Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Janjatiya Gaurav Divas; Birsa Munda
Why in the News?
- Since 2021, November 15th is celebrated as Janjatiya Gaurav Divas to honor the contributions of tribal communities in India’s freedom struggle.
- This day commemorates the birth anniversary of the legendary Sri Birsa Munda.
Who was Birsa Munda?
- Born on November 15, 1875, in the Chotanagpur region (now Jharkhand), during a period of significant changes for the Munda community.
- He spent his early years traveling with his parents; received primary education under Jaipal Nag.
- He was influenced by the Sardari agitation, a peaceful movement against British rule, Birsa emerged as a leader advocating tribal rights.
Causes of the Rebellion:
- British policies like the Permanent Settlement Act (1793) disrupted traditional land systems, leading to displacement and exploitation of tribal communities.
- The Mundas’ khuntkatti land rights system was eroded by jagirdars and thikadars, resulting in land alienation.
- Increased migration of non-tribals under British rule led to exploitation through high-interest money lending and forced labor.
- Missionary-led education raised awareness among tribals, creating social divides but also sparking movements for tribal rights.
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Historical Background:
- Birsa started the Birsait faith to counter Christian missionary conversions among tribals. It became a challenge to British conversion efforts.
- Members of the Munda and Oraon communities joined the Birsait sect.
- The Mundas honored him as Dharati Aaba (Father of the Earth).
- The Ulgulan Movement: Also known as the Munda Rebellion, led by Birsa Munda in 1899-1900.
- Concentrated in the Munda belt of Khunti, Tamar, Sarwada, and Bandgaon.
- The goal was to establish Munda Raj (self-rule) and independence, known as Ulgulan or the “Great Tumult.”
- The rebellion was ultimately suppressed by British forces, leading to Birsa Munda’s capture and death.
- Birsa Munda’s mobilization left a lasting impact, prompting government reforms like the repeal of the Begar system and enactment of the Tenancy Act (1903).
- The movement was violently suppressed, and Birsa Munda died in jail on June 9, 1900.
Significance:
- Janjatiya Gaurav Divas is significant in preserving the legacy of tribal resistance leaders and advocating for tribal rights.
- It promotes a more inclusive society that values the contributions of all communities in India’s historical and cultural fabric.
PYQ:
[2020] With reference to the history of India, “Ulgulan” or the Great Tumult is the description of which of the following events?
(a) The Revolt of 1857
(b) The Mappila Rebellion of 1921
(c) The Indigo Revolt of 1859-60
(d) Birsa Munda’s Revolt of 1899-1900 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Student Direct Stream visa
Why in the News?
Canada has discontinued the Student Direct Stream (SDS), ending faster processing for students from specific countries, including India.
What is the Student Direct Stream (SDS) Visa?
- The SDS is a fast-track visa processing program introduced by Canada in 2018 to expedite study permits for students from certain countries, including India.
- Under SDS, applicants typically experienced processing times of around 20 days.
- This stream was designed to simplify and speed up the application process for eligible students by requiring proof of financial stability (such as a Guaranteed Investment Certificate) and specific educational documentation.
- The SDS applied to students from 14 countries, including: India, China, Pakistan, Vietnam, Trinidad and Tobago, among others.
- Since its launch, SDS has been popular among Indian students, with a high approval rate for study permits in recent years.
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Why was SDS discontinued?
- Fair Access: Moving to a single, standardized process aims to provide equal opportunity for all applicants.
- Strengthened Protection: Canada intends to address student vulnerability by improving safeguards in its regular process.
The changes are part of Canada’s broader immigration reforms, which also update financial requirements and study permit caps.
How does the discontinuation affect Indian Students?
Indian students will face:
- Longer Processing Times: Visa approvals may now take longer under the standard process.
- Additional Financial Proof: More financial documentation will be required.
- Post-Graduation Work Permit (PGWP) Changes: New rules from November 1, 2024 may impact work options after graduation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Exercise ‘Poorvi Prahar’
Why in the News?
The Indian Army is conducting a high-intensity tri-services exercise named Poorvi Prahar from November 10 to 18 in Arunachal Pradesh’s forward areas.
About Exercise ‘Poorvi Prahar’
- It is a joint effort of the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force to improve combat effectiveness for Integrated Joint Operations in challenging mountainous terrain.
- It features a broad range of advanced military platforms:
- Aircraft and Helicopters: Includes fighter aircraft, reconnaissance platforms, Chinook helicopters, and the Advanced Light Helicopter (Rudra).
- Artillery: Deployment of M777 Ultra-Light Howitzers.
- Capabilities: These assets provide high mobility, firepower, and precision suited to the region’s tough terrain.
- Significance:
- It emphasizes the Indian Armed Forces’ readiness to conduct multi-domain operations across land, air, and sea, reinforcing India’s strategic deterrence capabilities in the region.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Article 6.4, ITMOs
Why in the News?
- At the COP29 climate summit in Baku, Azerbaijan, the adoption of Article 6.4 of the Paris Agreement has paved the way for global carbon trading under UN supervision.
