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Type: Prelims Only

  • Internal Security Architecture Shortcomings – Key Forces, NIA, IB, CCTNS, etc.

    Technology Perspective and Capability Roadmap (TPCR-2025)

    Prelims Only | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: External State & Non-State Actors: Challenges To Internal Security.

    Why in the News?

    The Ministry of Defence has released the Technology Perspective and Capability Roadmap 2025 (TPCR-2025), a 15-year blueprint for military preparedness and modernization.

    About Technology Perspective and Capability Roadmap (TPCR-2025):

    • Overview: A strategic modernization blueprint released by the Ministry of Defence to guide India’s Armed Forces for the next 10–15 years.
    • Scope: Covers tri-services for multi-domain operations across land, sea, air, cyber, and space.
    • Industry Role: Provides clear requirements to defence industry, MSMEs, and start-ups to focus R&D, manufacturing, and innovation.
    • Policy Alignment: Linked to Atmanirbhar Bharat, reducing import dependence and strengthening indigenous production.
    • Objective: Ensure forces remain technologically competitive, prepared for emerging threats, and resilient in a dynamic security environment.

    Key Features of TPCR-2025:

    • Nuclear & CBRN Preparedness: Strengthening nuclear command systems, survivability infrastructure, radiation detection, decontamination units, unmanned CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear) vehicles.
    • Drones & Unmanned Systems: Development of stealth drones (range 1,500 km, altitude 60,000 ft), AI-enabled loitering munitions, anti-drone EW bubbles.
    • Electronic & Cyber Warfare: Deployment of advanced jammers, EW payloads, info-dominance systems, and readiness for cyber and space warfare.
    • Service Modernization:
      • Army: New tanks, light tanks, UAV-launched PGMs, electromagnetic weapons.
      • Navy: New destroyers, corvettes, mine vessels, nuclear-powered warships, third aircraft carrier.
      • Air Force: Stratospheric airships, long-range cruise missiles, hardened PGMs.
    • Implementation: Regular industry–services consultations, engagement with MSMEs and start-ups, periodic updates.

    Significance:

    • Serves as a capability roadmap for long-term defence planning.
    • Strengthens domestic defence ecosystem.
    • Ensures future combat readiness in multi-domain operations.
    [UPSC 2020] In India, why are some nuclear reactors kept under “IAEA safeguards” while others are not?

    Options: (a) Some use uranium and others use thorium

    (b) Some use imported uranium and others use domestic supplies

    (c) Some are operated by foreign enterprises and others are operated by domestic enterprises

    (d) Some are State-owned and others are privately owned *

     

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  • Nuclear Energy

    Thunderbird Reactor and Cold Fusion Research (2025)

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Why in the News?

    Cold fusion reaction, once dismissed after failed 1989 claims, is back in discussion as US-based researchers report neutron production from their small “Thunderbird Reactor.”

    Thunderbird Reactor and Cold Fusion Research (2025)

    What is Cold Fusion Reaction?

    • Overview: A proposed way to achieve nuclear fusion at room temperature, unlike conventional fusion which needs extremely high heat (100 million °C or more).
    • How it started: In 1989, two chemists, Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons, said their palladium-heavy water experiment created more heat than normal chemistry allows.
    • Problem: Other scientists could not reproduce the result. No clear evidence of fusion products (like neutrons or helium) was found. The claim was dismissed, but the idea stayed alive.
    • Why interest remains: If proven, cold fusion could provide limitless, clean, and cheap energy. Research in this area is now called Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR).

    About the Thunderbird Reactor (2025)

    • Inception: Scientists led by Curtis Berlinguette, University of British Columbia, published in Nature (Aug 2025).
    • Why built: Not to make electricity, but to test if chemistry can affect nuclear reactions.
    • How it works:
      • A plasma thruster shoots deuterium ions (a form of hydrogen) at a palladium metal target.
      • At the same time, an electrochemical cell pushes more deuterium into the palladium.
      • This builds up a very high density of deuterium inside the metal, making fusion more likely.
      • A neutron detector checks if fusion really happens.

