Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mosquitofish
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- In recent months, Indian states such as Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and Punjab have introduced mosquitofish to combat mosquito infestations.
- However, the unintended ecological consequences of introducing this invasive species have raised concerns.
Backgrounder: Vector Borne Diseases
- Global Mosquito-Borne Disease Prevalence: Mosquito-borne diseases affect over 150 countries and 500 million people worldwide.
- India’s Burden: India alone reports approximately 40 million cases of mosquito-borne diseases annually.
What is Mosquitofish?
- Introduction in the 1960s: In the 1960s, biological control methods were adopted to combat mosquitoes, including the introduction of mosquitofish (Gambusia species).
- Environmental Alternatives: These methods were considered environmentally friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides, which posed health and environmental risks.
- Global Proliferation: Mosquitofish, originally from the U.S., have now become widespread globally, adapting to various environments with adverse ecological impacts.
Mosquitofish in India
- Historical Introduction: In 1928, Gambusia was introduced in India during British rule, mainly for malaria control.
- Multiple Authorities Involved: Various governmental and private organizations, including the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), municipal corporations, and health departments, introduced mosquitofish across India.
Ecological Impact
- Invasive Alien Species: Mosquitofish are considered among the hundred most detrimental invasive alien species.
- Negative Effects: They prey on native fauna, leading to the extinction of native fish, amphibians, and freshwater communities.
- Examples from Other Countries: Australia and New Zealand have reported similar ecological harm due to introduced mosquitofish.
- WHO’s Stand: The World Health Organization stopped recommending Gambusia for mosquito control since 1982.
Current Situation and Recommendations
- Enforcement Measures: Stringent enforcement measures are essential to prevent further introduction of mosquitofish and mitigate past introductions’ consequences.
- Alternative Solutions: Collaboration between mosquito biologists, entomologists, invasion ecologists, and fish taxonomists is suggested to identify native fish species capable of controlling mosquito larvae.
- Local Solutions: Local alternatives should be favored over invasive species to preserve indigenous aquatic biodiversity and native species’ well-being.
- National Centre for Vector Borne Diseases Control (NCVBDC): The NCVBDC should remove its recommendation for the use of Gambusia and Poecilia (guppy) fishes for mosquito control.
Conclusion
- India faces a pressing ecological challenge with the unintended consequences of mosquitofish introduction.
- To safeguard the environment and native species, stringent enforcement and local solutions should replace invasive species in mosquito control efforts.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Atmospheric Waves Experiment (AWE)
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- NASA is set to launch the Atmospheric Waves Experiment (AWE) to investigate how Earth’s weather influences Space weather.
What is AWE Mission?
- As part of NASA’s Heliophysics Explorers Program, the AWE mission aims to shed light on the interactions between Earth’s weather and Space weather.
- Mounted on the International Space Station (ISS), AWE will observe Earth’s airglow bands from an exceptional viewpoint.
- AWE will analyze airglow in the mesopause region (about 85-87 km above Earth) to understand AGW behavior and its influence on Space weather.
- The mission includes the Advanced Mesospheric Temperature Mapper (ATMT) to precisely map temperature variations in the mesopause, revealing airglow dynamics.
Space Weather Explained
- Space weather, much like Earth’s weather, is influenced by solar activities like flares and emissions, and it impacts the surrounding cosmic environment.
- Variations in Space weather can disrupt essential services on Earth, including satellite communications, GPS systems, and power grids.
- Interestingly, Earth’s own weather conditions also significantly affect Space weather, creating a complex interplay between our planet and the cosmos.
How do Atmospheric Gravity Waves (AGWs) impact space weather?
- Nature’s Oscillations: AGWs are similar to ripples caused by a stone thrown into a pond. They are vertical waves generated by sudden atmospheric changes or extreme weather, causing air to move up and down.
- Various Sources: AGWs originate from events like thunderstorms and hurricanes, and they travel from the lower atmosphere to Space, influencing Space weather.
- Thriving in Stability: AGWs are most prominent in stable atmospheric conditions, where they create wave-like patterns due to temperature differences in rising air.
- Vital Atmospheric Profiling: To fully understand AGWs and their impact on terrestrial and Space weather, detailed data on the atmosphere’s vertical profile is essential.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Eclipses
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- While Eclipses are intriguing, one might wonder why eclipses do not occur with every new and full moon.
What are Eclipses?
- Eclipses are astronomical events that occur when the sun, moon, and Earth align in specific ways.
- There are two primary types of eclipses: solar and lunar.
- A solar eclipse happens when the moon comes between the sun and Earth during a new moon, blocking out the sun’s light.
- Conversely, a lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth is positioned between the sun and the moon during a full moon, casting a shadow on the moon.
Visit this page to read more about Eclipses:
What are Eclipses?
Why is there no eclipse every full and new moon?
Ans. Moon’s Unique Orbit
- Moon’s Path: The moon orbits around Earth, completing one orbit roughly every month.
- Ecliptic Plane: In an ideal scenario, if the moon’s orbit matched Earth’s orbital plane, called the ecliptic, we would witness a solar eclipse during every new moon and a lunar eclipse during every full moon.
- Moon’s Inclination: However, the moon’s orbit is inclined at an angle of about 5 degrees to Earth’s orbital plane, causing irregular eclipse patterns.
Role of Lunar Nodes
- Lunar Nodes: The moon’s orbit intersects Earth’s orbital plane at specific points known as nodes, categorized as ascending or descending nodes depending on the moon’s orbital direction.
- Eclipse Occurrence: Eclipses happen when a full or new moon closely aligns with one of these nodes, ensuring the sun, moon, and Earth are in alignment.
Eclipse Pairs and Seasons
- