Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Fishery Survey of India (FSI)
Why in the News?
A deep-sea fishing expedition conducted by the Fishery Survey of India (FSI) has uncovered several highly productive and previously unexplored fishing grounds in the Arabian Sea.
Key Findings of the Deep-Sea Survey:
- Fishing was conducted at depths between 300-540 meters using deep-sea trawlers.
- The survey was funded under the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY).
- It mapped potential deep-sea fishing zones 100-120 nautical miles off India’s western coast, stretching from Kollam in Kerala to Goa.
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About Fishery Survey of India (FSI)
- FSI was established in 1983, under the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying.
- It conducts fisheries research, resource surveys, and sustainable fishing assessments.
- It operates annual Fishery Resource Surveys to guide:
- Traditional fishermen
- Small and medium boat operators
- Deep-sea longlining tuna fleet
- History of FSI:
- Originated from the “Deep Sea Fishing Station” project (1946).
- Renamed “Exploratory Fisheries Project” (1974) and later “Fishery Survey of India” (1983).
- In 2005, Marine Engineering Division was integrated into FSI.
- In 2017, PM Narendra Modi launched the Deep-Sea Fishing Project to promote sustainable fishing practices.
-
- Operates 11 ocean survey vessels across six major Indian ports.
- Employs 752 personnel, conducting deep-sea research and data collection.
India’s Marine Fishing Industry
- India ranks second in global fish production after China.
- Contributes 9.58 million tonnes of total fish production, with:
- 70% from the west coast
- 30% from the east coast
- Major fish-producing states: Andhra Pradesh (20%), West Bengal (15%), Gujarat (8%), Kerala (7%), Maharashtra (6%), Tamil Nadu (6%).
- Exports and Global Trade:
- India exports 1.05 million tonnes of marine fish, generating ₹334.4 billion ($5.57 billion) in revenue.
- Major export markets: USA (26%), ASEAN nations (26%), EU (20%), Japan (9%), Middle East (6%), China (4%).
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PYQ:
[2018] Defining blue revolution, explain the problems and strategies for pisciculture development in India.
[2022] What is Integrated Farming System? How is it helpful to small and marginal farmers in India? |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nordic-Baltic Eight (NB-8) Countries
Why in the News?
Prime Minister Modi met Estonian President Alar Karis at the AI Action Summit in Paris to discuss trade, technology, cybersecurity, and stronger ties between India, Estonia, and the Nordic-Baltic Eight (NB-8).
Key Highlights of the Recent Visit to Estonia:
- First Bilateral Meeting: Held at the AI Action Summit in Paris, focusing on trade, digital ties, and cybersecurity.
- Economic Cooperation: PM Modi invited Estonian businesses to invest in IT and cybersecurity in India.
- Cybersecurity & Security Issues: Discussed digital governance, cybersecurity collaboration, and the Russia-Ukraine conflict.
- Multilateral Ties: Emphasized India-Nordic-Baltic (NB-8) cooperation and India’s role in EU & UN diplomacy.
- Cultural Exchange: PM Modi appreciated Estonia’s interest in yoga and strengthened people-to-people ties.
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About Nordic-Baltic Eight (NB-8) Countries
- The Nordic-Baltic Eight (NB-8) is a regional cooperation platform that includes:
- Nordic Countries: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden
- Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
- NB cooperation dates to the 1990s, following the Baltic states’ independence from Soviet rule.
- The Nordic Council began engaging with Baltic leaders in 1989, leading to official cooperation in 1991.
- The NB-8 framework was formally established in 2000 as a regional diplomatic and economic initiative.
-
- Trade and Economic Growth: Strengthening business and investment partnerships.
- Technology and Innovation: Collaborating on digital governance, AI, and cybersecurity.
- Security and Defense: Enhancing NATO and EU-led security cooperation.
- Climate and Energy Policy: Advancing sustainability and energy security initiatives.
- NB-8 Leadership and Coordination:
-
- Each year, one NB-8 country assumes the role of coordinator, hosting diplomatic meetings and leading regional initiatives.
- Denmark will chair NB-8 in 2025, following Sweden in 2024 and Latvia in 2023.
PYQ:
[2014] Consider the following countries:
- Denmark
- Japan
- Russian Federation
- United Kingdom
- United States of America
Which of the above are the members of the ‘Arctic Council ‘?
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2, 3 and 4
(c) 1, 4 and 5
(d) 1, 3 and 5 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Reimei
Why in the News?
Japan has officially launched the world’s first hybrid quantum supercomputer, integrating a 20-qubit quantum processor, Reimei, into Fugaku, the world’s sixth-fastest supercomputer.
About Reimei
- Reimei is a 20-qubit trapped-ion quantum computer developed by Quantinuum and integrated into Fugaku, the world’s sixth-fastest supercomputer, at Riken, Japan.
- It is the first fully operational hybrid quantum supercomputer, combining quantum and classical computing for advanced problem-solving.
