Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- India’s Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) is part of an international effort involving six large telescopes.
- The telescopes have provided evidence confirming the presence of gravitational waves through pulsar observations.
Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT)
- The GMRT is an array of thirty fully steerable parabolic radio telescopes located near Narayangaon, Pune, in India.
- It is renowned as the world’s largest and most sensitive radio telescope array operating at low frequencies.
- It is operated by the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics (NCRA), a part of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai.
- It has made significant contributions to the field of astronomy since its construction under the guidance of Late Prof. Govind Swarup between 1984 and 1996.
- The recent upgrade of the GMRT has further enhanced its capabilities, earning it the name “upgraded Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope” (uGMRT).
Location and Specifications
- Location: The GMRT Observatory is situated approximately 80 km north of Pune, near Khodad, with the town of Narayangaon just 9 km away. The NCRA office is located within the Savitribai Phule Pune University campus.
- Telescope Array: The GMRT consists of thirty fully steerable parabolic radio telescopes, each with a diameter of 45 meters.
- Interferometry Array: The telescopes are configured in an interferometric array with baselines of up to 25 kilometres, allowing for precise and detailed observations.
Science and Observations
- Galaxy Formation and 21-cm Line Radiation: The GMRT was designed to search for highly redshifted 21-cm line radiation from primordial neutral hydrogen clouds, enabling the determination of the epoch of galaxy formation in the universe.
- Diverse Astronomical Objectives: Astronomers from around the world utilize the GMRT for studying a wide range of celestial objects, including HII regions, galaxies, pulsars, and supernovae, as well as the Sun and solar winds.
Remarkable Discoveries
- Most Distant Galaxy: In August 2018, the GMRT discovered the most distant known galaxy, located 12 billion light-years away.
- Ophiuchus Supercluster Explosion: In February 2020, the GMRT played a crucial role in observing the largest explosion ever recorded in the universe, the Ophiuchus Supercluster explosion.
- Radio Signal from the Distant Universe: In January 2023, the GMRT detected a radio signal originating from 8.8 billion light-years away, specifically a fast radio burst (FRB) known as FRB 2023L.
Recent Observations
- Time Aberrations: The team observed time aberrations in the signals emitted by pulsars, indicating the possible presence of gravitational waves.
- Galactic-Scale Gravitational Wave Detector: Scientists distributed ultra-stable pulsar clocks across the Milky Way to create a virtual detector sensitive to gravitational wave signals.
- Arrival Time Variations: The arrival times of signals from pulsars were affected by the presence of gravitational waves, causing slight delays or advances.
Significance of the Findings
- Humming Signals: Nano-hertz signals caused by gravitational waves were detected, leading to the identification of their presence in the universe.
- Opening a New Window: The team’s results represent a significant milestone in exploring the gravitational wave spectrum, providing new insights into astrophysics.
- Sensitivity and Timeframe: Detecting these elusive nano-hertz gravitational waves requires sensitive telescopes like GMRT and long-term observations due to their slow variations.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Critical Minerals
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Ministry of Mines has strategically identified 30 critical minerals, including lithium, cobalt, nickel, and graphite, crucial for the country’s economic development and national security.
- The move aims to address supply chain vulnerabilities and ensure availability of these minerals for key industries such as clean technologies, information technology, advanced manufacturing, and defense.
What are Critical Minerals?
- Critical minerals are elements that are crucial to modern-day technologies and are at risk of supply chain disruptions.
- These minerals are used in making mobile phones, computers, batteries, electric vehicles, and green technologies like solar panels and wind turbines.
- Minerals such as antimony, cobalt, gallium, graphite, lithium, nickel, niobium, and strontium are among the 22 assessed to be critical for India.
- Many of these are required to meet the manufacturing needs of green technologies, high-tech equipment, aviation, and national defence.
Three-Stage Assessment Process
- Analysis of Global Strategies: The expert team studied the strategies of major economies and identified 69 elements/minerals considered critical by these countries.
- Inter-Ministerial Consultation: Different ministries were consulted to identify minerals critical to their respective sectors.
- Empirical Formula for Criticality Evaluation: An empirical formula was derived considering economic importance and supply risk, similar to the methodology used by the European Union.
List of Critical Minerals for India
- Identified Minerals: The assessment resulted in a list of 30 critical minerals, including antimony, beryllium, cobalt, copper, lithium, nickel, rare earth elements, silicon, tin, titanium, tungsten, and others.
- Fertilizer Minerals: Two minerals critical for fertilizer production, phosphorous and potash, are also included.
Why are these resources critical?
- Clean energy transition: Critical minerals are essential to the ecosystem that fuels the world’s transition towards clean energy and digital economy.
- Strategic nature: Any supply shock can severely imperil the economy and strategic autonomy of a country that is over-dependent on others to procure critical minerals.
- Rare availability: Supply risks exist due to rare availability, growing demand, and complex processing value chain.
What is the China ‘threat’?
- Dominant role: China is the world’s largest producer of 16 critical minerals, including cobalt and rare earth elements.
- Monopoly in processing: The country has a strong presence across the board in processing operations, with a share of refining around 35% for nickel, 50-70% for lithium and cobalt, and nearly 90% for rare earth elements.
- Control over offshore mines: China also controls cobalt mines in the Democratic Republic of Congo, from where 70% of this mineral is sourced.
- Supply chain dominance: The country’s dominance in critical minerals production and processing raises concerns of a supply disruption in case of a geopolitical conflict.
Challenges in ensuring resilient critical minerals supply
- Limited availability of critical minerals: The rare availability of critical minerals poses a challenge in meeting the growing demand for these minerals.
- Geopolitical risks: Complex supply chains can be disrupted by hostile regimes or politically unstable regions, leading to supply chain disruptions.
- Dominance of certain countries: A few countries, such as China, are the dominant producers of critical minerals, leading to concerns over supply disruptions in case of a geopolitical conflict.
- Increasing demand for critical minerals: With the shift towards renewable energy technologies and electric vehicles, the demand for critical minerals such as copper, lithium, and rare earth elements is increasing rapidly.
- Reliance on foreign partners: Countries with limited reserves and higher requirements for critical minerals may have to rely on foreign partners to meet their domestic needs, leading to supply chain vulnerabilities.
- Environmental and social concerns: The extraction and processing of critical minerals can have negative environmental and social impacts, leading to challenges in meeting sustainability goals.
What are countries around the world doing about it?
Several countries are taking measures to ensure a consistent supply of critical minerals to their domestic markets.
- US: It has ordered a review of vulnerabilities in its critical minerals supply chains and shifted its focus on expanding domestic mining, production, processing, and recycling of critical minerals and materials.
- Australia: Its Critical Minerals Facilitation Office (CMFO) and KABIL had recently signed an MoU aimed at ensuring reliable supply of critical minerals to India.
- UK: It has unveiled its new Critical Minerals Intelligence Centre to study the future demand for and supply of these minerals, and its critical mineral strategy will be unveiled later this year.
India’s Domestic and Global Outreach
- Domestic Exploration Efforts: The Geological Survey of India conducted advanced mineral exploration in Jammu & Kashmir, identifying inferred lithium resources. Further exploration is planned in different parts of the country.
- Joint Venture Company: Khanij Bidesh India Ltd. (KABIL) has been established to acquire overseas mineral assets, including lithium, cobalt, and rare earth elements, ensuring a reliable supply.
