From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Karman Line
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
Boundaries serve a crucial purpose in scientific understanding by providing clarity and distinction to elements that might otherwise merge.
One such significant boundary is the Karman Line, which plays a pivotal role in delineating Earth’s atmosphere from outer space.
What is Karman Line?
The Karman Line is an abstract boundary positioned at an altitude of 100 kilometers above sea level.
Its primary function is to establish the separation between Earth’s atmosphere and the vast expanse of space.
Although not universally accepted by all scientists and space explorers, the majority of countries and space organizations acknowledge this demarcation.
It was formally established in 1960s by the Federation Aeronautique Internationale (FAI), a body responsible for record-keeping.
Crossing the Karman Line designates an individual as an astronaut.
Challenges to the Karman Line’s Significance
Nature rarely conforms to human-made boundaries.
Physically crossing the Karman Line does not result in substantial changes.
In the immediate vicinity, there is minimal difference in air pressure or composition.
Earth’s gravitational force remains influential, and the atmosphere persists beyond this line.
Why is the Karman Line relevant?
Airspace Regulation: The Karman Line primarily serves as a regulator of airspace. It represents an approximate altitude beyond which conventional aircraft cannot operate effectively. Aircraft venturing beyond this threshold require propulsion systems to counteract Earth’s gravitational pull.
Legal Reference: Additionally, the Karman Line acts as a legal benchmark that distinguishes airspace, which nations can claim ownership of, from the realm of outer space. Outer space is governed similarly to international waters, emphasizing the importance of this boundary in legal and governance contexts.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Project Udbhav
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The Indian Army has launched Project Udbhav, an initiative aimed at rediscovering the profound heritage of statecraft and strategic thinking from ancient Indian texts.
Project Udbhav
Project Udbhav is conducted in collaboration by Indian Army and the United Service Institution of India, a defense think-tank.
The primary goal is to comprehend the depths of indigenous military systems, their evolution, enduring strategies, and the strategic thought processes that have shaped the Indian subcontinent for millennia.
It delves into India’s rich historical narratives in the domains of statecraft and strategic thinking.
It encompasses indigenous military systems, historical texts, regional texts, kingdoms, thematic studies, and Kautilya Studies.
Why such move?
The initiative underscores the Indian Army’s recognition of India’s ancient wisdom in statecraft, strategy, diplomacy, and warfare.
It seeks to establish a connection between historical wisdom and contemporary needs.
Scholarly Outcomes and Ongoing Research
A study to compile Indian stratagems based on ancient texts has been ongoing since 2021.
A book listing 75 aphorisms selected from ancient texts has already been published under the initiative.
The first scholarly outcome is the 2022 publication titled “Paramparik Bhartiya Darshan…Ranniti aur Netriyta ke Shashwat Niyam,” which is meant to be read by all ranks of the Indian Army.
A recent panel discussion included a dialogue on the study of ancient texts ranging from the 4th century BCE to the 8th century CE, with a specific focus on Kautilya, Kamandaka, and the Kural.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mahatma Gandhi
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
Mahatma Gandhi seems a natural choice for the face of Indian currency as the Father of the Nation.
This wasn’t until 1996 that his image became a permanent fixture on legal banknotes issued by the RBI, the nation’s central bank and regulatory authority for the Indian banking system.
1946 photograph featuring Gandhi Ji with Frederick William Pethick-Lawrence
Gandhi’s Portrait on Indian Currency
Photographic Source: The portrait of Gandhi on Indian banknotes is not a caricature but a cut-out from a 1946 photograph featuring him alongside British politician Lord Frederick William Pethick-Lawrence.
Expression Matters: This particular photograph was chosen for its ideal depiction of Gandhi’s smiling visage, and the portrait is a mirrored image of the cut-out.
Unknown Photographers: Interestingly, the identities of the photographer of this image and the person who selected it remain unknown.
Currency Design Process
RBI’s Responsibility: The RBI’s Department of Currency Management is tasked with designing rupee notes, subject to approval from the central bank and the Union government.
Regulatory Framework:Section 25 of the RBI Act, 1934, mandates that the design, form, and material of banknotes must be approved by the central government after considering the central board’s recommendations.
Gandhi’s Debut on Indian Currency
1969 Commemoration: Gandhi made his first appearance on Indian currency in 1969 through a special series issued to commemorate his 100th birth anniversary. These notes, featuring Gandhi alongside the Sevagram Ashram, bore the signature of RBI governor LK Jha.
1987 Inclusion: In October 1987, a series of Rs 500 currency notes featuring Gandhi was introduced.
The Transition to Independent India’s Banknotes
Post-Independence Currency: Initially, after India gained independence in August 1947, the RBI continued to issue notes from the colonial era that depicted King George VI.
Symbol Selection: The government of India introduced new 1-rupee notes in 1949, replacing King George with a representation of the Lion Capital of Ashoka Pillar at Sarnath.
Design Continuity: The subsequent release of banknotes in 1950, in denominations of Rs 2, 5, 10, and 100, featured the Lion Capital watermark, maintaining continuity with earlier designs.
Gandhi’s Permanence on Banknotes
Security Concerns in the 1990s: By the 1990s, the RBI recognized the need for enhanced security features on currency notes due to advancements in reprographic techniques. A human face was deemed less susceptible to forgery than inanimate objects.
Gandhi’s Enduring Appeal: Mahatma Gandhi’s national significance made him the ideal choice. In 1996, the RBI introduced a new ‘Mahatma Gandhi Series’ of banknotes, replacing the previous Ashoka Pillar notes and incorporating advanced security features.
Continuity in 2016: The ‘Mahatma Gandhi New Series’ of banknotes, introduced in 2016, continued to feature Gandhi’s portrait, with the addition of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan logo and enhanced security elements.
Other Suggestions for Currency Faces
Varied Proposals: Over the years, there have been calls to feature different personalities on banknotes apart from Gandhi.
Lord Ganesha and Goddess Lakshmi: In October 2022, Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal appealed to the Prime Minister and the Union government to include images of Lord Ganesha and goddess Lakshmi on currency notes.