-
- Trapped-Ion Qubits: Unlike superconducting qubits, Reimei uses trapped-ion technology, offering higher stability, longer coherence times, and stronger qubit connectivity.
- Hybrid Integration: Works alongside Fugaku to solve complex calculations faster than classical supercomputers.
- Ion Shuttling: Enables physical movement of qubits, allowing for more complex quantum algorithms.
- Error Correction: Uses logical qubits, reducing error rates 800 times lower than standard qubits.
-
- Physics & Chemistry Research: Used for molecular simulations, material science, and high-energy physics.
- Quantum Cryptography & AI: Enhances cybersecurity and artificial intelligence models.
- Optimization & Machine Learning: Solves large-scale optimization problems.
-
- Bridges classical and quantum computing, serving as a transition to fully scalable quantum systems.
- Paves the way for real-world quantum applications, accelerating scientific and technological advancements.
PYQ:
[2022] Which one of the following is the context in which the term “qubit” is mentioned?
(a) Cloud Services
(b) Quantum Computing
(c) Visible Light Communication Technologies
(d) Wireless Communication Technologies |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sant Guru Ravidas
Why in the News?
The birth anniversary of Sant Guru Ravidas, a prominent figure in the Bhakti movement during the 15th and 16th centuries, is celebrated every year on 12th February.
Who was Sant Guru Ravidas?
- Guru Ravidas, also known as Bhagat Ravidas, was a prominent saint, poet, and social reformer of the Bhakti movement in 15th-century India.
- Born in 1377 CE in Seer Govardhanpur, Uttar Pradesh, he dedicated his life to eradicating social discrimination and promoting equality.
- Despite facing caste-based oppression, Guru Ravidas rose to prominence through his wisdom, humility, and devotion to God.
- He was a contemporary of Sant Kabir and is believed to have met Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikh religion.
- His hymns are included in the Guru Granth Sahib, reflecting his significant influence in Sikhism and Bhakti traditions.
Key Contributions of Guru Ravidas
- Equality & Social Justice: Opposed caste discrimination and untouchability.
- Bhakti Movement: Advocated devotion over rituals for spiritual enlightenment.
- Begumpura Concept: Envisioned a society free from oppression and sorrow.
- Literary Contributions: Composed over 40 devotional hymns in Guru Granth Sahib.
- Spiritual Influence: Guided Meera Bai in her devotion to Lord Krishna.
- Universal Brotherhood: Taught that God is for all, beyond religion or caste.
- Impact on Sikhism: Influenced Guru Nanak and Sikh teachings on equality and devotion.
PYQ:
[2018] Consider the following Bhakti Saints:
1. Dadu Dayal
2. Guru Nanak
3. Tyagaraja
Who among the above was/were preaching when the Lodi dynasty fell and Babur took over?
(a) 1 and 3
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 1 and 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Doctrine of Pith and Substance
Why in the News?
In a landmark ruling, the Supreme Court has reaffirmed the Doctrine of Pith and Substance, holding that the Centre cannot impose service tax on lottery distributors as the power to tax lotteries falls exclusively within the jurisdiction of state governments.
Why did the Supreme Court dismiss the Centre’s Plea?
- Lotteries Are Not a Service but Gambling: The court ruled that the relationship between states and lottery distributors is buyer-seller, not principal-agent, making service tax inapplicable.
- Exclusive Taxing Power of States: The Constitution grants state legislatures the authority to tax betting and gambling, including lotteries.
- Parliament cannot override this through residuary powers (Entry 97 – List I) as taxation on lotteries is already covered under Entry 62 – List II.
- Doctrine of Pith and Substance Applied: The court ruled that the dominant nature of lotteries is gambling, even if marketing and promotion involve service elements.
- Since the primary focus remains within the State List, the Centre cannot impose service tax on it.
- Sikkim High Court Ruling Upheld: The SC upheld the 2012 Sikkim HC decision, which declared Section 65(105) of the Finance Act, 1994 (as amended in 2010) unconstitutional, as it attempted to impose service tax on lottery-related activities.
What is Doctrine of Pith and Substance?
- The Doctrine of Pith and Substance helps determine whether a law’s dominant purpose falls within the legislative competence of the enacting government.
-
- Examines the true nature of a law, rather than incidental overlaps.
- Resolves Centre-State conflicts over legislative powers.
- Allows minor encroachments if the primary subject falls within the legislature’s authority.
- Major Supreme Court Cases Applying the Doctrine:
-
- State of Bombay v. FN Balsara (1951): Upheld a state alcohol prohibition law, despite minor overlaps with Union subjects.
- Prafulla Kumar Mukherjee v. Bank of Commerce (1947): Allowed incidental encroachment as long as the law’s primary focus was within its jurisdiction.
- Application in Lottery Taxation Case:
-
- The Centre’s argument for taxing lotteries under Entry 97 – List I was rejected.
- The dominant purpose of lottery transactions is gambling, which states exclusively regulate and tax.