- Mineral Security Partnership (MSP): India’s inclusion in the MSP, a collaboration of 14 countries, highlights the country’s focus on securing critical mineral supply chains globally and reducing dependency on China.
What should India do to ensure resilient supply?
- Developing domestic sources of critical minerals: This can be achieved by promoting exploration and mining activities, both by public and private sector entities.
- Encouraging responsible mining practices: The Indian government should encourage responsible mining practices that minimize the negative environmental and social impacts of mining activities.
- Need for a Specialized Agency: The expert team proposed the establishment of a National Institute or Center of Excellence dedicated to critical minerals, similar to Australia’s CSIRO.
- Promoting transparency in the supply chain: India should promote transparency in the critical minerals supply chain by ensuring the traceability of minerals from the point of extraction to the point of end-use.
- Investing in research and development: India should invest in research and development to develop new technologies and processes for efficient extraction, processing, and recycling of critical minerals.
- Developing a national critical minerals strategy: India should develop a national critical minerals strategy that identifies priority minerals, promotes domestic exploration and mining, and promotes sustainable and responsible mining practices.
Conclusion
- India has a significant mineral geological potential, many minerals are not readily available domestically.
- Hence, India needs to develop a national strategy to ensure resilient critical minerals supply chains, which focuses on minerals found to be critical in this study.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Applications of Big Data and AI
Mains level: Significant developments in Big Data and AI and the Relevance of P.C. Mahalanobis
Central Idea
- Professor P.C. Mahalanobis, the pioneer of statistics in India, left an indelible mark on the field of statistics and survey culture in the country. His contributions, including the establishment of the Indian Statistical Institute, continue to shape the nation’s statistical landscape. As India grapples with the evolving socio-economic dynamics in the post-pandemic era, the absence of Mahalanobis’s expertise is keenly felt. This era, characterized by copious amounts of data, is commonly referred to as the age of Big Data
*Relevance of the topic*
- Due to the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic, the Census 2021 and the related field activities have been postponed.
- Questions over data quality and delay in releasing surveys has been raised
- You can use this as case study and examples
Mahalanobis’s strategy in handling large-scale data
- Tackling Big Data: Mahalanobis encountered a Big Data challenge when his large-scale surveys yielded substantial amounts of data that required effective analysis for planning purposes. He successfully persuaded the government to procure the country’s first two digital computers in 1956 and 1958 for the Indian Statistical Institute. This accomplishment marked the introduction of computers and their utilization in handling vast amounts of data in India.
- Embracing Technology: Mahalanobis embraced technology throughout his career. He built simple machines to facilitate surveys and measurements, displaying a keen interest in leveraging technology for data collection and analysis. His adoption of digital computers showcases his progressive approach to incorporating technological advancements into statistical practices.
- Mathematical Calculations: Mahalanobis’s strategy involved employing complex mathematical calculations to tackle the extensive data generated from surveys. By utilizing digital computers, he aimed to streamline and expedite the process of analyzing large-scale datasets, enabling effective planning and decision-making.
- Built-in Cross-Checks: Mahalanobis was inspired by Kautilya’s Arthashastra and introduced the concept of built-in cross-checks in his surveys. This approach aimed to ensure data accuracy and reliability, minimizing errors and contradictions in the collected data. These cross-checks were implemented to enhance the quality control of statistical analysis and maintain the integrity of the findings.
Advantages of Big Data
- Improved Decision-Making: Big Data analytics provides organizations with valuable insights and patterns derived from vast amounts of data. These insights support data-driven decision-making, enabling organizations to make informed and evidence-based choices that can lead to improved outcomes.
- Enhanced Customer Understanding: Big Data allows organizations to gain a deeper understanding of their customers. By analyzing large and diverse datasets, businesses can identify customer preferences, behavior patterns, and trends, enabling personalized marketing strategies, product development, and customer experiences.
- Operational Efficiency: Big Data analytics can optimize operational processes by identifying bottlenecks, inefficiencies, and areas for improvement. By analyzing data from various sources, organizations can streamline workflows, reduce costs, and enhance productivity.
- Innovation and New Product Development: Big Data insights can drive innovation and the development of new products and services. By analyzing market trends, consumer demands, and competitive landscapes, organizations can identify opportunities for innovation and create products tailored to specific market needs.
- Fraud Detection and Security: Big Data analytics can help in detecting and preventing fraudulent activities. By analyzing patterns and anomalies in data, organizations can identify potential fraud or security breaches in real-time, reducing financial losses and protecting sensitive information.
- Personalized Marketing and Customer Experience: Big Data enables targeted and personalized marketing campaigns. By analyzing customer data, organizations can segment their audience, deliver customized messages, and create personalized experiences that resonate with individual customers.
- Improved Healthcare and Public Health: Big Data analytics has the potential to revolutionize healthcare. By analyzing patient data, medical records, and clinical research, healthcare providers can make better diagnoses, develop personalized treatment plans, and identify public health trends for proactive interventions.
key challenges associated with Big Data
- Data Quality and Integrity: Ensuring the quality and integrity of Big Data can be a significant challenge. Data may contain errors, inconsistencies, and biases, which can adversely affect the accuracy and reliability of analyses and insights.
- Data Privacy and Security: The vast amount of data collected and stored in Big Data systems raises concerns about privacy and security. Safeguarding sensitive information and preventing unauthorized access or data breaches require robust security measures and compliance with privacy regulations.
- Data Storage and Management: Storing and managing large volumes of data can be complex and costly. Big Data requires scalable and efficient storage solutions, including distributed storage systems and cloud-based platforms. Managing data across various sources and formats also poses challenges.
- Data Processing and Analysis: Processing and analyzing massive datasets in a timely manner can be computationally intensive and time-consuming. Traditional data processing tools and techniques may not be suitable for handling Big Data, requiring the use of specialized frameworks, algorithms, and infrastructure.
- Data Integration and Interoperability: Integrating and making sense of diverse data sources can be challenging due to differences in formats, structures, and semantics. Ensuring interoperability and data integration across systems and platforms is crucial for deriving comprehensive insights from Big Data.
Way forward: Mahalanobis’s potential approach to Big Data and AI
- Embrace Technological Advancements: Following Mahalanobis’s lead, it is crucial to embrace the latest technological advancements in handling Big Data. Continuously explore emerging technologies, such as advanced analytics tools, cloud computing, and distributed computing frameworks, to efficiently process and analyze large-scale datasets.
- Foster Statistical Expertise: Cultivate statistical expertise to navigate the complexities of Big Data. Invest in training programs and educational initiatives to develop a skilled workforce capable of extracting insights and interpreting the vast amounts of data generated. Promote interdisciplinary collaboration, involving statisticians, technologists, domain experts, and policymakers.
- Ensure Data Integrity and Quality: Establish robust data governance frameworks to ensure the integrity and quality of Big Data. Implement built-in cross-checks, validation processes, and quality control measures to enhance data accuracy, reliability, and transparency. Adhere to ethical guidelines to safeguard privacy, prevent bias, and address fairness in AI and Big Data applications.
- Encourage Ethical AI and Big Data Practices: Promote ethical AI and Big Data practices by integrating principles such as transparency, fairness, and accountability. Develop guidelines and regulations that address potential biases, discrimination, and privacy concerns. Foster a culture of responsible data use and continuous evaluation of AI systems to mitigate risks and ensure positive societal impact.