Previous Proposals: Suggestions in the past included Noble Laureate Rabindranath Tagore and former President APJ Abdul Kalam. However, the RBI and Indian authorities have consistently upheld Gandhi’s representation, considering him the most fitting embodiment of India’s ethos.
Conclusion
Gandhi’s Enduring Legacy: Mahatma Gandhi’s presence on Indian currency notes stands as a testament to his indelible impact on the nation’s history and values.
Challenges to Change: While various proposals have emerged over the years, the symbolism and significance of Gandhi on banknotes remain unwavering, reflective of his towering stature in India’s collective consciousness.
Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI)
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
Surge in PMI to 31-month high: The S&P Global India Manufacturing PMI soared to 58.7 in May, the highest level in 31 months.
Service Sector
The service sector, also known as the tertiary sector, includes a wide range of economic activities that are focused on providing intangible goods and services to customers.
Some examples of activities that fall under the service sector include:
Hospitality and tourism: This includes activities such as hotels, restaurants, travel agencies, and tour operators.
Retail and wholesale trade: This includes businesses that buy and sell goods, such as supermarkets, department stores, and online retailers.
Financial services: This includes banks, insurance companies, and investment firms.
Professional and business services: This includes activities such as legal services, accounting, consulting, and advertising.
Information and communication technology: This includes activities such as software development, telecommunications, and data processing.
Healthcare and social assistance: This includes activities such as hospitals, clinics, nursing homes, and social services.
Education and training: This includes activities such as schools, colleges, universities, and vocational training.
Transportation and logistics: This includes activities such as shipping, warehousing, and distribution.
Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI)
PMI is an indicator of business activity — both in the manufacturing and services sectors.
The S&P Global India Services PMI is compiled by S&P Global from responses to questionnaires sent to a panel of around 400 service sector companies.
It is a survey-based measure that asks the respondents about changes in their perception of some key business variables from the month before.
It is calculated separately for the manufacturing and services sectors and then a composite index is constructed.
How is the PMI derived?
The PMI is derived from a series of qualitative questions.
Executives from a reasonably big sample, running into hundreds of firms, are asked whether key indicators such as output, new orders, business expectations and employment were stronger than the month before and are asked to rate them.
How does one read the PMI?
A figure above 50 denotes expansion in business activity. Anything below 50 denotes contraction.
Higher the difference from this mid-point greater the expansion or contraction. The rate of expansion can also be judged by comparing the PMI with that of the previous month data.
If the figure is higher than the previous month’s then the economy is expanding at a faster rate. If it is lower than the previous month then it is growing at a lower rate.
Key insights of recent trend
Fastest factory order growth: Factory orders rose at the fastest pace since January 2021.
Unprecedented accumulation of inputs: Producers accumulated inputs at an unprecedented pace due to lower costs.
Improvement in operating conditions: The index reflects a substantial improvement in operating conditions, with a significant increase from 57.2 in April.
Strong growth in order books and exports: Order books grew for the 23rd consecutive month, supported by a rise in export deals.
Highest output levels in 28 months: Output levels reached the highest point in 28 months.
Increased hiring: Pressure on capacities led firms to increase hiring, reaching a six-month high.
Reasons behind this rise
Rise in selling prices: Producers raised selling prices at a solid and quicker rate in May, the highest in a year.
Mild input costs but adjusted charges: Input costs remained historically mild, but producers adjusted their charges due to sustained cost increases and a supportive demand environment.
Improved business confidence: Business confidence about growth improved, reaching a five-month high.
Public faith in economy: Factors such as publicity and demand resilience contributed to the optimistic outlook.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SASTRA Ramanujan Prize
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Ruixiang Zhang, an Assistant Professor at the University of California, Berkeley, USA, is set to receive the prestigious 2023 SASTRA Ramanujan Prize for his exceptional contributions to the field of mathematics.
SASTRA Ramanujan Prize
Establishment
Recognizes outstanding contributions to mathematics
Inspiration
Named in honor of mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan
Awarded by
Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy (SASTRA), Kumbakonam, India
Objective
Acknowledges and encourages exceptional achievements in mathematics
Recipient Criteria
Awarded to mathematicians under 32 for significant contributions to mathematics
Selection Process
Based on mathematical work, research contributions, and impact
Previous Recipients
Annual recognition of mathematicians in various mathematical branches
International Recognition
Prominent recognition within the mathematics community
Award Presentation
Presented at an award ceremony, includes a cash prize of $10,000
Encouragement for Young Math
Encourages young mathematicians to pursue research
Committee
Composed of eminent mathematicians and experts from various foreign universities
Significance
Promotes mathematical research and honors exceptional achievements
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Passkeys, Password
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
In 1961, MIT computer science professor Fernando Corbato introduced the world to digital passwords, an innovation designed for research purposes. Little did he know the profound societal impact his creation would eventually wield.
Why discuss this?
Passwords have become nearly synonymous with cybersecurity in the 21st century, albeit with an unsavory connotation.
Despite efforts to promote robust password practices, “password” and “123456” continue to dominate the list of common passwords, underscoring the pervasive vulnerability of most accounts.
Passkeys: Need for Change
Ineffectiveness of Passwords: The prevailing authentication method, based on passwords, falls short in ensuring adequate security.
Big Tech Solution: In response to this predicament, major tech companies propose a solution – passkeys.
Understanding Passkeys
Web Authentication Standard: Passkeys are a security feature built on the WebAuthentication (WebAuthn) standard.
Public-Key Cryptography: Passkeys employ public-key cryptography, a potent technique employing a public key (server-side) and a private key (user-side).
Authentication Process: When users log in, a challenge is sent to their device, which utilizes the private key to solve it and respond. The server then validates the response with the public key, all without storing any secrets, enhancing security.
Getting Started with Passkeys
Wide Compatibility: Leading tech companies, including Microsoft, Google, and Apple, have collaborated to make passkeys accessible to most recent phones and PCs.
Operating Systems: Passkeys are available on iOS 16+, iPadOS 16+, macOS Ventura, Android 9+, Windows 10, and Windows 11.
Web Browsers: Passkeys are supported on popular browsers like Chrome, Edge, Safari, and Firefox.
Creating and Using Passkeys
Account Requirement: Users need an account with a provider supporting passkeys, such as Microsoft, Google, or Apple.
