From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Export Preparedness Index (EPI
Mains level: Not Much
PC: Live Mint
Central Idea
Tamil Nadu has emerged as the most export-competitive state in India, securing the top spot in the Export Preparedness Index 2022 by Niti Aayog.
Export Preparedness Index (EPI)
EPI is a comprehensive tool aimed at gauging the export readiness of India’s states and union territories (UTs).
The index analyses various parameters, enabling the identification of strengths and weaknesses in each region and offering valuable insights for effective policy formulation.
EPI focuses on four pillars:
Policy: This pillar evaluates the effectiveness of a state’s trade policy, providing strategic direction for both exports and imports.
Business Ecosystem: The efficiency of a business ecosystem is crucial for attracting investments and fostering an enabling infrastructure for startups and entrepreneurship.
Export Ecosystem: This pillar assesses the business environment specific to exports, determining the level of support and facilitation provided to exporters.
Export Performance: The sole output-based parameter, this pillar examines the reach of export footprints in states and UTs, measuring their actual export achievements.
10 Sub-pillars include: Export Promotion Policy; Institutional Framework; Business Environment; Infrastructure; Transport Connectivity; Export Infrastructure; Trade Support; R&D Infrastructure; Export Diversification; and Growth Orientation.
States performance
Export-Competitive State:Top Contenders: Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Gujarat (last year’s leader) followed closely, while Haryana claimed the fifth position.
Coastal States’ Dominance: Coastal states dominated the top rankings, with four out of the top five positions occupied by them. Andhra Pradesh also secured the ninth spot.
Gujarat- Leading Merchandise Exporter: Gujarat holds the top position as the leading merchandise exporter, accounting for one-third of India’s total merchandise exports.
Top Five Exporting States: Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Uttar Pradesh complete India’s top five exporters.
Seven States’ Dominance: An impressive 75% of India’s total exports are contributed by just seven states.
Reasons for export boost
Export Promotion Policies: The top-performing states have implemented export promotion policies at both state and district levels.
Diversified Export Basket: These states have a diverse export basket, showcasing their global footprint.
Promoting Unique Products: Successful states focus on promoting products unique to their region. Tamil Nadu and Karnataka lead in exporting geographical indication (GI) products.
India’s Export Performance
Resilient Exports: Despite pandemic challenges and supply-side issues, India’s goods exports remained robust, reaching an all-time high of $447 billion in FY23.
Target for FY24: The government refrained from setting a specific export target for FY24 due to global headwinds but may aim for $450 billion to $500 billion in goods exports.
Services Exports: Services exports amounted to $323 billion in FY23, bringing India’s overall exports to $770 billion.
Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Eighth Schedule, Classical Languages
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
The Supreme Court said it cannot direct the Centre to include Rajasthani as an official language in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.
About Eighth Schedule
The Eighth Schedule outlines the official languages of the Republic of India.
Articles 344(1) and 351 of the Constitution contain constitutional provisions relating to the Eighth Schedule.
It was originally created to grant representation on the Official Languages Commission and enrich Hindi and English, the official languages of the Union.
Candidates appearing for public service examinations have the privilege of using any language from the Eighth Schedule as a medium to answer the exam papers.
Article 344(1): It mandates the appointment of a Commission by the President after 5 years from the date the Constitution comes into effect.
Article 351: It places the responsibility on the Union to promote and develop the Hindi language, enabling it to be a medium of expression for India’s diverse cultural elements.
Article 351(1): The President is required to establish a commission every five years, and subsequently every ten years, with a chairman and members representing languages listed in the Eighth Schedule. The primary role is to provide advice to the President on the effective use of Hindi for official purposes by the GOI.
Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Section 69A of IT Act
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The Indian government has exercised its powers under Section 69(A) of the Information Technology Act, 2000.
It requested Twitter and other social media platforms to remove a video depicting the naked parade and sexual assault of two Manipur women.
What is Section 69(A) of the IT Act?
Empowering Content Takedown: Section 69(A) allows the government to issue content-blocking orders to online intermediaries like ISPs, web hosting services, search engines, etc.
Grounds for Blocking: Content can be blocked if it is considered a threat to India’s national security, sovereignty, public order, or friendly relations with foreign states, or if it incites the commission of cognizable offenses.
Review Committee: Requests made by the government for blocking content are sent to a review committee, which issues the necessary directions. Such orders are typically kept confidential.
Supreme Court’s Verdict on Section 69(A)
Striking Down Section 66A: In the case of Shreya Singhal vs. Union of India (2015), the Supreme Court struck down Section 66A of the IT Act, which penalized the sending of offensive messages through communication services.
Section 69(A) Validated: The Court upheld the constitutionality of Section 69(A) of the Information Technology Rules 2009, noting that it is narrowly drawn and includes several safeguards.
Limited Blocking Authority: The Court emphasized that blocking can only be carried out if the Central Government is satisfied about its necessity, and the reasons for blocking must be recorded in writing for legal challenges.
Other Rulings on Section 69(A)
Twitter’s Challenge: Twitter approached the Karnataka High Court in July last year, contesting the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology’s (MeitY) content-blocking orders issued under Section 69(A).
Court’s Dismissal: In July of this year, the single-judge bench of the Karnataka HC dismissed Twitter’s plea, asserting that the Centre has the authority to block tweets.
Extending Blocking Powers: Justice Krishna D Dixit ruled that the Centre’s blocking powers extend not only to single tweets but to entire user accounts as well.
