DPT3 stands for the initials of these three diseases:
Diphtheria: It is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the respiratory system. It can cause severe throat and nose congestion, difficulty breathing, and in severe cases, it can lead to heart and nerve damage.
Pertussis (Whooping Cough): It is a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It is characterized by severe coughing fits, often accompanied by a “whooping” sound when gasping for breath. Pertussis can be particularly dangerous for infants and young children.
Tetanus: Also known as lockjaw, is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. It enters the body through wounds or cuts and produces a toxin that affects the nervous system, leading to muscle stiffness and spasms, particularly in the jaw and neck muscles.
WHO records on immunization
DPT3 Coverage Recovery: The WHO South-East Asia Region saw the DPT3 coverage recover to pre-pandemic levels of 91% in 2022, a significant increase from 82% in 2021.
Measles Vaccine Coverage: The region also witnessed a six percent improvement in measles vaccine coverage, rising to 92% in 2022 from 86% in 2021.
Zero-Dose Children: The number of zero-dose children (those who have not received even the first dose of the DPT vaccine) halved from 4.6 million in 2021 to 2.3 million in 2022.
Partially Vaccinated Children: The number of partially vaccinated children (those who received at least one dose but not the complete three-dose series) decreased from 1.3 million in 2021 to 650,000 in 2022.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Airtime Vouchers for Campaigning
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The Election Commission of India has implemented a fully online process for allotting airtime to political parties for campaigning on Akashvani and Doordarshan.
The new system replaces the traditional method of collecting physical vouchers and instead issues digital time vouchers through an online platform.
Airtime Vouchers for Campaigning
Objective: To provide equitable access to government-owned electronic media during elections for campaigning purposes.
Legal basis: The allotment of time on public broadcasters during campaigning is governed by a scheme notified in January 1998, based on Section 39A of the Representation of People Act, 1951.
Allotment Criteria: Each National party and recognized State party receive an equitable base time on Doordarshan (DD) and Akashvani.
Scope for additional time: Factors such as past electoral performance, representation in the legislature, and the number of candidates fielded by the party are considered to ensure equitable distribution of airtime.
Predefined Schedule: The date and time for telecasts and broadcasts by authorized party representatives are predetermined by Prasar Bharati, in consultation with EC and in the presence of party representatives.
Regulation of these Vouchers
Scrutiny of Party Transcripts: Party transcripts undergo scrutiny to ensure compliance with relevant codes. These codes prohibit content that criticizes other countries, attacks religions or communities, incites violence, or engages in personal attacks.
Role of Apex Committee: Disagreements over vetted content are referred to an Apex Committee comprising members from Akashvani and DD. The committee’s decision is final.
Significance of Digital Vouchers
Process Improvement: The decision reflects its commitment to leveraging technology for an improved electoral process and enhanced convenience for all stakeholders.
Eliminating Physical Collection: Political parties will no longer need to send representatives to the commission’s offices to collect time vouchers during elections.
Conflict of Interest in the Apex Committee: The Apex Committee consists of officials from Akashvani and DD, raising concerns about potential conflicts of interest.
Row over transcript content: These officials are expected to review their own decisions when conflicts arise with political parties over the transcript content.
Europe is currently experiencing a heatwave and wildfires, leading to concerns about the spread of viruses that are typically not found in colder climates.
The WHO has issued an alert regarding the Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF), a potentially fatal infection transmitted by ticks.
What is CCHF?
CCHF is a viral haemorrhagic fever primarily transmitted by ticks.
It can also be contracted through contact with viraemic animal tissues during animal slaughter.
CCHF outbreaks can lead to epidemics with a high case-fatality ratio (10-40%) and pose challenges for prevention and treatment.
Transmission and Hosts
The virus exists in the tick family of insects.
Animals such as cattle, goats, sheep, and hares serve as amplifying hosts for the virus.
Humans can contract CCHF through contact with infected ticks or animal blood.
The virus can also be transmitted between humans through contact with infectious blood or body fluids.
Migratory birds can host ticks, allowing the virus to spread over long distances.
Symptoms and Treatment
Common symptoms of CCHF include fever, muscle aches, dizziness, neck and back pain, headache, sore eyes, and sensitivity to light.
