From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ARTIP
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
India’s Automated Radio Telescope Image Processing Pipeline (ARTIP) technology has been instrumental in facilitating remarkable discoveries from distant galaxies observed by South Africa’s MeerKAT Telescope.
MeerKAT acts as a precursor to the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) Telescope, known for its outstanding sensitivity and sky survey capabilities.
ARTIP’s cutting-edge image data processing is vital for harnessing MeerKAT’s potential for groundbreaking research.
What is ARTIP?
Development by Thoughtworks: ARTIP was developed by global technology consultancy firm Thoughtworks at its India offices in Bengaluru and Pune.
Automation of Data Processing: Since 2017, this collaboration has aimed to automate various critical processes, including data processing, flagging, calibration, and imaging.
How ARTIP operates?
Configurability: ARTIP is highly configurable and customizable, designed to process MeerKAT-generated data. While initially configured for MeerKAT, its adaptability allows it to process data from uGMRT and VLA class telescopes.
Pipeline Components: It consists of four individual sub-pipelines, including calibration, cube imaging, continuum imaging, and diagnostics, each serving different stages of the data processing workflow.
Calibration (ARTIP-CAL): This component calibrates data against known astronomical sources and extracts the target source of interest.
Cube Imaging (ARTIP-CUBE): The calibrated target is then used to generate sky images using this component.
Continuum Imaging (ARTIP-CONT): This pipeline focuses on generating images from the calibrated data.
Diagnostics (ARTIP-DIAGNOSTICS): Providing analysis insights into data processing and quality, it functions as a quality assurance pipeline.
Impactful Discoveries by ARTIP
Hydroxyl Radical (OH) Detection: ARTIP has contributed to significant discoveries, including the detection of the hydroxyl radical (OH), an essential chemical species found throughout the atmosphere in a distant galaxy.
Identification of Hydrogen Atoms: It has also played a crucial role in identifying massive hydrogen atoms (Rydberg atoms) in another distant galaxy.
Scientific Recognition: The MALS data processing with ARTIP has received recognition in the international astronomical journal, Proceedings of Science, for its contributions to these discoveries.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PUSA-44
Mains level: Stubble burning control measures
Central Idea
Punjab CM recently announced the state’s decision to ban the cultivation of the PUSA-44 paddy variety starting from the next agricultural season.
This move has raised questions about why such a popular paddy variety is facing a ban and what implications it holds for the state’s agriculture.
About PUSA-44
Origin: Developed in 1993 by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), PUSA-44 gradually gained popularity among Punjab’s farmers.
Rapid Adoption: Due to its high yield, Punjab’s farmers started cultivating it on a larger scale, covering 70 to 80 percent of the area under paddy cultivation.
Yield Comparison
High Yield: Farmers favor PUSA-44 for its impressive yield, producing nearly 85 to 100 quintals per acre compared to other varieties’ 28 to 30 quintals per acre.
Economic Advantage: The higher yield translates to increased income, with potential earnings of Rs 15,000 to 22,000 per acre above the Minimum Support Price (MSP).
Reasons for Ban
Long Maturity Period: PUSA-44 requires around 160 days to mature, significantly longer than other varieties, necessitating 5-6 additional cycles of irrigation.
Groundwater Depletion: Punjab faces severe groundwater depletion, and with an expanding area under paddy, the government aims to conserve water resources by banning PUSA-44.
Stubble Burning: PUSA-44’s extended maturity period exacerbates the issue of stubble burning. The narrow timeframe between harvesting and wheat sowing makes stubble management challenging, leading to increased incidents of stubble burning.
Air Pollution: Stubble burning contributes to severe air pollution in North India during the winter, impacting public health.
Impact of PUSA-44 on Stubble Burning
Harvest Timing: PUSA-44 is harvested just before the wheat sowing season, leaving a limited window for stubble disposal.
Stubble Quantity: PUSA-44 generates approximately 2 percent more stubble than shorter-duration varieties, compounding the stubble burning problem.
High-Incidence Districts: Several districts in Punjab, including Barnala, Sangrur, Ludhiana, Moga, Patiala, Fatehgarh Sahib, Muktsar, Bathinda, Faridkot, and Mansa, witness higher stubble-burning incidents, coinciding with the PUSA-44 harvest.
Stubble Burning Statistics
Burning Incidents: In 2022, several districts experienced a high incidence of stubble burning, primarily linked to the PUSA-44 harvest.
Persistence: Stubble burning typically began in the third week of October, coinciding with the PUSA-44 harvest, and continued until November 25.
Instead, they are governed by the Information Technology Rules, 2021, established by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).
Context for TDSAT’s Decision
The All India Digital Cable Federation (AIDCF) initiated the petition, alleging that Star India’s free streaming of ICC Cricket World Cup matches on mobile devices through Disney+ Hotstar is discriminatory under TRAI regulations.
This is because viewers can only access matches on Star Sports TV channels by subscribing and making monthly payments.
Diverging Opinions on OTT Regulation
IT Ministry vs. DoT: The IT Ministry contends that internet-based communication services, including OTT platforms, do not fall under the jurisdiction of the DoT, citing the Allocation of Business Rules.
DoT’s Draft Telecom Bill: The DoT proposed a draft telecom Bill that classifies OTT platforms as telecommunications services and seeks to regulate them as telecom operators. This move has encountered objections from MeitY.
TRAI’s Attempt at OTT Regulation
Changing Stance: TRAI, after three years of maintaining that no specific regulatory framework was required for OTT communication services, began consultations on regulating these services.
Consultation Paper: In June, TRAI released a consultation paper seeking input on regulating OTT services and exploring whether selective banning of OTT services could be considered as an alternative to complete Internet shutdowns.
Telecom Operators’ Demand: Telecom operators have long advocated for “same service, same rules” and have pushed for regulatory intervention for OTT platforms.