Activation Process: To enable passkeys, sign in to a compatible app or website, activate the passkey option, and obtain a unique passkey linked to your account and device.
Usage: Passkeys can be used with biometrics (e.g., Touch ID, Face ID), QR codes, or device verification.
Future of Passwords
Inevitable Evolution: While passkeys offer notable advantages over traditional passwords in terms of security and user-friendliness, they still face challenges related to compatibility and user adoption.
Industry Push: Notably, Google, Apple, and Microsoft are driving the passkey agenda strongly, suggesting that passwords may eventually become obsolete.
Conclusion
A Security Evolution: The emergence of passkeys as an alternative to traditional passwords marks a significant shift in the realm of cybersecurity.
Ongoing Transition: As passkeys gain momentum and garner support from tech giants, they may gradually pave the way for a password-free future, promising enhanced security and user convenience in the digital realm.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bhagat Singh
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
Bhagat Singh, born on September 28, 1907, in the village of Banga (now in Faisalabad, Pakistan), is celebrated as a charismatic revolutionary who sacrificed his life for the cause of Indian independence at the young age of 23.
Five Lesser-Known Aspects of Bhagat Singh’s Life
[1] A Family of Progressive Freedom Fighters
Anti-Colonial Roots: Bhagat Singh’s father, Kishan, and uncle, Ajit, were actively involved in anti-British activities. Kishan faced imprisonment in 1910 for disseminating seditious literature, while Ajit was deported to Mandalay in 1907 for his inflammatory speeches against the Punjab Colonisation Bill. Both played significant roles in the freedom struggle, influencing Bhagat Singh’s upbringing in an anti-colonial environment.
Dissent within the Family: Despite the family’s strong anti-British stance, Bhagat Singh publicly criticized his father for submitting a mercy plea to the Viceroy when he and other revolutionaries faced the gallows, revealing his unwavering commitment to the revolutionary cause.
[2] A Scholar and Writer
Prolific Writer: Bhagat Singh contributed to Urdu and Punjabi newspapers in Amritsar during the 1920s and authored pamphlets and ‘seditious’ literature condemning British colonial rule.
Eclectic Reading: His jail notebooks revealed his interests extended beyond politics, encompassing literature from renowned poets and writers, including Rabindranath Tagore, William Wordsworth, Wajid Ali Shah, Mirza Ghalib, and Iqbal.
[3] An Atheist and Marxist with Anarchist Leanings
Religious Critique: Bhagat Singh was an avowed atheist who criticized religion in his essay ‘Why I am an Atheist’ (1930), rejecting the concept of one true religion. He viewed religious beliefs as divisive and demoralizing.
Inspirations: Bhagat Singh drew inspiration from Marxist thinkers such as Marx, Lenin, Trotsky, and Bakunin. In his final testament, ‘To Young Political Workers’ (1931), he advocated for “social reconstruction on new, i.e., Marxist, basis.” However, he did not fully align with orthodox Marxist views, particularly on authoritarianism.
[4] Support from Jinnah
Jinnah’s Defense: While Mahatma Gandhi refrained from intervening in Bhagat Singh’s trial, MA Jinnah ardently defended him. Jinnah vehemently opposed a proposed Bill that would have allowed trials in absentia, delivering a compelling speech in the Central Assembly in 1929.
Successful Opposition: Jinnah’s staunch stance led to the foiling of the attempt to pass the law, but Bhagat Singh’s trial continued under dubious circumstances, resulting in his death sentence in 1930.
[5] Jawaharlal Nehru’s Support
Nehru’s Critique: Jawaharlal Nehru criticized the British legal process and the injustice inflicted on Bhagat Singh. He admired Bhagat Singh’s courage and self-sacrifice.
Historic Visit: Nehru, along with other leaders like Subhash Chandra Bose, visited Bhagat Singh in prison. Despite their differences in methods, Nehru’s respect for Bhagat Singh remained unwavering.
Congress Resolution: After Bhagat Singh’s execution, Nehru moved an official resolution in a Congress session, condemning the execution and demanding commutation, even though the Congress officially rejected violence as a means of achieving independence.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cookies and Digital Privacy
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
In the online world, digital cookies hold a significant role, contributing to personalization and user convenience.
These unobtrusive lines of code, quietly stored on devices during website visits, shape the online experiences we encounter.
Understanding How Cookies Work
Cookies as Digital Keys: Think of cookies as keys to an exclusive club. Just as a club bouncer recognizes regular patrons, cookies remember your login details on websites, eliminating the need for constant re-authentication.
Enhanced Online Shopping: Websites like Amazon leverage cookies to remember your past interactions, offering tailored product recommendations and an intimate shopping experience.
Persistent Shopping Carts: Online shopping carts, fueled by cookies, ensure your selections remain intact even after you leave the site, simplifying the checkout process.
Personalized Advertising: Platforms like Facebook and Google utilize cookies to track online behaviour, serving ads aligned with your preferences.
Types of Cookies
Session Cookies: Temporary, session cookies function as post-it notes for websites, existing only in your computer’s memory during your browsing session.
Persistent Cookies: Comparable to bookmarks, persistent cookies remain on your device after your browsing session, retaining login information and preferences.
Secure Cookies: Sent over encrypted connections, secure cookies are employed for sensitive data like login credentials.
Third-Party Cookies: Originating from domains other than the visited site, third-party cookies serve tracking and advertising functions, offering both benefits and potential intrusiveness.
Multifaceted Uses of Cookies
Digital ID Cards: Cookies facilitate user authentication, allowing websites to recognize and keep you logged in.
Personalization: They remember your preferences, such as language choices and website themes.
Persistent Shopping Carts: Items added online remain accessible upon your return.
Analytics Data: Cookies enable website owners to gather valuable data about user interactions for improvements and customization.
Targeted Advertising: Advertisers employ cookies to display ads aligning with your interests, enhancing online shopping experiences.
Challenges Associated with Cookies
Privacy Concerns: Cookies can track online behaviour, occasionally infringing upon digital privacy.
Security Risks: Inadequately secured cookies may expose personal information to cybercriminals.