PYQ:
[2016] The Parliament of India acquires the power to legislate on any item in the State List in the national interest if a resolution to that effect is passed by the:
(a) Lok Sabha by a simple majority of its total membership
(b) Lok Sabha by a majority of not less than two-thirds of its total membership
(c) Rajya Sabha by a simple majority of its total membership
(d) Rajya Sabha by a majority of not less than two thirds of its members present and voting |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lymphatic Filariasis (LF)
Why in the News?
Union Minister for Health and Family Welfare has launched the Annual Nationwide Mass Drug Administration (MDA) Campaign to eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (LF).
About Lymphatic Filariasis (LF):
- Lymphatic Filariasis (LF), or “Hathi Paon”, is a mosquito-borne parasitic disease caused by Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori.
- It affects the lymphatic system, leading to swelling of limbs (lymphoedema) and scrotal swelling (hydrocele), causing permanent disability.
- LF spreads through repeated mosquito bites, making it a major public health challenge in tropical regions, including India.
- India aims to eliminate LF by 2027, ahead of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target.
What is Mass Drug Administration (MDA)?
- MDA is a large-scale public health campaign where anti-filarial medicines are administered to all eligible individuals in endemic areas to stop LF transmission.
- Medication Regimens:
- Double Drug Therapy (DA): Diethylcarbamazine Citrate (DEC) + Albendazole
- Triple Drug Therapy (IDA): Ivermectin + DEC + Albendazole
- Key Features of MDA
- Door-to-door supervised drug administration ensures high coverage.
- Drugs are safe, free, and given twice a year in targeted districts.
- MDA is crucial for eliminating LF, as it reduces parasite transmission and protects millions from disability.
- EXCEPTIONS: Children below 2 years, pregnant women, and seriously ill individuals.
PYQ:
[2017] Consider the following statements:
1. In tropical regions, Zika virus disease is transmitted by the same mosquito that transmits dengue.
2. Sexual transmission of Zika virus disease is possible.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Exercise CYCLONE-III
Why in the News?
The 3rd edition of Joint Special Forces Exercise CYCLONE commenced at Mahajan Field Firing Ranges in Rajasthan.
| Note: India and the UAE held the ‘Desert Cyclone 2024’ joint military exercise in Rajasthan in January 2024. One must not get confused with this. |
About Exercise CYCLONE-III
- It is the 3rd edition of the Joint Special Forces Exercise between India and Egypt, aimed at enhancing interoperability, joint tactical operations, and counter-terrorism capabilities.
- The exercise is conducted at Mahajan Field Firing Ranges in Rajasthan from 10th to 23rd February 2025.
- CYCLONE is an annual exercise, held alternately in India and Egypt.
- The previous edition (CYCLONE-II) was conducted in Egypt in January 2024.
- The exercise focuses on high-intensity special forces training in desert and semi-desert terrains.
Features and Significance:
- This exercise involves 25 personnel from each side, focusing on counterterrorism, CQB, hostage rescue, and heliborne operations in desert terrain.
- The 48-hour final validation exercise tests combat strategies in semi-desert conditions, while an Indian defense technology showcase strengthens military ties.
- The exercise enhances India-Egypt defense cooperation, improves joint counter-terrorism capabilities, and builds readiness for future operations.
- It also boosts India’s strategic outreach in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, reinforcing defense collaborations and regional security.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: World Customs Organization (WCO); HS Code
Why in the News?
India has introduced a Harmonised System (HS) code for geographical indication (GI) recognised rice exports under an amendment to the Customs Tariff Act, 1975 announced by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman in the 2025-26 Union Budget on February 1, 2025.
About Harmonised System (HS) Code
- HS Code is an internationally recognized classification system for traded goods, developed by the World Customs Organization (WCO).
- It is used to standardize the identification of products in global trade, ensuring uniformity in customs procedures, tariffs, and trade policies.
- The HS Code is a six-digit numerical code, categorized as follows:
- First two digits: Represent the chapter of goods (e.g., “10” for cereals).
- Next two digits: Indicate the heading (e.g., “06” for rice).
- Last two digits: Define the subheading (e.g., “30” for semi-milled or wholly milled rice).
- Countries can extend the HS Code beyond six digits to accommodate specific national requirements (e.g., India uses an 8-digit system).
Impact of HS Code on GI Rice Exports:
Trade experts believe that the introduction of an HS code will:
- Facilitate GI rice exports, even when general rice exports are restricted.
- Ensure better market access for specialty rice varieties in global markets.
- Differentiate GI-tagged rice from conventional rice exports to prevent mislabelling.
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About the World Customs Organization (WCO):
- The WCO is an intergovernmental organization responsible for overseeing and standardizing global customs regulations.
- It was established in 1952 as the Customs Co-operation Council (CCC) and later renamed the WCO in 1994.
- Key Functions of the WCO:
-
- Develops and maintains the HS Code, used by over 200 countries and territories.
- Regulates customs procedures, trade facilitation, and enforcement of trade laws.
- Supports the fight against illegal trade, smuggling, and counterfeit goods.
- The organization works closely with the World Trade Organization (WTO) and United Nations (UN) to promote global trade efficiency.