Conclusion
The application of Section 69(A) has been a subject of legal and societal debate, as it aims to balance national security and public order concerns with the protection of free speech and expression.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Short Duration Discussions
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The Opposition called for the suspension of all other business under Rule 267 to discuss the Manipur issue, while the government preferred a “Short Duration Discussion” under Rule 176.
Understanding the nuances of these rules and their implications is essential for effective parliamentary discussions.
Rule 267: Suspension of Business
Overview: Rule 267 allows Rajya Sabha MPs to suspend all listed business and engage in discussions on matters of national importance.
Consent and Suspension: As per the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Rajya Sabha, any member can seek the Chairman’s consent to suspend the application of a rule related to the day’s listed business.
Temporary Suspension: If the motion receives approval, the concerned rule is temporarily suspended.
Short Duration Discussions under Rule 176
Brief Duration Discussions: Rule 176 facilitates short-duration discussions in Rajya Sabha, lasting up to two-and-a-half hours.
Notice and Explanatory Note: MPs desiring to raise urgent public matters must provide a written notice to the Secretary-General, including an explanatory note justifying the discussion.
Scheduling and Procedure: The Chairman, in consultation with the Leader of the Council, schedules the discussion without formal motions or voting.
Statement and Reply: The member who issued the notice presents a brief statement, followed by a concise reply from the Minister.
Contention Surrounding Rule 267
Opposition’s Discontent: The Opposition expresses discontent as their notices under Rule 267 have not been addressed recently.
Past Precedents: In the past, several discussions on diverse subjects occurred under this rule during different Chairmen’s tenures.
Misuse of Rule: Experts suggest that Rule 267 is being misused as a substitute for the adjournment motion in Lok Sabha, where discussions involve motions with elements of censure, which do not apply to Rajya Sabha.
Why discuss this?
Parliamentary debates hold significant value in addressing pressing public matters and discussing issues critical to the nation.
They provide a platform for representatives from various political parties to engage in informed discussions, leading to more effective decision-making and improved governance.
Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Emblems Act, 1950
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
A complaint has been lodged with the Delhi police against 26 Opposition parties for the alleged “improper use” of the name ‘INDIA’ in their newly formed alliance.
Why discuss this?
The complainant argues that the parties have violated the Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, 1950.
It has allegedly attempted to gain “undue influence” in elections by using the name ‘INDIA’ for their coalition.
It alleges that by naming their alliance as ‘INDIA’, they have attempted to exert undue influence on the electorate and may be prosecuted under Section 171F of the Indian Penal Code, 1860.
About Emblems Act, 1950
The Emblems Act, 1950 aims to prevent the improper use of certain emblems and names for commercial and other purposes.
The Act seeks to protect the dignity and sanctity associated with national emblems, insignia, and names of international organizations.
Key features of the Emblem Act
Description
Article/Sections
Protected Emblems and Names
Identifies specific emblems and names protected under the Act, including national emblem, UN emblems, Red Cross, and notified emblems.
Ensures their dignity and sanctity.
Section 3
Prohibition of Improper Use
Prohibits unauthorized use of protected emblems and names for commercial or misleading purposes.
Maintains their integrity and respect.
Section 5
Offenses and Penalties
Establishes penalties, including imprisonment and fines, for violating the Act’s provisions.
Section 7
Exceptions and Permitted Use
Allows certain circumstances and purposes where use of protected emblems and names is permitted with relevant authorities’ permission.
Section 4
Enforcement and Authorities
Grants powers to authorized Police for enforcement, investigation, and legal actions against violators.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Henley Passport Index
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
India has seen an improvement in its ranking on the Henley Passport Index 2023, climbing seven places to the 80th position from 87 last year.
However, despite the rise in ranking, the number of countries allowing visa-free access to Indian passport holders remains the same.
What is Henley Passport Index?
The Henley Passport Index is a global ranking system that measures the strength and value of passports from different countries.
It is published by Henley & Partners, a global residence and citizenship advisory firm.
The index provides an annual ranking of passports based on the number of countries and territories their holders can travel to without requiring a visa or with visa-on-arrival access.
How is it derived?
It takes into account data from the International Air Transport Association (IATA) and other reliable sources.
The index includes 199 passports and 227 travel destinations.
It assigns a “visa-free score” to each passport, which represents the number of destinations that can be visited without obtaining a visa in advance.
The higher the visa-free score, the stronger the passport.
India’s Passport Performance in 2023
India is ranked 80th in 2023.
In 2014, India ranked 76th with 52 countries granting visa-free access to Indian passport holders.
Since then, its ranking has fluctuated, with positions of 88th (2015), 85th (2016), 87th (2017), 81st (2018), 82nd (2019 and 2020), and 81st (2021).
In the Henley Openness Index, which measures the number of nations allowing visa-free access, India ranked 94th out of 97 countries for permitting visa-free access to only four nations.
Global scenario
Singapore Takes the Lead: Singapore has replaced Japan as the country with the most powerful passport, allowing its citizens visa-free access to 192 out of 227 travel destinations globally.
Other Top Countries: Germany, Italy, and Spain share the second position. The third position is shared by Austria, Finland, France, Luxembourg, South Korea, and Sweden.
Japan’s Position: Japan, previously holding the top position for five years, dropped to third place on the Henley Passport Index.
Pakistan: The country known for terrorism and the recent economic crisis has been ranked at 100 in the list. Citizens of Pakistan can travel to just 33 countries without applying for a visa.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Viromes, bacteriophages
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
Viruses have had a significant impact on human history, causing deadly outbreaks of diseases.
However, not all viruses are harmful, and scientists are discovering the importance of the virome (bacteriophages).
Do you know?