Significance of TDSAT’s Order
TDSAT decision holds significance due to ongoing debates over the regulation of OTT services.
TRAI and the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) have been attempting to regulate OTT platforms, while the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology opposes these efforts.
Recommendations and Monitoring
In September 2020, TRAI recommended against regulatory intervention for OTT platforms, suggesting that market forces should govern the sector.
However, it also emphasized the need for monitoring and intervention at an “appropriate time.”
Conclusion
The recent TDSAT ruling on OTT platform jurisdiction adds complexity to the ongoing debate over the regulation of these services in India.
While TRAI and the DoT seek regulatory measures, the IT Ministry contends that such services fall outside the purview of telecommunications regulation.
The evolving landscape highlights the need for a nuanced approach to balance the interests of various stakeholders, including telecom operators, government authorities, and the broader public.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hakki- Pikki Tribe
Mains level: NA
Central idea: Thirty-one tribals belonging to the ‘Hakki-Pikki’ community from Karnataka are stranded in Sudan due to violent clashes between a paramilitary force and the country’s armed forces.
Who are the Hakki-Pikkis?
Description
Origin
Migrated from northern India to Karnataka.
Traditional Occupation
Traditionally known for bird hunting, which was later outlawed.
Language
Indo-Aryan language called ‘Vaagri’ and use Kannada for daily business.
Location
Predominantly found in Shivamogga, Davanagere, and Mysuru districts of Karnataka
Lineage
A matriarchal community, where women have an important role in decision-making.
Traditional Knowledge
Known for selling indigenous medicines developed based on their knowledge of plants and herbs.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Battle of Colachel
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The Battle of Colachel in 1741, where King Marthanda Varma led the Travancore army against the Dutch East India Company, marked a significant turning point in India’s history.
It was the first instance of an Asian kingdom defeating a European power, effectively halting Dutch colonial ambitions in India.
This battle also had profound implications for the formation of the unified Travancore state.
Travancore’s Complex Landscape Before 1741
Fragmented Territories: Travancore, formerly known as Thiruvithamcode, was not a unified state but a network of south Malabar temple states and settlements, characterized by fragmented territories and chieftaincies.
Marthanda Varma’s Leadership: Born in 1705, Marthanda Varma ascended to power and set his sights on unifying the kingdom by annexing neighboring regions and eliminating internal opposition.
Territorial Expansion: His ambition to expand threatened neighboring rulers in Kayamukulam, Kollam, Attingal, and others, leading them to seek Dutch intervention against Varma.
English Connection: Varma’s military relations with the English, who supplied weaponry, further strained Dutch-Travancore relations.
Factors Leading to the Battle
Dutch Resistance: The Dutch, perturbed by Varma’s expansion and territorial disputes, prepared their forces in Colachel to counter Travancore.
Internal Conflicts: Some Dutch officials, including Carl August Duijvenschot, defected to Travancore due to internal conflicts within the Dutch ranks.
Neighboring Rulers’ Instigation: Cochin and Kayamukulam rulers instigated the Dutch against Varma to safeguard their borders.
Battle of Colachel: Unfolds
Dutch Aggression: In February 1741, the Dutch initiated attacks on several villages and the Travancore army, committing atrocities and plundering the region.
Varma’s Response: Marthanda Varma deployed his military commander, Rama Iyer Dalawah, to confront the Dutch and protect his kingdom.
International Support: The French supported Varma against the Dutch, and even the English participated in the siege of Colachel alongside Varma’s forces.
Siege and Surrender
Long Siege: The continuous attacks and siege depleted Dutch supplies and manpower, leading to a dire situation.
Explosion and Surrender: On August 5, 1741, a gunpowder explosion occurred in Colachel, devastating the Dutch. Two days later, they surrendered.
Outcome: Only 24 Dutchmen survived, and Travancore captured 389 muskets, cannons, and swords.
Mukkuvar Community: The Mukkuvar fishermen community, by refusing to assist the Dutch with fortifications and supplies, played a crucial role in Travancore’s victory.
Aftermath and Legacy
Resilience to Colonial Rule: The victory at Colachel bolstered Varma’s expansion plans and resistance to colonial rule.
Dutch Retreat: The Dutch never fully recovered from their defeat and signed the Treaty of Mavelikkara in 1753, ending their dominance on the Kerala coast.
De Lannoy’s Contribution: Eustachius De Lannoy, captured during the battle, played a vital role in training Travancore’s army and fortifying the region. He was conferred the title ‘Valia Kappithan’ (senior admiral) and served Travancore for 36 years.
Back2Basics: Colonization of India
Colonial Power
Arrival Year
Departure Year
Portuguese
Arrived in 1498 through Vasco da Gama’s voyage.
Departed in 1961 (Goa), with gradual integration of smaller settlements into India over subsequent years.
Dutch
Established presence in 1602.
Departed in 1802, with the formal cession of their Indian territories to the British through the Treaty of Amiens.
British
British East India Company granted a charter in 1600.
The first factory was established in Surat in 1619.
Departed in 1947 when India gained independence.
It also led to Partition of India and creation of Pakistan.
French
Established the first trading post in 1668.
Departed in 1954 with the formal handover of Pondicherry and other French settlements to India.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Rooppur Nuclear Plant
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Bangladesh marked a significant milestone in its energy journey with the arrival of the first uranium delivery for its Russia-backed nuclear power plant.
This $12.65-billion project aims to strengthen the nation’s energy grid, plagued by chronic blackouts.
Moscow is funding 90% of the project’s cost through a loan, a testament to the close relationship between Russia and Bangladesh.
Rooppur Nuclear Plant
Construction of the Rooppur nuclear plant in Rooppur village, west of Dhaka, began in 2017.
It consists of twin 1,200-megawatt units, with the first unit set to begin operations in the coming year, and both expected to be fully operational by 2025.
It will become Bangladesh’s largest power station in terms of generating capacity once fully operational.