User Consent Era: Privacy regulations necessitate websites to seek user consent before deploying specific cookie types, resulting in pop-ups and prompts.
Third-Party Cookie Debates: Concerns about third-party cookies have led web browsers to limit their usage for user privacy protection.
Data Deluge: The multitude of cookies can potentially overwhelm your browser, causing a sluggish web experience.
Conclusion
Complex yet Sweet: Cookies enhance online experiences but also bring privacy and security challenges. As the digital landscape evolves, so will the use and regulation of cookies.
Analogous to Real Cookies: Just like warm, gooey chocolate chip cookies, digital cookies add a personalized touch to your online adventures, even if they occasionally leave behind a few crumbs.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dr. M.S. Swaminathan, Green Revolution
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
Dr. M.S. Swaminathan, the revered agricultural scientist renowned as the “Father of the Green Revolution” in India, passed away at the age of 98.
His legacy is deeply interwoven with India’s journey towards achieving food security.
Who was Dr. M.S. Swaminathan?
Civil Services to Agriculture: Although Dr. Swaminathan initially cleared the civil services examination, his heart was set on agriculture. His fascination with farming led him to pivot his career towards agricultural research.
The Turning Point:Influenced by the Bengal famine of 1942-43, which he viewed as a consequence of British policies, Dr. Swaminathan chose to study agriculture, particularly genetics and breeding. This decision was instrumental in shaping India’s agricultural landscape.
Timeline of Dr. M.S. Swaminathan’s remarkable life and contributions:
Year
Milestones
1925
Born on August 7, 1925, in Kumbakonam, Madras Presidency.
1940s
Pursued higher education in zoology and later completed a Bachelor of Science degree in Agricultural Science.
1949-1954
Conducted research on combating potato crop parasites during a UNESCO fellowship and earned a PhD from the University of Cambridge.
1954
Specialized in the genus Solanum and started researching fertilizers and high-yielding wheat varieties.
1965-70
Collaborated with Dr. Norman Borlaug to develop high-yield semi-dwarf wheat varieties, pioneering the Green Revolution in India.
1979-1982
Appointed as Director-General of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research and served in various government roles.
1982
Became Director General of the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines.
1987
Awarded the first World Food Prize for his contributions to agriculture.
2002
Elected as President of the Pugwash Conferences on science and world affairs.
2004
Appointed as the chair of the National Commission on Farmers, which recommended significant reforms for Indian agriculture.
2005
Joined the United Nations Millennium Project’s Hunger Task Force and developed targets to combat poverty and hunger.
2007
Nominated to the Rajya Sabha and presented the Women Farmers’ Entitlements Bill.
2013 onwards
Continued involvement in various initiatives focused on nutrition, internet access, and agricultural institutes worldwide.
Green Revolution: A Game-Changer
Revolutionary Change: Dr. Swaminathan’s pioneering work led to the introduction of high-yielding variety seeds, improved irrigation facilities, and fertilizers to farmers in regions like Punjab, Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh. This transformative period marked the beginning of India’s Green Revolution.
Impact on Wheat Production: The Green Revolution witnessed a remarkable increase in wheat production. In 1947, India produced about 6 million tonnes of wheat annually, which soared to about 17 million tonnes between 1964 and 1968, significantly enhancing the nation’s self-sufficiency in food production.
Swaminathan’s Contribution to the Green Revolution
Semi-Dwarf Wheat Varieties
Aimed to reduce wheat plant height, preventing lodging while maintaining grain yield.
Collaboration with Norman Borlaug
Collaborated with Norman Borlaug to incorporate dwarfing genes into spring wheat varieties suitable for India.
The Wheat Revolution
A collaborative effort starting in 1963, leading to high-yield semi-dwarf wheat varieties.
Role of HYVs
Focused on developing high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice, crucial for combating drought and famine.
Yield Gap Reduction
Targeted increasing productivity on existing farmland through HYVs, mitigating the threat of famine.
Cytogenetics Expertise
Contributions extended to studying chromosomes (cytogenetics), identifying traits like disease resistance.
Challenges and Ethical Commitments
Unintended Consequences: Despite its successes, the Green Revolution faced criticism for benefiting prosperous farmers and causing ecological issues.
Dr. Swaminathan’s Advocacy: As the head of the National Commission on Farmers, he advocated for fair Minimum Support Prices for farmers and highlighted concerns related to soil fertility, pesticide use, and water management.
Legacy and Recognition
International Accolades
– Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1971
– Albert Einstein World Science Award in 1986
– UNEP Sasakawa Environment Prize in 1994
– UNESCO Gandhi Gold Medal in 1999
– Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament, and Development in 1999
– Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Award in 2000
– First World Food Prize Laureate in 1987.
National Awards (India)
– Lal Bahadur Shastri National Award
– Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament, and Development
Civilian Awards (India)
– Padma Shri in 1967
– Padma Bhushan in 1972
– Padma Vibhushan in 1989
Honorary Doctorates
– Received over 80 honorary doctorates from universities worldwide
Civilian Awards (Other Nations)
– Honored with civilian awards from nations like the Philippines, France, Cambodia, China
Fellowships in Scientific Academies
– Elected as a fellow in several scientific academies in Russia, Sweden, United States, United Kingdom, Italy, China, Bangladesh
Back2Basics: Key Terms Explained
Hexaploid Wheat: Also known as “bread wheat,” hexaploid wheat contains six sets of chromosomes and is a globally cultivated cereal crop.
Carbon Fixation: The process by which crops capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and convert it into organic compounds, primarily through photosynthesis.
C3 and C4 Pathways: Photosynthetic pathways used by plants for carbon fixation, with C4 being more efficient.
C4 Rice Plant: A type of rice that employs the C4 photosynthetic pathway, which Dr. Swaminathan worked on during his tenure at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI).
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Current Account Deficit (CAD)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
Data released by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) reveals that India’s Current Account Deficit (CAD) expanded significantly to $9.2 billion, equivalent to 1.1% of GDP, during the April-June quarter.
This represents a substantial increase from the preceding three months when it stood at $1.3 billion, or 0.2% of GDP.
Contrasting with the year-earlier quarter of fiscal 2022-23, where the CAD was $17.9 billion (2.1% of GDP), the current scenario reflects evolving economic dynamics.