- Foster Collaboration and Interdisciplinary Approaches: Promote collaboration across disciplines, sectors, and organizations to leverage diverse expertise in tackling Big Data challenges. Foster partnerships between academia, industry, and government entities to encourage knowledge sharing, research collaboration, and the development of innovative solutions.
- Invest in Capacity Building and Education: Invest in educational programs and initiatives to build a skilled workforce capable of harnessing the potential of Big Data and AI. Promote data literacy and provide training opportunities to empower individuals and organizations to effectively collect, analyze, and interpret data. Support research and development in the field of AI and Big Data to drive innovation.
- Inform Evidence-based Decision-making: Advocate for evidence-based decision-making by integrating data-driven insights into policy formulation and resource allocation. Encourage policymakers to leverage Big Data analytics to understand societal trends, make informed decisions, and address pressing challenges effectively.
Conclusion
- Professor P.C. Mahalanobis’s legacy as a statistical luminary remains relevant in the age of Big Data and AI. His unique combination of perfectionism, tireless dedication, and visionary leadership positions him as an ideal candidate to handle vast amounts of data and embrace technological advancements for the betterment of humanity and national development. As India’s statistical landscape continues to evolve, the absence of Mahalanobis’s expertise and guidance is keenly felt
Also read:
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Euclid Mission
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The European Space Agency (ESA) is embarking on an extraordinary mission with the launch of the Euclid Space Telescope.
- This ambitious project aims to survey billions of galaxies, providing valuable insights into the evolution of the Universe, as well as the mysterious phenomena of dark energy and dark matter.
What is Euclid Mission?
- The primary goal of the Euclid mission is to study the nature and properties of dark energy and dark matter, which together constitute a significant portion of the Universe.
- By mapping the distribution and evolution of galaxies, Euclid aims to shed light on the fundamental forces shaping the cosmos.
(1) Mission Scope and Duration
- Euclid is a space-based mission, equipped with a sophisticated telescope and state-of-the-art scientific instruments.
- The mission is expected to have a nominal operational lifetime of 6 years, during which it will conduct an extensive survey of the sky.
(2) Launch and Spacecraft
- Euclid was launched on July 1, 2023, from Cape Canaveral in Florida using a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket.
- The spacecraft carries the Euclid Space Telescope, which is designed to observe galaxies across a wide range of wavelengths.
(3) Investigating Dark Energy and Dark Matter
- Dark energy, discovered in 1998, explains the unexpected acceleration of the universe’s expansion.
- Euclid’s mission aims to provide a more precise measurement of this acceleration, potentially uncovering variations throughout cosmic history.
- Dark matter, inferred through the gravitational effects it exerts on galaxies and clusters, plays a vital role in preserving their integrity.
Scientific Instruments and Observations
(a) Euclid Space Telescope
- The Euclid Space Telescope is equipped with a 1.2-meter primary mirror, allowing it to capture detailed observations of galaxies.
- It carries two main scientific instruments: the visible-wavelength camera (VIS) and the near-infrared camera and spectrometer (NISP).
(b) Visible-Wavelength Camera (VIS)
- The VIS instrument will capture images in visible light, enabling the study of the shapes, sizes, and morphological properties of galaxies.
(c) Near-Infrared Camera and Spectrometer (NISP)
- NISP will observe galaxies in the near-infrared range, providing essential data on their distance, redshift, and clustering properties.
- By measuring the distribution of galaxies at different cosmic epochs, NISP will aid in the study of large-scale cosmic structures.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Meira Paibis
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- During Home Minister’s visit to Manipur amidst ongoing violence in the state, he met with various civil society groups, including the Meira Paibis.
- This article explores the significance of the Meira Paibis in Manipur’s civil society, their social role, and major actions they have undertaken.
Who are the Meira Paibis of Manipur?
- The Meira Paibis, also known as Imas or Mothers of Manipur, are Meitei women who represent a powerful moral force in Manipur’s civil society.
- They come from various sections of society in the Imphal valley and are widely respected for their activism.
- They Paibis are loosely organized, led by groups of senior women, and lack rigid hierarchy or overt political leanings.
Social Role of Meira Paibis
- Originating in 1977, the Meira Paibis began as a grassroots movement primarily focused on combating alcoholism and drug abuse.
- Over time, their scope expanded to address human rights violations and work towards the development of society at large.
- They serve as the conscience keepers of Manipuri society and have a permanent and palpable presence in civil society.
Major Actions Undertaken
- Support for Irom Sharmila: The Meira Paibi women actively supported Irom Sharmila during her 16-year hunger strike against the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA), which grants immunity to armed forces in “disturbed” areas.
- Advocacy for Inner Line Permit (ILP) System: In 2015, the Meira Paibis played a significant role in demanding the introduction of the ILP system, aiming to protect local interests, culture, and commercial opportunities.
- Bandh Protests: The Meira Paibis organized bandhs and shutdown calls in markets to protest against perceived injustices, such as the broken promise of a marriage by an elected representative.
- Recent Actions: During the current crisis, the Meira Paibis reportedly influenced the release of 12 KYKL cadres (an extremist group) who were apprehended by the armed forces, highlighting the influence of women activists in confronting security personnel.
Conclusion
- The Meira Paibis of Manipur play a crucial role in the state’s civil society.
- Their activism spans a range of social and political issues, and they have consistently fought for justice, human rights, and the betterment of society.
- Despite the recent controversy surrounding their alleged interference in security operations, their contribution as a powerful force for social change should be acknowledged and appreciated.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: GI Tag
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Geographical Indications Registry in Chennai has recently bestowed Geographical Indication (GI) tags on seven distinct products from Uttar Pradesh.
- These products represent the rich heritage and craftsmanship of the region.
What is GI Tag?
- A GI is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation that are due to that origin.
- Nodal Agency: Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry
- India, as a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), enacted the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 w.e.f. September 2003.
- GIs have been defined under Article 22 (1) of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement.
- The tag stands valid for 10 years.
GI tags awarded in UP
(1) Amroha Dholak – A Musical Masterpiece
- Description: The Amroha Dholak is a musical instrument crafted from natural wood, with a preference for mango, jackfruit, and teakwood.
- Carving Process: Skilled artisans use mango and sheesham wood to carve multiple-sized hollow blocks, which are then fitted with animal skin, predominantly goatskin, to create the instrument.
(2) Baghpat Home Furnishings – Timeless Handloom Artistry
- Description: Baghpat and Meerut are renowned for their exclusive handloom home furnishings and running fabrics crafted from cotton yarn for generations.
- Traditional Weaving: Skilled weavers in the region employ only cotton yarn in the handloom weaving process, ensuring the authenticity and quality of the products.
(3) Barabanki Handloom Product – A Heritage of Weaving
- Description: Barabanki and its surrounding areas house around 50,000 weavers and 20,000 looms, showcasing the significant presence of handloom weaving.
- Weaving Tradition: The region has a rich history of handloom weaving, with the skilled craftsmen contributing to the vibrant textile industry of Barabanki.
(4) Kalpi Handmade Paper – Time-Honored Craftsmanship
- Description: Kalpi is known for its handmade paper, with the craft being introduced by Munnalal ‘Khaddari’, a Gandhian, in the 1940s.