- India is a member of the WCO and follows its HS classification system for trade regulations.
- The WCO’s Revised Kyoto Convention (RKC) serves as a blueprint for India’s customs modernization efforts.
PYQ:
[2017] Consider the following statements:
- India has ratified the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) of WTO.
- TFA is a part of WTO’s Bali Ministerial Package of 2013.
- TFA came into force in January 2016.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Fort William
Why in the News?
In a move to eliminate colonial practices and symbols from the Indian Armed Forces, Fort William in Kolkata, the headquarters of the Eastern Army Command, has been renamed Vijay Durg.
About the Vijay Durg (Fort William)
- It was originally built by the British in 1773, Fort William was named after King William III of England.
- It is located on the eastern bank of the Hooghly River in Kolkata, West Bengal.
- It served as a key British military stronghold during colonial rule.
- The first version of Fort William was built by the English East India Company in 1696.
- It had an inner bastion used as a prison, leading to the term “Black Hole of Calcutta”.
- The Black Hole of Calcutta Incident (1756) refers to the alleged imprisonment of British prisoners by Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah, where many reportedly suffocated to death due to overcrowding and lack of ventilation.
- After the Battle of Plassey in 1757, Robert Clive ordered its demolition, and a new fort was built, completed in 1773.
- Fort William College was established by Lord Wellesley in 1800 to train Company civil servants in Indian languages and customs, but it was closed in 1802.
- The present-day fort is octagonal in shape, made of brick and mortar, covering 70.9 acres.
- It is now owned by the Indian Army and serves as the headquarters of the Eastern Command.
Do you know?
Fort St. George (Chennai, Tamil Nadu)
- It was the first fort built by the British in 1644, marking the beginning of British rule.
- It served as the headquarters of the Madras Presidency.
- It included St. Mary’s Church, the oldest Anglican Church in India.
- Current Use: Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly & Secretariat.
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Significance of Renaming
- The new name is inspired by Vijay Durg Fort in Maharashtra, one of the oldest and most significant naval forts under Chhatrapati Shivaji.
- Vijay Durg served as a naval base for the Marathas, highlighting India’s indigenous military history.
- The renaming aligns with India’s broader initiative to remove colonial influences and promote native military traditions.
- In September 2022, the Indian Navy replaced its British-era ensign with a new octagonal design inspired by Chhatrapati Shivaji’s royal seal.
PYQ:
[2018] With reference to educational institutions during colonial rule in India, consider the following pairs:
Institution: Founder
- Sanskrit College at Benaras: William Jones
- Calcutta Madarsa: Warren Hastings
- Fort William College: Arthur Wellesley
Which of the pairs given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 3 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Economic Capital Framework (ECF) of the RBI
Why in the News?
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has initiated an internal review of its Economic Capital Framework (ECF) to assess the contingency risk buffer (CRB) and overall capital reserves.
What is Economic Capital Framework (ECF)?
- The ECF is the risk management policy used by the RBI to determine:
- How much capital and reserves the central bank should maintain for financial stability.
- How much surplus the RBI can transfer to the government under Section 47 of the RBI Act, 1934.
- Contingency Risk Buffer (CRB): A financial safeguard for monetary, fiscal, credit, and operational risks.
- Total Economic Capital: Includes capital, reserves, risk provisions, and revaluation balances.
- Surplus Transfers:
- FY24: ₹2.11 lakh crore (highest-ever surplus).
- FY23: ₹87,416 crore | FY22: ₹30,307 crore | FY21: ₹99,122 crore.
Review of ECF and Its Significance
- The Bimal Jalan Committee’s recommendations (valid till June 2024) required a periodic reassessment.
- As of March 31, 2024, the CRB stands at 6.5%, and the RBI is evaluating whether changes are needed.
- Potential Impact
- Higher CRB → More financial stability, but lower surplus transfers to the government.
- Lower CRB → More funds available for government spending, but with potential financial risks.
- Impact on Budget: RBI’s surplus plays a major role in fiscal planning for infrastructure & welfare programs.
- The RBI must ensure financial resilience while also supporting economic development.
About Bimal Jalan Committee (2018)
- Objective: To review RBI’s reserve management and surplus transfer policy.
- Key Recommendations:
- CRB should be between 5.5% – 6.5% of the balance sheet.
- Periodic ECF review every 5 years.
- Only realized surplus (net income) should be transferred to the government.
- Revaluation reserves should not be used for operational losses.
- Impact:
- Led to higher surplus transfers and a structured capital policy.
- Strengthened transparency & financial governance in RBI’s operations.
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PYQ:
[2017] Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)?
- It decides the RBI’s benchmark interest rates.
- It is a 12-member body including the Governor of RBI and is reconstituted every year.
- It functions under the chairmanship of the Union Finance Minister.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 2 and 3 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Algo Trading
Why in the News?
Initially exclusive to institutional investors, Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) now has proposed to allow retail participation in Algorithmic trading (algo trading) to ensure market stability and allow retail participation.
What is Algo Trading?