Early symptoms may also include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and sore throat, followed by mood swings and confusion.
Later stages may involve sleepiness, depression, and lassitude.
There is no vaccine available for CCHF in humans or animals, and treatment focuses on managing symptoms.
The antiviral drug ribavirin has been used to treat CCHF infection with some apparent benefit.
Spread of CCHF in Europe
CCHF is endemic to Africa, the Balkan countries, the Middle East, and parts of Asia.
In 2016, Spain reported the first fatality from CCHF in Europe.
Scientists warn that CCHF, which can have a fatality rate between 10% and 40%, is spreading northward and westward in Europe.
Cases of CCHF have been reported in Spain, Russia, Turkey, and the UK.
Reasons for this spread
Disrupted temperature patterns due to climate change are creating favorable conditions for pathogens.
CCHF ticks are moving northward through Europe due to longer and drier summers caused by climate change.
Climate change contributes to the spread of diseases by expanding tick habitats, altering water habitats, and facilitating the movement of animals and human interactions.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: BIMSTEC, Bangkok Vision 2030
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The first-ever Foreign Ministers’ meeting of the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) commenced in Bangkok, Thailand.
Understanding BIMSTEC
Origins and Membership: BIMSTEC, initially known as BIST-EC (Bangladesh-India-Sri Lanka-Thailand Economic Cooperation), was established in 1997 with the signing of the Bangkok Declaration.
Newest members: Myanmar joined in 1997, followed by Bhutan and Nepal in 2004.
Population and GDP: The organization comprises seven member countries located around the Bay of Bengal, representing approximately 22% of the world’s population. The combined GDP of the member states is close to $2.7 trillion.
Sectoral Focus: BIMSTEC’s cooperation initially focused on six sectors: trade, technology, energy, transport, tourism, and fisheries.
India’s role: India’s sectoral responsibilities within BIMSTEC include security, counter-terrorism, transnational crime, disaster management, and energy.
Significance of BIMSTEC as a Regional Forum
(A) Revitalization and Engagement:
BIMSTEC received limited attention until India reinvigorated its engagement in October 2016, following the terrorist attack in Uri.
India hosted an outreach summit with BIMSTEC leaders alongside the BRICS summit in Goa.
(B) Regional aspirations
Each BIMSTEC member has strategic incentives for the organization’s growth.
Bangladesh seeks regional significance
Sri Lanka aims to connect with Southeast Asia and become a hub for the Indo-Pacific region
Nepal and Bhutan aim to access the Bay of Bengal region
Myanmar and Thailand aim to balance China’s influence in Southeast Asia by strengthening ties with India
India and BIMSTEC
BIMSTEC offers India a platform to prioritize its foreign policy goals of “Neighborhood First” and “Act East”.
This is longer run seeks to connect South and Southeast Asia, as well as the Himalayas and the Bay of Bengal.
China’s Role and India’s Agenda
Chinese Influence and Concerns: China’s expanding presence in South and Southeast Asia through the Belt and Road Initiative has increased its interest in the Bay of Bengal region.
Act of counterbalancing: BIMSTEC becomes an arena for India to counterbalance Chinese investments.
Promoting Connectivity: India can utilize BIMSTEC to promote connectivity projects aligned with international norms, countering Chinese projects that are perceived to violate these norms.
Bay of Bengal as a Peaceful Region: India can showcase the Bay of Bengal as a region of openness and peace, highlighting the contrast with China’s behavior in the South China Sea.
Regional Stability: BIMSTEC could establish codes of conduct for regional freedom of navigation and advocate for a Bay of Bengal Zone of Peace to limit extra-regional powers’ military actions.
Conclusion
BIMSTEC has the potential to contribute to peace, stability, and economic development in the Bay of Bengal region and beyond.
Continued efforts and collaboration among member states are necessary to harness the full potential of BIMSTEC and achieve common goals.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Rho Ophiuchi Cloud Complex
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
NASA recently released an image obtained by the James Webb Space Telescope, showcasing the Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex, which is the closest star-forming region to Earth.
This image marked one year since NASA unveiled the telescope’s first scientific results.
What is Rho Ophiuchi Cloud Complex?
The Rho Ophiuchi Cloud Complex is a molecular cloud located in the constellation Ophiuchus.
