Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Goan Liberation
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Liberation of Goa: On December 19, 1961, India successfully annexed Goa, ending years of Portuguese colonial rule.
- Criticism of Nehru: Prime Minister Narendra Modi accused former Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru of not supporting Goan satyagrahis and delaying military action.
Goa’s Colonization: A Historical Overview
- Portuguese Rule: Goa became a Portuguese colony in 1510 under Admiral Afonso de Albuquerque.
- Long Colonial Encounter: For over four centuries, Goa was a focal point of regional and global power struggles, leading to a unique Goan identity.
- Nationalist Sentiment: The early 20th century saw a rise in nationalist sentiment against Portuguese rule, paralleling India’s anti-British movement.
Beginning of the Freedom Movement
- Goan Nationalism: Tristao de Braganza Cunha, hailed as the father of Goan nationalism, founded the Goa National Congress in 1928.
- Lohia’s Influence: In 1946, Ram Manohar Lohia’s rally in Goa galvanized the freedom movement, advocating civil liberties and integration with India.
- Armed Resistance: Groups like the Azad Gomantak Dal (AGD) advocated for an armed struggle for liberation.
Recognition and Legal Status of Goa’s Annexation
- Supreme Court’s Recognition: The Supreme Court of India validated the annexation, dismissing the law of occupation’s applicability.
- Portugal’s Acknowledgment: In 1974, Portugal recognized Indian sovereignty over Goa through a retroactive treaty.
- International Law: Under jus cogens, forceful annexations post-UN Charter are deemed illegal, but Goa’s annexation is an exception.
Why Goa remained under Portuguese Rule Post-1947?
- Nehru’s Peace Image: Nehru avoided military action to maintain his global peace leader image.
- Partition’s Aftermath: The trauma of Partition and the Indo-Pak war diverted India’s focus.
- International Concerns: There were concerns about internationalizing the issue.
- Lack of Internal Demand: Gandhi believed more groundwork was needed to unify diverse political voices in Goa.
Nehru’s Dilemma and Delay in Military Action
- Global Image and Peaceful Methods: Nehru prioritized India’s global standing and exhausted diplomatic options.
- Portugal’s NATO Strategy: Portugal’s reclassification of Goa aimed to bring it under NATO’s protection.
- Indigenous Push for Liberation: Nehru balanced diplomatic efforts with supporting indigenous liberation movements.
Factors Leading to the 1961 Military Offensive
- Portuguese Aggression: The 1955 firing on satyagraha led India to sever ties with Portugal.
- India’s Decolonization Leadership: India’s role in global anti-colonial movements intensified pressure to liberate Goa.
- African Nations’ Criticism: African criticism at a 1961 seminar highlighted the need to dismantle Portuguese colonialism.
- Decisive Military Action: These factors culminated in Operation Vijay, a swift military campaign liberating Goa in less than two days.
Conclusion
- End of Colonial Rule: The annexation marked the end of Portuguese colonialism in India.
- Historical Significance: Goa’s liberation remains a pivotal event, symbolizing the culmination of India’s struggle against colonialism and the unification of its territories.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gelephu Mega-City Project
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Gelephu “mindfulness” mega-city project, announced by King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, is set to be a pivotal task for Bhutan’s future PM.
- This Special Administrative Region (SAR) project in the Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR) aims to address economic challenges and reverse youth migration trends.
About Gelephu Project
|
Details |
| Location |
Gelephu, Sarpang district, Bhutan, near the border with Assam, India. |
| Announcement |
Made by King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck during the 116th National Day address at Changlimathang Stadium, Thimphu on December 17. |
| Project Vision |
Envisioned as an “economic corridor” connecting South Asia with Southeast Asia via India’s northeastern states to countries like Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Singapore. |
| Area and Structure |
The project will cover an area of 1,000 sq km (250,000 acres) and will be developed as a Special Administrative Region (SAR). |
| Economic and Social Goals |
Aims to be an economic and social hub on Bhutan’s southern border, designed to benefit the entire South Asian region and address youth migration by providing local employment and skilling opportunities. |
| Infrastructure Development |
– Plans for Bhutan’s second international airport capable of landing larger planes than Paro Airport.
– Proposed rail link between Kokrajhar in Assam, India, and Gelephu, Bhutan.
– Enhanced road connectivity for trade and connectivity with Southeast Asian countries. |
| Environmental and Cultural Focus |
Emphasizes environmental sustainability and cultural sensitivity.
Aims to attract ‘quality investment’ from internationally screened companies that align with Bhutanese values. |
| Energy |
Focus on renewable energy sources, aligning with Bhutan’s commitment to environmental sustainability. |
| International Collaboration |
Engagements with prominent Indian industrialists and companies for potential collaboration and investment. |
| Geopolitical Significance |
Strategic initiative for regional integration, enhancing Bhutan’s connectivity with South and Southeast Asia. |
| Advanced Safety Features |
Expected to incorporate advanced safety and environmental features, including a passive decay heat removal system. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: JN.1 Variant
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Following the detection of the JN.1 COVID-19 variant, Karnataka announced that senior citizens are advised to wear masks.
- The JN.1 variant was identified in Kerala and in a traveler from Singapore to Tamil Nadu, with additional cases found in Goa.
Understanding the JN.1 Variant
- Variant Lineage: JN.1 is a sub-variant of BA.2.86, also known as Pirola, first detected in the United States in September and globally as early as January.
- Mutation Characteristics: While JN.1 has only one additional mutation on the spike protein compared to Pirola, its high number of spike protein mutations has drawn attention of researchers.