- Craftsmanship Legacy: The handmade paper-making cluster in Kalpi engages more than 5,000 craftsmen and approximately 200 units, preserving the tradition of exquisite paper-making.
(5) Mahoba Gaura Patthar Hastashlip – Crafted Elegance
- Description: Mahoba Gaura Patthar Hastashlip represents the stone craft of the region, created from the unique and soft ‘Pyro Flight Stone.’
- Radiant White Stone: The craft utilizes radiant white-colored stone predominantly found in the region, producing exquisite craft items.
(6) Mainpuri Tarkashi – Artistry in Brass Wire Inlay
- Description: Mainpuri is known for Tarkashi, an art form involving brass wire inlay work on wood.
- Traditional Use: Tarkashi was primarily used for crafting khadaous (wooden sandals) as a household necessity, replacing leather due to cultural considerations.
(7) Sambhal Horn Craft – Unique Handmade Art
- Description: Sambhal Horn Craft utilizes raw materials sourced from deceased animals and involves meticulous handcrafting processes.
- Artisanal Creation: Skilled craftsmen transform raw materials into beautiful handmade products, showcasing the uniqueness of Sambhal’s horn craft.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Elections to the Rajya Sabha
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The Election Commission announced elections to 10 Rajya Sabha seats from three States that are falling vacant in July and August.
Rajya Sabha and its Composition
- Rajya Sabha, or the Council of States, is the upper house of the Parliament of India.
- It plays a vital role in the legislative process, representing the interests of states and providing a platform for deliberations on important national issues.
Composition of Rajya Sabha
- Members: Rajya Sabha consists of a maximum of 250 members, of which 238 members are representatives of states and union territories, while the President of India nominates 12 members having special knowledge or practical experience in various fields.
- Allocation of Seats: The allocation of seats in Rajya Sabha is based on the population of each state, with larger states having more representatives. The President can also nominate members to ensure the representation of expertise and diverse backgrounds.
- Term: Members of Rajya Sabha serve for a term of 6 years, with one-third of the members retiring every two years. This rotational system ensures continuity in the functioning of the house.
Nominated Members
- Nominations: In addition to the elected members, Rajya Sabha includes 12 nominated members who are appointed by the President of India. These nominations are made to ensure the representation of individuals with special knowledge or practical experience in various fields such as literature, science, art, social service, and more.
- Expertise and Diversity: Nominated members bring diverse perspectives and expertise to Rajya Sabha. They contribute to the legislative process by providing valuable insights and enriching debates on critical issues.
- Contribution: Nominated members play an essential role in shaping legislation and policy discussions. Their expertise and experience contribute to a more comprehensive and informed decision-making process in Rajya Sabha.
Functions of Rajya Sabha
- Legislative Functions: Rajya Sabha has equal legislative powers with the Lok Sabha in most matters, including passing bills related to constitutional amendments, finance, and non-financial matters. In certain circumstances, it enjoys exclusive powers, such as creating all-India services.
- Representation of States: Rajya Sabha represents the interests of states, allowing them to participate in the decision-making process at the national level. It ensures that laws and policies are formulated with the consideration of diverse regional perspectives.
- Role in Impeachment: Rajya Sabha, along with the Lok Sabha, plays a role in the impeachment of the President of India, Chief Justice, and judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts. It ensures a fair and balanced process in cases of impeachment.
Significance of Rajya Sabha
- Federal Character: Rajya Sabha represents the federal character of India’s political system by giving states and union territories a voice in the national legislature. It serves as a platform for states to raise their concerns and participate in policy discussions.
- Reviewing and Amending Legislation: Rajya Sabha plays a critical role in the legislative process by reviewing and amending bills passed by the Lok Sabha. It acts as a revising chamber and provides an opportunity for in-depth scrutiny and debate on proposed laws.
- Expertise and Stability: The nomination of members with specialized knowledge and experience, along with the rotational system, ensures that Rajya Sabha benefits from their expertise. The continuity of membership allows for stability and the accumulation of institutional knowledge.
Try this PYQ:
Q.Consider the following statements:
- The Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha are not the members of that House.
- While the nominated members of the two Houses of the Parliament have no voting right in the presidential election, they have the right to vote in the election of the Vice President.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hajj Yatra
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Historic pilgrimage in Mecca: More than two million Muslims are expected to participate in the annual Hajj pilgrimage, making it a significant religious event.
- Participation of over two million Muslims: The Hajj pilgrimage attracts a massive gathering of Muslims from various countries, all converging in Mecca to fulfill their religious obligations.
What is Hajj Yatra?
- Religious obligation: Hajj is a mandatory religious duty for Muslims who possess the physical ability and financial means to undertake the pilgrimage.
- Purpose: Cleanse sins and foster a closer connection with God: The Hajj pilgrimage is seen as a means of purifying oneself from sins and seeking spiritual growth through a profound connection with Allah.
- Dates: 8th to 13th of Dhu al-Hijjah in the Muslim calendar: The Hajj pilgrimage takes place during specific dates in the final month of the Islamic lunar calendar, known as Dhu al-Hijjah.
- Variations in date: Since the Islamic lunar calendar is shorter than the Gregorian calendar, the dates of the Hajj pilgrimage vary from year to year.
Historical Background
- Tracing back to Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham): The origins of the Hajj pilgrimage can be traced back to the time of Prophet Ibrahim, who was instructed by Allah to build the Kaaba in Mecca, establishing its significance as a sacred site.
- Commanded by Allah to build the Kaaba in Mecca: Prophet Ibrahim received a divine command to construct the Kaaba, a cubic-shaped structure considered the most sacred site in Islam, laying the foundation for the Hajj pilgrimage.
- Gradual dilution of monotheistic nature: Over time, the original monotheistic essence of the Hajj pilgrimage was influenced by various cultural practices and customs, deviating from its original purpose.
- Re-consecration by Prophet Muhammad in 630 AD: Prophet Muhammad, during the conquest of Mecca, reinstated the monotheistic principles of the Hajj pilgrimage, cleansing it from polytheistic elements and restoring its true significance.
Rituals and Ceremonies
- State of ihram: Symbolizing spiritual purity and detachment: Pilgrims enter a state of ihram, a state of ritual consecration, by wearing simple white garments, signifying purity and detachment from worldly distractions.
- Tawaf ritual: Circling the Kaaba seven times while reciting prayers: Pilgrims perform the tawaf, which involves circling the Kaaba seven times in a counterclockwise direction, accompanied by recitation of specific prayers and supplications.
- Sa’i: Reenacting Hagar’s search for water for her son Ismail: Pilgrims engage in sa’i, walking between the hills of Safa and Marwah, replicating the journey of Hagar, the wife of Prophet Ibrahim, in her search for water for her son Ismail.
- Mount Arafat: Seeking forgiveness for sins: Pilgrims gather at the plains of Mount Arafat, spending the day in prayer and reflection, seeking forgiveness for their sins and supplicating to Allah for blessings and mercy.
- Jamarah ritual: Symbolically stoning the devil in the valley of Mina: Pilgrims engage in the symbolic stoning of pillars representing Satan, casting pebbles as a symbolic act of resistance against evil temptations and following the example of Prophet Ibrahim.