Viromes and bacteriophages are closely related because bacteriophages, or phages for short, are a type of virus that specifically infects bacteria.
Bacteriophages are considered part of the virome, as they contribute to the overall viral genetic material present in a given environment or organism.
What are Virome?
What is it: They are the collection of viruses in our bodies contributing to our health, similar to the bacterial microbiome.
Bacteriophages: The majority of viruses inside us are bacteriophages, which kill bacteria in our microbiomes without affecting human cells.
Vast in Numbers: Our bodies host around 380 trillion virus particles, 10x more than the number of bacteria.
Beneficial Viruses: Some viruses play beneficial roles, such as killing cancer cells, aiding immune system training, fighting pathogens, and regulating gene expression during pregnancy.
Bacteriophages and Phage Therapy
Bacteriophages’ Mechanism: Bacteriophages hunt down bacteria, attach to their surface, inject viral DNA, and replicate inside the bacteria before causing the bacterial cell to burst and release new viral particles.
Historical Background: In the early 20th century, scientists explored phages as potential treatments for bacterial infections, but antibiotic development overshadowed this research.
Antibiotic Resistance: With the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, scientists are revisiting phage therapy as an alternative to combat bacterial infections.
Advantages of Phages: Phages effectively target multi-resistant pathogens, are precise in eliminating bacterial strains, and do not disrupt the gut microbiome like antibiotics do.
Phage Therapy in Practice
Historical Use: Phage therapy persisted in countries like Georgia, Ukraine, and Russia, where antibiotics were scarce. These regions have witnessed successful treatment outcomes against antibiotic-resistant infections.
Expanding Use: Phage therapy is gaining attention in countries like Belgium, the US, and Germany, with specialized therapy centres and calls for increased exploration and utilization.
Challenges and Safety: Standardization of therapy and tailoring phages to specific bacteria causing the infection remain challenges. However, phage therapies have a good safety record, and human bodies can tolerate them well.
Future Prospects
Complementary Approach: Phages are unlikely to replace antibiotics but could be used in combination to enhance antibiotic effectiveness, particularly against resistant bacterial strains.
Research and Clinical Projects: Further large-scale research and clinical projects are recommended to establish effective phage therapies for different types of infections.
The identification will be based on the longitude and latitude coordinates of the land parcel, and is dependent on detailed surveys and geo-referenced cadastral maps.
ULPIN is generated using the Electronic Commerce Code Management Association (ECCMA) standards during the importing of the geo-referenced shape file into BhuNaksha, a cadastral mapping solution of NIC.
Digital India Land Records Modernisation Programme (DILRMP)
DILRMP is a central sector scheme implemented by the Department of Land Resources under the Ministry of Rural Development.
Erstwhile National Land Record Modernization Programme, it was revamped and converted as a Central Sector Scheme with effect from 1st April, 2016 with 100% funding by the Centre.
The program aims to develop an Integrated Land Information Management System (ILIMS) across the country by leveraging the commonalities in land records systems in different states.
It integrates land records processes and databases with financial institutions, banks, circle rates, registration offices, and other sectors.
The program includes the computerization of land records, survey/re-survey activities, and digitization of registration processes.
Benefits of ULPIN
Curbing malpractices: The implementation of ULPIN and digitization of land records can significantly reduce unethical and illegal activities related to land. The transparency brought about by digitization enhances accountability and curbs malpractices.
Efficient Land Use: ULPIN will facilitate proper utilization of land parcels and aid in the formulation and implementation of new schemes.
Linkage with E-Courts: Connecting E-Courts with land records and registration databases offers multiple benefits, including improved accessibility to information and streamlined legal processes related to land disputes.
Indestructible documentation: Digitization of land records proves valuable in times of calamities such as floods and fires, as it helps in preventing loss of documents and expedites the recovery process.
Impacts on Development and Welfare
Development Catalyst: By providing transparent and accessible land information, digitization supports informed decision-making and effective resource management.
Proper Scheme Implementation: Linking land records with various government departments facilitates the efficient implementation of welfare schemes ex. PM Awas Yojana.
Beneficiary targeting: Accurate and up-to-date land data helps identify beneficiaries and ensures the targeted delivery of benefits and services.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: DPT3
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The coverage rate for DPT3 vaccines (diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus) in India reached an all-time high of 93% in 2022, surpassing the pre-pandemic record of 91% in 2019.
This significant increase from the 85% coverage in 2021 was reported by the World Health Organization (WHO).
What is DPT3?
DPT3 vaccines refer to a combination vaccine that provides protection against three infectious diseases: diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), and tetanus.
The “DPT” in DPT3 stands for the initials of these three diseases:
Diphtheria: It is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the respiratory system. It can cause severe throat and nose congestion, difficulty breathing, and in severe cases, it can lead to heart and nerve damage.
Pertussis (Whooping Cough): It is a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It is characterized by severe coughing fits, often accompanied by a “whooping” sound when gasping for breath. Pertussis can be particularly dangerous for infants and young children.
Tetanus: Also known as lockjaw, is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. It enters the body through wounds or cuts and produces a toxin that affects the nervous system, leading to muscle stiffness and spasms, particularly in the jaw and neck muscles.
WHO records on immunization
DPT3 Coverage Recovery: The WHO South-East Asia Region saw the DPT3 coverage recover to pre-pandemic levels of 91% in 2022, a significant increase from 82% in 2021.
Measles Vaccine Coverage: The region also witnessed a six percent improvement in measles vaccine coverage, rising to 92% in 2022 from 86% in 2021.