Potential Impact of JN.1
- Transmission and Severity: Currently, there is no evidence suggesting that JN.1 causes more severe symptoms or spreads faster than other circulating variants.
- WHO Assessment: Both Pirola and JN.1 have been effectively neutralized by serum from infected and vaccinated individuals, according to the WHO Technical Advisory Group on COVID-19 Vaccine Composition.
Global Spread and Current Concerns
- Increasing Cases: A rise in cases caused by Pirola and JN.1 has been observed globally, including in the USA, Europe, Singapore, and China.
- WHO Data: JN.1 accounted for a significant proportion of COVID-19 sequences in the GISAID database and a notable percentage of variants in the United States.
- Singapore’s Situation: Singapore reported a surge in COVID-19 cases, predominantly JN.1, with increased hospitalizations among older individuals.
Vaccination and Immunity in India
- Hospitalization Risk: Data from Singapore indicates higher hospitalization risks for those who received their last COVID-19 vaccine dose over a year ago.
- Indian Immunity Levels: Doctors suggests that widespread vaccination and exposure to COVID-19 have likely resulted in substantial immunity in India, reducing the need for updated vaccines.
- Consistent Precautions: Experts recommend standard protective measures against respiratory viruses, including masking in crowded and enclosed spaces, staying in well-ventilated areas, and frequent hand washing.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Arctic Region
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Launch of Winter Expedition: India embarks on its first-ever winter expedition to the Arctic, starting this week.
- Significance: With this initiative, India’s Himadri becomes the fourth research station in the Arctic to be manned year-round.
Arctic Region and Its Global Impact
- Geographical Location: The Arctic Circle lies north of latitude 66° 34’ N, encompassing the Arctic Ocean.
- Climate Change Concerns: Scientific studies highlight the Arctic’s influence on global sea levels and atmospheric circulations due to ice melt.
- Rising Temperatures: The Arctic region has experienced an average temperature rise of 4 degrees Celsius over the past century.
- Declining Sea Ice: The Arctic sea ice extent is decreasing at a rate of 13% per decade, potentially leading to an ice-free Arctic Ocean by the summer of 2040.
Challenges in Arctic Expeditions
- Harsh Environmental Conditions: The extreme cold, with February temperatures averaging minus 14 degrees Celsius in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, poses significant challenges.
- Limited Research Stations: So far, only three research stations in the Arctic have had permanent staff year-round.
- Geopolitical Constraints: The presence of multiple state jurisdictions and geopolitical tensions, like the Ukraine-Russia war, complicates Arctic exploration.
India’s Winter Expedition Plan
- Expedition Team: A team of four scientists, funded by the Union Ministry of Earth Sciences, will conduct the expedition from December 19, 2023, to January 15, 2024.
- Research Areas: The expedition will focus on atmospheric sciences, astronomy, astrophysics, climate studies, and more.
- Himadri Station: The team will be based at Himadri, India’s sole research station in Ny-Ålesund, located 1,200 kilometres from the North Pole.
- Special Preparations: Himadri has been equipped for polar night observations, with support from Norwegian agencies.
Evolution of India’s Arctic Interests
- Historical Treaty: India signed the Svalbard Treaty in 1920, allowing operations in the Svalbard archipelago under Norwegian sovereignty.
- Initial Expeditions: The first Indian expedition to the Arctic was in 2007, leading to the establishment of Himadri in 2008.
- Research Developments: India set up the IndArc observatory in 2014 and the Gruvebadet Atmospheric Laboratory in 2016 in Svalbard.
- India’s Arctic Policy: Released in May 2022, it outlines six pillars including science, environmental protection, and international cooperation.
Global Research Presence in the Arctic
- First Research Station: Japan’s National Institute of Polar Research established the first station in Ny-Ålesund in 1990.
- International Collaboration: Ten countries, including India, have established eleven permanent research stations in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard.
- Year-Round Human Presence: Until now, only three stations in the Arctic have been manned throughout the year.
Conclusion
- Enhanced Research Capabilities: India’s first winter expedition to the Arctic marks a significant advancement in its polar research capabilities.
- Global Significance: This initiative contributes to the broader understanding of climate change impacts and fosters international scientific collaboration in the Arctic region.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- In 2023, only 18 audits prepared by the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) were tabled in the Indian Parliament, continuing a trend of decreasing numbers in recent years.
Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)
- Constitutional Office: The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) is an independent constitutional authority responsible for overseeing financial administration in India.
- Key Responsibilities: As the head of the Indian Audit and Accounts Department, the CAG is the guardian of the public purse, monitoring the financial system at both central and state levels.
History of the Office of CAG
- Origins in British India: The role of the CAG evolved with administrative reforms initiated by Lord Canning before the Mutiny of 1857.
- Establishment and Evolution: The office was formalized under the Government of India Act 1858, with Sir Edward Drummond becoming the first Auditor General in 1860. The title ‘Comptroller and Auditor General of India’ was first used in 1884.
- Independence and Strengthening: The Montford Reforms of 1919 and the Government of India Act 1935 further solidified the CAG’s independence and role in a federal setup.
Constitutional Provisions Related to CAG
- Articles Governing CAG: The Constitution outlines the CAG’s appointment, duties, and powers in Articles 148 to 151.
- Duties and Powers: The CAG is responsible for auditing all government accounts and advising on financial matters.
- Audit Reports: The CAG submits audit reports on Union accounts to the President and on state accounts to respective Governors.