- This new development allows UN member countries to trade carbon credits globally.
What is Article 6.4?
- Article 6.4 of the Paris Agreement establishes a global carbon market to facilitate carbon credit trading between countries.
- It is part of Article 6, which outlines mechanisms for international cooperation in achieving net-zero emissions.
- Objective: Enable countries to offset their emissions by investing in emission reduction projects in other countries.
- It establishes a global carbon market overseen by a UNFCCC Supervisory Body.
- This body would develop rules, monitors credit issuance, and ensures compliance with international standards.
- It allows countries to generate and trade Emission Reduction Credits (ERCs), which represent reductions in CO₂ or equivalent greenhouse gases.
- Credits are earned from approved climate projects and can be traded globally.
- Through subsections like Article 6.2, countries can use ITMOs (Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes) to meet their NDCs, which are tradeable units representing emissions reductions.
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Significance of Article 6.4
- Cost-Effective Climate Action: By enabling global carbon markets, Article 6.4 could save an estimated $250 billion annually in implementing climate plans, providing a cost-efficient path to emission reductions.
- Support for NDCs: The mechanism helps countries meet their NDC targets under the Paris Agreement, allowing more flexibility and incentivizing investments in green projects worldwide.
- Economic Growth and Climate Mitigation: Carbon markets foster investments in clean energy, create jobs in climate-focused sectors, and link economic growth with climate action.
- Encourages Sustainable Development: Article 6.4 incentivizes sustainable projects in developing countries, promoting green technology transfer and supporting local economies.
Types of Carbon Credit Projects under Article 6.4
- Emission Reduction Projects
-
- Energy Efficiency Improvements: Reducing energy consumption (e.g., efficient lighting, better insulation).
- Renewable Energy: Replacing fossil fuels with solar, wind, or hydroelectric power.
- Emission Removal Projects
-
- Reforestation and Afforestation: Increasing forest cover to absorb CO₂.
- Soil Carbon Sequestration: Storing carbon in soil through agricultural practices.
-
- Geological Storage: Storing CO₂ in deep underground formations.
- Biochar Production: Locking carbon in biochar, enhancing soil fertility.
- Technological Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
-
- Direct Air Capture: Capturing CO₂ from the air and storing it underground or using it industrially.
- Ocean-Based Solutions: Enhancing ocean CO₂ absorption, such as through algae cultivation.
Issues with Article 6.4
- Carbon Offsetting Criticisms: Critics argue that offsetting doesn’t reduce global emissions but shifts responsibility, allowing countries to continue emitting while claiming neutrality.
- Carbon Accounting Challenges: Unreliable carbon accounting can lead to “phantom credits,” where emissions reductions are overstated or inaccurately recorded, failing to match actual reductions.
- Greenwashing Risks: Some countries and companies may use carbon credits as a form of greenwashing, claiming carbon neutrality while continuing to pollute.
- Equity and Climate Justice Concerns: Developing nations, which contribute less to global emissions, are the most vulnerable to climate impacts.
- Potential for Reversal Risks: Projects that store carbon in natural reservoirs risk releasing it back into the atmosphere. Some standards allow projects to end monitoring if reversal risk is considered “negligible,” which remains undefined and problematic.
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PYQ:
[2011] Regarding “carbon credits”, which one of the following statements is not correct?
(a) The carbon credit system was ratified in conjunction with the Kyoto Protocol.
(b) Carbon credits are awarded to countries or groups that have reduced greenhouse gases below their emission quota.
(c) The goal of the carbon credit system is to limit the increase of carbon dioxide emission.
(d) Carbon credits are traded at a price fixed from time to time by the United Nations Environment Programme. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Indian Ocean Dialogue (IOD)
Why in the News?
India and the US are set to hold the first US-India Indian Ocean Dialogue on November 14 strengthening cooperation over the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
About the Indian Ocean Dialogue:
- The Indian Ocean Dialogue (IOD) was established during the 13th Council of Ministers’ meeting in November 2013 in Perth, Australia, and is a flagship initiative of the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA).
- It functions as a Track 1.5 discussion, combining officials and non-officials for a more inclusive dialogue, with the latest (9th edition) held in May 2023 at Zanzibar, Tanzania.
- Key areas discussed in 2024 Edition:
-
- Strengthening Maritime Security: Enhances coordination on maritime freedom and security, crucial for trade routes and energy supply.
- Economic and Environmental Cooperation: Supports trade, blue economy, and addresses climate change impacts on the region.
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Significance in India-U.S. Relations
- Indo-Pacific Partnership: Reinforces Quad cooperation and aligns both nations’ strategic interests.
- Power Balance in the Region: Counters influence from other powers, fostering an open Indo-Pacific.
- Defense and Technology Collaboration: Expands ties in emerging tech and defense, enhancing India’s security role.
- Disaster Preparedness: Builds climate resilience and sustainable resource management efforts.