What is Current Account Deficit (CAD)?
A current account is a key component of balance of payments, which is the account of transactions or exchanges made between entities in a country and the rest of the world.
This includes a nation’s net trade in products and services, its net earnings on cross border investments including interest and dividends, and its net transfer payments such as remittances and foreign aid.
A CAD arises when the value of goods and services imported exceeds the value of exports, while the trade balance refers to the net balance of export and import of goods or merchandise trade.
Components of Current Account
Current Account Deficit (CAD) = Trade Deficit + Net Income + Net Transfers
(1) Trade Deficit
Trade Deficit = Imports – Exports
A Country is said to have a trade deficit when it imports more goods and services than it exports.
Trade deficit is an economic measure of a negative balance of trade in which a country’s imports exceeds its exports.
A trade deficit represents an outflow of domestic currency to foreign markets.
(2) Net Income
Net Income = Income Earned by MNCs from their investments in India.
When foreign investment income exceeds the savings of the country’s residents, then the country has net income deficit.
This foreign investment can help a country’s economy grow. But if foreign investors worry they won’t get a return in a reasonable amount of time, they will cut off funding.
Net income is measured by the following things:
Payments made to foreigners in the form of dividends of domestic stocks.
Interest payments on bonds.
Wages paid to foreigners working in the country.
(3) Net Transfers
In Net Transfers, foreign residents send back money to their home countries. It also includes government grants to foreigners.
It Includes Remittances, Gifts, Donation etc
How does Current Account Transaction takes place?
While understanding the Current Account Deficit in detail, it is important to understand what the current account transactions are.
Current account transactions are transactions that require foreign currency.
Following transactions with from which component these transactions belong to :
Component 2 : Interest on loans to other countries and Net income from investments in other countries
Component 3 : Remittances for living expenses of parents, spouse and children residing abroad, and Expenses in connection with Foreign travel, Education and Medical care of parents, spouse and children
What are the reasons for the current account deficit?
Intensifying geopolitical tensions and supply chain disruptions leading to crude oil and commodity prices soaring globally have been exerting upward pressure on the import bill.
A rise in prices of coal, natural gas, fertilizers, and edible oils have added to the pressure on trade deficit.
However, with global demand picking up, merchandise exports have also been rising.
How will a large CAD affect the economy?
A large CAD will result in the demand for foreign currency rising, thus leading to depreciation of the home currency.
Nations balance CAD by attracting capital inflows and running a surplus in capital accounts through increased foreign direct investments (FDI).
However, worsening CAD will put pressure on the inflow under the capital account.
Nevertheless, if an increase in the import bill is because of imports for technological upgradation it would help in long-term development.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Brain Cell Death
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
Scientists have long sought medical treatments for Alzheimer’s disease but have faced limited success.
The approval of the drug Lecanemab by the US FDA in 2023 has brought renewed optimism, as it shows promise in slowing the progression of Alzheimer’s in its early stages.
How brain cells die?
Revealing the Connection: Researchers from Belgium and UK have shed light on the connection between abnormal proteins (amyloid and tau) and a process called necroptosis, which leads to cell death.
Cell Death Mechanism: Necroptosis is a form of cell death typically triggered by immune responses to infection or inflammation, serving to eliminate damaged cells.
Inflammatory Response: The study suggests that in Alzheimer’s patients, amyloid protein entering brain neurons triggers inflammation and alters the internal chemistry of the cells. Amyloid forms plaques, while tau forms tangles.
MEG3 Molecule: When amyloid and tau processes occur simultaneously, brain cells produce a molecule called MEG3, which appears to be linked to cell death.
Blocking MEG3: The researchers experimented by blocking the MEG3 molecule and found that brain cells survived when this molecule was inhibited.
Experimental Approach: Human brain cells were transplanted into genetically modified mice that produced significant amyloid, allowing researchers to make these groundbreaking observations.
Hope for Alzheimer’s Treatment
Historic Discovery: Researchers highlighted that this discovery marks the first time, after several decades of speculation, that scientists have found a plausible explanation for cell death in Alzheimer’s patients.
Path to New Medicines: Some are optimistic that their findings will pave the way for new medical treatments targeting Alzheimer’s.
Lecanemab’s Target: Lecanemab, a drug that specifically targets the amyloid protein, aligns with the potential to block the MEG3 molecule, offering the prospect of halting brain cell death in Alzheimer’s disease.
Understanding Brain’s Complex Processes
Brain’s Enigma: The development of Alzheimer’s drugs has been hampered by a lack of understanding of the disease’s mechanisms within the brain.
Amyloid and Tau: Amyloid and tau proteins are known to accumulate in the brain of Alzheimer’s patients, but their precise roles and how they contribute to cell death remained unclear.
Alzheimer’s Global Challenge
Widespread Impact: Approximately 55 million people worldwide are affected by various forms of dementia, with Alzheimer’s being one of the prominent diseases.
Disproportionate Burden: Two-thirds of dementia cases are found in developing countries, and with the aging global population, projections indicate that the number of dementia cases could reach 139 million by 2050, with China, India, Latin America, and Sub-Saharan Africa facing the greatest challenges.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Norman Borlaug
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Swati Nayak, a scientist at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) South Asia Regional Centre (ISARC), has been honoured with the Borlaug Field Award by the World Food Prize.
She is renowned for her groundbreaking research in developing climate-resilient and nutrition-rich rice varieties.
Contributions of Dr. Swati Nayak
Extensive Testing
Organized over 10,000 tests, evaluating 500+ seed varieties.
Climate Resilient Varieties
Developed high-yield, biofortified, and nutritionally enhanced rice varieties.
Small Holder Farmers’ Focus
Innovated inbred rice varieties to benefit smallholders.
Collaborative Efforts
Collaborated with national and international organizations.
Addressing Lifestyle Diseases
Advocates for low glycemic index, micronutrient-enriched rice varieties.
Supporting Better Quality
Empowers farmers to produce high-quality seeds for better market positioning.
Biofortified Foodgrains
Promotes affordable bio-fortified rice as a nutritional solution.
Who was Norman Borlaug (1914-2009)?