Types of Audits Performed by CAG
- Regulatory Audit: Ensures authorized and rule-compliant expenditure.
- Supplementary Audit: Conducted in PSUs for detecting financial leakages.
- Propriety Audit: Focuses on the public interest and proper expenditure.
- Efficiency Audit: Assesses optimal utilization of investments.
- Performance Audit: Evaluates government programs for effectiveness.
- Environmental Audit: Addresses issues related to conservation and environmental management.
Independence of the CAG
- Constitutional Safeguards: The CAG’s independence is protected by various constitutional provisions, including security of tenure, ineligibility for further government office, and non-varying service conditions.
- Financial Autonomy: The CAG’s administrative expenses are charged upon the Consolidated Fund of India, ensuring financial independence.
Audit Mandate Sources
- Constitutional Basis: Articles 148 to 151 of the Constitution.
- Statutory Framework: The Duties, Powers and Conditions of Service Act, 1971.
- Regulations: Audit and accounts regulations as notified.
Duties and Functions of the CAG
- Audit Responsibilities: CAG audits all government accounts, including the Consolidated Fund, Contingency Fund, and Public Account.
- Advisory Role: Advises on financial matters and assists parliamentary committees.
- Reporting: Submits audit reports to the President and state Governors.
Limitations on the Powers of CAG
- Post-Facto Reporting: Audits are conducted after expenditures have occurred.
- Exclusions: Certain expenditures like secret service expenses are outside CAG’s purview.
- Challenges with PPP Investments: Limited authority to audit public-private partnerships.
- Limited Audit of NGOs and Local Bodies: No provision for auditing funds given to NGOs and elected local bodies.
- Document Accessibility Issues: Challenges in obtaining necessary documents for audits.
- Appointment Process: The selection process for CAG lacks external transparency.
- Undefined Audit Scope: The term ‘audit’ is not explicitly defined in the Constitution or CAG Act.
CAG Audits over the Years
- Recent Trends: Between 2019 and 2023, an average of 22 reports were tabled annually, a significant decrease from the 40 reports tabled on average between 2014 and 2018.
- Peak and Decline: The number of reports peaked in 2015 with 53 audits but has since declined, with four of the past six years seeing 20 or fewer reports tabled.
Factors Contributing to the Decline
- Staffing and Budget Cuts: The decline in the number of CAG reports tabled in Parliament coincides with reductions in staff strength and budget allocations for the CAG.
- Budget Allocation: In the fiscal year 2023-24, the allocation for the Indian Audit and Accounts Department constituted only 0.13% of the Union Budget.
Conclusion
- Impact on Oversight and Transparency: The reduction in the number of CAG audits tabled in Parliament could have implications for governmental oversight and transparency.
- Need for Adequate Resources: Ensuring the CAG is adequately staffed and funded is crucial for maintaining effective audit practices and upholding the accountability of government operations.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: School of Happiness
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Assam’s Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR) is set to launch the International School of Peace and Happiness, a pioneering institution dedicated to teaching lessons on humanity and societal happiness.
School of Happiness: A Backgrounder
- Bodoland Territorial Council’s Initiative: The Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC), which governs the BTR, has been planning this project for a year.
- Addressing Regional Conflicts: The BTR has experienced ethnic conflicts and extremism. The school aims to instill human values and co-existence in a region marked by diverse faiths, cultures, and ethnicities.
- BTC’s Vision: It emphasizes the need for formal schooling in peace-building and happiness to create peace ambassadors for conflict resolution.
Genesis of the School
- Pilot Project: The concept originated from the Bodoland Happiness Mission, a pilot project introduced a year ago.
- Training Peace Volunteers: Around 400 youth and community leaders were trained as peace and happiness volunteers at Bodoland Community Counselling Centres.
- Training Focus: The program included awareness of social issue-related laws, bias removal, self-awareness, counselling techniques, and stress management.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Veto Power
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- A recent UN resolution vote, where 153 countries voted in favor and 10 against, including the USA’s support for Israel, underscores the influence of a few nations in global decisions.
- This voting pattern brings into focus the veto powers within the UN Security Council (UNSC) and their persistence for over seven decades.
What is the Veto Power in the UNSC?
- Exclusive Membership: The UNSC comprises five permanent members (P5) – the USA, UK, France, Russia, and China – along with 10 non-permanent members.
- Power of Resolutions: Unlike the General Assembly, resolutions passed by the UNSC are legally binding.
- Veto Mechanism: Any P5 member can veto a resolution, blocking its adoption even with the required majority support.
Rationale behind Veto Power for Permanent Members
- Post-WWII Context: The P5, instrumental in forming the UN after World War II, were granted special rights, including veto power, as recognition of their role.
- Strategic Necessity: The veto was considered vital to ensure the participation of these major powers in global peacekeeping efforts.
Formation and Evolution of the UN and Veto Power
- Foundational Discussions: The structure of veto power was developed during key meetings like the Dumbarton Oaks and Yalta Conferences.
- FDR’s Influence: President Franklin D. Roosevelt envisioned the UN as a post-war peacekeeping body, with the ‘Four Policemen’ (USA, USSR, UK, and China) at its core.
- USA’s Diplomatic Efforts: The United States employed strategies, including intelligence, to secure veto power in the UN Charter.
Debate and Criticism of the Veto Power
- Global Dissatisfaction: The exclusive nature of veto power has been a point of contention for many countries.
- Resistance to Change: Attempts to expand the P5 or modify veto rights have been largely unsuccessful due to the vested interests of the permanent members.