PYQ:
[2017] Consider the following in respect of Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS):
1. Inaugural IONS was held in India in 2015 under the chairmanship of the Indian Navy.
2. IONS is a voluntary initiative that seeks to increase maritime co-operation among navies of the littoral states of the Indian Ocean Region.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: African Elephants
Why in the News?
Savanna elephants have experienced a significant population decline of around 70% across surveyed sites, primarily due to poaching and habitat loss.
Decline in African Elephants Population
- Researchers conducted a comprehensive assessment of these species using data from 475 sites in 37 countries between 1964 and 2016.
- Savanna Elephants: Populations declined by about 70% on average at surveyed sites.
- Forest Elephants: Populations fell by about 90% on average at surveyed sites.
- The total population of African elephants decreased by 77% on average at surveyed sites.
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Features of African Elephants:
- African elephants are the largest land animals on Earth, known for their size, intelligence, and complex social structures.
- They are divided into savanna (bush) elephants (larger, with bigger tusks and open grassland habitat) and forest elephants (smaller, with straighter tusks and dense forest habitats).
- Highly intelligent, African elephants display memory, empathy, and intricate social bonds within herds.
- Conservation status:
-
- CITES: Appendix I
- IUCN: Savanna Elephants (Endangered); Forest Elephants (Critically Endangered)
Geographical Spread
- Savanna Elephants: Primarily in eastern and southern Africa, notably in Botswana, Zimbabwe, and Tanzania.
- Forest Elephants: Mainly in central and western Africa, including Gabon, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and parts of Cameroon.
PYQ:
[2020] With reference to Indian elephants, consider the following statements:
1. The leader of an elephant group is a female.
2. The maximum gestation period can be 22 months.
3. An elephant can normally go on calving till the age of 40 years only.
4. Among the States in India, the highest elephant population is in Kerala.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 3 and 4 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Artificial Reef
Why in the News?
20,000 pompano fingerlings were released into the sea off Vizhinjam as part of an artificial reef project aimed at replenishing marine fishery resources and promoting sustainable fishing.
About the Artificial Reef Project in Kerala:
|
Details |
| Location |
• Covers 42 fishing villages in Thiruvananthapuram district, from Pozhiyoor to Varkala. |
| Aims and Objectives |
• Enhance fish resources along Kerala’s coast.
• Support sustainable fishing and improve fishing community livelihoods. |
| Structural Mandate and Implementation |
Funding:
• ₹13.02 crore project cost under Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY).
• ₹302 crore allocated for sustainable fisheries in Kerala.
Implementation:
• Implemented by KSCADC (Kerala State Coastal Area Development Corporation).
• Technical support from CMFRI (Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute).
Future Expansion Plans:
• Phase II: Proposed to cover 96 villages in Kollam, Alappuzha, Ernakulam, and Thrissur districts (₹29.76 crore).
• Phase III: Proposed to cover 96 villages in northern districts (₹25.82 crore). |
| Significance |
• Boosts marine biodiversity.
• Increases fish stocks and supports breeding environments.
• Promotes sustainable fishing practices.
• Enhances livelihoods of local communities. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NISAR Satellite
Why in the News?
- The NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) satellite is aimed at advancing our understanding of Earth’s natural processes and environmental changes.
- Set to be launched into Low Earth Orbit (LEO), NISAR will act as a comprehensive Earth observation observatory.
About NISAR Satellite:
|
Details |
| Collaboration |
• Joint mission between NASA (United States) and ISRO (India). |
| Purpose |
• Designed to monitor Earth’s natural processes and environmental changes, contributing to disaster preparedness, climate research, and sustainable management. |
| Launch Date |
• Planned for early 2025. |
| Launch Location |
• Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Andhra Pradesh, India. |
| Launch Vehicle |
• ISRO’s Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark II (GSLV Mk II). |
| Orbit |
• Low Earth Orbit (LEO). |
| Dual-Band Radar System |
• L-band radar (provided by NASA): Penetrates dense vegetation and tracks ground motion.
• S-band radar (provided by ISRO): Enhances precision for surface monitoring. |
| Day and Night Functionality |
• Operates 24/7, unaffected by weather conditions. |
| Large Antenna |
• Diameter: 12 meters.
• Structure: 39-foot reflector made from gold-plated wire mesh to focus radar signals effectively. |
| Features |
• Scans Earth’s entire surface every 12 days.
• Measures surface changes with accuracy down to fractions of an inch.
• Can penetrate vegetation and soil layers, providing 3D reconstructions of subsurface structures. |
| Areas of Study |
• Ecosystems and Environmental Changes (forest biomass, deforestation, wetlands, agricultural lands, glaciers, and ice sheets).
• Natural Disasters (seismic shifts, volcanic bulging, landslides, and tsunamis). |
| Benefits and Applications |
• Disaster Preparedness: Early warning data for natural disasters.
• Infrastructure Monitoring: Tracks structural changes in critical infrastructure.
• Environmental and Climate Research: Studies carbon storage, vegetation dynamics, and climate change impacts. |
| Unique Advantages |
• Largest collaboration between NASA and ISRO.