- Final circling of the Kaaba and symbolic hair removal: The pilgrimage concludes with a final circumambulation of the Kaaba and the symbolic removal of a lock of hair, symbolizing the completion of the Hajj journey.
Significance of the Event
- Logistical marvel: The Hajj pilgrimage is a massive logistical undertaking, with Saudi Arabia’s Ministry of Hajj and Umrah organizing facilities and services to accommodate the millions of pilgrims who arrive in Mecca.
- Quotas based on Muslim population and diplomatic relationships: Quotas are allocated to each country based on factors such as the size of their Muslim population and diplomatic relationships with Saudi Arabia.
- Once in life experience: Participating in the Hajj pilgrimage requires significant financial resources, and many pilgrims save for years to afford the associated costs. They often rely on authorized travel agents who arrange travel, lodging, and food arrangements.
Significance for Saudi Arabia
- Pride and legitimacy: Organizing the Hajj pilgrimage gives Saudi Arabia a sense of pride and legitimacy, as it serves as the custodian of the two holiest sites in Islam, Mecca and Medina.
- Control over sacred mosques: Saudi Arabia’s control over the sacred mosques in Mecca and Medina enhances its position as a leader in the Islamic world and grants the country religious influence.
- Major revenue source: The Hajj pilgrimage serves as a major source of revenue for Saudi Arabia. The influx of pilgrims contributes billions of dollars to the country’s economy through various channels, such as transportation, accommodation, food services, and religious tourism.
- Huge revenues: In recent years, Hajj-related revenues have reached significant levels, with estimates surpassing $150 billion in 2022 alone, making it a crucial economic driver for Saudi Arabia.
Organizing the Pilgrimage: Hajj Quotas
- Logistical challenge for Saudi Arabia: Organizing the Hajj pilgrimage poses a monumental logistical challenge for Saudi Arabia due to the immense scale of the event and the need to ensure the well-being and safety of millions of pilgrims.
- Quotas determined by country-wise allocations: Quotas, or the number of pilgrims allowed from each country, are determined through country-wise allocations, taking into account various factors such as the size of the Muslim population in each country.
- Allocations based on population: The allocation of quotas is influenced by factors such as the size of the Muslim population and an agreement reached in 1987 among member states of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC).
- Diplomatic considerations: Diplomatic considerations, such as bilateral relations and negotiations between Saudi Arabia and other countries, also play a role in determining the quotas allocated to each country.
India’s Hajj Quota
- Record number of 175,025 Indian pilgrims in Hajj 2023: India, with the world’s largest Muslim population, has historically received a significant quota for the Hajj pilgrimage.
- Involvement of the Ministry of Minority Affairs and HCoI: The Ministry of Minority Affairs, along with the Haj Committee of India (HCoI), plays a crucial role in managing and coordinating the Hajj pilgrimage for Indian pilgrims.
- 70% quota allocation to HCoI, 30% to private operators: The HCoI is allocated 70% of India’s Hajj quota, allowing them to organize and oversee a significant portion of the pilgrimage. The remaining 30% is allocated to private operators who provide services and packages for Indian pilgrims.
- Abolition of the discretionary quota: Previously, there was a ‘Government discretionary quota’ that reserved 500 slots for government allocation. However, this quota was abolished in January, returning those seats to the general pool for distribution among the pilgrims.
- Draw of lots conducted by states for available slots: In cases where the number of applicants exceeds the available slots, states in India conduct a draw of lots to determine which individuals will be able to undertake the Hajj pilgrimage.
Conclusion
- The Hajj pilgrimage holds immense religious and historical significance for Muslims.
- It represents a journey of faith, unity, and spiritual renewal.
- Saudi Arabia’s role in organizing the Hajj provides the country with pride, legitimacy, and economic benefits.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Fibonacci Spirals
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Nature’s mathematical patterns: Observing Fibonacci spirals in plants reveals intriguing mathematical patterns in nature.
- Fascination surrounding Fibonacci spirals: Scientists have been captivated by the prevalence of these spirals in various natural elements.
- Aim of the study: Re-evaluating the ancient origins of Fibonacci spirals in plants through fossil analysis.
What are Fibonacci Spirals?
- In mathematics, the Fibonacci sequence is a sequence in which each number is the sum of the two preceding ones.
- Numbers that are part of the Fibonacci sequence are known as Fibonacci numbers.
- A Fibonacci spiral approximates the golden spiral using quarter-circle arcs inscribed in squares derived from the Fibonacci sequence.
Fibonacci Spirals in Nature: Exploring Patterns and Significance
- Spirals occur frequently in nature: Found in plant leaves, animal shells, and DNA’s double helix.
- Connection to the Fibonacci sequence: Spirals often adhere to the numerical Fibonacci sequence (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, etc.).
- Notable examples: Pinecones, leaves, and animal shells exhibit Fibonacci spirals.
- Visible spirals in plants: By closely examining plants, clockwise and anticlockwise spirals can be observed.
Widespread Presence of Fibonacci Spirals in Living Plants
- Fibonacci spirals in pinecones: Extensive study of 6,000 pinecones revealed 97% exhibiting Fibonacci spirals.
- Fibonacci spirals in other plant organs: Over 90% of 12,000 spirals analyzed in 650 plant species adhered to the Fibonacci sequence.
- Investigation of Ancient Fossils: Non-Fibonacci Spirals Discovered
- Study focus: Fossils of clubmoss species Asteroxylon mackiei.
- Analysis techniques: Imaging and digital reconstruction employed to visualize and quantify spirals.
- Surprising findings: Ancient fossil exhibited high variability, with non-Fibonacci spirals as the most common pattern.
- Rarity of non-Fibonacci spirals in modern plants: Contradicts the prevailing assumption based on the scarcity of such patterns today.
Implications for Understanding Fibonacci Spirals in Land Plants
- Re-evaluating ancient origins: Discovery of non-Fibonacci spirals challenges the belief that all leafy plants originated with Fibonacci patterns.
- Challenging universality: Indicates separate emergence of Fibonacci spirals during plant evolution.
- Distinct evolutionary history: Clubmosses’ leaf evolution and Fibonacci spirals differed from other plant groups.
- Multiple independent emergences: Suggests Fibonacci spirals emerged multiple times independently.
Unanswered Questions and Debates
- Significance of Fibonacci spirals in modern plants: Ongoing debate on their adaptive advantages.
- Hypotheses: Functions of Fibonacci spirals include maximizing light exposure and efficient seed packing.
- Insights from fossils and clubmosses: Valuable for unraveling the significance of Fibonacci spirals in plants.
Conclusion
- Revising understanding of Fibonacci spirals in plants: Ancient fossils challenge the assumption of universal presence.
- Unique evolutionary history: Clubmosses demonstrate a distinct trajectory of Fibonacci spirals.
- Role of fossils in uncovering answers: Further research may provide insights into the adaptive advantages and functions of Fibonacci spirals in plants.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SoO Agreement
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Union Home Minister had assured that the Centre would ensure the implementation of the Suspension of Operations (SoO) agreement with Kuki insurgent groups in the hill areas.
What is the SoO Agreement?
- The Suspension of Operations (SoO) agreement signed on August 22, 2008, aimed to initiate political dialogue in Manipur’s Kuki insurgency.
- The Kuki outfits, initially demanding a separate Kuki state, have now proposed a ‘Kukiland territorial council’ with independent financial and administrative powers.