- Acknowledging Changes: The increase in non-permanent UNSC members in 1965 was a nod to the changing international environment.
- Reforms agenda: Proposals include making all 15 seats temporary with five-year terms, encouraging open competition for seats, and imposing lobbying and term limits.
Conclusion
- Continued Discussions: The use of veto power in the UNSC remains a contentious issue, reflecting the complex nature of global politics.
- Adapting to Modern Times: As the world’s political landscape evolves, there may be growing pressure to reform the UNSC’s structure and veto mechanism to better align with the current global order.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CRISPR Technology
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Revolutionary Development: The medical world is witnessing a significant breakthrough with the approval of CRISPR-based therapies for sickle-cell disease and β-thalassemia in the U.K. and the U.S.
- Global Impact: These advancements hold the potential to transform the lives of millions suffering from these inherited blood disorders.
CRISPR Technology: From Discovery to Application
- Origins of CRISPR: Discovered in archaea in 1993, CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) elements were later found to form an antiviral defense system in bacteria with Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins.
- Nobel Prize-Winning Innovation: Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna’s work on CRISPR-Cas9 as a ‘molecular scissor’ earned them the 2020 Nobel Prize in chemistry.
- Eukaryotic Genome Editing: Subsequent research demonstrated CRISPR-Cas9’s ability to edit eukaryotic genomes, paving the way for various applications in genetic therapies and agriculture.
CRISPR in Medicine: Recent Approvals and Applications
- CRISPR-Based Treatment for Blood Disorders: The MHRA in the U.K. and the FDA in the U.S. approved ‘Casgevy’ for treating sickle-cell disease and transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia.
- Treatment Mechanism: Casgevy involves modifying a patient’s blood stem cells to correct the genetic defect causing sickling, then regrafting them to produce normal red blood cells.
- Historical Context: This approval marks a full circle from Linus Carl Pauling’s description of sickle-cell disease as a molecular disorder 74 years ago.
Emerging CRISPR Technologies and Approaches
- Base-Editing: This technique allows genome editing at the single nucleotide level.
- Prime Editing: A newer method that uses a search-and-replace strategy for precise genome modifications.
- Epigenetic Modifications: CRISPR systems are also being developed to target epigenetic effects.
Challenges and Future Prospects
- Safety and Accuracy Concerns: Issues like off-target events, where CRISPR-Cas9 edits unintended parts of the genome, pose significant challenges.
- Balancing Risks and Benefits: While the potential of these technologies is enormous, their risks must be weighed against both short- and long-term benefits.
- Ongoing Research and Surveillance: Continuous scrutiny is essential to uncover potential side effects that are currently unknown.
Conclusion
- Celebrating Advances: The approval of therapies like Casgevy heralds a new era for millions suffering from genetic diseases.
- Optimistic Outlook: The advancements in CRISPR technology signal a promising future in the field of genetic medicine and disease treatment.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Guru Teg Bahadur
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- PM paid homage to Guru Teg Bahadur, the ninth Sikh Guru, on his martyrdom day, highlighting his bravery, moral integrity, and teachings that foster unity and peace.
- His sacrifice, especially his defence of Kashmiri Pandits against Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb’s forced religious conversions in the 17th century, stands as a pivotal moment in Indian history.
Guru Teg Bahadur’s Life and Contributions
- Extensive Travels: Guru Teg Bahadur, born on April 1, 1621, was known for his extensive travels across India, akin to Guru Nanak Dev, the founder of Sikhism.
- Reviving Sikh Centers: His journeys were instrumental in revitalizing Sikh centers beyond Punjab, setting the stage for the formation of the Khalsa by his son, Guru Gobind Singh, in 1699.
- Poetic Legacy: A prolific poet, Guru Teg Bahadur’s hymns are an integral part of the Guru Granth Sahib, the central religious scripture of Sikhism.
- Founder of Anandpur Sahib: He founded Anandpur Sahib in 1665, a city of great religious and historical significance for Sikhs.
Execution by Aurangzeb
- Protection of Kashmiri Pandits: In 1675, Kashmiri Pandits approached Guru Teg Bahadur for protection against Aurangzeb’s religious persecution.
- Arrest and Martyrdom: Guru Teg Bahadur was arrested and later executed in Delhi on November 24, 1675, in Chandni Chowk, for refusing to convert to Islam and standing up for religious freedom.
- Memorials in Delhi: Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib marks the place of his execution, and Gurudwara Rakab Ganj Sahib commemorates the site where his body was cremated.
Try this PYQ:
Q.Consider the following Bhakti Saints:
- Dadu Dayal
- Guru Nanak
- Tyagaraja
Who among the above was/were preaching when the Lodi dynasty fell and Babur took over?
(a) 1 and 3
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 1 and 2
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Zero Trust Authentication (ZTA)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- In response to rising cyberattacks, the Centre has established a secure e-mail system for 10,000 users across critical ministries and departments.
- The National Informatics Centre (NIC) has designed this system, incorporating Zero Trust Authentication (ZTA).
What is Zero Trust Authentication (ZTA)?
- ZTA is a security concept and framework that operates on the principle of “never trust, always verify.”
- This approach to cybersecurity is a significant shift from traditional security models that operated under the assumption that everything inside an organization’s network should be trusted.
- In contrast, Zero Trust assumes that trust is never granted implicitly but must be continually evaluated and authenticated, regardless of the user’s location or the network’s perimeter.
Key Principles of ZTA
- Least Privilege Access: Users are granted only the minimum level of access needed to perform their job functions. This limits the potential damage in case of a security breach.