    Key Findings:

    • Neutrons detected: When deuterium ions hit palladium, about 130–140 neutrons per second were observed (much higher than background levels).
    • Electrolysis boost: Adding extra deuterium through electrolysis increased the neutron count further.
    • Energy output: The reaction only produced a tiny amount of power (one-billionth of a watt) while consuming 15 watts of electricity. No net energy gain yet.
    [UPSC 2016] India is an important member of the ‘International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor’. If this experiment succeeds, what is the immediate advantage for India?

    Options: (a) It can use thorium in place of uranium for power generation

    (b) It attain a global role in satellite-navigation

    (c) It can drastically improve the efficiency of its fission reactors in power generation

    (d) It can build fusion reactors for power generation*

     

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  • Food Processing Industry: Issues and Developments

    BHARATI Initiative

    Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Food Processing & Related Industries In India

    Why in the News?

    The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) has launched the BHARATI initiative — Bharat’s Hub for Agritech, Resilience, Advancement and Incubation for Export Enablement.

    About BHARATI Initiative:

    • Launched by: APEDA (Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority) in September 2025.
    • Purpose: To incubate and empower 100 agri-food and agri-tech startups, making them export-ready.
    • Target: Support APEDA’s vision of reaching US$ 50 billion (₹4.4 lakh crore) in agri-food exports by 2030.
    • Focus Areas: Export enablement, innovation, incubation, and addressing challenges like perishability, logistics, quality compliance, and sustainability.
    • Policy Alignment: Linked to Atmanirbhar Bharat, Start-Up India, Vocal for Local, and Digital India.

    Key Features:

    • Targeted Products: GI-tagged items, organic foods, superfoods, AYUSH products, processed foods, livestock-based products.
    • Technology Integration: AI-based quality control, blockchain-enabled traceability, IoT-based cold chains, and agri-fintech solutions.
    • Acceleration Model: 3-month programme to build export readiness, ensuring compliance with international food safety and quality standards.
    • Partnership Ecosystem: Collaboration with state boards, IITs/NITs, universities, industry bodies, and accelerators.
    • Scalability: Designed for annual expansion, gradually increasing the number of supported startups.
    [UPSC 2011] With what purpose is the Government of India promoting the concept of “Mega Food Parks”?

    1. To provide good infrastructure facilities for the food processing industry.

    2. To increase the processing of perishable items and reduce wastage.

    3. To provide emerging and

    eco-friendly food processing technologies to entrepreneurs.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    Options: (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only* (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

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  • Tribes in News

    Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)

    Prelims Only | Indian Society | Mains Paper 1: Population & Associated Issues

    Why in the News?

    The Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA) has written to the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India (RGI) to enumerate PVTGs separately in Census 2027.

    Who are the PVTGs?

    • Overview: Sub-category of Scheduled Tribes (STs) marked by stagnant or declining population, geographical isolation, pre-agrarian subsistence, economic backwardness, and very low literacy.
    • Origin: Concept recommended by the Dhebar Commission (1960–61) noting inequalities among STs.
    • Historical Evolution:
      • Fourth Five-Year Plan (1969–74): creation of Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs).
      • Fifth Five-Year Plan (1974–79): 52 groups identified.
      • 2006: PTGs renamed as PVTGs.
    • Present Status: 75 PVTGs recognized across 18 states and 1 UT (Andaman & Nicobar Islands).
    • Characteristics: Small numbers, remote habitation, pre-agricultural practices, hunting and gathering reliance, and in some cases zero or negative population growth.