• Successfully tested in thermal vacuum conditions in Bengaluru in 2023. |
PYQ:
[2015] The term ‘IndARC’ sometimes seen in the news, is the name of?
(a) An indigenously developed radar system inducted into Indian Defence.
(b) India’s satellite to provide services to the countries of Indian Ocean Rim.
(c) A scientific establishment set up by India in Antarctic region.
(d) India’s underwater observatory to scientifically study the Arctic region. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Inter-State Council and its functioning
Why in the News?
The Inter-State Council has been reconstituted with Prime Minister as its chairman, all CMs and 9 Union ministers as members and 13 Union ministers as permanent invitees.
About the Inter-State Council (ISC):
|
Details |
| Formation |
- Established on May 28, 1990, by a presidential order following the Sarkaria Commission (1988) recommendations.
- Headquartered in New Delhi.
- The Council has met 12 times since its formation in 1990.
|
| Constitutional Provisions |
- Not a permanent body nor a constitutional body;
- Created by the President under Article 263 of the Constitution.
|
| Powers and Functions |
- Investigate and discuss subjects of common interest.
- Make recommendations for better coordination on subjects.
- Deliberate on matters referred by the Chairman.
|
| Composition |
- PM as Chairman.
- Chief Ministers of all states and union territories with legislative assemblies.
- Lieutenant Governors/Administrators of union territories without assemblies.
- 6 Union Cabinet Ministers nominated by the Prime Minister.
- Governors of states under President’s rule.
Standing Committee:
- Union Home Minister as Chairman.
- 5 Union Cabinet Ministers and 9 Chief Ministers.
|
| PYQ:
[2013] Which of the following bodies is/are not mentioned in the Indian Constitution?
1. National Development Council
2. Planning Commission
3. Zonal Councils
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gotti Koya Tribals
Why in the News?
The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes has asked the Union Home Ministry and the states of Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, and Odisha to submit a detailed report on the condition of Gotti Koya tribals.
Why did the NCST urge the Centre and States?
- An estimated 50,000 Gotti Koya tribals were displaced due to Left-Wing Extremism and now live in 248 settlements across Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Maharashtra.
- Reports indicate that Telangana has reclaimed land from internally displaced persons (IDPs) in 75 settlements, impacting the tribals’ livelihoods and increasing their vulnerability.
|
About the Gotti Koya Tribe:
|
Details |
| Location |
- Multi-racial and multi-lingual communities found in the forests, plains, and valleys on both sides of the Godavari River in AP, Telangana, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha.
- Migrated from Bastar, northern India.
|
| Society and Culture |
- Koya language (Koyi) is a Dravidian language related to Gondi and influenced by Telugu.
- Most speak Gondi or Telugu alongside Koyi.
- Divided into five subdivisions (gotrams).
- Patrilineal and patrilocal family structure, with a focus on monogamous, nuclear family.
- Worship their own ethnic religion alongside Hindu gods, with Mother Earth being a significant deity.
- Burial or cremation of the dead, with the erection of menhirs in memory.
- Pastoralists and shifting cultivators (Podu), are now engaged in settled cultivation, animal husbandry, and seasonal forest collection.
- Grow Jowar, Ragi, Bajra, and other millets.
- Maintain community funds and grain banks for food security.
|
| Festivals |
- Vijji Pandum (Seeds charming festival) and KondalaKolupu (Festival to appease hill deities).
- Perform the Permakok (Bison horn dance) during festivals and marriages.
- Sammakka Saralamma Jatra, held once every two years on the full moon day of Magha Masam (January/February) at Medaram village, Warangal district.
|
| Challenges Faced |
- Many fled to Andhra Pradesh (now Telangana) in the mid-2000s due to violent conflicts between Maoist insurgents and Salwa Judum (Govt backed tribal militia).
- Salwa Judum was later banned by the Supreme Court of India in 2011.
|
PYQ:
[2014] Every year, a month long ecologically important campaign/festival is held during which certain communities/tribes plant saplings of fruit-bearing trees. Which of the following are such communities/ tribes?
(a) Bhutia and Lepcha
(b) Gond and Korku
(c) Irula and Toda
(d) Sahariya and Agariya |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: LignoSat Satellite
Why in the News?
The world’s first wood-panelled satellite, LignoSat, was recently launched to test the use of timber as a renewable material for future space missions.
About LignoSat Satellite:
|
Details |
| Purpose |
To test the potential of wood as a renewable building material in space applications. |
| Developed By |
Kyoto University and Sumitomo Forestry of Japan. |
| Launch Details |
Launched on November 5 aboard a SpaceX Dragon cargo capsule. |
| Mission Duration |
Spend a month at the International Space Station (ISS) before being deployed into Earth’s orbit for six months to test its performance. |
| Size and Weight |
Measures 4 inches (10 cm) per side and weighs 900 grams. |
| Material |
Built with magnolia wood panels, using a traditional Japanese technique that avoids screws and glue. |
| Construction |
Combines wood-panel casings with aluminium structures and standard electronic components. |
| Durability Testing |
Designed to withstand extreme temperature fluctuations in space, ranging from -100 to 100 degrees Celsius every 45 minutes. |
LignoSat as a Renewable Solution for Space Construction
- Reduced Environmental Impact: Unlike conventional aluminium-based satellites, LignoSat reduces pollutants like aluminium oxides that damage the ozone layer upon re-entry.