- Strict User Verification: Every user, whether inside or outside the organization’s network, must be authenticated, authorized, and continuously validated for security configuration and posture before being granted access to applications and data.
- Micro-segmentation: The network is divided into small zones to maintain separate access for separate parts of the network. If one segment is breached, the others remain secure.
- Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA): ZTA often requires multiple pieces of evidence to authenticate a user’s identity. This could include something the user knows (password), something the user has (security token), and something the user is (biometric verification).
- Continuous Monitoring and Validation: The system continuously monitors and validates that the traffic and data are secure and that the user’s behaviour aligns with the expected patterns.
Implementation of Zero Trust Authentication
- Technology: Implementation of Zero Trust requires technologies like identity and access management (IAM), data encryption, endpoint security, and network segmentation tools.
- Policy and Governance: Organizations need to establish comprehensive security policies that enforce Zero Trust principles, including how data is accessed and protected.
- User Education and Awareness: Training users on the importance of cybersecurity and the role they play in maintaining it is crucial.
Benefits of Zero Trust Authentication
- Enhanced Security Posture: By verifying every user and device, Zero Trust reduces the attack surface and mitigates the risk of internal threats.
- Data Protection: Sensitive data is better protected through stringent access controls and encryption.
- Compliance: Helps in meeting regulatory requirements by providing detailed logs and reports on user activities and data access.
- Adaptability: Zero Trust is adaptable to a variety of IT environments, including cloud and hybrid systems.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Enceladus, Cassini, Saturn
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- A re-analysis of data from the Cassini mission has revealed a complex mix of molecules in the gaseous plumes of Saturn’s moon Enceladus.
About Cassini Mission
|
Details |
| Launch Date |
October 15, 1997 |
| Mission Agencies |
NASA, European Space Agency (ESA), Italian Space Agency (ASI) |
| Primary Focus |
Study of Saturn, its rings, moons, and magnetosphere |
| Key Objectives |
– Study Saturn’s atmosphere
– Investigate Saturn’s rings
– Detailed studies of Saturn’s moons
– Explore Saturn’s magnetosphere |
| Major Achievements |
– Successful landing of the Huygens probe on Titan
– Discovery of geysers on Enceladus
– Identification of new moons
– Detailed analysis of Saturn’s rings |
| Enceladus Discoveries |
– Detection of water-ice geysers erupting from the south pole
– Indications of a subsurface ocean
– Analysis of organic compounds in the plumes |
| Significant Milestones |
– Jupiter Flyby: December 2000
– Saturn Orbit Insertion: July 1, 2004
– Huygens Titan Landing: January 2005 |
| Mission Duration |
1997-2017 (including extended missions) |
Discovery of Plumes and Initial Analysis
- Cassini’s Initial Discovery: In 2005, the Cassini spacecraft discovered large plumes escaping from Enceladus’s southern hemisphere.
- Source of Plumes: These plumes are believed to originate from a subsurface ocean through fissures in the moon’s icy surface.
- Initial Molecular Findings: Earlier analyses identified water, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and molecular hydrogen in the plume samples.
Re-examination of Cassini Data
- Research Team: Led by Jonah Peter from the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California.
- Methodology: The team re-examined data using a statistical analysis technique, comparing it against a vast library of known mass spectra.
- Newly Identified Molecules: The analysis revealed the presence of hydrocarbons like hydrogen cyanide (HCN), acetylene (C2H2), propylene (C3H6), ethane (C2H6), along with methanol and molecular oxygen.
Significant Discovery of Nitrogen
- Definite Presence of Nitrogen: The study confirmed the presence of nitrogen in the form of HCN, resolving previous uncertainties due to overlapping signals in mass spectrometry data.
- Potential for Habitability: The diverse chemical reservoir under Enceladus’s surface suggests conditions that might be consistent with a habitable environment.
- Support for Microbial Life: The presence of these compounds, along with mineralogical catalysts and redox gradients, could potentially support microbial communities or complex organic synthesis.
- Caveat on Life Support: The ability of these compounds to support life depends on their concentration in Enceladus’s subsurface ocean.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PACE Mission
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- NASA is gearing up for the launch of PACE (Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem) mission in 2024. The mission’s objective is to enhance the understanding of Earth’s atmosphere.
PACE Mission
|
Details |
| Objective |
To study the interplay of light, aerosols, and clouds, and their impact on air quality and climate. |
| Ocean Study |
Analysis of the ocean color to understand oceanic processes. |
| Primary Instrument |
Ocean Colour Instrument (OCI) for measuring ocean color across a spectrum from ultraviolet to shortwave infrared. |
| Payloads |
– Spectro-polarimeter for Planetary Exploration (SPEXone)
– Hyper Angular Research Polarimeter (HARP2) |
| Instrument Features |
– Complementary spectral and angular sampling
– Polarimetric accuracy
– Enhanced spatial coverage |
| Mission Goals |
– Improved atmospheric correction
– Comprehensive aerosol and cloud science data
– Enhanced ocean research |
| Significance |
Expected to make significant breakthroughs in aerosol-cloud-ocean research through its synergistic payload. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gandabherunda Art
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) has secured legal rights for the unique artistic representation of Gandabherunda Art as symbol of their corporate identity.