    Enumeration and Population Estimates:

    • 2011 Census Status: PVTGs were NOT separately enumerated, counted under the broader ST category.
    • Special Cases:
      • 2011 Census: Baigas counted separately, while Abujh Marias, Bharias, Hill Korbas, Kamars subsumed under STs.
      • 2013: Abujh Maria and Hill Korba explicitly added to Chhattisgarh’s ST list via legislation.
    • Recent Estimates: 2023 PM JANMAN survey estimated the population at 47.5 lakh.
      • Madhya Pradesh: 13.22 lakh (highest).
      • Maharashtra: about 6.7 lakh.
      • Andhra Pradesh: about 5.18 lakh.
    • Largest and Smallest:
      • Largest: Baiga of Madhya Pradesh with about 4.14 lakh.
      • Smallest: Sentinelese of Andaman & Nicobar Islands with just 15 individuals.
    • Micro Groups: In 2011, 13 PVTGs had populations below 1,000 including Jarawa, Onge, Sentinelese, Shompen (A&N Islands), Raji (Uttarakhand), Kota (Tamil Nadu), Birhor (Odisha/Bihar), Kamar (Madhya Pradesh), and others.
    [UPSC 2019] Consider the following statements about Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in India:

    1. PVTGs reside in 18 States and one Union Territory.

    2. A stagnant or declining population is one of the criteria for determining PVTG status.

    3. There are 95 PVTGs officially notified in the country so far.

    4. Irular and Konda Reddi tribes are included in the list of PVTGs.

    Which of the statements given above are correct?

    Options: (a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 2, 3 and 4 (c) 1, 2 and 4* (d) 1, 3 and 4

     

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  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-ASEAN

    In news: Strait of Malacca

    Prelims Only | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: India & Its Neighborhood – Relations

    Why in the News?

    Singapore’s PM has acknowledged India’s intent to join the Malacca Straits Patrol (currently undertaken by Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, and Singapore).

    In news: Strait of Malacca

    About Strait of Malacca:

    • Location: Narrow waterway in Southeast Asia, between the Malay Peninsula (northeast) and Sumatra, Indonesia (southwest).
    • Length & Width: Extends about 800–900 km; width varies from 65 km in the south to 250 km in the north.
    • Depth: The southern end is narrow and shallow, usually less than 37 m deep, posing navigational challenges.
    • Geological Setting: Part of the Sunda Shelf formation, created after post-glacial sea level rise around 2.6 million years ago.
    • Key Ports: Hosts major hubs like Singapore, Port Klang, Penang, and Melaka, making it one of the busiest shipping lanes globally.

    Strategic and Economic Importance:

    • Global Chokepoint: Links the Indian Ocean (Andaman Sea) with the Pacific Ocean (South China Sea), forming a vital maritime chokepoint.
    • Trade Corridor: The shortest sea route between the Middle East/Africa and East Asia, critical for global commerce.
    • Volume of Trade: Handles about 60% of world maritime trade, including large-scale oil shipments from the Middle East to China, Japan, and Southeast Asia.
    • Economic Impact: Any disruption could severely affect supply chains and energy security worldwide.
    • Geopolitical Significance: Attracts competing interests of India, China, the US, and ASEAN states, making it a hotspot for regional and global strategic rivalry.
    [UPSC 2010] Which one of the following can one come across if one travels through the Strait of Malacca ?

    Options: (a) Bali (b) Brunei (c) Java (d) Singapore*

     

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  • Centre approves creation of ‘Environment Auditors’

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Why in the News?

    The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has introduced the Environment Audit Rules, 2025, creating an independent class of Environment Auditors.

    Who are the Environment Auditors?

    • Overview: Independent, certified professionals comparable to Chartered Accountants, but for environmental compliance.
    • Accreditation: Certification and registration granted by the Environment Audit Designated Agency (EADA).
    • Responsibilities:
      • Ensure compliance across environmental domains.
      • Conduct project audits and assess performance.
      • Collect and analyze environmental samples.
      • Verify self-reported project data.
      • Check conformity with environmental clearances and consents.
      • Calculate environmental compensation in case of violations.
      • Support implementation of Green Credit Registry, Ecomark Certification, and Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) compliance.