Zero-Dose Children: The number of zero-dose children (those who have not received even the first dose of the DPT vaccine) halved from 4.6 million in 2021 to 2.3 million in 2022.
Partially Vaccinated Children: The number of partially vaccinated children (those who received at least one dose but not the complete three-dose series) decreased from 1.3 million in 2021 to 650,000 in 2022.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Airtime Vouchers for Campaigning
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The Election Commission of India has implemented a fully online process for allotting airtime to political parties for campaigning on Akashvani and Doordarshan.
The new system replaces the traditional method of collecting physical vouchers and instead issues digital time vouchers through an online platform.
Airtime Vouchers for Campaigning
Objective: To provide equitable access to government-owned electronic media during elections for campaigning purposes.
Legal basis: The allotment of time on public broadcasters during campaigning is governed by a scheme notified in January 1998, based on Section 39A of the Representation of People Act, 1951.
Allotment Criteria: Each National party and recognized State party receive an equitable base time on Doordarshan (DD) and Akashvani.
Scope for additional time: Factors such as past electoral performance, representation in the legislature, and the number of candidates fielded by the party are considered to ensure equitable distribution of airtime.
Predefined Schedule: The date and time for telecasts and broadcasts by authorized party representatives are predetermined by Prasar Bharati, in consultation with EC and in the presence of party representatives.
Regulation of these Vouchers
Scrutiny of Party Transcripts: Party transcripts undergo scrutiny to ensure compliance with relevant codes. These codes prohibit content that criticizes other countries, attacks religions or communities, incites violence, or engages in personal attacks.
Role of Apex Committee: Disagreements over vetted content are referred to an Apex Committee comprising members from Akashvani and DD. The committee’s decision is final.
Significance of Digital Vouchers
Process Improvement: The decision reflects its commitment to leveraging technology for an improved electoral process and enhanced convenience for all stakeholders.
Eliminating Physical Collection: Political parties will no longer need to send representatives to the commission’s offices to collect time vouchers during elections.
Conflict of Interest in the Apex Committee: The Apex Committee consists of officials from Akashvani and DD, raising concerns about potential conflicts of interest.
Row over transcript content: These officials are expected to review their own decisions when conflicts arise with political parties over the transcript content.
Europe is currently experiencing a heatwave and wildfires, leading to concerns about the spread of viruses that are typically not found in colder climates.
The WHO has issued an alert regarding the Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF), a potentially fatal infection transmitted by ticks.
What is CCHF?
CCHF is a viral haemorrhagic fever primarily transmitted by ticks.
It can also be contracted through contact with viraemic animal tissues during animal slaughter.
CCHF outbreaks can lead to epidemics with a high case-fatality ratio (10-40%) and pose challenges for prevention and treatment.
Transmission and Hosts
The virus exists in the tick family of insects.
Animals such as cattle, goats, sheep, and hares serve as amplifying hosts for the virus.
Humans can contract CCHF through contact with infected ticks or animal blood.
The virus can also be transmitted between humans through contact with infectious blood or body fluids.
Migratory birds can host ticks, allowing the virus to spread over long distances.
Symptoms and Treatment
Common symptoms of CCHF include fever, muscle aches, dizziness, neck and back pain, headache, sore eyes, and sensitivity to light.
Early symptoms may also include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and sore throat, followed by mood swings and confusion.
Later stages may involve sleepiness, depression, and lassitude.
There is no vaccine available for CCHF in humans or animals, and treatment focuses on managing symptoms.
The antiviral drug ribavirin has been used to treat CCHF infection with some apparent benefit.
Spread of CCHF in Europe
CCHF is endemic to Africa, the Balkan countries, the Middle East, and parts of Asia.
In 2016, Spain reported the first fatality from CCHF in Europe.
Scientists warn that CCHF, which can have a fatality rate between 10% and 40%, is spreading northward and westward in Europe.
Cases of CCHF have been reported in Spain, Russia, Turkey, and the UK.
Reasons for this spread
Disrupted temperature patterns due to climate change are creating favorable conditions for pathogens.
CCHF ticks are moving northward through Europe due to longer and drier summers caused by climate change.
Climate change contributes to the spread of diseases by expanding tick habitats, altering water habitats, and facilitating the movement of animals and human interactions.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: BIMSTEC, Bangkok Vision 2030
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The first-ever Foreign Ministers’ meeting of the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) commenced in Bangkok, Thailand.
Understanding BIMSTEC
Origins and Membership: BIMSTEC, initially known as BIST-EC (Bangladesh-India-Sri Lanka-Thailand Economic Cooperation), was established in 1997 with the signing of the Bangkok Declaration.
Newest members: Myanmar joined in 1997, followed by Bhutan and Nepal in 2004.
Population and GDP: The organization comprises seven member countries located around the Bay of Bengal, representing approximately 22% of the world’s population. The combined GDP of the member states is close to $2.7 trillion.
Sectoral Focus: BIMSTEC’s cooperation initially focused on six sectors: trade, technology, energy, transport, tourism, and fisheries.
India’s role: India’s sectoral responsibilities within BIMSTEC include security, counter-terrorism, transnational crime, disaster management, and energy.
Significance of BIMSTEC as a Regional Forum
(A) Revitalization and Engagement:
BIMSTEC received limited attention until India reinvigorated its engagement in October 2016, following the terrorist attack in Uri.
India hosted an outreach summit with BIMSTEC leaders alongside the BRICS summit in Goa.
(B) Regional aspirations
Each BIMSTEC member has strategic incentives for the organization’s growth.