Contributions
Developed high-yielding, disease-resistant wheat varieties, “Father of the Green Revolution”
Impact
Saved over a billion people from hunger, significantly increased global wheat production
Awards and Honors
Nobel Peace Prize, Presidential Medal of Freedom, Congressional Gold Medal, Padma Vibhushan, and more
Legacy
Laid the foundation for modern agricultural practices, inspired efforts to address global food security
About Borlaug Field Award
Endowed by
Rockefeller Foundation
Presented by
World Food Prize Foundation
Purpose
Recognize outstanding contributions in international agriculture and food production by individuals under 40.
Award Amount
$10,000
Inspiration
Honors Dr. Norman Borlaug’s dedication to fighting global hunger and poverty during his early career in Mexico.
However, it excludes 19 police stations in seven districts of the Imphal Valley.
Why such move?
Gradual Withdrawal: Since 2022, AFSPA has been progressively withdrawn from the valley districts, primarily inhabited by the Meitei community.
Resurgence of Insurgent Groups: There has been a resurgence of insurgent groups, largely operating from Myanmar, advocating for Manipur’s secession from India.
Ethnic Violence: Ethnic violence between the Meitei and tribal Kuki communities has claimed at least 175 lives since May 3, making it the deadliest conflict in Manipur since 1999.
AFSPA History in Manipur
Decades of AFSPA: AFSPA has been applicable in Manipur since 1981, impacting both the valley and hill districts.
Gradual Withdrawal: The Act’s provisions have been gradually withdrawn from the valley districts over the years, signifying evolving security dynamics.
What is Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958?
Armed Forces Special Powers Act, to put it simply, gives armed forces the power to maintain public order in “disturbed areas.”
AFSPA gives armed forces the authority use force or even open fire after giving due warning if they feel a person is in contravention of the law.
The Act further provides that if “reasonable suspicion exists”, the armed forces can also arrest a person without a warrant; enter or search premises without a warrant; and ban the possession of firearms.
A Backgrounder
The AFSPA, 1958 came into force in the context of insurgency in the North-eastern States decades ago.
It provides “special power” to the Armed Forces applies to the Army, the Air Force and the Central Paramilitary forces etc.
It has been long contested debate whether the “special powers” granted under AFSPA gives total immunity to the armed forces for any action taken by them.
What are the Special Powers?
Power to use force: including opening fire, even to the extent of causing death if prohibitory orders banning assembly of five or more persons or carrying arms and weapons, etc are in force in the disturbed area;
Power to destroy structures: used as hide-outs, training camps, or as a place from which attacks are or likely to be launched, etc;
Power to arrest: without warrant and to use force for the purpose;
Power to enter and search premises: without a warrant to make arrest or recovery of hostages, arms and ammunition and stolen property etc.
Who can declare/notify such areas?
The Central Government or the Governor of the State or administrator of the Union Territory can declare the whole or part of the State or Union Territory as a disturbed area.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Government Bonds
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
India is set to make history by issuing it’s first-ever 50-year government bonds and 30-year green bonds.
These offerings have piqued the interest of insurance companies and provident funds seeking avenues to invest their long-term funds.
Why such move?
Ambitious Target: India aims to mobilize ₹6.55 trillion ($78.73 billion) through bond sales from October to March. This includes a significant ₹300 billion allocation to the 50-year security, marking the central government’s maiden auction of such bonds.
Natural Demand: Long-term investors, particularly insurers, find the 50-year bonds appealing due to their alignment with asset-liability management requirements.
Government Bonds in India
Government Bonds in India, fall under the broad category of Government Securities (G-Sec) and are primarily long term investment tools issued for periods ranging from 5 to 40 years.
It can be issued by both Central and State governments of India. Government bonds issued by State Governments are also called State Development Loans (SDLs).
The GB interest rates, also called a coupon, can either be fixed or floating and disbursed on a semi-annual basis.
In most cases, GOI issues bonds at a fixed coupon rate in the market.
Types:
Fixed-Rate Bonds
Offer a fixed interest rate throughout the investment tenure, providing clarity with the coupon rate mentioned.
Floating Rate Bonds (FRBs)
Subject to periodic interest rate adjustments, often with a base rate and fixed spread determined through auctions.
Sovereign Gold Bonds (SGBs)
Allow investments in gold without physical possession, with tax-exempt interest and prices linked to gold’s value.
Inflation-Indexed Bonds
Adjust both principal and interest based on inflation, using indices like CPI or WPI, tailored for retail investors.
7.75% GOI Savings Bond
Features a 7.75% interest rate and available to individuals, minors with legal guardians, and Hindu Undivided Families.
Bonds with Call/Put Option
Permit either issuer or investor to buy back or sell bonds, respectively, on specified dates, after 5 years from issuance.
Zero-Coupon Bonds
Generate earnings from the difference between issuance and redemption prices, as they do not provide interest income.
Advantages offered
Sovereign Guarantee: Government bonds are backed by the government’s commitment, offering stability and assured returns.
Inflation-Adjusted: Inflation-indexed bonds protect investors from rising prices, maintaining the real value of their investments.
Regular Income: Government bonds provide semi-annual interest disbursements, offering investors a source of regular income.
Limitations
Lower Income: Apart from 7.75% GOI Savings Bonds, government bonds typically offer lower interest rates.
Lack of Relevance: With maturity tenures ranging from 5 to 40 years, government bonds may lose relevance over time, particularly in the face of inflation.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dadasaheb Phalke Award
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
Union Information and Broadcasting Minister announced that veteran actor Waheeda Rehman would be given the Dadasaheb Phalke Lifetime Achievement Award for 2021, honouring her stellar contribution to Indian cinema.
About Dadasaheb Phalke Award
Purpose
Highest honor in Indian cinema for outstanding contributions to its growth and development.
Inception
Instituted by the Indian government in 1969.
Named After
Dhundiraj Govind Phalke, “Father of Indian Cinema.”
By the President of India in the presence of key film industry representatives and officials.
First Recipient
Devika Rani Roerich (1969).
Who was Dadasaheb Phalke?