Terms of the SoO Pact
- Duration and Extension: The SoO agreement has a one-year duration, subject to extension based on the progress of implementation.
- Operational Restraints: Both security forces (state and central) and underground groups are prohibited from launching operations during the SoO period.
- Holding national integrity: The signatories, United People’s Front (UPF) and Kuki National Organisation (KNO), must adhere to the Constitution of India, state laws, and maintain the territorial integrity of Manipur.
- Camps and Arms Management: Underground militant cadres are confined to designated camps identified by the Government. Arms are deposited in a secure room using a double-locking system, and they are only permitted for camp security and protection of leaders.
- Rehabilitation: Monthly stipends of Rs 5000 and financial assistance are provided for the rehabilitation and maintenance of designated camps.
Understanding the Kuki Insurgency
[A] Historical Background:
- The Kuki insurgency emerged alongside the Naga movement, both seeking autonomy and asserting their distinct identities.
- Ethnic clashes between the Kukis and Nagas in Manipur during the early 1990s escalated the Kuki insurgency as a response to perceived Naga aggression.
- A history of hostile relations between the two tribes, dating back to colonial times, intensified during the Naga-Kuki clashes.
[B] Overlapping Claims:
- The Kukis claim land in the Manipur hills as their “homeland,” which coincides with the envisioned Naga homeland known as Greater Nagaland or Nagalim.
- In 1993, the NSCN-IM allegedly killed approximately 115 Kuki men, women, and children in Tengnoupal, an event commemorated by the Kuki community as the ‘black day.’
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Solar Mean Magnetic Field (SMMF)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Scientists from the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) have conducted a study to better understand the relationship between the sun’s magnetic field and the interplanetary magnetic space.
- It is said to play a crucial role in space weather.
- The findings provide valuable insights into the Solar Mean Magnetic Field (SMMF) and its connection with the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF).
Sun’s Magnetic Field and Its Generation
- The sun’s magnetic field is generated by electrical currents acting as a magnetic dynamo within the sun.
- The corona, photosphere, and chromosphere of the sun contain the magnetic field, with the chromosphere being a near-transparent layer just above the photosphere.
What is Solar Mean Magnetic Field (SMMF)?
- The SMMF represents the mean value of the line-of-sight component of the solar vector magnetic field averaged over the visible hemisphere of the sun.
- Understanding the SMMF’s effect on the IMF is crucial for better space weather forecasting and response.
Investigating the SMMF at Chromospheric Heights
- IIA scientists aimed to explore the relationship between the SMMF at chromospheric and photospheric heights.
- Their analysis revealed a strong similarity between the two, with the chromospheric SMMF being lower than the photospheric SMMF.
- This suggests that the primordial magnetic field inside the sun could be a source of the SMMF.
Data and Methodology
- The scientists utilized magnetic field measurements from the Synoptic Optical Long-term Investigations of the Sun (SOLIS)/Vector Spectromagnetograph (VSM) instrument from 2010 to 2017.
- They cross-verified the data with measurements from the Wilcox Solar Observatory.
Significance and Future Implications
- Understanding the source and driving parameters of the SMMF contributes to a better understanding of how it influences the IMF.
- This knowledge can aid in improved space weather prediction and response.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Constitution Bench
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: A new Constitution Bench led by Chief Justice of India D.Y. Chandrachud is scheduled to start hearing a list of some cases from July 12.
What is a Constitution Bench?
- The constitution bench is the name given to the benches of the Supreme Court of India.
- The Chief Justice of India has the power to constitute a Constitution Bench and refer cases to it.
Constitution benches are set up when the following circumstances exist:
- Interpretation of the Constitution: Article 145(3) provides for the constitution of at least five judges of the court which sit to decide any case “involving a substantial question of law as to the interpretation” of the Constitution of India.
- President of India seeking SC’s opinion: When the President has sought the Supreme Court’s opinion on a question of fact or law under Article 143 of the Constitution. Article 143 of the Constitution provides for Advisory jurisdiction to the SC. As per the provision, the President has the power to address questions to the apex Court, which he deems important for public welfare.
- Conflicting Judgments: When two or more three-judge benches of the Supreme Court have delivered conflicting judgments on the same point of law, necessitating a definite understanding and interpretation of the law by a larger bench.
- The Constitution benches are set up on ad hoc basis as and when the above-mentioned conditions exist.
- Constitution benches have decided many of India’s best-known and most important Supreme Court cases, such as:
- K. Gopalan v. State of Madras (Preventive detention)
- Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (Basic structure doctrine) and
- Ashoka Kumar Thakur v. Union of India (OBC reservations) etc.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Partition of Bengal
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The recent controversy surrounding West Bengal’s ‘Foundation Day’ has brought attention to the partition of Bengal in 1947.
- This event marked a significant chapter in the history of the state, leading to the creation of West Bengal and East Pakistan (later Bangladesh).
Partition of Bengal in 1947: An overview
- Demand for a separate Muslim nation-state: The partition of Bengal was a consequence of the Muslim League’s demand for a separate nation-state for Indian Muslims.
- Communal violence in Calcutta: The society became deeply divided along religious lines, leading to severe communal violence, particularly in Calcutta in August 1946.
Contours of East Pakistan’s Formation
- Partition of India and Pakistan: In June 1947, it was decided to partition India into India and Pakistan. Punjab and Bengal, both with significant non-Muslim minorities, were also partitioned along religious lines.
- Boundary Commission and the Radcliffe Line: A boundary commission, chaired by Sir Cyril Radcliffe, was established to demarcate separate districts with Hindu and Muslim majorities. The resulting boundary line is known as the Radcliffe Line.
Concentration of Muslims in East Pakistan
- Demographic composition: Bengal had a Hindu majority in the western districts and a Muslim majority in the eastern districts.
- Grouping under East Pakistan: The eastern districts were grouped together to form East Pakistan, similar to how Muslims were concentrated in the western districts of Punjab.
Precursor: Curzon’s Partition of Bengal in 1905
- Historical context: Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal in 1905, aiming to break the unity of the Bengali-speaking population and create a separate province with a Muslim majority.
- Reversal of partition: The partition of 1905 was withdrawn in 1911, restoring the linguistic unity of Bengal while separating Bihar and Orissa from Bengal.
Aftermath of the 1947 Partition
- Communal violence and Gandhi’s influence: Bengal witnessed significant communal violence in 1946, particularly in Calcutta and Noakhali. However, the presence of Mahatma Gandhi helped prevent large-scale violence during the partition.
- Migration and displacement: Unlike Punjab, migration in Bengal occurred gradually over time, resulting in a continuous trickle of people moving from East to West and vice versa. This led to a large refugee population and the need for rehabilitation and settlements.
Conclusion
- The partition of Bengal in 1947 was a complex event with far-reaching consequences.
- Understanding this historical context helps shed light on the impact it had on the population and the socio-economic landscape of West Bengal and todays Bangladesh.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Rani Durgavati
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The recent launch of the Rani Durgavati Gaurav Yatra by the Madhya Pradesh government has sparked interest in the life and legacy of Rani Durgavati.
- As a symbol of India’s self-determination and bravery, Rani Durgavati’s story has gained prominence in political discourse, particularly in relation to tribal outreach.
Who was Rani Durgavati?