Bangladesh seeks regional significance
Sri Lanka aims to connect with Southeast Asia and become a hub for the Indo-Pacific region
Nepal and Bhutan aim to access the Bay of Bengal region
Myanmar and Thailand aim to balance China’s influence in Southeast Asia by strengthening ties with India
India and BIMSTEC
BIMSTEC offers India a platform to prioritize its foreign policy goals of “Neighborhood First” and “Act East”.
This is longer run seeks to connect South and Southeast Asia, as well as the Himalayas and the Bay of Bengal.
China’s Role and India’s Agenda
Chinese Influence and Concerns: China’s expanding presence in South and Southeast Asia through the Belt and Road Initiative has increased its interest in the Bay of Bengal region.
Act of counterbalancing: BIMSTEC becomes an arena for India to counterbalance Chinese investments.
Promoting Connectivity: India can utilize BIMSTEC to promote connectivity projects aligned with international norms, countering Chinese projects that are perceived to violate these norms.
Bay of Bengal as a Peaceful Region: India can showcase the Bay of Bengal as a region of openness and peace, highlighting the contrast with China’s behavior in the South China Sea.
Regional Stability: BIMSTEC could establish codes of conduct for regional freedom of navigation and advocate for a Bay of Bengal Zone of Peace to limit extra-regional powers’ military actions.
Conclusion
BIMSTEC has the potential to contribute to peace, stability, and economic development in the Bay of Bengal region and beyond.
Continued efforts and collaboration among member states are necessary to harness the full potential of BIMSTEC and achieve common goals.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Rho Ophiuchi Cloud Complex
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
NASA recently released an image obtained by the James Webb Space Telescope, showcasing the Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex, which is the closest star-forming region to Earth.
This image marked one year since NASA unveiled the telescope’s first scientific results.
What is Rho Ophiuchi Cloud Complex?
The Rho Ophiuchi Cloud Complex is a molecular cloud located in the constellation Ophiuchus.
It is centered 1° south of the star ρ Ophiuchi and extends to other parts of the constellation.
At an estimated distance of about 140 parsecs, or 460 light years, it is one of the closest star-forming regions to the Solar System.
It consists of several dark nebulae, which are dense regions of interstellar dust and gas that block background starlight.
The cloud complex contains numerous young stellar objects, including protostars, young stars, and brown dwarfs.
These stellar objects form as the dense material in the cloud collapses under gravity, leading to the birth of new stars.
Observations from the Image
Material Jets and Surrounding Gas/Dust: The image illustrates how the material jets emanating from young stars influence the surrounding gas and dust while illuminating molecular hydrogen.
Glowing Cave Carved by Stellar Winds: One part of the image shows a star inside a glowing cave carved out in space by its stellar winds.
Impressive Nebula with Bright Young Stars: The image showcases an impressive nebula with three bright young stars at the top, revealing the size and detail of the jets and outflows.
Insights from the new findings
Formation of New Suns: Rho Ophiuchi image demonstrates the formation of new suns and planet-forming disks, resembling what scientists believe the early solar system looked like over 4.5 billion years ago.
Violent Outbursts and Dusty Cocoons: The image unveils the process of stars and planetary systems assembling, as well as the dusty cocoons being disrupted by violent outbursts, portrayed as red jets cutting through the cloud.
Visibility through Dust: The Rho Ophiuchi core is usually obscured by extensive amounts of dust, making it invisible to telescopes working in visible light, like the Hubble telescope. However, JSWT penetrates the dust, revealing the young stars within and providing insights into the early stages of star formation.
Back2Basics: James Webb Space Telescope
Collaboration
NASA, European Space Agency (ESA), Canadian Space Agency
Launch
December 2021
Location
Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point, approximately 1.5 million km beyond Earth’s orbit
Size and Capability
Largest, most powerful infrared space telescope
Successor to
Hubble Telescope
Time Observations
Can see backwards in time to just after the Big Bang
Objectives
Examine every phase of cosmic history, including the formation of galaxies, stars, and planets.
Look back 13.5 billion years to see the first stars and galaxies forming.
Compare early galaxies to today’s spirals to understand galaxy assembly.
Observe star and planetary system formation.
Study the atmospheres of extrasolar planets and search for signs of life elsewhere in the universe.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lightning
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
A senior government official stated that lightning deaths can be prevented through education and awareness, and thus, the government is against declaring it a natural disaster.
Why discuss this?
State Demands: States like Bihar and West Bengal have requested that lightning-related deaths be considered natural disaster, making victims eligible for compensation from the State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF).
Increased fatalities: According to the National Crime Records Bureau, lightning caused 2,880 deaths in 2021, accounting for 40% of all accidental deaths from “forces of nature.”
What is Lightning?
Lightning is a rapid and powerful discharge of electricity in the atmosphere, often directed towards the Earth.
Genesis: Lightning discharges occur in giant, moisture-bearing clouds that are several kilometers tall.
Ice Crystal Formation: Water vapor in the clouds condenses into small ice crystals as temperatures drop below 0°C.
Electron Release and Collision: Collisions between ice crystals generate a release of electrons, leading to a chain reaction and the formation of a positive and negative charge within the cloud.
Types: Lightning can occur within clouds (inter-cloud and intra-cloud) or between the cloud and the ground (cloud-to-ground).
Intensity of Lightning Strikes
Voltage and Amperage: A typical lightning flash can reach around 300 million volts and 30,000 amps, significantly higher than household current.
Comparisons: Household current is 120 volts and 15 amps, highlighting the immense power of lightning.
Mitigating Lightning Incidents
Early Warning System: India has established an early warning system for lightning, saving numerous lives.