Bangladesh’s Pursuit of Moscow’s Friendship
Loan Repayment Challenges: US sanctions on Russian entities, including state nuclear agency Rosatom, had previously delayed construction due to Bangladesh’s inability to make loan repayments in US currency.
Chinese Yuan Payment: In April, Bangladesh agreed to make payments exceeding $300 million in Chinese Yuan to bypass the sanctions, although these payments are yet to be made.
Bangladesh’s Energy Imperatives
Overcoming Energy Challenges: Bangladesh faces severe energy shortages, with daily power blackouts lasting up to 13 hours, affecting the lives of millions.
Reducing Fossil Fuel Reliance: The country aims to reduce its dependency on fossil fuels by embracing nuclear energy and other cleaner sources.
Climate Change Mitigation: Bangladesh presents its nuclear energy ambitions as part of its strategy to combat climate change and reduce carbon emissions significantly by 2030.
Challenges and Concerns
Safety and Waste Disposal: There remain concerns about the safety risks and disposal of nuclear waste associated with nuclear energy projects.
Time-Consuming Construction: Nuclear plants take many years to build, compared to more swiftly deployable renewable energy sources.
Energy Mix: The nation’s energy journey is a complex blend of diplomacy, economics, and environmental considerations, aimed at securing a sustainable energy future.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sammakka-Sarakka Tribal University
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The Union Cabinet has approved the proposal to set up a central Sammakka-Sarakka Tribal University in Telangana.
The establishment of this University was a commitment made by the Central government under the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, of 2014.
Both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana were promised support to establish a tribal university each.
Legend of Sammakka and Sarakka
Sammakka-Sarakka: The university is named after Sammakka-Sarakka, a revered mother-daughter duo among the local tribal community.
Historical Significance: Sammakka was married to Pagididda Raju, a feudal chief of the Kakatiyas dynasty, and had two daughters, Sarakka and Nagulamma, along with a son named Jampanna. The legend revolves around their battle against local rulers in protest against taxing the Koya people.
Sammakka Saralamma Jatara: This biennial festival, held in Mulugu, commemorates the 13th-century battle of the mother-daughter duo. It is considered one of the world’s largest tribal gatherings.
Evolution of the Festival: Initially, only around 2,000 people, primarily from the Koya tribe, attended the festival. However, over time, it transformed into a large Hindu religious event, with millions of devotees attending.
Political and Social Impact: The festival gained immense political and social significance, leading to its declaration as a state festival in 1996. Infrastructure development, including a motorable road, further boosted its popularity.
Significance of Sammakka and Sarakka
Massive Footfall: The festival attracts around 1.5 crore devotees from various tribal and non-tribal communities, including those from multiple states such as Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Jharkhand.
Ministry of Tribal Affairs Participation: The Ministry of Tribal Affairs and the Telangana state government actively participate in the festival, with significant financial support.
Infrastructure Development: Funds have been allocated for community shelters and infrastructure in and around Medaram, the festival’s location.
Tribal Circuit Development: The Ministry of Tourism sanctioned funds for the integrated development of the tribal circuit, including the temple of Sammakka-Sarakka.
Significance of Mulugu
Population and Demographics: Mulugu, a reserved Scheduled Tribes (ST) assembly seat, has a population of approximately 2.6 lakhs, with a 75% ST population as per the 2011 Census.
UNESCO World Heritage Site: The UNESCO World Heritage Site of Ramappa Temple, located about 15 km from Mulugu, adds to the area’s cultural richness.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Positive Indigenisation List (PIL)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Defence Minister unveiled the fifth Positive Indigenisation List (PIL) consisting of 98 items to be procured by the armed services from domestic suppliers over specified timelines.
Additionally, he launched the Indian Navy’s updated indigenisation roadmap, known as Swavlamban 2.0.
What is Positive Indigenisation List (PIL)?
The Positive Indigenisation List consists of items that can only be procured by the Indian armed forces from domestic manufacturers, including those from the private sector or DPSUs.
This move is part of the government’s efforts to reduce the reliance on imported arms and promote indigenous manufacturing of defense equipment.
This concept was rolled out in the Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) 2020.
It emphasizes import substitution of components for major systems, vital platforms, weapon systems, sensors, and munitions that are expected to translate into firm orders within the next five to ten years.
Items on the Indigenisation List
Diverse Range: The PIL includes a wide range of items such as futuristic infantry combat vehicles, articulated all-terrain vehicles, various types of unmanned aerial vehicles, precision kill systems for artillery, test equipment for guided weapon systems, radars, armour plates for helicopter cabins, automated mobile test systems, and more.
Strategic Importance: These items are crucial for bolstering the country’s defence capabilities and reducing reliance on foreign sources. They contribute to India’s quest for self-reliance in the defence sector.
Swavlamban 2.0: Industry Challenges and Initiatives
76 Challenges: At the Swavlamban 2.0 seminar, Defence Minister Singh also launched 76 challenges for industry participants under the 10th Defence India Start-up Challenges (DISC-10) and Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX).
Global Collaboration: The event marked the launch of two INDUS X challenges, a collaboration between iDEX and the U.S. Department of Defence, showcasing India’s commitment to fostering global partnerships for technological advancement.
Vision of Self-Reliance
Navy’s Commitment: Indian Navy is committed to becoming fully self-reliant by 2047, aligning with India’s 100th Independence anniversary.
Strategic Importance: The COVID-19 pandemic and global conflicts have underscored the significance of self-reliance, especially in the defence sector. Dependence on external sources for defence needs is considered a strategic vulnerability that needs to be addressed.
Achievements: The Navy’s efforts in promoting indigenous innovation have yielded significant results, including technological agreements, partnerships with MSMEs and start-ups, and an expanding ecosystem of defence suppliers.