It is centered 1° south of the star ρ Ophiuchi and extends to other parts of the constellation.
At an estimated distance of about 140 parsecs, or 460 light years, it is one of the closest star-forming regions to the Solar System.
It consists of several dark nebulae, which are dense regions of interstellar dust and gas that block background starlight.
The cloud complex contains numerous young stellar objects, including protostars, young stars, and brown dwarfs.
These stellar objects form as the dense material in the cloud collapses under gravity, leading to the birth of new stars.
Observations from the Image
Material Jets and Surrounding Gas/Dust: The image illustrates how the material jets emanating from young stars influence the surrounding gas and dust while illuminating molecular hydrogen.
Glowing Cave Carved by Stellar Winds: One part of the image shows a star inside a glowing cave carved out in space by its stellar winds.
Impressive Nebula with Bright Young Stars: The image showcases an impressive nebula with three bright young stars at the top, revealing the size and detail of the jets and outflows.
Insights from the new findings
Formation of New Suns: Rho Ophiuchi image demonstrates the formation of new suns and planet-forming disks, resembling what scientists believe the early solar system looked like over 4.5 billion years ago.
Violent Outbursts and Dusty Cocoons: The image unveils the process of stars and planetary systems assembling, as well as the dusty cocoons being disrupted by violent outbursts, portrayed as red jets cutting through the cloud.
Visibility through Dust: The Rho Ophiuchi core is usually obscured by extensive amounts of dust, making it invisible to telescopes working in visible light, like the Hubble telescope. However, JSWT penetrates the dust, revealing the young stars within and providing insights into the early stages of star formation.
Back2Basics: James Webb Space Telescope
Collaboration
NASA, European Space Agency (ESA), Canadian Space Agency
Launch
December 2021
Location
Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point, approximately 1.5 million km beyond Earth’s orbit
Size and Capability
Largest, most powerful infrared space telescope
Successor to
Hubble Telescope
Time Observations
Can see backwards in time to just after the Big Bang
Objectives
Examine every phase of cosmic history, including the formation of galaxies, stars, and planets.
Look back 13.5 billion years to see the first stars and galaxies forming.
Compare early galaxies to today’s spirals to understand galaxy assembly.
Observe star and planetary system formation.
Study the atmospheres of extrasolar planets and search for signs of life elsewhere in the universe.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lightning
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
A senior government official stated that lightning deaths can be prevented through education and awareness, and thus, the government is against declaring it a natural disaster.
Why discuss this?
State Demands: States like Bihar and West Bengal have requested that lightning-related deaths be considered natural disaster, making victims eligible for compensation from the State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF).
Increased fatalities: According to the National Crime Records Bureau, lightning caused 2,880 deaths in 2021, accounting for 40% of all accidental deaths from “forces of nature.”
What is Lightning?
Lightning is a rapid and powerful discharge of electricity in the atmosphere, often directed towards the Earth.
Genesis: Lightning discharges occur in giant, moisture-bearing clouds that are several kilometers tall.
Ice Crystal Formation: Water vapor in the clouds condenses into small ice crystals as temperatures drop below 0°C.
Electron Release and Collision: Collisions between ice crystals generate a release of electrons, leading to a chain reaction and the formation of a positive and negative charge within the cloud.
Types: Lightning can occur within clouds (inter-cloud and intra-cloud) or between the cloud and the ground (cloud-to-ground).
Intensity of Lightning Strikes
Voltage and Amperage: A typical lightning flash can reach around 300 million volts and 30,000 amps, significantly higher than household current.
Comparisons: Household current is 120 volts and 15 amps, highlighting the immense power of lightning.
Mitigating Lightning Incidents
Early Warning System: India has established an early warning system for lightning, saving numerous lives.
Focus on Rural Areas: Over 96% of lightning deaths occur in rural areas, necessitating mitigation and awareness programs targeted at these communities.
Deployment of Protection Devices: Low-cost lightning protection devices need to be deployed more widely, especially in rural areas.
Lightning Action Plans: States are encouraged to develop and implement lightning action plans, similar to heat action plans, to mitigate lightning-related risks.
International Centre for Excellence: Efforts are underway to establish an international center for excellence in lightning research to enhance detection and early warning systems.