Focus on Rural Areas: Over 96% of lightning deaths occur in rural areas, necessitating mitigation and awareness programs targeted at these communities.
Deployment of Protection Devices: Low-cost lightning protection devices need to be deployed more widely, especially in rural areas.
Lightning Action Plans: States are encouraged to develop and implement lightning action plans, similar to heat action plans, to mitigate lightning-related risks.
International Centre for Excellence: Efforts are underway to establish an international center for excellence in lightning research to enhance detection and early warning systems.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nawab Wajid Ali Shah
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
An exhibition, heritage walk, and talk will be held in Kolkata to commemorate the bicentenary year of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah, the last king of Awadh.
Nawab Wajid Ali Shah
Mirza Wajid Ali Shah (30 July 1822 – 1 September 1887) was the eleventh and final King of Awadh, reigning from 13 February 1847 to 11 February 1856.
He is remembered as a poet, playwright, dancer, and patron of the arts who made significant contributions during his rule.
Reign and fall
Ascension to the Throne: Wajid Ali Shah became the King of Awadh in February 1847, assuming the position during a period of decline for the kingdom.
British Annexation: The British East India Company annexed Awadh on 11 February 1856, just two days before the ninth anniversary of Wajid Ali Shah’s coronation. He was subsequently exiled to Garden Reach in Metiabruz, near Kolkata, living on a pension.
Patron of the Arts
Contributions to Music: Wajid Ali Shah was a generous patron of music and a talented composer. He nurtured the Lucknow Gharana of Kathak dance and enriched the light classical form of thumri. He composed ghazals and introduced new ragas, leaving a lasting impact on Hindustani music.
Kathak Dance: Wajid Ali Shah’s patronage elevated Kathak dance in Lucknow. He emphasized artistic expression, incorporating drama, emotion, and literature. The king popularized Kathak as a court dance and made it accessible to the common people.
Hindustani Theatre: The king established the Jogia Jashan, a grand pageant, and staged Rahas (dance-dramas) filled with poetry, lyrical compositions, and Kathak performances. His contributions laid the foundation for the development of Hindustani theatre.
Literary Pursuits
Prose and Poetry: Wajid Ali Shah was a prolific writer in both Persian and Urdu. His works covered various subjects, including history, literature, and personal reflections. Notable works include “Huzn-i-Akhtar,” an autobiographical piece, and “Bani,” a treatise on music and dance.
Patronage of Writers: The king patronized numerous poets and writers in his court, including Mirza Ghalib. He granted pensions to renowned literary figures and encouraged the production of works that reflected the culture and life of the era.
Exile Years and Legacy (1856-1887)
Exile in Metiabruz: After losing his kingdom, Wajid Ali Shah settled in Metiabruz near Kolkata. He created a miniature version of Lucknow and maintained his lavish lifestyle. Matiya Burj, a magnificent complex, served as a reminder of his beloved city.
Enduring Impact: Wajid Ali Shah’s compositions, including his famous thumri “Babul Mora Naihar Chhooto Jaay,” remain influential and have been performed by various artists. His contributions to music, dance, literature, and theatre continue to shape the cultural landscape, preserving his legacy.
Conclusion
Mirza Wajid Ali Shah, the last King of Awadh, reigned from 1847 to 1856 before being exiled.
His patronage of the arts, including music, dance, theatre, and literature, left an indelible mark on the cultural heritage of Awadh.
Despite the challenges he faced and the loss of his kingdom, Wajid Ali Shah’s artistic endeavors and enduring legacy continue to inspire and enrich the region’s cultural identity.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Rafale fighter jets
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
DAC Approval for Rafale: The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) cleared proposals to procure 26 Rafale Marine fighter jets and three Scorpene submarines for the Indian Navy.
Rafale Marine Fighter Jets
Naval Variant: Rafale Marine fighters are the naval version of the Rafale jets, with the Indian Air Force operating 36 of them.
Advanced Multirole Fighters: Manufactured by Dassault Aviation, the Rafales are advanced twin-engine, multirole fighter jets equipped with modern sensors, radar, and the latest weapon systems.
India-Specific Enhancements: The jets feature India-specific enhancements and have the capability to carry out various missions.
Differences in Marine Version: The naval variant has foldable wings, a longer airframe for carrier landings, a tail hook for arrested landing, and reinforced landing gear suitable for aircraft carriers’ conditions.
Expanded Weapon Capabilities: Rafale Marine jets can carry a wider range of weapons, including anti-ship and air-to-surface missiles, and have specialized radar for maritime operations.
Current Fleet and Need for Additional Fighters
MiG-29Ks: The Indian Navy currently operates MiG-29Ks from INS Vikramaditya aircraft carrier, which are carrier-based multirole fighter aircraft.
Procurement Requirement: With some MiG-29Ks expected to retire in a decade and the Navy having two operational carriers, additional deck-based fighters were needed to meet operational requirements until the indigenous Twin Engine Deck-Based Fighter (TEDBF) is developed.
Criteria and Selection: Only Boeing’s F/A-18 E/F Super Hornet and Dassault Aviation’s Rafale-M met the Navy’s criteria, with Rafale-M having an advantage due to common spares and support with the Indian Air Force’s Rafale jets.
Export and Usage of Rafale Jets
Importance for France: The Rafale is a key component of France’s nuclear deterrence capabilities.
Orders and Deliveries: France has ordered a total of 192 Rafales, with 153 already delivered by the end of 2022.
Future Orders: Plans for a further order of 30 fighters and additional Rafales to offset those sold to Greece and Croatia are in the pipeline.