Way forward
Future Goals: The Indian Navy has set ambitious targets to develop futuristic technologies in collaboration with domestic MSMEs and start-ups, aligning with its commitment to self-reliance.
Expanding Ecosystem: The Navy’s initiatives have brought over 100 new firms into the defence ecosystem, with procurement orders already signed and more in the pipeline.
A Strong Bharat: The vision is to build a force that represents a strong and developed Bharat, utilizing unique concepts and capabilities made in India for India.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Quantum Dots
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The 2023 Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded to Moungi G. Bawendi, Louis E. Brus and Alexei I. Ekimov for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots.
About the Nobel Laureates
Alexei Ekimov: Born in 1945 in the former USSR, Ekimov earned his PhD in 1974 from Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute. He was formerly the Chief Scientist at Nanocrystals Technology Inc., New York, USA.
Louis Brus: Born in 1943 in Cleveland, USA, Brus obtained his PhD in 1969 from Columbia University, where he is a professor.
Moungi Bawendi: Born in 1961 in Paris and raised in France, Tunisia, and the US, Bawendi earned his PhD in 1988 from the University of Chicago. He is a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA.
What are Quantum Dots?
Quantum dots (QDs) are man-made nanoscale crystals celebrated for their unique optical and electronic properties.
They can transport electrons and emit diverse colors when exposed to UV light.
These artificially synthesized semiconductor nanoparticles found their origins in theoretical concepts in the 1970s, followed by successful synthesis in the early 1980s.
Small semiconductor particles exhibit quantum effects, altering their optical properties based on size.
Working Principle
Size Matters: Quantum dots manipulate light emission based on size, as energy levels are linked to wavelength (color). By controlling particle size, they can emit or absorb specific colors of light.
Versatile Structures: Quantum dots come in diverse forms, with properties determined by factors like size, shape, composition, and structure. They can be employed as active materials in single-electron transistors and offer vast application potential.
Contributions of Ekimov, Brus, and Bawendi
Ekimov’s Soviet Discovery: Ekimov’s initial discoveries in this field, dating back to 1981, were pioneering but remained largely unknown due to the Iron Curtain’s restrictions.
Glass Coloration Mystery: Ekimov’s work began with the curious phenomenon of glass coloration. He explored how particle size influenced the color imparted to glass during its formation, leading to a size-dependent quantum effect discovery.
Brus’s Independent Revelation: Unaware of Ekimov’s work, Brus, in the U.S., was working with cadmium sulfide particles to harness solar energy. He observed that smaller particles absorbed light at different wavelengths, demonstrating the size-dependent quantum effect.
Bawendi’s Innovations: Bawendi improved particle creation methods, enhancing the perfection of nanocrystals and enabling the exploration of quantum dots’ unique properties by more chemists.
Applications of Quantum Dots
In Electronics: Quantum dots play a crucial role in QLED technology, used in computer and television screens. They also adjust the light in LED lamps, offering various color temperatures.
Biochemistry and Medicine: Quantum dots are used in biochemistry to map cells and organs, and doctors explore their potential for tracking tumor tissue in the body. Chemists leverage their catalytic properties to drive chemical reactions.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Subatomic Motion, Nobel Prize
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
Anne L’Huillier, Pierre Agostini, and Ferenc Krausz have been honored the 2023 Physics Nobel Prize for their groundbreaking experiments, providing humanity with new tools to explore the inner workings of electrons within atoms and molecules.
Measuring Rapid Electron Processes
Tracking electron movement: Their work has enabled the creation of extremely short pulses of light, lasting only ato-seconds (1×10−18 of a second), allowing for the measurement of the lightning-fast processes through which electrons move or change energy.
Observing Subatomic Motion: Electrons, the tiny particles that orbit the nucleus within atoms, move at astonishing speeds, making real-time observation impossible.
High-Shutter-Speed Analogy: The trio’s research can be likened to a high-shutter-speed camera freezing motion to capture clear images. Similarly, they’ve achieved the ability to “freeze” electron movement using ultra-short light pulses.
Their Journey to Success
Anne L’Huillier’s Discovery: In 1987, L’Huillier discovered that laser light waves interacting with noble gases could provide some electrons with extra energy, which was then emitted as light. She continued to develop this concept.
Pierre Agostini’s Breakthrough: In 2001, Agostini successfully generated consecutive light pulses, each lasting just 250 attoseconds.
Ferenc Krausz’s Contribution: Simultaneously, Krausz’s experiments isolated single light pulses lasting 650 attoseconds, providing invaluable insights into atomic processes.
Significance of their Work
Unveiling Electron World: Atto-second physics, as their work is known, has opened doors to understanding mechanisms controlled by electrons.
Eva Olsson’s Insight: According to Eva Olsson, Chair of the Nobel Committee for Physics, this breakthrough allows us to comprehend electron-driven phenomena and explore their practical applications.
Potential Medical Application: Studying molecular-level changes in blood using these techniques could aid in disease identification.
Advanced Electronics: A deeper understanding of electron can contribute to the development of more efficient electronic devices.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UAPA
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
Allegations against NewsClick: The FIR against NewsClick alleges illegal funding from China, routed through the United States.
UAPA Provisions: The FIR invokes various sections of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), with a primary focus on Section 16, which deals with punishment for terrorist acts.
Understanding UAPA Provisions
*Section 15 – Definition of “Terrorist Act”
Section 15 of the UAPA defines “terrorist act” and prescribes imprisonment for at least five years to life. In cases where the act results in death, the punishment is either death or imprisonment for life.
This section encompasses serious and violent acts with the potential to threaten India’s unity, integrity, security, economic security, or sovereignty.
It includes actions such as the use of explosives, causing death or damage to property, disruption of essential services, and damaging monetary stability through counterfeiting.
Other UAPA Provisions Invoked
Section 13 – Unlawful Activities: This section deals with unlawful activities and their consequences.