- Sustainable Material: Wood is a renewable, lightweight, and corrosion-resistant material in space, as there is no water or oxygen to accelerate degradation.
- Long-Term Vision: The satellite could pave the way for sustainable space construction, with future plans to use wood in building structures on the Moon and Mars.
- Mitigating Orbital Congestion: As satellite constellations grow, sustainable materials like wood could help reduce space debris and pollution in Earth’s orbit.
PYQ:
[2016] With reference to ‘AstroSat’, the astronomical observatory launched by India, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. Other than USA and Russia, India is the only country to have launched a similar observatory into space.
2. AstroSat is a 2000 kg satellite placed in an orbit at 1650 km above the surface of the Earth.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: APOBEC
Why in the News?
Since smallpox was eradicated in 1980, research on mpox has highlighted how the virus mutates, particularly through the APOBEC family of immune system proteins.
About APOBEC
- APOBEC (Apolipoprotein B mRNA Editing Enzyme, Catalytic Polypeptide-Like) is a family of proteins involved in regulating the genetic material of viruses and cells.
- They are part of the human immune system and play a crucial role in protecting against viral infections by editing RNA and DNA.
- APOBEC consists of several enzymes, with APOBEC1, APOBEC3 family members being the most well-known.
- There are 11 identified members of the APOBEC family, primarily named APOBEC1, APOBEC2, and APOBEC3, with APOBEC3 being the most studied due to its antiviral properties.
- It has a Zinc Finger Domain, which is essential for their enzymatic activity and ability to bind to DNA or RNA.
- APOBEC proteins are found in various tissues and cells, but they are notably present in the immune cells such as T-cells, B-cells, and macrophages.
- Role in Immune Defense:
- APOBEC proteins contribute to the innate immune response by editing viral genomes, preventing the replication of viruses, and reducing the ability of viruses to establish infections.
- They are known to be cytosine deaminases, which means they modify cytosine bases in nucleic acids to uracil, leading to mutations that can prevent successful viral replication.
- APOBEC proteins target the genomes of several viruses, including retroviruses (like HIV), hepatitis B virus, and poxviruses (such as mpox and smallpox).
Functions of APOBEC Proteins:
- DNA Editing: APOBEC proteins can deaminate cytosine bases in single-stranded DNA, converting them into uracil, which can lead to mutations.
- This introduces errors in the viral genome and inhibits replication.
- RNA Editing: Some APOBEC proteins, like APOBEC1, are involved in editing mRNA. In the case of APOBEC1, it helps edit the mRNA of apolipoprotein B, which is crucial for lipid metabolism.
- Antiviral Activity: APOBEC3 proteins, particularly APOBEC3G, inhibit the replication of HIV and other retroviruses by editing viral DNA during reverse transcription.
- They also reduce the replication of poxviruses (such as mpox), making them crucial in controlling infections caused by these viruses.
- Cytosine Deamination in Viral RNA: APOBEC proteins induce mutations in viral RNA, reducing the virus’s ability to efficiently replicate and spread. This helps prevent viral evolution and adaptation.
- Inhibition of Viral Resistance: By causing mutations in viral genomes, APOBEC proteins prevent viruses from easily developing resistance to the immune system’s defenses.
- Interaction with Other Immune Mechanisms: APOBEC proteins work in concert with other immune mechanisms, like interferons, to enhance antiviral responses and limit infections.
PYQ:
[2016] In the context of the developments in Bioinformatics, the term ‘transcriptome’, sometimes seen in the news, refers to:
(a) a range of enzymes used in genome editing
(b) the full range of mRNA molecules expressed by an organism
(c) the description of the mechanism of gene expression
(d) a mechanism of genetic mutations taking place in cells |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Asia Tea Alliance, Tea Cultivation in India
Why in the News?
- The Asia Tea Alliance (ATA) resolved to reject Genetically Modified (GM) Tea in response to climate challenges affecting global tea production.
- With India’s tea production down by 10% this year due to climate change, certain companies have advocated for GM tea.
About Asia Tea Alliance (ATA)
- Founded: April 19, 2019, in Guizhou, China.
- 5 Members: India, China, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Japan.
- Goals: Enhance tea trade, cultural exchange, and globally promote tea.
|
About Indian Tea Industry:
- India is the second-largest tea producer and largest black tea producer after China, and also the fourth-largest tea exporter worldwide.
- India is the largest consumer of black tea, accounting for 18% of global tea consumption.
- The Indian tea industry directly employs 1.16 million workers, with an equal number indirectly associated.