Flight and Operational Hours: The aircraft has accumulated a total of 405,000 flight hours, including 63,500 operational hours flown by French pilots since 2007.
Conclusion
The Rafale Marine jets, with their advanced features and expanded weapon capabilities, will strengthen the Navy’s deck-based fighter fleet.
This procurement decision marks another step towards bolstering India’s defense preparedness and self-reliance in defense manufacturing.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: AT-1 Bond
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
Subscription Disappointment: State Bank of India (SBI)’s additional tier-1 (AT-1) bond issue saw a very low response from investors, raising ₹3,101 crore against an issue size of ₹10,000 crore.
Market Sentiment Impact: The lackluster response is expected to dampen market sentiment and make fundraising more challenging for other PSU banks, potentially leading to delays in their fundraising plans.
What are AT1 Bonds?
Definition: AT-1 bonds, or Additional Tier-1 bonds, are unsecured, perpetual bonds issued by banks to strengthen their core capital base in compliance with Basel-III norms.
Complex Hybrid Instruments: AT-1 bonds are complex instruments suited for institutions and knowledgeable investors who can analyze their terms and determine if the higher rates compensate for the higher risks involved.
Face Value: Each AT-1 bond typically carries a face value of ₹10 lakh.
Acquisition Routes: Retail investors can acquire these bonds through initial private placement offers by banks or by purchasing already-traded AT-1 bonds in the secondary market based on broker recommendations.
Key Features and Importance of AT1 Bonds
Perpetual Nature: AT-1 bonds do not have a maturity date. Instead, they include call options that allow banks to redeem them after a specific period, usually five or ten years. Banks can choose to pay only interest indefinitely without redeeming the bonds.
Flexibility in Interest Payments: Banks issuing AT-1 bonds can skip interest payouts or even reduce the bonds’ face value if their capital ratios fall below certain thresholds specified in the offer terms.
Regulatory Intervention: If a bank faces financial distress, the RBI has the authority to ask the bank to cancel its outstanding AT-1 bonds without consulting the investors.
Back2Basics: Basel Norms
Basel is a city in Switzerland and the headquarters of the Bureau of International Settlement (BIS).
The BIS fosters cooperation among central banks to achieve financial stability and common standards of banking regulations.
Basel guidelines are broad supervisory standards formulated by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS).
The Basel accord is a set of agreements by the BCBS that primarily focuses on risks to banks and the financial system.
The purpose of the Basel accord is to ensure that financial institutions maintain sufficient capital to meet obligations and absorb unexpected losses.
India has accepted the Basel accords for its banking system.
Basel I
Basel II
Basel III
Year Introduced
1988
2004
2010
Focus
Credit Risk
Credit, Market, Operational Risks
Capital, Leverage, Funding, Liquidity
Capital Requirement
Fixed at 8% of Risk-Weighted Assets (RWA)
Minimum Capital Adequacy Requirement of 8% of Risk Assets
Strengthening capital requirements
Pillars
–
1. Capital Adequacy Requirements 2. Supervisory Review 3. Market Discipline
–
Objective
Define capital and risk weights for banks
Encourage better risk management and disclosure
Promote a more resilient banking system
Implementation in India
Adopted in 1999
Yet to be fully implemented
March 2019 (postponed to March 2020 due to COVID-19)
Key Parameters
–
–
Capital: 12.9% capital adequacy ratio, Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital ratios, capital conservation buffer, and counter-cyclical buffer; Leverage: minimum 3% leverage rate; Funding and Liquidity: LCR and NSFR ratios
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Project-75, Scorpene Submarines
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
Procurement Announcement: The three additional Scorpene submarines will be procured under the Buy (Indian) category. The Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL) in Mumbai will build the submarines.
Scorpene Submarines and Project-75
Project-75: MDL is already building six Scorpene class submarines under Project-75, with technology transfer from the French defense firm.
Commissioned Submarines: Five out of the six Scorpene submarines have been commissioned, with the final one expected to be commissioned early next year.
Delays and Challenges: Project-75 faced significant delays, as the first submarine was originally scheduled for delivery in 2012.
Need for Additional Submarines
Addressing Delays and Fleet Strength: The procurement of three additional submarines is necessary to compensate for the delayed deliveries under Project-75 and strengthen India’s submarine fleet.
Current Fleet Status: The Indian Navy currently operates 16 conventional submarines, but it needs a minimum of 18 submarines to carry out its full spectrum of operations.
Refit Challenges: Around 30% of submarines are under refit at any given time, further reducing the number of operational submarines.
Employment Opportunities: Procuring additional submarines with higher indigenous content will create employment opportunities and enhance MDL’s submarine construction capabilities.
Capabilities of Scorpene Submarines
Attack Submarines: Scorpene submarines are designed as conventional attack submarines to target and sink enemy naval vessels.
Weapons and Surveillance: They can launch a variety of torpedoes and missiles, equipped with surveillance and intelligence-gathering systems.
Specifications: Scorpene submarines are approximately 220 feet long, with a height of about 40 feet. They have a top speed of 11 knots when surfaced and 20 knots when submerged.
Diesel-Electric Propulsion: These submarines use diesel-electric propulsion systems, providing an endurance of around 50 days.
Comparison with Nuclear Submarines
India’s Current Nuclear Submarines: India currently operates two nuclear-powered submarines (SSBMs) of the Arihant class.
Endurance and Speed: Nuclear submarines have theoretically unlimited endurance and can operate for up to 30 years without refuelling. They can also achieve higher speeds.
Cost and Expertise: Nuclear submarines are expensive and require specialized expertise to operate.