Section 17 – Raising Funds for Terrorist Acts: It addresses raising funds for terrorist activities.
Section 18 – Conspiracy: This section covers conspiracy related to terrorist acts.
Section 22 (C) – Offences by Companies, Trusts: This provision pertains to offenses committed by companies and trusts.
IPC Sections Invoked: Additionally, the FIR includes IPC sections 153 A (promoting enmity between different groups) and 120B (criminal conspiracy).
Understanding the UAPA Framework
Unique Criminal Law Framework: The UAPA provides an alternative criminal law framework that differs from the general principles of criminal law.
Enhanced State Powers: Compared to the Indian Penal Code (IPC), the UAPA grants the state greater powers.
Bail Provisions: The UAPA has stringent conditions for bail and relaxes timelines for the state to file chargesheets.
Denying Bail: To deny bail under the UAPA, the court must establish a “prima facie” case against the accused.
Prima Facie Definition: In 2019, the Supreme Court defined “prima facie” narrowly, meaning that the court must not analyze evidence or circumstances but must consider the “totality of the case” presented by the state.
Section 43D(5): This section specifies that a person accused of an offense under Chapters IV and VI of the UAPA shall not be released on bail or their own bond if the Public Prosecutor hasn’t been heard on the application for release.
Court’s Opinion: The court may deny bail if it finds reasonable grounds to believe that the accusation against the accused is prima facie true.
Conclusion
The FIR against NewsClick under the UAPA underscores the seriousness of the allegations and the complex legal framework surrounding such cases.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lal Bahadur Shastri
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
October 2 is a day of double celebration as India remembers the birth anniversaries of two iconic leaders: Mahatma Gandhi, the ‘Father of the Nation,’ and Lal Bahadur Shastri, former Prime Minister.
Both leaders made significant contributions to India’s freedom struggle and early years of nation-building.
Lal Bahadur Shastri: A Man of Humble Origins
[A] Rising from Modest Beginnings
Early Struggles: Born in 1904 in Mughalsarai, Uttar Pradesh, Shastri faced adversity early in life, with his father passing away shortly after his birth.
Simplicity: Raised in a lower-middle-class environment, he possessed only two kurtas and dhotis, symbolizing his humble beginnings.
A Change of Name: In a demonstration of his early social consciousness, Shastri dropped his birthname “Varma.” In 1925, he acquired the title of ‘Shastri’ (one who knows the Shastras) from the Kashi Vidyapeeth in Benaras, adding it to his name.
[B] Resignation and Accountability
A Serious Accident: While serving as the Union Minister for Railways and Transport in 1956, a tragic railway accident in Telangana resulted in the loss of 112 lives.
Owning Responsibility: Deeply affected by the tragedy, Shastri took moral responsibility and tendered his resignation to Prime Minister Nehru. Although Nehru initially did not accept it, Shastri resigned again after another railway accident in Tamil Nadu in November 1956, further solidifying his moral stature.
[C] Championing the Slogan ‘Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan’
A Return to Cabinet: Shastri made a comeback to the Union Cabinet, serving in roles such as Home Minister and Commerce and Industry Minister.
Language Assurance: In response to concerns about Hindi domination, he assured the continued use of English as an official language alongside Hindi.
Economic Challenges: In 1965, faced with economic stagnation and growing food demand, Shastri called upon farmers to increase production, traders to maintain fair prices, and consumers to exercise restraint. He coined the famous slogan, ‘Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan (Hail the soldier, hail the farmer!).’
[D] Leadership during the 1965 India-Pakistan War and Tashkent Agreement
Unforeseen Conflict: The 1965 war with Pakistan erupted as Pakistan launched attacks in Jammu and Kashmir, believing India to be vulnerable after the 1962 war with China.
Firm Response: Shastri approved an Indian counterattack, leading to hostilities on both sides.
Tashkent Declaration: Soviet Premier Aleksey Kosygin invited Shastri and Pakistan President General Ayub Khan to Tashkent, Uzbekistan, where they signed the Tashkent Declaration on January 10, 1966, committing to long-term peace.
Sudden Passing: Tragically, Shastri passed away due to a heart attack the following day in Tashkent, leaving behind speculation about the circumstances. However, available evidence suggests it was a natural death, dispelling doubts of external factors.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: mRNA Vaccines, Nobel Prize
Mains level: Vaccine development for COVID
Central Idea
Katalin Kariko and Drew Weissman, the 2023 medicine Nobel laureates, have earned acclaim for their groundbreaking contributions to the field of mRNA technology.
Their work has transformed our understanding of mRNA’s interaction with the immune system, leading to the rapid development of vaccines, particularly during the Covid-19 pandemic.
What is mRNA?
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a single-stranded RNA (Ribo Nucleic Acid) molecule that is complementary to one of the DNA strands of a gene.
The mRNA is an RNA version of the gene that leaves the cell nucleus and moves to the cytoplasm where proteins are made.
During protein synthesis, an organelle called a ribosome moves along the mRNA, reads its base sequence, and uses the genetic code to translate each three-base triplet, or codon, into its corresponding amino acid.
What are mRNA vaccines?
Such vaccines make use of the messenger RNA molecules that tell the body’s cells what proteins to build.
The mRNA, in this case, is coded to tell the cells to recreate the spike protein of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which causes Covid-19.
It is the spike protein — which appears as spikes on the surface of the coronavirus — that initiates the process of infection; it allows the virus to penetrate cells, after which it goes on to replicate.
A coronavirus vaccine based on mRNA, once injected into the body, will instruct the body’s cells to create copies of the spike protein.
In turn, this is expected to prompt the immune cells to create antibodies to fight it.
These antibodies will remain in the blood and fight the real virus if and when it infects the human body.
What are other types of vaccines?
(1) Vector vaccine:
In this type of vaccine, genetic material from the COVID-19 virus is placed in a modified version of a different virus (viral vector).