- Birth and lineage: Rani Durgavati was born in 1524 in the Chandela dynasty in present-day Uttar Pradesh, near the border with Madhya Pradesh. Her father was Raja Salbahan of Ratha and Mahoba, known for the famous Khajuraho temples.
- Marriage and widowhood: She married Dalpat Shah, the son of Gond King Sangram Shah of the kingdom of Garha-Katanga. However, she was widowed a few years later and took charge of ruling the kingdom.
Mughal Attack on Garha-Katanga
- Early Mughal expansion: During the mid-16th century, Akbar led the Mughal Empire’s expansion in India. Rani Durgavati fought against Baz Bahadur, the Sultan of Malwa, who was eventually defeated by Akbar. However, conflicts between the two states continued.
- Rani Durgavati’s leadership: Rani Durgavati managed the affairs of the kingdom for 16 years, maintaining trade relations and undertaking public works. She was admired for her beauty, grace, courage, and prosperity.
Battle and Sacrifice
- Mughal invasion: The Mughal governor Asaf Khan launched an attack on Garha-Katanga, drawn by tales of Rani Durgavati’s bravery and prowess.
- Her strategy: She positioned her troops in a challenging forested area called Narhi. Although she won the initial battle, the Mughals fortified their position.
- Sacrifice and defeat: During the prolonged fighting, Rani Durgavati was struck by arrows and, rather than surrendering, is believed to have stabbed herself with her dagger. Her son also lost his life. Asaf Khan consolidated his victory and later returned the kingdom to a member of the Gond dynasty.
Legacy and Present-day Politics
- Political symbolism: Rani Durgavati is hailed as a patriotic ruler and defender of culture, becoming a symbol of pride and honor. .
- Tribal outreach: The renaming of public spaces after tribal leaders reflect efforts to engage with tribal communities, which constitute a significant population in Madhya Pradesh.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Archaea , Mitochondria
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Organisms on Earth are categorized into prokaryotes and eukaryotes, with distinct characteristics and evolutionary lineages.
- Archaea, a subset of unicellular organisms, were discovered to have a different lineage than bacteria and are found in extreme environments.
- Some archaea, known as the Asgard, exhibit similarities to eukaryotes, leading to insights into the origins of mitochondria and the evolution of complex life forms.
This article explores the endosymbiotic relationships between archaea and bacteria, the origins of mitochondria, and the unique evolutionary paths taken by plants.
Archaea and Unique Lineages
- Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: Organisms are broadly divided into prokaryotes (unicellular, lacking organelles and nucleus) and eukaryotes (contain organelles and nucleus, often complex and multicellular).
- Archaea’s Distinct Lineage: Archaea differ from bacteria in cell wall composition and gene sequence and were initially found in extreme environments.
- Asgard Archaea: Asgard archaea, named after Norse mythology, exhibit proteins resembling eukaryotic proteins and are found in unique ecosystems.
Origins of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
- Endosymbiotic Theory: Mitochondria and chloroplasts, responsible for energy generation and photosynthesis, respectively, evolved from free-living bacteria through endosymbiosis.
- Mitochondria’s Origin: Mitochondria evolved from a proteobacteria that was engulfed by an Asgard archaea, leading to the development of animals, fungi, and plants.
- Plant Evolution: In plants, the Asgard-mitochondrial union was followed by the incorporation of a photosynthesizing cyanobacterium, which became the chloroplast.
Complexity of such Relationships
- Challenges of Symbiosis: Establishing a functional symbiotic relationship between independent life forms presents challenges.
- Plant Approach: Plants made choices to optimize gene retention, favoring archaean genes for information technology processes and bacterial genes for operations and housekeeping tasks.
- Gene Transfer to the Nucleus: Over time, many mitochondrial genes were transferred to the nucleus, creating a more efficient arrangement.
Insights from Cellular Process Studies
- Reconfiguring Cellular Processes: The research of Rajan Sankaranarayanan’s group at CCMB focuses on understanding the reconfiguration of cellular processes in endosymbiotic relationships.
- Animal and Fungal Adaptations: Animals and fungi adapt by inducing changes in mitochondria to work around discrepancies in amino acid discrimination mechanisms.
- Plant Evolution Complexity: Plants handle the complexity of three gene sets involved in their evolution by segregating policing machineries in the cytoplasm and mitochondria.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cell-Cultivated Chicken
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Two US-based companies have received approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to produce and sell cell-cultivated chicken, a type of lab-grown meat.
- This development is seen as a significant step towards reducing carbon emissions associated with the food industry.
Cell-Cultivated Chicken: How is it made?
- Cell Isolation: The companies isolate cells from live animals that are likely to taste good and reproduce consistently.
- Nutrient-Rich Mixture: The isolated cells are combined with a broth-like mixture containing essential nutrients, such as amino acids, fatty acids, sugars, salts, vitamins, and others required for cell growth.
- Cultivation in Bioreactors: The cells are placed in bioreactors or cultivators, creating a controlled environment that supports cell growth.
- Rapid Proliferation: Within two to three weeks, the cells multiply and form either large sheets (Upside Foods) or cell aggregates (Good Meat).
- Processing and Shaping: The cellular materials are collected, processed, and shaped into various meat products such as cutlets, sausages, or other forms.
Forms of Cell-Cultivated Meat
- Focus on Chicken: Good Meat and Upside Foods initially concentrate on cell-cultivated chicken, given its global consumption demand.
- Expansion Plans: These companies aim to extend their offerings to include other meats in the future. Research is underway for cell-cultivated versions of beef, sea bass, tuna, and shrimp.
Motivations behind Cell-Cultivated Meat
- Climate Mitigation: Cell-cultivated meat has the potential to reduce carbon emissions and land use associated with livestock production, addressing climate change concerns.
- Animal Welfare: By eliminating traditional animal farming, it aims to prevent animal cruelty.
- Food Security: Advocates view alternative meat as a means to meet nutritional demands worldwide.
Challenges to Overcome
- Consumer Acceptance: Ensuring that cell-cultivated meat matches the taste, texture, and appearance of traditional meat remains a challenge for widespread adoption.
- Cost Factors: The cost of cell-cultivated meat is expected to remain high in the near future, with concerns regarding quality control at scale.
- Resource Requirements: High-quality cells, suitable growth mediums, and other resources are necessary for successful cultivation.
- Environmental Impact: Studies highlight uncertainties regarding the environmental impact of cell-cultivated meat production, particularly concerning the growth medium used.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Rath Yatra
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Rath Yatra (Chariot Procession), a grand festival held in Puri, Odisha, attracts millions of visitors from around the world.
- This article explores the significance and key elements of the Rath Yatra Festival.
What is Rath Yatra?
- Divine pilgrimage: According to mythology, Lord Jagannath embarks on a nine-day sojourn along with his siblings to his birthplace, the Gundicha Temple.
- The idols’ stay: The deities, Lord Jagannath, Lord Balabhadra, and Devi Subhadra, reside at the Gundicha Temple until the “Bahuda Yatra” (returning car festival) on June 28.
- Procession: The Rath Yatra takes place on the second day of the Odia month of Ashadha Shukla Tithi. It involves a procession of the deities from the Jagannath Temple to the Gundicha Temple.