    About Environment Audit Rules, 2025:

    • Introduced by: MoEFCC in August 2025.
    • Purpose: Establishes independent auditors to assist Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), SPCBs, and Pollution Control Committees facing manpower/resource gaps.
    • Objectives:
      • Strengthen monitoring and compliance.
      • Enhance transparency, accountability, credibility.
      • Promote sustainable governance and stakeholder trust.
    • Scope of Audits: Covers compliance with Green Credit Rules, Ecomark Rules 2024, E-Waste Rules 2022, Plastic Waste Rules 2016, Battery Waste Rules 2022, Van (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Adhiniyam 1980, Wild Life Protection Act 1972 and related rules.
    • Institutional Features:
      • EADA certifies, registers, and monitors auditors.
      • Categories: Certified Environment Auditor (qualified) and Registered Environment Auditor (certified + authorised).
    • Certification Pathways:
      • Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL) for experienced professionals.
      • National Certification Examination (NCE) for new entrants.
    • Registration: Valid for 5 years, renewable on review; requires technical proof and clean track record.
    • Oversight: A Steering Committee (chaired by MoEFCC Additional Secretary) supervises; government retains powers to issue guidelines, resolve disputes, and order audits.
    [UPSC 2022] Which one of the following has been constituted under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 ?

    Options: (a) Central Water Commission (b) Central Ground Water Board (c) Central Ground Water Authority* (d) National Water Development Agency

     

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  • Internal Security Architecture Shortcomings – Key Forces, NIA, IB, CCTNS, etc.

    What is Free Movement Regime (FMR)?

    Prelims Only | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: External State & Non-State Actors: Challenges To Internal Security.

    Why in the News?

    Ahead of PM Modi’s Manipur visit, United Naga Council (UNC) has announced a trade embargo from against the India–Myanmar border fence and the suspension of the Free Movement Regime (FMR).

    What is Free Movement Regime (FMR)?

    About the Free Movement Regime (FMR):

    • Overview: Introduced in the 1970s, FMR allowed residents within 16 km of the India–Myanmar border to travel freely up to 16 km across without visa requirements.
    • Border length: India–Myanmar border stretches 1,643 km across four states: Arunachal Pradesh (520 km), Nagaland (215 km), Manipur (398 km), Mizoram (510 km).
    • Purpose: To recognize ethnic, cultural, and familial ties of communities (Kuki, Naga, Mizo, etc.) living across the unfenced border.
    • Revision: Last revised in 2016 under the Act East Policy.
    • Suspension: On February 8, 2024, MHA formally announced its scrapping, citing:
      • Internal security risks.
      • Illegal immigration and demographic changes in NE states.
      • Cross-border drug trafficking and insurgency links.

    Stakeholder Perspectives:

    • Kuki groups: View FMR suspension and fencing as an attack on shared ethnic ties, even comparing it to the Berlin Wall. Recently reached an understanding with MHA negotiators.
    • Naga groups (UNC): Strongly opposed to border fencing and FMR suspension, claiming it undermines homeland, land rights, and identity. Announced a trade embargo in protest.
    • Meiteis (Valley population): Support suspension, arguing that FMR facilitated illegal migration, illicit drug trade, and aggravated ethnic tensions.
    • Government of India: Defends suspension on security and demographic grounds, while attempting to balance peace talks with tribal groups.
    [UPSC 2016] Consider the following statements:

    I. Assam shares a border with Bhutan and Bangladesh

    II. West Bengal shares a border with Bhutan and Nepal

    III. Mizoram shares a border with Bangladesh and Myanmar

    Which of the statements given above are correct?

    Options: (a) I, II and III * (b) I and II only (c) II and III only (d) I and III only

     

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  • Internal Security Architecture Shortcomings – Key Forces, NIA, IB, CCTNS, etc.

    Immigration and Foreigners (Exemption) Order, 2025

    Prelims Only | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: External State & Non-State Actors: Challenges To Internal Security.

    Why in the News?