When the viral vector gets into your cells, it delivers genetic material from the COVID-19 virus that gives your cells instructions to make copies of the S protein.
Once your cells display the S proteins on their surfaces, your immune system responds by creating antibodies and defensive white blood cells.
If you later become infected with the COVID-19 virus, the antibodies will fight the virus.
(2) Protein subunit vaccine:
Subunit vaccines include only the parts of a virus that best stimulate your immune system.
This type of COVID-19 vaccine contains harmless S proteins.
Once your immune system recognizes the S proteins, it creates antibodies and defensive white blood cells.
If you later become infected with the COVID-19 virus, the antibodies will fight the virus.
Back2Basics: Ribo Nucleic Acid (RNA)
RNA is an important biological macromolecule that is present in all biological cells.
It is principally involved in the synthesis of proteins, carrying the messenger instructions from DNA, which itself contains the genetic instructions required for the development and maintenance of life.
In some viruses, RNA, rather than DNA, carries genetic information.
The type of RNA dictates the function that this molecule will have within the cell.
Aside from the coding region of messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules that will be translated into proteins, other cellular RNA elements are involved in different processes.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Karman Line
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
Boundaries serve a crucial purpose in scientific understanding by providing clarity and distinction to elements that might otherwise merge.
One such significant boundary is the Karman Line, which plays a pivotal role in delineating Earth’s atmosphere from outer space.
What is Karman Line?
The Karman Line is an abstract boundary positioned at an altitude of 100 kilometers above sea level.
Its primary function is to establish the separation between Earth’s atmosphere and the vast expanse of space.
Although not universally accepted by all scientists and space explorers, the majority of countries and space organizations acknowledge this demarcation.
It was formally established in 1960s by the Federation Aeronautique Internationale (FAI), a body responsible for record-keeping.
Crossing the Karman Line designates an individual as an astronaut.
Challenges to the Karman Line’s Significance
Nature rarely conforms to human-made boundaries.
Physically crossing the Karman Line does not result in substantial changes.
In the immediate vicinity, there is minimal difference in air pressure or composition.
Earth’s gravitational force remains influential, and the atmosphere persists beyond this line.
Why is the Karman Line relevant?
Airspace Regulation: The Karman Line primarily serves as a regulator of airspace. It represents an approximate altitude beyond which conventional aircraft cannot operate effectively. Aircraft venturing beyond this threshold require propulsion systems to counteract Earth’s gravitational pull.
Legal Reference: Additionally, the Karman Line acts as a legal benchmark that distinguishes airspace, which nations can claim ownership of, from the realm of outer space. Outer space is governed similarly to international waters, emphasizing the importance of this boundary in legal and governance contexts.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Project Udbhav
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The Indian Army has launched Project Udbhav, an initiative aimed at rediscovering the profound heritage of statecraft and strategic thinking from ancient Indian texts.
Project Udbhav
Project Udbhav is conducted in collaboration by Indian Army and the United Service Institution of India, a defense think-tank.
The primary goal is to comprehend the depths of indigenous military systems, their evolution, enduring strategies, and the strategic thought processes that have shaped the Indian subcontinent for millennia.
It delves into India’s rich historical narratives in the domains of statecraft and strategic thinking.
It encompasses indigenous military systems, historical texts, regional texts, kingdoms, thematic studies, and Kautilya Studies.
Why such move?
The initiative underscores the Indian Army’s recognition of India’s ancient wisdom in statecraft, strategy, diplomacy, and warfare.
It seeks to establish a connection between historical wisdom and contemporary needs.
Scholarly Outcomes and Ongoing Research
A study to compile Indian stratagems based on ancient texts has been ongoing since 2021.
A book listing 75 aphorisms selected from ancient texts has already been published under the initiative.
The first scholarly outcome is the 2022 publication titled “Paramparik Bhartiya Darshan…Ranniti aur Netriyta ke Shashwat Niyam,” which is meant to be read by all ranks of the Indian Army.
A recent panel discussion included a dialogue on the study of ancient texts ranging from the 4th century BCE to the 8th century CE, with a specific focus on Kautilya, Kamandaka, and the Kural.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mahatma Gandhi
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
Mahatma Gandhi seems a natural choice for the face of Indian currency as the Father of the Nation.
This wasn’t until 1996 that his image became a permanent fixture on legal banknotes issued by the RBI, the nation’s central bank and regulatory authority for the Indian banking system.
1946 photograph featuring Gandhi Ji with Frederick William Pethick-Lawrence
Gandhi’s Portrait on Indian Currency
Photographic Source: The portrait of Gandhi on Indian banknotes is not a caricature but a cut-out from a 1946 photograph featuring him alongside British politician Lord Frederick William Pethick-Lawrence.
Expression Matters: This particular photograph was chosen for its ideal depiction of Gandhi’s smiling visage, and the portrait is a mirrored image of the cut-out.
Unknown Photographers: Interestingly, the identities of the photographer of this image and the person who selected it remain unknown.
Currency Design Process
RBI’s Responsibility: The RBI’s Department of Currency Management is tasked with designing rupee notes, subject to approval from the central bank and the Union government.
Regulatory Framework:Section 25 of the RBI Act, 1934, mandates that the design, form, and material of banknotes must be approved by the central government after considering the central board’s recommendations.
Gandhi’s Debut on Indian Currency
1969 Commemoration: Gandhi made his first appearance on Indian currency in 1969 through a special series issued to commemorate his 100th birth anniversary. These notes, featuring Gandhi alongside the Sevagram Ashram, bore the signature of RBI governor LK Jha.
1987 Inclusion: In October 1987, a series of Rs 500 currency notes featuring Gandhi was introduced.
The Transition to Independent India’s Banknotes
Post-Independence Currency: Initially, after India gained independence in August 1947, the RBI continued to issue notes from the colonial era that depicted King George VI.