- Algo Trading, or Algorithmic Trading, is the process of using computer programs and pre-defined rules to execute financial market trades at high speed and efficiency.
- It eliminates human intervention and emotions, allowing trades based on mathematical models, historical data, and market conditions.
- How Does Algo Trading Work?
-
- It follows pre-coded algorithms to identify trading opportunities and execute orders.
- It uses technical indicators, price movements, volume, and other data to determine trade entry and exit points.
- The system can scan multiple markets simultaneously and execute trades in milliseconds.
- High-Frequency Trading (HFT) is a subset of algo trading that involves executing thousands of trades per second.
- It reduces market impact, transaction costs, and slippage compared to manual trading.
Key Highlights of Regulatory Framework:
- Broker Responsibility: Only registered brokers can offer algo trading services to retail investors. Direct retail algo trading without broker approval is not permitted.
- Market Surveillance: Exchanges must monitor algorithmic trades to prevent market manipulation and excessive order placement.
- Latency and Co-location Rules: SEBI has set rules to ensure fair access to low-latency trading infrastructure and avoid unfair advantages.
- Risk Management: Traders must maintain adequate margins, and there are circuit breakers to prevent excessive market volatility.
- Pre-Approval for Strategies: Algo trading strategies must be tested and approved before deployment to minimize market disruption.
- Algo vs. Non-Algo Identification: SEBI mandates separate tagging of algo trades for better transparency and oversight.
- Ban on Self-Trading: Algorithms must not execute self-trades to manipulate market prices.
PYQ:
[2019] Which of the following is issued by registered foreign portfolio investors to overseas investors who want to be part of the Indian stock market without registering themselves directly?
(a) Certificate of Deposit
(b) Commercial Paper
(c) Promissory Note
(d) Participatory Note |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Article 200
Why in the News?
The Supreme Court has criticized Tamil Nadu Governor for creating an “impasse” by withholding assent to state bills and later referring them to the President, questioning his handling of state bills under Article 200 of the Constitution. The Governor has withheld 12 Bills, primarily concerning higher education and the appointment of Vice-Chancellors in State universities.
Judicial Precursor: Rameshwar Prasad Case (2005)
- Article 361 provides immunity to Governors from court proceedings for actions taken in their official capacity.
- However, in Rameshwar Prasad & Ors. vs Union of India & Anr., the Supreme Court ruled that:
- Immunity under Article 361 does not prevent judicial review of the Governor’s actions.
- If a Governor withholds assent with malicious intent, the decision can be deemed unconstitutional.
- Governors must provide valid reasons for withholding assent, as they cannot act arbitrarily.
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What is Article 200?
- Article 200 governs the Governor’s options when a Bill passed by the State Legislature is presented for approval.
- It outlines the Governor’s discretionary powers regarding assenting, withholding, returning, or reserving Bills.
Provisions and Features:
- The Governor has four options when presented with a State Legislature Bill:
- Assent to the Bill: The Bill becomes law.
- Withhold Assent: The Governor can refuse approval.
- Return the Bill: If it is NOT a Money Bill, the Governor can send it back to the State Legislature for reconsideration.
- Reserve the Bill for the President’s Consideration: If the Bill-
- Violates the Constitution or a Central law.
- Affects national interests or is ultra vires.
- Opposes the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP).
- Concerns compulsory property acquisition under Article 31A.
- Endangers the position of the State High Court (mandatory reservation).
- Article 201 deals with Bills reserved for the President’s approval, granting the President the power to:
- Assent to the Bill or withhold assent.
- Return the Bill for reconsideration by the State Legislature.
- Key Constitutional Debates:
- No time limit exists for the Governor to act, leading to delays and constitutional challenges.
- Judicial scrutiny has questioned prolonged withholding of assent, as seen in recent Supreme Court cases.
PYQ:
[2014] Which of the following are the discretionary powers given to the Governor of a State?
- Sending a report to the President of India for imposing the President’s rule
- Appointing the Ministers
- Reserving certain bills passed by the State Legislature for consideration of the President of India
- Making the rules to conduct the business of the State Government
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Genotype D1.1
Why in the News?
The US Department of Agriculture has confirmed a new spillover of H5N1 avian flu genotype D1.1 into dairy cattle in the United States.
What is Genotype D1.1?
- Genotype D1.1 is a strain of the H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus, primarily found in poultry and wild birds.
- It is part of the H5 clade 2.3.4.4b, which has been responsible for multiple outbreaks worldwide.
- It was recently confirmed in dairy herds in Churchill County, Nevada, USA.
- Symptoms in Cattle: Includes fever, reduced milk production, coughing, sneezing, and nasal discharge.
- Differences from B3.13: Genotype B3.13, the previous dominant H5N1 strain in cattle, caused milder infections in humans, whereas D1.1 has led to more severe cases.
Bird Flu (Avian Influenza) Spillover of H5N1 Virus
- A spillover event occurs when a virus jumps from its natural host species (wild birds) to other animals or humans.