- It is governed by the Tea Board of India and under Union Government control by an Act of Parliament.
- Geographical conditions:
- Northeast India (including Assam), north Bengal (such as Darjeeling, Terai and the Dooars), and the Nilgiris in south India.
- Tropical and subtropical climates, with regions concentrated in Asia, Africa, and South America favours tea cultivation.
- It requires cool to warm temperatures (15–23°C) with at least 5 hours of sunlight daily; annual rainfall should be 150-200 cm.
- Darjeeling Tea known as the “Champagne of teas,” for its aroma was the first to GI tag in 2004–05.
PYQ:
[2020] “The crop is subtropical in nature. A hard frost is injurious to it. It requires at least 210 frost-free days and 50 to 100 centimeters of rainfall for its growth. A light well-drained soil capable of retaining moisture is ideally suited for the cultivation of the crop.” Which one of the following is that crop?
(a) Cotton
(b) Jute
(c) Sugarcane
(d) Tea |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Caterpillar fungus
Why in the News?
Recent research by scientists at the University of Nottingham’s has found that a chemical produced by a fungus growing on caterpillars may slow cancer cell growth.
What is Caterpillar fungus?
- Cordyceps militaris, also known as caterpillar fungus, is a parasitic fungus that primarily infects caterpillars and other insects.
- Found in the Himalayan region and parts of Asia, it is valued in traditional Asian medicine for its health benefits, including immune support, anti-inflammatory properties, and energy enhancement.
- It is considered a delicacy in some Asian cultures and has long been used for its purported wellness effects.
How it can slow down growth of cancer cells?
- Researchers from the University of Nottingham’s School of Pharmacy have identified cordycepin, a compound produced by Cordyceps militaris, as potentially effective in slowing cancer cell growth.
- Cordycepin works by interrupting overactive cell growth signals in cancer cells, which prevents rapid multiplication and allows for more targeted treatment.
- This approach may be less harmful to healthy tissues compared to conventional cancer treatments, offering a promising direction for targeted cancer therapies.
Other observations and significance of the species
- In addition to its traditional uses, Cordyceps militaris is significant for its role in ecological balance, helping control insect populations in forest ecosystems.
- Advances in research have enabled large-scale studies on cordycepin’s effects, with future studies focusing on derivatives of cordycepin for potentially enhanced anti-cancer properties.
- The fungus illustrates how natural compounds can contribute to sustainable medical practices, offering less toxic alternatives for disease treatment, especially in oncology.
PYQ:
[2019] Recently, there was a growing awareness in our country about the importance of Himalayan nettle (Girardinia diversifolia) because it is found to be a sustainable source of:
(a) Anti-malarial drug
(b) Biodiesel
(c) Pulp for paper industry
(d) Textile fibre |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: International Diabetes Federation, Type 2 Diabetes
Why in the News?
- The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) is developing new Type 2 diabetes treatment guidelines in collaboration with a global expert panel.
- These guidelines aim to integrate scientific evidence and clinical practice, adapted to the healthcare environment of specific countries.
What is Type 2 Diabetes?
- Type 2 Diabetes is a chronic condition where the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn’t produce enough, leading to high blood sugar levels.
- It is commonly linked to obesity, physical inactivity and poor diet.
- Symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, and blurred vision.
- Treatment involves lifestyle changes like a healthy diet, regular exercise, and weight management.
- Medications such as Metformin help regulate blood sugar levels, and in some cases, insulin therapy may be required.
|
About International Diabetes Federation (IDF):
|
Details |
| About |
- Established in 1950; Brussels, Belgium;
- Members: Over 230 national diabetes associations in 170 countries and territories.
- Collaborations: Partners with global organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF, and others for global health initiatives.
- Led by an elected President with the support of a Board of Directors from member countries.
- Regional offices: Operates regional offices in Africa, Europe, North America, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East.
|
| Aims and Objectives |
- To improve the care and lives of people with diabetes and promote its prevention worldwide.
- Advocacy, research, education, and raising awareness to reduce the global burden of diabetes.
|
| Key Programs |
- World Diabetes Day (November 14)
- Global Diabetes Atlas
- Educational initiatives for healthcare professionals
|
| Diabetes Types Covered |
- Type 1 Diabetes: Primarily affects children and young adults, where the body’s immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.
- Type 2 Diabetes: The most common form, often linked to lifestyle factors and obesity. It involves insulin resistance and eventually pancreas dysfunction.
- Gestational Diabetes: A type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy and increases the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life.
- Other Forms: Covers genetic forms, latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), and MODY (Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young).
|
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bidar Fort
Why in the News?
- The Karnataka Waqf Board has identified 17 monuments within the historic Bidar Fort as its own property.
- These include the 16-Khamba Mosque (Sixteen Pillar Mosque) and 14 tombs of Bahmani rulers and their family members, including Ahmed Shah-IV, Allauddin, Hassan Khan, and others.
About Bidar Fort:
- It is situated in Bidar City on the northern plateau of Karnataka, India.