About Gandabherunda Art
|
Details |
| Cultural Origin |
Ancient motif found in various cultures including Hittites, Egyptians, Sumerians, and Indians. |
| Introduction to India |
Suggested by John Marshall to be introduced by the Shakas (Scythians), but also found in ancient Indian texts. |
| Ancient Indian References |
Appears in Panchatantra, Mahabharata, Panini’s grammar, and Jain texts like Kalpa Sūtra. |
| Archaeological Sites |
Found in Sirkap near Taxila and the Sanchi Stupa. |
| Literary Appearances |
Featured in Buddhist literature and Panchatantra, often symbolizing unity and vigilance. |
| Karnataka Temple Sculptures |
Prominently depicted in Hindu temples in Karnataka, linked to Vishnu’s Narasimha avatar in Narasimha Purana. |
| Contemporary Significance |
State symbol of Karnataka; associated with the Mysuru royal family and the Order of Gandabherunda. |
| Historical Usage |
Earliest depiction in the Mathura art period (1st century CE). Significant use in the Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646 CE). |
| Karnataka Emblem |
Official state emblem of Karnataka, adopted in 1956. |
| Architectural Presence |
Common in South Indian temple architecture, especially in Karnataka. Notable at the Chennakesava Temple at Belur. |
| Symbolism |
Represents material and spiritual power, strength, and fearlessness. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hydrographic Survey Pact
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Maldives government has chosen not to renew a hydrographic survey agreement with India, marking a significant change in bilateral relations.
Hydrographic Survey Pact: A Backgrounder
- Nature of Hydrographic Surveys: These surveys involve mapping water bodies to facilitate safe and efficient maritime transportation.
- 2019 Agreement: During Prime Minister Modi’s state visit to the Maldives in June 2019, an MoU was signed for cooperation in hydrography between the Indian Navy and the Maldives National Defence Force (MNDF).
Activities under the Pact
- Joint Hydrographic Surveys: Three joint surveys were conducted in 2021, 2022, and 2023, involving Indian Naval Ships like INS Darshak and INS Sutlej.
- Survey Objectives: The surveys aimed to update navigational charts and support sectors like tourism and fisheries. They also involved tidal observations and identifying new shoals.
- Support to MNDF: India provided hydrographic equipment and training to MNDF personnel, aligning with its policy of supporting the Maldives in establishing hydrographic capabilities.
India’s Hydrographic Survey Agreements with Other Countries
- Global Hydrographic Efforts: India has conducted hydrographic surveys in various countries, including Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Bangladesh.
- International Cooperation: The National Hydrographic Office highlights the potential for international cooperation in hydrography, especially in regions with limited capabilities.
Reasons behind Maldives’ Decision
- Regime Change: The election of Mohamed Muizzu of the Progressive Party of Maldives (PPM), seen as more pro-China, contrasts with his predecessor President Solih’s India-friendly stance.
- Geopolitical Dynamics: China’s increasing influence in the Indian Ocean region, particularly through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), has impacted India’s traditional sphere of influence in the Maldives.
- ‘India Out’ Campaign: Allegations of Indian military presence and the new administration’s emphasis on national security and self-reliance in hydrographic capabilities have influenced this decision.
Possible outcomes
- Changing Geopolitical Landscape: The Maldives’ decision reflects the shifting geopolitical dynamics in the Indian Ocean, with growing Chinese influence challenging India’s traditional role.
- Impact on India-Maldives Relations: This development could signify a recalibration of the Maldives’ foreign policy, potentially impacting India’s strategic interests in the region.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Arctic Warming
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Unprecedented Warmth: The Arctic experienced its warmest summer on record in 2023, warming nearly four times faster than the global average since 1979.
- NOAA’s Comprehensive Study: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Arctic Report Card, a peer-reviewed analysis by 82 scientists from 13 countries, details the critical impacts of this warming.
Key Findings and Consequences of the Arctic Warming
[1] Thawing of Subsea Permafrost
- Accelerated Thawing Process: Warmer ocean temperatures are causing a faster thawing of subsea permafrost, which contains organic matter.
- Release of Greenhouse Gases: This thawing leads to the decay of organic matter and the release of methane and carbon dioxide, intensifying global warming and ocean acidification.
- Research Challenges: The extent of greenhouse gas release from subsea permafrost and its future impact on global warming remains uncertain due to limited research.
[2] Food Insecurity
- Decline in Salmon Populations: In Western Alaska, populations of Chinook and chum salmon were 81% and 92% below the 30-year mean, respectively.
- Size Reduction and Species Variation: The size of adult salmon has decreased, and while Chinook and chum salmon declined, sockeye salmon numbers were 98% above the 30-year mean.
- Impact on Indigenous Communities: These changes have led to fishery closures and significant cultural and food security impacts in Indigenous communities.
[3] Raging Wildfires
- Canada’s Severe Wildfire Season: Canada experienced its worst wildfire season, with over 10 million acres burned in the Northwest Territories.
- Evacuations and Air Quality Impact: The fires led to mass evacuations and affected air quality, reaching as far as the southern United States.
[4] Severe Flooding
- Mendenhall Glacier Thinning: The Mendenhall Glacier in Alaska has thinned dramatically, causing annual floods.
- Significant Flooding Event: In August 2023, a glacial lake burst through its ice dam, leading to unprecedented flooding and severe property damage in Juneau.
[5] Greenland Ice Sheet Melting
- Rare Melting Events: The highest point on Greenland’s ice sheet experienced melting for only the fifth time in 34 years.
- Continued Mass Loss: Despite above-average winter snow accumulation, the ice sheet lost approximately 350 trillion pounds of mass between August 2022 and September 2023.
- Contribution to Sea-Level Rise: Greenland’s ice sheet melting is the second-largest contributor to global sea-level rise.
Conclusion
- Immediate and Long-Term Impacts: The record-breaking temperatures in the Arctic have immediate consequences for local communities and long-term implications for global climate patterns.
- Need for Further Research: Enhanced research is crucial to understand the full scope of Arctic warming and to develop effective mitigation strategies.
- Global Responsibility: The findings highlight the urgent need for concerted global efforts to address climate change and its far-reaching impacts.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Visa Free travel for Indians
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Iran has announced the removal of visa requirements for Indian citizens and nationals from 32 other countries.
- The decision is aimed at increasing tourism and improving global perceptions of Iran.
Iran’s Visa-Free Travel Initiative
- Countries Included: The list includes Russia, UAE, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, Lebanon, several Central Asian and African countries, Japan, Singapore, Southeast Asian nations, and select countries in Latin America and Europe.
- Previous Visa Exemptions: Iran had earlier lifted visa requirements for Türkiye, Azerbaijan, Oman, China, Armenia, Lebanon, and Syria.
- Tourist Influx Statistics: Iran witnessed a 48.5% increase in tourist numbers, reaching 4.4 million in the first eight months of the current Iranian year.
Proposal for Wider Visa-Free Travel
- Ministry’s Initial Proposal: The Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts proposed visa-free travel for 60 countries, though it wasn’t fully approved.
- Umrah Flights to Saudi Arabia: Starting December 19, Iranians can travel to Saudi Arabia for Umrah, marking the first such opportunity in eight years.
India’s Growing Outbound Tourism Market
- Current Visa-Free Countries: 27 countries now offer visa-free entry to Indian citizens, with recent additions including Kenya, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Sri Lanka.
- Popular Destinations for Indian Citizens: The top five travel destinations are the UAE, the USA, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, and Thailand, with many visiting as part of the diaspora.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Outcome of the Rusisan Invasion of Ukraine
Central Idea
- It has been six months since Ukraine launched its counteroffensive against Russian forces.
- Despite initial expectations, Ukraine has failed to achieve significant advancements on the battlefield.
- President Zelensky is actively touring Western capitals, including Washington, to secure ongoing military assistance.
Ukraine’s Counteroffensive: Progress and Challenges
- Initial Strategy and Targets: The counteroffensive focused on three fronts, aiming to disrupt Russia’s land bridge to Crimea and make gains in the south and east.
- Challenges in Advancement: Despite receiving advanced weaponry and training from Western allies, Ukrainian forces struggled against Russia’s fortified defenses, particularly in the south.
- Setbacks and Losses: Ukrainian advances were hindered by minefields, electronic warfare, and lack of air power, leading to significant losses and little change in the frontline.
Russia’s Current Position in the War
- Recovery and Defense Building: After initial retreats, Russia has fortified its defensive positions and is on the offensive in certain areas like Avdiivka.
- Mobilization and Military Production: Russia has mobilized additional troops and ramped up its military production, countering Western sanctions and supply challenges.
- Economic Stability Despite Sanctions: Despite Western sanctions, Russia has managed to maintain economic stability by diversifying its energy trade, particularly with China and India.
Waning Western Support for Ukraine
- Shift in U.S. and EU Stance: There are indications that the U.S. and EU might be encouraging Ukraine to initiate talks with Russia.
- Political and Financial Challenges: In the U.S., Republican opposition and declining public support are affecting aid to Ukraine, with potential implications for the 2024 presidential elections.
- Uncertainty Over Continued Aid: The future of Western support is uncertain, especially if Ukraine fails to achieve significant military successes.
Future Outlook: No End to the Conflict in Sight
- Putin’s Stance on Peace Talks: Russian President Vladimir Putin has expressed no urgency in peace talks, focusing instead on achieving Russia’s objectives.
- Ukraine’s Position on Negotiations: Ukraine, similarly, is not considering negotiations at the moment.
- Potential Strategies and Challenges Ahead: As winter sets in, the conflict is expected to see a temporary freeze in frontline movements, with both sides possibly preparing for future offensives and counteroffensives.
Conclusion
- Continued Dependence on Western Aid: Ukraine’s prospects in the conflict remain heavily reliant on sustained Western military and financial support.
- Uncertain Future for Ukraine: The ongoing war, coupled with geopolitical and economic dynamics, leaves Ukraine in a precarious position as it navigates a complex and evolving conflict landscape.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sri Krishna Janmabhoomi
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- On December 14, the Allahabad High Court allowed an application for the inspection of the Shahi Idgah mosque complex, reigniting the Sri Krishna Janmabhoomi-Shahi Idgah Masjid dispute.
- Hindu petitioners assert that the mosque, constructed by Emperor Aurangzeb in 1670, was built over Lord Krishna’s birthplace in Mathura. The mosque is adjacent to the Krishna Janmasthal Temple, a significant pilgrimage site.
Sri Krishna Janmabhoomi: Latest Legal Plea
- Nature of the Application: The application is part of a petition initiated by eight individuals including the “next friend” of Bhagwan Shree Krishna Virajman.
- Survey Approval: Allahabad High Court approved the survey of the Shahi Idgah mosque on December 14.
- Petition’s Demands: The petitioners seek the removal of structures allegedly encroaching on the disputed land by the UP Sunni Central Waqf Board and the mosque committee, and the transfer of this land to the Shree Krishna Janmbhoomi Trust.
- Challenge to the 1968 Agreement: The plea contests the legality of a compromise agreement dated October 12, 1968, between the Shri Krishna Janmasthan Seva Sansthan and the Trust Shahi Masjid Idgah.
Historical Background and Claims
- Aurangzeb’s Alleged Demolition: The Hindu petition cites historical records, claiming Aurangzeb ordered the demolition of Hindu temples, including one at Lord Krishna’s birthplace, to construct the Idgah Mosque in 1669-70.
- Reference to Official Records: The petition mentions the Official Court Bulletin (Akhbaraat) from January to February 1670 as evidence of Aurangzeb’s orders.
Counterclaims by the Muslim Side
- Legal Arguments: Representatives of the UP Sunni Central Waqf Board and the mosque committee argue in the High Court that the mosque does not fall within the disputed 13.37 acres and dispute the location of Krishna’s birthplace.
- Challenging the Hindu Claims: They assert that the Hindu claims are based on speculation and lack documentary evidence.
Historical Ownership and Management
- Land Ownership Changes: The site, originally nazul land, was auctioned by the East India Company in 1815 to Raja Patni Mal of Benaras.
- Subsequent Transactions: The land was later sold to Jugal Kishore Birla, and the ownership rights were transferred to the Shri Krishna Janmabhoomi Trust, established by Birla.
- Temple Management: In 1956, the Shri Krishna Janmasthan Sewa Sangh, later renamed as Sansthan, was established for temple management.
Parallel with the Gyanvapi Case
- Similar Legal Proceedings: The Mathura case is comparable to the Gyanvapi Mosque dispute in Varanasi, where a court-ordered survey led to the discovery of a structure claimed as a “shivling” by Hindus and a “fountain” by Muslims.
- Archaeological Surveys and Legal Challenges: The Varanasi district court’s order for a scientific survey of the Gyanvapi mosque and the subsequent legal hurdles reflect similar developments in the Mathura case.
Conclusion
- Continuation of Legal Battles: The dispute, rooted in deep historical and religious significance, continues to unfold through legal channels.
- Broader Implications: These cases underscore the complexities of addressing historical claims, legal processes, and maintaining communal harmony in the context of religiously significant sites in India.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Saiga Antelope
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The Saiga Antelope has been reclassified from ‘Critically Endangered’ to ‘Near Threatened’ by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
About Saiga Antelope
|
Details |
| Scientific Name |
Saiga tatarica |
| Physical Characteristics |
Notable for its distinctive bulbous nose; relatively small, with a thin build and long, thin legs |
| Habitat |
Primarily found in the steppe region of Central Asia and Eastern Europe |
| Population Distribution |
Predominantly in Kazakhstan and Russia, with smaller populations in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Mongolia |
| Conservation Status |
IUCN Red List: Near Threatened
CITES: Appendix II |
| Major Threats |
Poaching for horns (used in traditional medicine), habitat loss, and disease outbreaks like pasteurellosis |
| Diet |
Herbivorous, feeding on a variety of grasses and plants |
| Breeding |
Known for its rapid population growth under favorable conditions; breeds in large herds |
| Migration |
Notable for long-distance seasonal migrations |
| Cultural Significance |
Featured in the folklore and culture of the local steppe communities |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bhagat Singh
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- A serious security breach occurred in the Indian Parliament when two individuals jumped into the Lok Sabha chamber, releasing yellow smoke.
- Police sources indicated that the act, involving a total of six individuals, was apparently inspired by the revolutionary Bhagat Singh.
Bhagat Singh’s Historic Act in 1929
- Central Assembly Incident: Over 94 years ago, Bhagat Singh, along with Batukeshwar Dutt, threw bombs and pamphlets in Delhi’s Central Assembly, challenging the British Empire.
- Objective: Their act was not aimed at causing harm but to protest against the lack of autonomy under the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms and to voice against repressive measures.
1929 ‘Indian Parliament’ and Revolutionary Motives
- Political Climate: The period saw Indian nationalists dissatisfied with the limited power under British rule, leading to revolutionary movements.
- HSRA’s Stance: The Hindustan Socialist Republican Army (HSRA), led by Chandrashekhar Azad and involving Bhagat Singh, sought to oppose the facade of an Indian Parliament run by the British.
- Pamphlet’s Message: The HSRA aimed to ‘make the deaf hear’, using their act as a symbolic protest against the British administration.
Fateful Day: April 8, 1929
- Viceroy’s Proclamation: The incident coincided with the Viceroy’s enactment of controversial bills, despite opposition in the Assembly.
- Well-Planned Action: Bhagat Singh and Dutt conducted reconnaissance and executed their plan while dressed in khaki, throwing bombs and pamphlets into the Assembly.
- Immediate Arrest: Following their slogan-shouting and bomb-throwing, both revolutionaries were arrested as per their plan.
Aftermath: Trial and Sentencing
- Response to Criticism: Bhagat Singh and Dutt defended their actions, emphasizing the sanctity of human life and the moral justification of their cause.
- Trial and Sentencing: A month later, both were sentenced to life imprisonment. Bhagat Singh later faced additional charges leading to his execution in 1931.
Conclusion
- Echoes of History: The recent security breach in the Lok Sabha, inspired by Bhagat Singh’s act, reflects a continued legacy of protest in India.
- Legacy of Bhagat Singh: The incident serves as a reminder of Bhagat Singh’s enduring influence in Indian history, symbolizing resistance and the fight for justice.
- Contemporary Relevance: While the motives of the recent perpetrators are still under investigation, their actions highlight ongoing issues in India, from regional concerns to farmers’ rights, resonating with Bhagat Singh’s revolutionary spirit.
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