Advancements in Conventional Submarines: Diesel-electric technology has significantly improved the range and stealth of conventional submarines.
Air Independent Propulsion (AIP): Retrofitting Scorpene submarines with AIP systems will enhance their endurance and stealth capabilities.
Conclusion
India’s decision to procure three additional Scorpene submarines enhances its naval capabilities and strengthens the indigenous manufacturing sector.
The addition of these submarines will help meet the requirements of a growing fleet and improve operational readiness.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
Researchers in India are collaborating to develop an affordable treatment for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), a rare and incurable genetic disorder.
The Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Jodhpur, is collaborating to develop affordable therapeutics for DMD.
What is DMD?
DMD is a progressive muscle degeneration disorder caused by alterations in the dystrophin protein.
It is the most common and fatal type of muscular dystrophy, primarily affecting boys.
It leads to progressive muscle degeneration, weakness, and eventually wheelchair dependency, assisted ventilation, and premature death.
Symptoms and Impact of DMD
Muscle Weakness: Muscle weakness is the primary symptom of DMD, initially affecting proximal muscles and later distal limb muscles. Difficulties in jumping, running, and walking are common.
Other Symptoms: Enlargement of calves, a waddling gait, lumbar lordosis (inward curve of the spine), and later heart and respiratory muscle involvement. Pulmonary function impairment and respiratory failure may occur.
Current Challenges
Costly treatment: Current therapeutic options for DMD are minimal and expensive, with costs reaching up to Rs 2-3 crore per child per year.
Limited Treatment Options: The treatments are predominantly imported, making them financially unattainable for most families.
The IIT Jodhpur researchers are working on enhancing the efficacy of AON-based therapeutics.
AONs can mask specific exons in a gene sequence, addressing the challenges faced in DMD patients.
Personalized medicine is necessary due to the variations in mutations among DMD patients.
[B] Clinical Trials and Molecular Tags
The research team has received approval from the Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI) to conduct multi-centric clinical trials on AON-based exon skipping in DMD patients.
They are also working on reducing the therapeutic dose of AON through new molecular tags.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Siachen Glacier
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
NJ 9842 vs. 5Q 131 05 084: Exploring India-Pakistan’s last demarcated point and the Siachen glacier’s assigned number by the Geological Survey of India (GSI).
Lack of recognition: Despite the historical importance, the first Siachen survey remains overlooked by scholars and mountaineers.
About Siachen
Location: Siachen Glacier is located in the eastern Karakoram range in the Himalayas, just northeast of the point where the Line of Control between India and Pakistan ends.
Significance: As the second-longest glacier in the world’s non-polar areas, Siachen Glacier stretches for 76 km, holding historical and strategic importance.
Geographical and Political Context
Border dispute: Both India and Pakistan claim sovereignty over the entire Siachen region, leading to intermittent conflict since 1984.
Military presence: The region houses the highest battleground on Earth, with permanent military outposts at altitudes above 6,000 m (20,000 ft).
International recognition: Efforts to establish a transboundary peace park and nominate the region for the World Heritage List have been made.
Why discuss Siachen?
Human casualties: Harsh weather conditions have claimed more lives than combat, with both India and Pakistan sustaining significant losses.
Failed demilitarization attempts: Despite the desire to disengage from the costly military outposts, the lack of official recognition of the current line of control has hindered progress.
Mountaineering expeditions and awareness: Limited expeditions have been allowed to showcase the dominance of Indian troops and raise awareness about the region.
The First Siachen Survey
V.K. Raina’s leadership: In June 1958, V.K. Raina, an Indian geologist, conducted the inaugural Siachen survey.
Unforeseen conflict: The peaceful region surveyed in 1958 became a disputed area between India and Pakistan, leading to Operation Meghdoot in 1984.
Geologists’ Himalayan Exploration
Previous expeditions: Raina’s involvement in the Saser Kangri expedition and the geological survey of the Leh-Manali Highway.
International Geophysical Year: The significance of 1958 as a year of geological studies worldwide.
GSI’s limited resources: GSI’s plan to study the Himalayan glacier systems, assigning Raina the responsibility of surveying five glaciers in Ladakh.
Raina’s Journey and Findings
Expedition details: Raina’s team’s journey from Calcutta to Siachen, traveling by train, bus, and foot.
Glacier characteristics: Raina’s observations of the Siachen glacier, including the appearance of ice caves and the Nubra River’s flow.
Survey procedures: Mapping the snout region, establishing reference points, and capturing photographs for future analysis.
Pakistan’s Response
No objections raised: Despite the expedition’s significance and publicity, Pakistan did not lodge any protests or objections against India’s presence on the glacier during the survey.
Reasons for indifference: The lack of objections can be attributed to the mutual demarcation under the Karachi ceasefire agreement and the absence of perceived threats or intentions of occupation.
Challenging Pakistan’s Claims
Significance of the expedition: The 1958 GSI survey holds immense historical and geostrategic importance as it contradicts Pakistan’s early claims to the Siachen glacier.
Pakistan’s delayed claim: It was only 25 years later, in 1983, that Pakistan formally extended the Line of Control, staking its claim to the region, violating the Simla Agreement.
India’s response: India pre-empted Pakistan’s actions by occupying the strategic Saltoro Heights in April 1984, in response to Pakistan’s attempts to claim the Siachen glacier.
Conclusion
Debunking myths: The survey establishes India’s early presence on the glacier and counters Pakistan’s claims.
Understanding the geostrategic implications: The survey’s role in shaping subsequent events in the Siachen conflict is vital to comprehend the significance of this expedition.