- The fort’s history dates back over 500 years, beginning with the Western Chalukya dynasty.
- Sultan Ahmed Shah Wali of the Bahmani dynasty made Bidar his capital in 1430 and renovated it into a strong citadel.
- Architectural Features:
- Constructed from trap rock with stone and mortar used for walls.
- Notable for its Islamic and Persian architectural elements, including:
- Seven main entrances
- 37 octagonal bastions equipped with metal-shielded cannons
- Mosques, mahals, and over 30 Islamic monuments
- The entrance gate features a lofty dome painted in bright colors.
About the Bahmani Kingdom
- The Bahmani Kingdom was established in 1347 when Ala-ud-din Hassan Bahman Shan revolted against Muhammad Bin Tughlaq of the Delhi Sultanate.
- This marked the creation of the first independent Islamic kingdom in South India.
- The kingdom covered areas in present-day Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh.
- Initially, the capital was set in Ahsanabad (Gulbarga) but was later moved to Bidar.
- The Bahmani Kingdom had 14 sultans in total, with prominent rulers like Alauddin Bahman Shah, Muhammad Shah I, and Firoz Shah.
- One of the kingdom’s notable statesmen, Mahmud Gawan, served as the Prime Minister for 23 years, from 1458 to 1481.
- Under his guidance, the kingdom expanded its territories, including reclaiming Goa from the Vijayanagar Empire.
- The Bahmani Kingdom began to decline around 1518 when Krishnadeva Raya of the Vijayanagar Empire defeated its last ruler, leading to the dissolution of the Bahmani rule in the region.
|
PYQ:
[2021] With reference to Indian history, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. The Nizamat of Arcot emerged out of Hyderabad State.
2. The Mysore Kingdom emerged out of Vijayanangara Empire.
3. Rohilkhand Kingdom was formed out of the territories occupied by Ahmad Shah Durrani.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 3 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: MAHASAGAR Initiative
Why in the News?
- The Indian Navy conducted the 3rd edition of MAHASAGAR Initiative, a high-level virtual interaction led by the Chief of Naval Staff.
- Theme: “Training Cooperation to Mitigate Common Maritime Security Challenges in IOR,” emphasizing the importance of training cooperation to address shared maritime challenges.
About MAHASAGAR Initiative:
|
Details |
| About |
- MAHASAGAR stands for “Maritime Heads for Active (MAHA) Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR)”
- SAGAR Doctrine was culminated out of PM’s vision in 2015.
- Launched by Indian Navy in 2023 as part of India’s commitment to maritime security and regional cooperation.
- Held bi-annually.
|
| Aims |
- Training Cooperation: Collaborative training efforts among IOR nations.
- Capacity Building: Developing skilled manpower to address maritime security challenges.
|
| Members |
- Countries bordering the Indian Ocean, include Bangladesh, Comoros, Kenya, Madagascar, Maldives, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, and Tanzania.
- Chief of Naval Staff of India leads the interactions.
- Heads of Navies, Maritime Agencies, and Senior Leadership from each participating country.
|
PYQ:
[2017] Consider the following in respect of Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS):
1. Inaugural IONS was held in India in 2015 under the chairmanship of the Indian Navy.
2. IONS is a voluntary initiative that seeks to increase maritime cooperation among navies of the littoral states of the Indian Ocean Region.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Commercial Courts (Amendment) Bill, 2024
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Law and Justice is inviting comments on the draft Commercial Courts (Amendment) Bill, 2024.
The GoI has enacted and amended the Commercial Courts Act, 2015 to ensure that commercial cases are resolved quickly, effectively, and affordably.
- Amendment History:
- The original Commercial Courts Act was enacted in 2015.
- Further amendments were made in 2018 to enhance the dispute resolution system.
|
Key features and provisions of the Commercial Courts (Amendment) Bill, 2024:
|
Details |
| Purpose |
To enhance the speed and efficiency of resolving commercial disputes through specialized courts and procedures. |
| Dedicated Commercial Courts |
Creation of Commercial Courts at the District level and High Court level to exclusively handle commercial disputes. |
| Arbitration Matters |
Provisions to establish specific courts for handling arbitration-related disputes. |
| Electronic Communication |
Includes provisions for the use of audio-video electronic means (video conferencing) for court proceedings, recording of evidence, and communications. |
| Pre-Institution Mediation |
Mandatory mediation before filing a commercial suit, unless urgent relief is required, aimed at reducing litigation burden. |
| Time-bound Decisions |
Judgment must be pronounced within 60 days of the conclusion of arguments. The judgment must be delivered to the parties via email or other electronic means. |
| Injunction Applications |
Courts must dispose of injunction applications within 90 days of filing, with reasons provided for any delay. |
| Infrastructure |
Provisions for setting up infrastructure like video conferencing facilities and other necessary resources for the functioning of Commercial Courts. |
| Appeals Process |
New provisions for expediting appeals, requiring prior notice to the opposing party before filing. |
| Witness Management |
Provisions to streamline the witness list format, requiring comprehensive details, including addresses and documents, and facilitating electronic submission. |
| Execution Proceedings |
Execution proceedings must be disposed of within six months from the date of filing the application. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Climate Change Impacts; Action related to Pandemic;
Why in the News?