- It spreads through wild bird migration routes, carrying the virus across continents.
- The virus has been detected in unpasteurized milk from infected cows, raising concerns about worker exposure.
Impacts on India
- Although genotype D1.1 has not been detected in India, the growing spread of H5N1 in cattle and humans abroad raises concerns for public health and livestock industries in India.
- India is part of major bird migration routes (Central Asian Flyway & East Asian-Australasian Flyway), making it vulnerable to H5N1 spread from infected wild birds.
- With India being the world’s largest milk producer, a spillover of H5N1 into dairy cattle could severely impact milk production and exports.
- While human cases remain rare, a mutation allowing human-to-human transmission could lead to a pandemic-like scenario.
- India poultry products exports to Middle Eastern and Asian markets; an H5N1 outbreak could lead to bans and economic losses.
PYQ:
[2015] H1N1 virus is sometimes mentioned in the news with reference to which one of the following diseases?
(a) AIDS
(b) Bird flu
(c) Dengue
(d) Swine flu |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: BioE3 Policy
Why in the News?
After the BioE3 Policy approval in August 2024, the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) held consultations with State governments on setting up biomanufacturing facilities across India.
What is the BioE3 Policy?
- It is a national initiative by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Ministry of Science and Technology to promote biomanufacturing and a circular bioeconomy in India.
- Biomanufacturing involves the industrial production of bio-products such as biopolymers, enzymes, smart proteins, functional foods, precision biotherapeutics, and climate-resilient agricultural products.
- It focuses on scaling up biotechnology-based industries, enhancing research and innovation, and creating employment opportunities in sustainable bio-based sectors.
- It aligns with India’s Net Zero carbon commitment and aims to make biomanufacturing a key driver of economic growth.
Objectives and Features of the BioE3 Policy
- Promoting Biomanufacturing: Establishing biomanufacturing hubs and biofoundries to produce bio-based chemicals, polymers, and enzymes.
- Strengthening R&D and Innovation: Encouraging state-driven biotechnology policies, bio-AI hubs, and technology-driven bioindustries.
- State-Centric Implementation: States will adopt at least two thematic areas under BioE3, focusing on local bio-based industries and sustainable agriculture.
- Workforce Development: Expanding biotechnology training programs in Tier-II and Tier-III cities to build a skilled workforce.
- Biosafety and Regulatory Compliance: Ensuring adherence to global biosafety standards and responsible biotechnology innovation.
- Carbon Capture and Sustainability: Supporting carbon sequestration technologies and climate-resilient agriculture to mitigate climate change impacts.
- Encouraging Private Sector Investment: Creating a business-friendly environment for biotech startups, public-private partnerships, and global collaborations.
Programs Implemented Under the BioE3 Policy:
- State-Centric BioE3 Cells: Dedicated cells will be established in State departments to coordinate investments, research, and policy execution.
- Precision Biotherapeutics and Functional Foods Initiative: Research into next-generation bio-based medicines, smart proteins, and functional foods.
- Carbon Capture and Bioeconomy Models: Development of technologies for carbon sequestration and sustainable bio-based industrial processes.
- Public-Private Partnerships: Collaboration between government, industry, and research institutions to drive biomanufacturing investments and commercialization.
PYQ:
[2015] With reference to bio-toilets used by the Indian Railways, consider the following statements:
1. The decomposition of human waste in the bio-toilets is initiated by a fungal inoculum.
2. Ammonia and water vapour are the only end products in this decomposition which are released into the atmosphere.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: electronic-National Agriculture Market (E-NAM)
Why in the News?
The Agriculture Ministry has allowed trading of 10 additional commodities on the electronic-National Agriculture Market (E-NAM), taking the total number of tradable items on the platform to 231.
About the 10 new commodities:
The newly added commodities include dried Tulsi leaves, Besant (Chickpea flour), wheat flour, chana sattu (Roasted Chickpea Flour), water Chestnut flour, asafoetida, dried fenugreek leaves, baby corn, dragon fruit and water Chestnut, the ministry said in a statement.
Current Status of E-NAM (As of December 2024):
- 1,410 mandis connected across 22 states and Union Territories.
- Inter-state trade worth ₹5,022 crore has been recorded.
- ₹6,831 crore e-payments made across 948 mandis.
- Trade in 1.44 lakh metric tonnes of grains and 3.4 crore units of perishable commodities such as bamboo, betel leaves, coconuts, and lemons.
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What is E-NAM?
- E-NAM is a pan-India electronic trading platform launched by the Government of India on April 14, 2016.
- It integrates existing Agriculture Produce Market Committees (APMCs) to create a unified national market for agricultural commodities.
- The Small Farmers Agribusiness Consortium (SFAC), under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare, is the implementing agency for e-NAM.
- The platform enables farmers, traders, and buyers to trade agricultural commodities online, across states, ensuring better price discovery and transparency.
Objectives of e-NAM
- Improve market efficiency by integrating APMC mandis into a unified online platform.
- Enhance price discovery through a competitive bidding process, ensuring fair market prices for farmers.