Key attractions
- Decorated chariots: The three enormous chariots, Taladhwaja Rath for Lord Balabhadra, Darpadalan Rath for Goddess Subhadra, and Nandighosa Rath for Lord Jagannath, are crafted with specific colors, dimensions, wooden horses, guardian deities, and charioteers. Skilled artisans use traditional techniques to build these chariots.
- Chhera Panhara Ritual: Before the chariots are pulled, the scion of the erstwhile Puri royal family performs the Chhera Panhara ritual. The king sweeps the chariot floors with a golden broom, emphasizing the dignity of labor and equality before the Lord.
- Present pulling: Puri’s (ceremonial) king, Gajapati Dibyasingha Deb, has been performing the Chhera Panhara ritual since 1971, highlighting the long-standing tradition.
Significance of the festival
- Devotee participation: The Rath Yatra draws a massive crowd, including foreigners, who flock to witness the grand spectacle.
- Touching the chariot ropes: Devotees strive to touch the ropes of the chariots, as it is believed that the Lord bestows blessings upon those who participate in pulling the chariots.
Return Festival: Bahuda Yatra and Suna Besha
- Bahuda Yatra: The return festival takes place on Ashadha Shukla Dasami. The deities are offered a special cake called “Poda Pitha” at the Mausimaa Temple before their journey back to the Jagannath Temple.
- Suna Besha: Following the Bahuda Yatra, the deities are adorned with gold ornaments during the Suna Besha ceremony. Devotees flock to witness this spectacle, where the lords are beautifully decorated with gold.
- Homecoming: Niladri Bije marks the end of the Rath Yatra and symbolizes the homecoming of the deities to the Jagannath Temple.
- Offering to Goddess Laxmi: Devotees offer Rasagola, a sweet dish made of cheese, to appease Goddess Laxmi on behalf of Lord Jagannath. This ritual seeks to pacify the goddess, who is believed to be upset for not being taken on the chariots.
Also read:
Places in news: Jagannath Puri Temple
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: President Rule, Article 356
Mains level: NA
Central Idea: Union Home Minister has said that imposition of President’s Rule in Manipur was not an option and the situation was soon returning to normal.
What is President Rule?
- Article 356 of the Indian Constitution, commonly known as President’s Rule, empowers the President to impose central rule in a state where the constitutional machinery has broken down.
- While initially intended for extraordinary circumstances, it has often been misused by central governments for political purposes.
Provisions of Article 356:
- Imposition of President’s Rule: Article 356 allows the President to withdraw the executive and legislative powers of a state government when it cannot function in accordance with the Constitution.
- Triggering factors: The President can invoke Article 356 based on a report from the Governor or suo motu if the constitutional machinery has broken down in the state.
- Duration: It can be imposed for six months at a time, with a maximum duration of three years.
- Parliamentary approval: Every six months, Parliament’s approval is required to continue the imposition of President’s Rule.
Historical Origins
- Inspiration from the Government of India Act, 1935: Article 356 was inspired by Section 93 of this act, which allowed the Governor of a province to assume the powers of the government under certain circumstances.
- Controlled democracy: The provision provided some autonomy to provincial governments while enabling British authorities to exercise ultimate power when necessary.
Political Misuse of Article 356
- Early instances: During Congress dominance, Article 356 was used against governments of the Left and regional parties in states. Jawaharlal Nehru’s government utilized it six times until 1959, including to dislodge Kerala’s elected communist government.
- Increasing misuse: In subsequent decades, Article 356 was used frequently against state governments by various central governments, including those led by Indira Gandhi and the Janata Party.
Landmark Judgment: S R Bommai Case
- Landmark Supreme Court ruling: In the 1994 R. Bommai v. Union of India case, the Supreme Court provided detailed guidelines on the use of Article 356.
- Specific instances for imposition: The court stated that President’s Rule can be invoked in cases of physical breakdown of the government or a ‘hung assembly.’
- Curbing arbitrary use: The judgment emphasized the need to give the state government a chance to prove its majority or instances of violent breakdown before imposing President’s Rule.
Try this PYQ:
Which of the following are not necessarily the consequences of the proclamation of the President’s rule in a State?
- Dissolution of the State Legislative Assembly
- Removal of the Council of Ministers in the State
- Dissolution of the local bodies
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 1 and 3
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Exercise Air Defender 2023
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- NATO recently concluded its largest air defense exercise, Air Defender 2023, in Germany.
- The exercise involved 250 military aircraft, including 100 from the United States, and aimed to enhance air defense capabilities and deterrence.
Exercise Air Defender 2023
- Largest air defense exercise: Air Defender 2023 marked the largest air defense exercise in the history of NATO, with participation from multiple member nations.
- Enhanced air defense capabilities: The exercise focused on improving air defense strategies, coordination, and interoperability among NATO forces.
- Successful execution: Despite initial concerns, the exercise performed better than anticipated, resulting in minimal disruptions to regular civilian flights.
Deterrence and Signalling to Russia
- Preparing for potential threats: Air Defender 2023 was planned long before the conflict between Russia and Ukraine escalated. The exercise aimed to strengthen NATO’s deterrence posture and send a clear signal to Moscow.
- German Defense Minister’s perspective: German Defense Minister Boris Pistorius viewed the exercise as a demonstration of NATO’s commitment to deterrence, stating that Russia would take notice of the significant military activity.
- Addressing past criticisms: The Bundeswehr, Germany’s armed forces, have faced criticism for being under-equipped and under-prepared. Air Defender 2023 showcased Germany’s efforts to enhance its war-fighting capabilities.
- Positive outcomes: The successful execution of the exercise bolstered Germany’s image, demonstrating its readiness and ability to defend itself and its allies.
- Human connection: The exercise fostered camaraderie and collaboration among pilots from different nations, leaving a positive impression of Germany’s hospitality and professionalism.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Heliopolis Memorial
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- PM Modi will pay his respects at the Heliopolis (Port Tewfik) Memorial in the Heliopolis War Cemetery in Cairo, Egypt.
- Here the names of nearly 4,000 Indian soldiers who fought in World War 1 in Egypt and Palestine are commemorated.
Heliopolis Memorial
- Unveiling and Destruction: The original Port Tewfik memorial unveiled in 1926 and later destroyed during the Israeli-Egyptian War of 1967.
- New Memorial: A new memorial was erected in Heliopolis Commonwealth War Grave Cemetery in 1980, commemorating Indian soldiers who died in the First World War campaigns in Egypt and Palestine.
- Inclusion of Names: The new memorial includes the names of Indian soldiers, unlike its predecessor.
Role of the Indian Army in West Asia during World War 1
- Significance of Indian Troops: Indian troops played a major role in securing the Suez Canal in Egypt and participating in campaigns in Palestine and Mesopotamia.
- Battle of Haifa: Indian cavalry’s participation in the Battle of Haifa, commemorated by a war memorial in New Delhi.
- Diverse Representation: The memorial commemorates numerous Indian regiments from the Indian Army and State Forces of princely states.
- Princely States’ Contribution: Troops from princely states actively participated in various theatres of the war effort during World War 1.
Prominent Indian Soldier Commemorated
- Risaldar Badlu Singh: Risaldar Badlu Singh, a brave soldier and Victoria Cross recipient, is commemorated at the memorial.
- Selfless Sacrifice: Risaldar Badlu Singh displayed exceptional bravery and self-sacrifice during a charge against enemy positions.
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