    The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has issued the Immigration and Foreigners (Exemption) Order, 2025, notified under Section 33 of the Immigration and Foreigners Act, 2025.

    What is Immigration and Foreigners Act, 2025?

    • Enactment: Passed by Parliament, effective 1 Sept 2025.
    • Objective: Unifies scattered immigration laws into a single framework, balancing national security, demographic protection, humanitarian obligations, and economic openness.
    • Repeals: Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920; Registration of Foreigners Act, 1939; Foreigners Act, 1946; Immigration (Carriers’ Liability) Act, 2000.
    • Key Provisions:
      • All foreigners must enter, stay, exit with valid passport & visa, unless exempted.
      • Digital system with biometrics, AI-based monitoring, and real-time agency coordination.
      • New visa categories: Skilled Talent, Startup, Investor, Digital Nomad, Business Plus.
      • Mandatory reporting by hotels, landlords, universities, hospitals on foreign guests/students/patients.
      • Entry to protected/restricted areas subject to special permits; mountaineering expeditions need prior approval.
    • Penalties: Up to 7 years imprisonment and ₹10 lakh fine for forged documents; detention centres allowed for illegal foreigners till deportation.
    • Institutions:
      • National Immigration Authority for policy and central database.
      • Bureau of Immigration, led by Commissioner, for operations.

    About Immigration and Foreigners (Exemption) Order, 2025:

    • Overview: Issued by Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) on 1 Sept 2025 under Section 33 of the Immigration and Foreigners Act, 2025.
    • Objective: Consolidates earlier scattered exemptions to simplify rules, enable regional mobility with Nepal & Bhutan, extend humanitarian relief to refugees/persecuted minorities, and provide legal clarity to carriers.
    • Replaces: The Registration of Foreigners (Exemption) Order, 1957 and Immigration (Carriers’ Liability) Order, 2007.
    • Exemptions:
      • Indian Armed Forces members on duty and families using govt transport.
      • Indian citizens entering via Nepal/Bhutan borders.
      • Nepal & Bhutan citizens (except if entering from China, Hong Kong, Macau, Pakistan).
      • Tibetans registered with India, religious minorities from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Pakistan (who entered before Dec 31, 2024), and Sri Lankan Tamils sheltered till Jan 9, 2015.
      • Diplomats, visa-on-arrival nationals, foreign military personnel on goodwill or exercises.
    • Carriers’ Liability: Rail, road, air, sea operators exempted where forged documents need expert verification or ships/aircraft are diverted.
    [UPSC 2021] With reference to India, consider the following statements:

    1.There is only one citizenship and one domicile.

    2.A citizen by birth only can become the Head of State.

    3.A foreigner, once granted citizenship, cannot be deprived of it under any circumstances.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Options: (a) 1 only* (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 (d) 2 and 3

     

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  • Goods and Services Tax (GST)

    GST Council approves two-rate tax slab effective September 22

    Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Government Budgeting

    Why in the News?

    In its 56th meeting, the Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council approved a two-rate structure with special category rates, effective 22 September 2025.

    What is GST?

    • Overview: A comprehensive, multi-stage, destination-based indirect tax on goods and services.
    • Launch: Introduced 1 July 2017 via 101st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2016.
    • Objective: “One Nation, One Tax” to reduce cascading taxes, simplify compliance, and expand base.
    • Earlier Structure: Five slabs initially (0, 5, 12, 18, 28%) plus cess on luxury/sin goods.
    • Exemptions: Essential items like food grains, medicines, education; petroleum, alcohol, electricity remain outside GST.

    About GST Council:

    • Constitutional Basis: Created under Article 279A (inserted by the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016).
    • Composition: Chaired by Union Finance Minister, with MoS Finance and all state finance/taxation ministers.
    • Voting: Centre – one-third weight, States – two-thirds; requires 75% weighted votes for decisions.
    • Meetings: Held quarterly; over 55 meetings so far.
    • Role: Decides on rates, exemptions, compliance, and dispute resolution, making it a key fiscal federal institution.