- Promote inter-state trade by removing barriers and unifying agricultural markets across India.
- Reduce dependency on middlemen, ensuring direct benefits to farmers.
- Facilitate e-payments to ensure quick and transparent financial transactions for farmers.
What is E-NAM 2.0?
- E-NAM 2.0 is an upgraded version of the Electronic National Agriculture Market (e-NAM), launched to improve inter-state agricultural trade, logistics, and digital accessibility for farmers.
- It integrates logistics service providers, allowing farmers to sell produce directly from their farms using a farm-gate module.
- Key features include real-time price discovery, Aadhaar-based e-KYC, warehouse-based trading, and direct online payments.
- The platform enhances transparency, efficiency, and access to a nationwide market, reducing dependence on middlemen.
- It aims to boost farmer incomes, minimize wastage, and create a unified digital agricultural ecosystem across India.
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PYQ:
[2017] What is/are the advantage/advantages of implementing the ‘National Agriculture Market’ scheme?
- It is a pan-India electronic trading portal for agricultural commodities.
- It provides the farmers access to nationwide market, with prices commensurate with the quality of their produce.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Darien Gap
Why in the News?
The illegal journey into the US often involves dangerous crossings through multiple countries, including the treacherous Darien Gap – a vast, roadless jungle that connects Colombia and Panama.
What is the Darien Gap?
- The Darien Gap is a 97-km stretch of dense rainforest, swamps, and mountains that forms the only break in the Pan-American Highway, which otherwise runs from Alaska to Argentina.
- Due to its extreme terrain, harsh climate, and lack of infrastructure, the region has remained largely impenetrable.
- However, in recent years, it has become a major migration route, as thousands of people attempt to cross it in hopes of reaching North America.
- Geographical Features:
- Location: Forms the border between Panama and Colombia.
- Terrain: Consists of steep mountains, muddy swamps, fast-flowing rivers, and dense rainforests, making travel extremely difficult.
- Climate: Has a hot, humid, and rainy environment with limited access to food and water.
Geo-Political Significance:
- Migration Crisis: Over 520,000 migrants crossed in 2023, with over 300,000 crossings in early 2024.
- ‘Donkey Route’: Many migrants, including Indians, Venezuelans, Haitians, and Pakistanis, travel through Central American nations like Panama, Costa Rica, and Guatemala before reaching Mexico.
- Criminal Activity: The region is controlled by smuggling networks, drug cartels, and armed groups, who demand money, rob migrants, or subject them to violence.
- Humanitarian Concerns: Reports of sexual assaults, deaths, and disappearances are increasing, with overcrowded shelters and severe shortages of food, water, and medical aid.
PYQ:
[2015] The area known as ‘Golan Heights’ sometimes appears in the news in the context of the events is related to:
(a) Central Asia
(b) Middle East
(c) South-East Asia
(d) Central Africa |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Brucellosis
Why in the News?
An 8-year-old girl in Kerala, recently succumbed to brucellosis, a bacterial infection primarily caused by the consumption of unpasteurised milk.
About Brucellosis
- Brucellosis is a bacterial infection caused by Brucella species, primarily affecting cattle, goats, sheep, swine, and dogs.
- Humans contract it through direct contact with infected animals, consuming contaminated animal products, or inhaling airborne agents.
- According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the most common cause is the ingestion of unpasteurised milk or cheese from infected livestock.
- Symptoms and Risk Factors:
-
- Symptoms: Fever, weakness, weight loss, and general discomfort. The incubation period is 1-2 months, but most cases develop within 2-4 weeks.
- At-Risk Groups: Farmers, butchers, veterinarians, hunters, and laboratory personnel handling infected animal tissues.
- Treatment and Prevention:
-
- Treatment: Doxycycline (100 mg, twice daily for 45 days) and Streptomycin (1 g daily for 15 days) as per medical advice.
- Prevention: Vaccination of livestock, pasteurisation of milk, and public awareness campaigns to discourage the consumption of unpasteurised dairy products.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Exercise Ekuverin
Why in the News?
The 13th edition of Exercise Ekuverin, the bilateral joint military exercise between India and the Maldives, commenced in the Maldives on February 4, 2025.
About Exercise Ekuverin
- The word “Ekuverin” means ‘Friends’ in the Dhivehi language, signifying the close ties between India and the Maldives.
- The exercise was first conducted in 2009 as part of an annual bilateral military engagement.
- It is held alternatively in India and the Maldives, promoting military cooperation between the two nations.
- In 2023, the exercise was conducted at Chaubatia, Uttarakhand, from June 11 to 24.
- In 2025, the exercise is being conducted in the Maldives, further strengthening defence relations.
Features and Significance:
- The exercise aims to enhance military interoperability.
- It focuses on joint counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism operations, improving the preparedness of both nations.
- The training includes humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR) operations, equipping both forces to respond effectively to crises.
- It seeks to strengthen defence cooperation and regional security in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
India’s Defence Exercises with Southeast Asian Neighbours
India actively participates in joint military exercises with its Southeast Asian partners to bolster regional security and defence cooperation.