Early Life: Dhundiraj Govind Phalke, born in 1870 in Trimbak, Maharashtra, had a diverse career. He initially studied engineering and sculpture and later developed a fascination for motion pictures after watching the 1906 silent film ‘The Life of Christ.’
Varied Pursuits: Before entering the world of cinema, Phalke worked as a photographer, owned a printing press, and even collaborated with the renowned painter Raja Ravi Varma.
Filmmaking Pioneer: In 1913, Phalke scripted, produced, and directed India’s inaugural feature film, the silent masterpiece ‘Raja Harishchandra.’ This groundbreaking film’s commercial success marked the beginning of Phalke’s prolific career in which he created 95 more films and 26 short films over the next 19 years.
Father of Indian Cinema: Dhundiraj Govind Phalke is hailed as the “Father of Indian Cinema” for his pioneering contributions to the country’s film industry.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Balsams
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
The genus Impatiens, locally known as Kasithumba and Onappovu, is currently enchanting tourists with its vibrant pink blooms in Munnar.
What are Balsams?
Distinctive Feature: Balsams are commonly referred to as ‘touch-me-not’ due to the unique behavior of their mature seeds bursting open upon touch and distributing seeds.
Sign of Active Micro-Climate: Botanists suggest that the extensive flowering of balsams in Munnar indicates the continued activity of the microclimate in this hill station.
Indian Balsam Species: India hosts a total of 220 balsam species, with a significant presence of 135 species in the southern Western Ghats.
Balsam Paradise: Idukki, particularly the high ranges around Anamudi, is renowned for its rich diversity of wild balsams. Scientists often term the district as a ‘balsam paradise.’
Conservation Efforts
Balsams in Munnar: Munnar boasts 46 balsam species, extending from Munnar to Chinnar and Bison Valley.
Protection in National Park: The Eravikulam National Park alone is home to over 40 wild balsam species, with the Forest Department ensuring their protection.
Unparalleled Diversity: Prasad G, working plan officer, highlights that Munnar’s altitude has unveiled 46 balsam species, a level of diversity unmatched elsewhere in the world.
Indicator Species: Balsams play a crucial role as indicator species for climate change. Any alterations in the climate of a region are often reflected in the population of these plants.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Angel Tax
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
The government has introduced revisions to the angel tax provisions that were initially implemented in this year’s Budget, primarily targeting investments by non-resident investors into startups at a premium over their fair market value.
Key changes introduced
The Central Board of Direct Taxes issued a notification, amending Rule 11UA under the Income Tax Act, incorporating changes to the draft norms released earlier.
Five distinct valuation methods for shares have been introduced, accompanied by a 10% tolerance allowance for deviations from accepted share valuations.
These changes aim to provide some relief to prospective foreign investors interested in Indian startups.
Angel Investment
An angel investor is an individual who provides financial backing to early-stage startups or entrepreneurs, typically in exchange for equity in the company.
Angel investors are typically high-net-worth individuals who invest their own personal funds, rather than investing on behalf of a firm or institution.
Features of Angel Investing:
Early-stage funding
Equity investment
High-risk, high-reward
Active involvement
Personal investment
Flexible terms
Shorter investment horizon
What is Angel Tax?
Referred to as Angel Tax, this rule is described in Section 56(2)(viib) of the Income Tax Act, 1961.
Essentially it’s a tax on capital receipts, unique to India in the global context.
This clause was inserted into the act in 2012 to prevent laundering of black money, round-tripping via investments with a large premium into unlisted companies.
The tax covers investment in any private business entity, but only in 2016 was it applied to startups.
Why was angel tax introduced?
The complicated nature of VC fundraising with offshore entities, multiple limited partners and blind pools is contentious.
There has been some element of money laundering or round-tripping under guise.
Details of its levy
The Angel Tax is being levied on startups at 9% on net investments in excess of the fair market value.
For angel investors, the amount of investment that exceeds the fair market value can be claimed for a 100% tax exemption.
However, the investor must have a net worth of ₹2 crores or an income of more than ₹25 Lakh in the past 3 fiscal years.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Monsoon Withdrawal/Retreat
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
India Meteorological Department (IMD) has announced withdrawal of the monsoon.
What is Monsoon Withdrawal/Retreat?
In India, retreating monsoon is the withdrawal of south-west monsoon winds from North India.
The withdrawal is gradual and takes about three months.
With the retreat of the monsoons, the clouds disappear and the sky becomes clear. The day temperature starts falling steeply.
Monsoon rains weaken all over India except few southeastern states.
It is helpful in Rabi crop cultivation.
Factors affecting the retreat
Two predominant factors cause the phenomenon:
(1) Land topography
First, the low mountain range in each region runs from north to south, shielding it from west-bound winds that trigger summer monsoon.
After summer, the range aids in the ‘orographic lift’ or rising of east-bound air mass from a lower to higher elevation, forming clouds and resulting in rain.
(2) Atmospheric convection
The second factor is atmospheric convection or vertical movement of air.
As the earth is heated by the sun, different surfaces absorb different amounts of energy and convection may occur where the surface heats up very rapidly.
As the surface warms, it heats the overlying air, which gradually becomes less dense than the surrounding air and begins to rise.
This condition is more favorable from September to February because of the role played by sea surface temperature or water temperature.
Immediate factors influencing withdrawal
The withdrawal of the monsoon is based on meteorological conditions such as-
Anti-cyclonic circulation (dry air that is the opposite of a cyclone)
Absence of rain in the past five days and
Dry weather conditions over the region
When does it occur?
The monsoon withdrawal is a long-drawn process and extends into mid-October, though the IMD considers September 30 to be the final day of the season over India.
The rain after that is categorised as “post-monsoon” rainfall.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Read the attached story
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
A groundbreaking 21-meter-long ship, constructed using an age-old technique of stitching wooden planks with ropes, cords, coconut fibers, natural resins, and oils, is scheduled to embark ‘Baliyatra’ from Odisha to Bali, Indonesia.
The initiative, led by the Govt. of India, aims to rekindle the nation’s rich maritime tradition and heritage.
This remarkable journey will be manned by a crew from the Indian Navy.