The Union Minister of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying launched the ‘Animal Health Security Strengthening in India for Pandemic Preparedness and Response’ initiative in New Delhi.
What is the primary aim of the Animal Health Security Project?
The Animal Health Security Project aims to strengthen India’s capacity to prevent, detect, and respond to animal health threats, reducing zoonotic disease risks through enhanced surveillance, laboratory systems, and regional collaboration. |
What are the objectives of the Animal Health Security Project?
- Prevention, Detection, and Response: Enhance India’s ability to prevent, detect, and respond to animal health threats, minimizing risks of pathogens transmitting from animals to humans.
- Strengthen Surveillance Systems: Improve and integrate animal disease surveillance and early warning systems to promptly identify potential threats.
- Laboratory and Vaccine Infrastructure: Upgrade and expand laboratory networks and vaccine manufacturing facilities to ensure preparedness.
- Data Systems and Analytics: Strengthen interoperable data systems and analytics capabilities to support informed decision-making and risk communication.
- Cross-Border Collaboration: Promote regional cooperation for transboundary animal disease control through cross-border collaborations.
How is the project funded and what is its timeline?
- The project is funded by the Pandemic Fund established by the G20 countries, which aims to help low- and middle-income countries improve their pandemic preparedness.
- The fund’s first round raised $2 billion, and India’s project received a $25 million grant.
- The project will be implemented by the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the World Bank, and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
- Timeline: Expected to conclude by August 2026.
Why is this project necessary for India?
- Zoonotic Disease Threat: About two-thirds of infectious diseases in humans are zoonotic (transmitted from animals), with recent examples including COVID-19. India’s large population of 536 million livestock makes it vulnerable to zoonotic outbreaks.
- Public Health Impact: With five of the six major global public health emergencies in recent decades being zoonotic, the project is crucial for India’s pandemic prevention and public health security.
- Vulnerable Population Protection: By addressing animal health threats, the project aims to protect the health, nutritional security, and livelihoods of vulnerable populations reliant on livestock.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Coordination Across Sectors: Enhance collaboration between animal health, public health, and environmental sectors to create an integrated response to zoonotic threats, ensuring swift data sharing and response mechanisms.
- Sustain Capacity Building and Infrastructure Investments: Ensure continued investment in laboratory networks, vaccine production, and training to maintain preparedness, and bolster resilience against emerging animal-to-human diseases beyond the project’s timeline.
Mains PYQ:
Q COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented devastation worldwide. However, technological advancements are being availed readily to win over the crisis. Give an account of how technology was sought to aid management of the pandemic. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Airships
Why in the News?
Some companies have been working to solve the buoyancy challenge of Airships, a longstanding issue that has hindered their use for cargo transportation.
What are Airships?
- Airships are lighter-than-air aircraft capable of controlled powered flight.
- They were the first aircraft to achieve this and were considered the future of travel in the early 20th century.
- However, as aeroplane technology advanced, the popularity of airships declined due to their technological limitations.
- Today, airships are used mainly for:
- Advertising platforms
- Aerial observation for research and military purposes
- Tourism and scenic flights
| Note: Buoyancy is the force that makes things float. It acts in the opposite direction to gravity. When an object is placed in a fluid (like air or water), the fluid pushes up against the object, helping it to stay afloat. |
|
How do Airships work?
- Airships achieve lift by using lighter-than-air gases within their structure, much like helium balloons.
- Early airships used hydrogen due to its lightweight and low cost.
- However, hydrogen is highly flammable, leading to tragic incidents such as the Hindenburg disaster of 1937, which damaged public trust in airships.
- Most airships today use helium, a non-flammable gas that is safer than hydrogen.
- However, helium is scarce and expensive, costing about $35 per cubic meter (enough to lift just 1 kg).
- Challenge with varying Buoyancy:
- Airships require the ability to vary their buoyancy to adjust for weight changes when picking up or dropping off loads.
- Solutions such as releasing and refilling helium are impractical due to helium’s high cost and scarcity.
How Airships are a Promising Solution?
Airships hold potential as low-emission cargo vehicles due to their unique design:
- Airships have a high lift-to-drag ratio, meaning they consume far less fuel than aeroplanes for moving the same load.
- Companies are exploring the use of ballast to regulate airship buoyancy, a method common in hot air balloons and submarines.
- A French company has created a 200-meter “flying crane” airship called LCA60T, which can pick up water as ballast mid-flight, avoiding the need for specialized ground infrastructure.
- With concerns about climate change and the aviation industry’s carbon footprint, airships offer a less polluting alternative. They do not burn fossil fuels to lift, making them an eco-friendly choice.
PYQ:
[2017] Examine the development of Airports in India through joint ventures under Public–Private Partnership (PPP) model. What are the challenges faced by the authorities in this regard? |
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