Key Bilateral and Multilateral Exercises:
- Garuda Shakti: Special Forces exercise with Indonesia, conducted in November 2022 at the Sangga Buana Training Area, Indonesia.
- Mitra Shakti: Annual military exercise between India and Sri Lanka, last conducted in 2022.
- VINBAX: Joint military exercise with Vietnam, with the 3rd edition held in 2022.
- IMBEX: Bilateral exercise between India-Myanmar, with its last known edition in 2017-18.
- Maitree: Annual India-Thailand military exercise, conducted since 2006.
- CORPAT: Coordinated Patrol (CORPAT) exercises with Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia to ensure maritime security.
- AIME 2023: The first ASEAN-India Maritime Exercise (AIME) held in May 2023, involving navies from India and ASEAN nations (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam).
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Asteroid 2024 YR4
Why in the News?
NASA has identified a newly discovered near-Earth asteroid, 2024 YR4, which has a slightly more than 1% chance of impacting Earth in 2032.
Asteroid 2024 YR4 and its Geographical Features:
- The asteroid was discovered in December 2024 by an observatory in Chile.
- It measures between 40 to 100 meters across, making it roughly the size of a football field.
- The exact size is uncertain because astronomers estimate an asteroid’s size based on its brightness.
- On December 25, 2024, the asteroid passed within 800,000 kilometers of Earth, which is approximately twice the distance of the Moon.
- It will fade from sight in April 2025 and will not be visible again until 2028, when it approaches Earth once more.
- The asteroid is currently rated 3 on the Torino Scale, which measures the risk of impact on a scale from 0 to 10.
Potential Destruction from 2024 YR4 Impact:
- If 2024 YR4 collides with Earth, it is expected to release between 8 to 10 megatons of energy, equivalent to multiple nuclear explosions.
- It injured 1,500 people and damaged thousands of buildings across several cities.
- In comparison, the Apophis asteroid, discovered in 2004, was initially rated 4 but was later downgraded after further observations ruled out an impact threat.
How often do Asteroids crash Into Earth?
- Thousands of small asteroids burn up in Earth’s atmosphere daily due to friction.
- The Chelyabinsk meteor (2013) exploded over Russia with 30 times the power of the Hiroshima bomb.
- Asteroids around 40 meters can cause regional destruction if they hit Earth.
- Large asteroids (1 km+ in size) can trigger global disasters, occurring about once every 260 million years.
- The Chicxulub asteroid (66 million years ago) led to the extinction of dinosaurs.
How Space Agencies prevent Asteroid Collisions?
- NASA and global space agencies work on planetary defense to prevent impacts.
- In 2022, NASA’s DART mission successfully changed asteroid Dimorphos’s trajectory using kinetic impact.
- Scientists explore 3 key methods for asteroid deflection:
- Kinetic Impact: Using spacecraft to hit an asteroid and alter its path.
- Gravity Tractors: Using a spacecraft’s gravity to pull an asteroid off course.
- Nuclear Explosions: As a last resort, detonating a nuclear device near an asteroid to deflect or destroy it.
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PYQ:
[2011] What is the difference between asteroids and comets?
- Asteroids are small rocky planetoids, while comets are formed of frozen gases held together by rocky and metallic material.
- Asteroids are found mostly between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars, while comets are found mostly between Venus and Mercury.
- Comets show a perceptible glowing tail, while asteroids do not.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Makhana Board
Why in the News?
The Union Budget 2025 has announced the establishment of a Makhana Board in Bihar to improve production, processing, value addition, and marketing of makhana (fox nut).
What is Makhana?
- Makhana, also known as fox nut, is the edible seed of the prickly water lily (Euryale ferox), grown in freshwater ponds across India and South Asia.
- Bihar produces 90% of India’s makhana, with major hubs in Darbhanga, Madhubani, Purnea, and Katihar.
- It is nutrient-rich, low-fat, and considered a superfood, gaining popularity in domestic and international markets.
- Traditionally used in religious rituals, makhana is now promoted for its health benefits and commercial potential.
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About the Makhana Board
- The Makhana Board will train farmers, ensure market access, regulate pricing, and promote exports.
- The Food Processing Institute will focus on value addition, quality control, research, and global trade facilitation.
- Aims & Objectives:
- Increase production by promoting high-yield varieties like Swarna Vaidehi and Sabour Makhana-1.
- Improve processing infrastructure to reduce wastage and enhance product quality.
- Support exports through cargo infrastructure, trade partnerships, and branding initiatives.
- Structural Mandate:
- Governing body led by government officials, farmer representatives, and industry experts.
- Regional centers in key makhana-producing districts to assist farmers.
- Partnerships with ICAR, NABARD, and agricultural universities for research and financial support.
- ₹100 crore initial funding for infrastructure, training, and market expansion.
- Powers & Functions: Regulate production, enforce quality standards, provide subsidies, promote research, develop export infrastructure, and launch branding campaigns.
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