Early Evidence of Maritime Trade
Ancient Maritime Trade: The presence of maritime trade networks dating back to circa 3300-1300 BCE is supported by evidence from the Indus Valley, Mesopotamia, and coastal sites along the Arabian Sea. The engineering marvel of the dock at Lothal in Gujarat stands as a testament to the Indus civilization’s profound understanding of tides and winds.
Historical Accounts: Ancient texts, including the Vedas (circa 1500-500 BCE), contain vivid accounts of seafaring adventures and the associated risks. Furthermore, the Jataka Tales (circa 300 BCE-400 CE) and Tamil Sangam literature (circa 300 BCE-300 CE) provide explicit references to maritime activities.
Challenges in Recognizing Maritime Heritage
Historiographical Biases: Historians have often marginalized India’s maritime heritage in favor of narratives centered on land-based polities. This bias has led to the neglect of India’s maritime contributions.
Emergence of Deep-Sea Voyages: The 1st century BCE witnessed intensified mid-ocean voyages driven by the Roman Empire’s demand for Eastern commodities, which harnessed monsoon winds and marked a significant turning point in maritime activity.
Ancient Indian Boats and Shipbuilding
Limited Knowledge: The field of marine archaeology in India remains at an early stage of development, with primary insights derived from boat-building traditions, artistic depictions, and literary sources.
Traditional Boat-Building Techniques: Indian boat construction traditions favor stitching planks of wood together instead of using nails. These traditions encompass coir-stitched, jong (Southeast Asian), and Austronesian methods, each employing various stitching techniques.
Wood Selection: Selection of wood types for shipbuilding depended on their suitability for specific ship components. Mangrove wood excelled in creating sturdy dowels, while teak was preferred for planks, keels, stem, and stern posts.
India’s Role in Maritime Trade
Trade Lake of the Indian Ocean: By the Common Era, the Indian Ocean had evolved into a thriving trade network, with India positioned at its heart. This network facilitated trade connections between India and Europe via the Middle East and Africa in the west, as well as Southeast Asia, China, and Malaysia in the east.
Evidence of Scale: Estimates indicate the colossal scale of trade, with customs taxes collected from the Red Sea trade route alone contributing significantly to the Roman exchequer.
Uncovering a Hidden Past
Ongoing Exploration: Recent excavations have provided substantial insights into India’s maritime history. Nevertheless, experts acknowledge that numerous discoveries await on this journey of exploration.
Need for Investment: Marine archaeology in India requires increased funding and recognition to unlock its full potential and contribute meaningfully to humanity’s understanding of the past.
Value of Knowledge: Scientific archaeology’s pursuit of India’s deep maritime past offers the potential for immense benefits to humanity. Engaging with this history challenges conventional narratives and represents a subversive yet essential endeavor.
Conclusion
The forthcoming voyage of the stitched ship symbolizes India’s dedicated efforts to rejuvenate its maritime heritage, shedding light on the forgotten history of Indian seafarers and their remarkable vessels.
Through exploration and study, India seeks to restore the rightful place of its maritime legacy in the annals of history.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Tobacco Warnings on OTT Platforms
Central Idea
The Central government’s regulations mandated long-duration smoking warnings for films and TV series on OTT platforms like Hotstar, Amazon, and Netflix.
Streaming websites voiced objections, raising concerns about user experience.
Recent Development
According to a recent report, the government has agreed to find “pragmatic solutions” for stricter tobacco warnings on OTT platforms.
A closed-door meeting saw streaming executives engage with Health Ministry and Information and Broadcasting (I&B) Ministry officials.
Why Smoking Warnings in Indian Entertainment?
Linking Health Impact and Public Perception: The introduction of smoking warnings in Indian entertainment stems from the connection between smoking’s health impact and its portrayal to the public. The goal is to communicate clear information about the health risks associated with smoking and discourage its use.
Regulation Evolution: The Indian government has a history of regulating how smoking is portrayed. The Cinematograph Act of 1952 prohibited the “glamorization” of tobacco in movies, and the Cable Television Networks Amendment Act of 2000 banned tobacco and alcohol advertising on cable TV.
Historical Context
Factors Leading to Consensus: Several factors contributed to a growing national consensus on tobacco control, including increased health awareness, new laws and enforcement, judicial rulings (e.g., the 2008 ban on public smoking), civil society efforts, global support for tobacco control, and the influence of the World Health Organization.
COTPA and Health Ministry Notification: Under the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA), signed into law in May 2003, the Health Ministry introduced a notification prohibiting the display of tobacco products in cinema and television programs.
Content Rules: This notification required films and shows produced before it to include health warnings regarding smoking as a prominent scroll at the bottom of the screen. It also recommended prohibiting smoking in public places and using pictorial health warnings covering 85% of tobacco product display areas.
Legal Challenges: Legal challenges arose as some filmmakers and actors argued that these rules violated their freedom of speech. The Delhi HC quashed the notification in 2009, but the Supreme Court later upheld the rules.
Introduction of Health Spots
Consensus-Building Efforts: Amid legal disputes, I&B Ministry appointed a new minister, leading to attempts to reach consensus. In 2011, the Health Ministry introduced new rules after consultations with I&B Ministry, aiming to make them more practical and implementable.
Health Spots in Old Content: For films and shows made before these rules, anti-tobacco health spots or messages were required at the beginning and middle of television programs, made available to the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC).
Requirements for New Content: New films and TV shows with smoking scenes were to provide an “editorial justification” to the CBFC, include anti-tobacco health spots, display a prominent static message during tobacco product scenes, and feature an audio-visual disclaimer on the ill effects of tobacco use.
Implementation Challenges
A study revealed that while many movies implemented at least one element of the film rules on tobacco imagery, few fully complied.
Compliance with other aspects of COTPA, such as restrictions on selling cigarettes near schools, has also been lacking.
Debate over OTT Smoking Warnings
Content Library Concerns: I&B Ministry which regulates streaming platforms, expressed concerns about implementing warnings in existing content, foreign content, and health spots. It suggested displaying an appropriate health warning when users log in.
OTT Industry Concerns: In May, India ordered OTT platforms to insert static health warnings and anti-tobacco disclaimers. OTT executives raised concerns about the potential need to edit vast amounts of existing content, impacting user experience and creators’ freedom of expression.