Symbol Selection: The government of India introduced new 1-rupee notes in 1949, replacing King George with a representation of the Lion Capital of Ashoka Pillar at Sarnath.
Design Continuity: The subsequent release of banknotes in 1950, in denominations of Rs 2, 5, 10, and 100, featured the Lion Capital watermark, maintaining continuity with earlier designs.
Gandhi’s Permanence on Banknotes
Security Concerns in the 1990s: By the 1990s, the RBI recognized the need for enhanced security features on currency notes due to advancements in reprographic techniques. A human face was deemed less susceptible to forgery than inanimate objects.
Gandhi’s Enduring Appeal: Mahatma Gandhi’s national significance made him the ideal choice. In 1996, the RBI introduced a new ‘Mahatma Gandhi Series’ of banknotes, replacing the previous Ashoka Pillar notes and incorporating advanced security features.
Continuity in 2016: The ‘Mahatma Gandhi New Series’ of banknotes, introduced in 2016, continued to feature Gandhi’s portrait, with the addition of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan logo and enhanced security elements.
Other Suggestions for Currency Faces
Varied Proposals: Over the years, there have been calls to feature different personalities on banknotes apart from Gandhi.
Lord Ganesha and Goddess Lakshmi: In October 2022, Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal appealed to the Prime Minister and the Union government to include images of Lord Ganesha and goddess Lakshmi on currency notes.
Previous Proposals: Suggestions in the past included Noble Laureate Rabindranath Tagore and former President APJ Abdul Kalam. However, the RBI and Indian authorities have consistently upheld Gandhi’s representation, considering him the most fitting embodiment of India’s ethos.
Conclusion
Gandhi’s Enduring Legacy: Mahatma Gandhi’s presence on Indian currency notes stands as a testament to his indelible impact on the nation’s history and values.
Challenges to Change: While various proposals have emerged over the years, the symbolism and significance of Gandhi on banknotes remain unwavering, reflective of his towering stature in India’s collective consciousness.
Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI)
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
Surge in PMI to 31-month high: The S&P Global India Manufacturing PMI soared to 58.7 in May, the highest level in 31 months.
Service Sector
The service sector, also known as the tertiary sector, includes a wide range of economic activities that are focused on providing intangible goods and services to customers.
Some examples of activities that fall under the service sector include:
Hospitality and tourism: This includes activities such as hotels, restaurants, travel agencies, and tour operators.
Retail and wholesale trade: This includes businesses that buy and sell goods, such as supermarkets, department stores, and online retailers.
Financial services: This includes banks, insurance companies, and investment firms.
Professional and business services: This includes activities such as legal services, accounting, consulting, and advertising.
Information and communication technology: This includes activities such as software development, telecommunications, and data processing.
Healthcare and social assistance: This includes activities such as hospitals, clinics, nursing homes, and social services.
Education and training: This includes activities such as schools, colleges, universities, and vocational training.
Transportation and logistics: This includes activities such as shipping, warehousing, and distribution.
Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI)
PMI is an indicator of business activity — both in the manufacturing and services sectors.
The S&P Global India Services PMI is compiled by S&P Global from responses to questionnaires sent to a panel of around 400 service sector companies.
It is a survey-based measure that asks the respondents about changes in their perception of some key business variables from the month before.
It is calculated separately for the manufacturing and services sectors and then a composite index is constructed.
How is the PMI derived?
The PMI is derived from a series of qualitative questions.
Executives from a reasonably big sample, running into hundreds of firms, are asked whether key indicators such as output, new orders, business expectations and employment were stronger than the month before and are asked to rate them.
How does one read the PMI?
A figure above 50 denotes expansion in business activity. Anything below 50 denotes contraction.
Higher the difference from this mid-point greater the expansion or contraction. The rate of expansion can also be judged by comparing the PMI with that of the previous month data.
If the figure is higher than the previous month’s then the economy is expanding at a faster rate. If it is lower than the previous month then it is growing at a lower rate.
Key insights of recent trend
Fastest factory order growth: Factory orders rose at the fastest pace since January 2021.
Unprecedented accumulation of inputs: Producers accumulated inputs at an unprecedented pace due to lower costs.
Improvement in operating conditions: The index reflects a substantial improvement in operating conditions, with a significant increase from 57.2 in April.
Strong growth in order books and exports: Order books grew for the 23rd consecutive month, supported by a rise in export deals.
Highest output levels in 28 months: Output levels reached the highest point in 28 months.
Increased hiring: Pressure on capacities led firms to increase hiring, reaching a six-month high.
Reasons behind this rise
Rise in selling prices: Producers raised selling prices at a solid and quicker rate in May, the highest in a year.
Mild input costs but adjusted charges: Input costs remained historically mild, but producers adjusted their charges due to sustained cost increases and a supportive demand environment.
Improved business confidence: Business confidence about growth improved, reaching a five-month high.
Public faith in economy: Factors such as publicity and demand resilience contributed to the optimistic outlook.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SASTRA Ramanujan Prize
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Ruixiang Zhang, an Assistant Professor at the University of California, Berkeley, USA, is set to receive the prestigious 2023 SASTRA Ramanujan Prize for his exceptional contributions to the field of mathematics.
SASTRA Ramanujan Prize
Establishment
Recognizes outstanding contributions to mathematics
Inspiration
Named in honor of mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan
Awarded by
Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy (SASTRA), Kumbakonam, India
Objective
Acknowledges and encourages exceptional achievements in mathematics
Recipient Criteria
Awarded to mathematicians under 32 for significant contributions to mathematics
Selection Process
Based on mathematical work, research contributions, and impact
Previous Recipients
Annual recognition of mathematicians in various mathematical branches
International Recognition
Prominent recognition within the mathematics community
Award Presentation
Presented at an award ceremony, includes a cash prize of $10,000
Encouragement for Young Math
Encourages young mathematicians to pursue research
Committee
Composed of eminent mathematicians and experts from various foreign universities
Significance
Promotes mathematical research and honors exceptional achievements
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Passkeys, Password
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
In 1961, MIT computer science professor Fernando Corbato introduced the world to digital passwords, an innovation designed for research purposes. Little did he know the profound societal impact his creation would eventually wield.
Why discuss this?
Passwords have become nearly synonymous with cybersecurity in the 21st century, albeit with an unsavory connotation.
Despite efforts to promote robust password practices, “password” and “123456” continue to dominate the list of common passwords, underscoring the pervasive vulnerability of most accounts.
Passkeys: Need for Change
Ineffectiveness of Passwords: The prevailing authentication method, based on passwords, falls short in ensuring adequate security.
Big Tech Solution: In response to this predicament, major tech companies propose a solution – passkeys.
Understanding Passkeys
Web Authentication Standard: Passkeys are a security feature built on the WebAuthentication (WebAuthn) standard.
Public-Key Cryptography: Passkeys employ public-key cryptography, a potent technique employing a public key (server-side) and a private key (user-side).
Authentication Process: When users log in, a challenge is sent to their device, which utilizes the private key to solve it and respond. The server then validates the response with the public key, all without storing any secrets, enhancing security.
Getting Started with Passkeys
Wide Compatibility: Leading tech companies, including Microsoft, Google, and Apple, have collaborated to make passkeys accessible to most recent phones and PCs.
Operating Systems: Passkeys are available on iOS 16+, iPadOS 16+, macOS Ventura, Android 9+, Windows 10, and Windows 11.
Web Browsers: Passkeys are supported on popular browsers like Chrome, Edge, Safari, and Firefox.
Creating and Using Passkeys
Account Requirement: Users need an account with a provider supporting passkeys, such as Microsoft, Google, or Apple.
Activation Process: To enable passkeys, sign in to a compatible app or website, activate the passkey option, and obtain a unique passkey linked to your account and device.
Usage: Passkeys can be used with biometrics (e.g., Touch ID, Face ID), QR codes, or device verification.
Future of Passwords
Inevitable Evolution: While passkeys offer notable advantages over traditional passwords in terms of security and user-friendliness, they still face challenges related to compatibility and user adoption.
Industry Push: Notably, Google, Apple, and Microsoft are driving the passkey agenda strongly, suggesting that passwords may eventually become obsolete.
Conclusion
A Security Evolution: The emergence of passkeys as an alternative to traditional passwords marks a significant shift in the realm of cybersecurity.
Ongoing Transition: As passkeys gain momentum and garner support from tech giants, they may gradually pave the way for a password-free future, promising enhanced security and user convenience in the digital realm.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bhagat Singh
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
Bhagat Singh, born on September 28, 1907, in the village of Banga (now in Faisalabad, Pakistan), is celebrated as a charismatic revolutionary who sacrificed his life for the cause of Indian independence at the young age of 23.
Five Lesser-Known Aspects of Bhagat Singh’s Life
[1] A Family of Progressive Freedom Fighters
Anti-Colonial Roots: Bhagat Singh’s father, Kishan, and uncle, Ajit, were actively involved in anti-British activities. Kishan faced imprisonment in 1910 for disseminating seditious literature, while Ajit was deported to Mandalay in 1907 for his inflammatory speeches against the Punjab Colonisation Bill. Both played significant roles in the freedom struggle, influencing Bhagat Singh’s upbringing in an anti-colonial environment.
Dissent within the Family: Despite the family’s strong anti-British stance, Bhagat Singh publicly criticized his father for submitting a mercy plea to the Viceroy when he and other revolutionaries faced the gallows, revealing his unwavering commitment to the revolutionary cause.
[2] A Scholar and Writer
Prolific Writer: Bhagat Singh contributed to Urdu and Punjabi newspapers in Amritsar during the 1920s and authored pamphlets and ‘seditious’ literature condemning British colonial rule.
Eclectic Reading: His jail notebooks revealed his interests extended beyond politics, encompassing literature from renowned poets and writers, including Rabindranath Tagore, William Wordsworth, Wajid Ali Shah, Mirza Ghalib, and Iqbal.
[3] An Atheist and Marxist with Anarchist Leanings
Religious Critique: Bhagat Singh was an avowed atheist who criticized religion in his essay ‘Why I am an Atheist’ (1930), rejecting the concept of one true religion. He viewed religious beliefs as divisive and demoralizing.
Inspirations: Bhagat Singh drew inspiration from Marxist thinkers such as Marx, Lenin, Trotsky, and Bakunin. In his final testament, ‘To Young Political Workers’ (1931), he advocated for “social reconstruction on new, i.e., Marxist, basis.” However, he did not fully align with orthodox Marxist views, particularly on authoritarianism.
[4] Support from Jinnah
Jinnah’s Defense: While Mahatma Gandhi refrained from intervening in Bhagat Singh’s trial, MA Jinnah ardently defended him. Jinnah vehemently opposed a proposed Bill that would have allowed trials in absentia, delivering a compelling speech in the Central Assembly in 1929.
Successful Opposition: Jinnah’s staunch stance led to the foiling of the attempt to pass the law, but Bhagat Singh’s trial continued under dubious circumstances, resulting in his death sentence in 1930.
[5] Jawaharlal Nehru’s Support
Nehru’s Critique: Jawaharlal Nehru criticized the British legal process and the injustice inflicted on Bhagat Singh. He admired Bhagat Singh’s courage and self-sacrifice.
Historic Visit: Nehru, along with other leaders like Subhash Chandra Bose, visited Bhagat Singh in prison. Despite their differences in methods, Nehru’s respect for Bhagat Singh remained unwavering.
Congress Resolution: After Bhagat Singh’s execution, Nehru moved an official resolution in a Congress session, condemning the execution and demanding commutation, even though the Congress officially rejected violence as a means of achieving independence.