    GST Council approves two-rate tax slab effective September 22

    New GST Rate Structure:

    • Simplification: At the 56th GST Council meeting (Sept 2025), slabs reduced to two rates plus a special rate.
    • Main Slabs: 5% and 18% apply on most goods and services.
    • Special 40% Rate: Levied on sin goods (tobacco, pan masala, aerated drinks) and super-luxury items (large cars, yachts, private aircraft).
    • Rate Reductions:
      • Daily-use items (soap, shampoo, toothpaste, bicycles, kitchenware) now at 5%.
      • Cement down from 28% to 18%.
      • Small cars, motorcycles <350cc, ACs, TVs, dishwashers shifted to 18%.
      • Food staples (milk, paneer, rotis, chapatis, parathas) at 0%.
      • Life-saving drugs, spectacles corrected to 0–5%.
    • Inverted Duty Fix: Man-made fibre, yarn, fertilizers, acids, ammonia cut to 5%.
    • Revenue Impact: Estimated loss of ₹48,000 crore, expected to be offset by higher compliance and buoyancy.
    [UPSC 2017] What is/are the most likely advantages of implementing ‘Goods and Services Tax (GST)’?

    1. It will replace multiple taxes collected by multiple authorities and will thus create a single market in India.

    2. It will drastically reduce the ‘Current Account Deficit’ of India and will enable it to increase its foreign exchange reserves.

    3. It will enormously increase the growth and size of the economy of India and will enable it to overtake China in the near future.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    Options: (a) 1 only * (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

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  • Agricultural Sector and Marketing Reforms – eNAM, Model APMC Act, Eco Survey Reco, etc.

    [pib] Coconut Development Board (CDB)

    Prelims Only | Agriculture | Mains Paper 3: Major Crops & Cropping Patterns

    Why in the News?

    The World Coconut Day (2nd September) was recently celebrated by the Coconut Development Board (CDB).

    About Coconut Development Board (CDB):

    • Establishment: Created on 12 January 1981; statutory body under the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare.
    • Headquarters & Offices: HQ at Kochi, Kerala; regional offices in Bengaluru, Chennai, Guwahati, and Patna.
    • Mandate: Integrated development of coconut production and utilization with focus on productivity, processing, and product diversification.
    • Functions: Provides technical advice and financial aid to farmers/processors; promotes modern technology adoption, value addition, pricing & marketing measures, and export promotion.
    • Welfare Schemes: Implements farmer-focused programs like Coconut Palm Insurance Mission and Kera Suraksha.

    Back2Basics: Coconut Cultivation in India

    • Global Standing: India is the third-largest coconut producer, contributing about 31.45% of world output.
    • Production: In 2023–24, India produced 153.29 lakh MT from an area of 23.33 lakh ha.
    • Productivity: Average productivity at 9,871 nuts/ha, among the highest globally.
    • Leading States: Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh account for ~90% of production. Kerala and TN lead, Karnataka has risen sharply, AP contributes ~8%.
    • Economic Value: Sector contributed ₹27,199.5 crore GVO and ₹30,795.6 crore GDP share in 2022–23.
    • Exports: In 2022–23, India exported coconut products worth ₹3,554.23 crore (US $452 million) including copra, oil, coir, activated carbon, and value-added foods.
    • Employment Impact: Supports 12+ million livelihoods; 15,000+ coir industries employ nearly 6 lakh workers.

     

    [UPSC 2022] With reference to the “Tea Board” in India, consider the following statements:

    1. The Tea Board is a statutory body.

    2. It is a regulatory body attached to the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.

    3. The Tea Board’s Head Office is situated in Bengaluru.

    4. The Board has overseas offices at Dubai and Moscow.

    Which of the statements given above are correct ?

    Options: (a) 1 and 3 (b) 2 and 4 (c) 3 and 4 (d) 1 and 4*

     

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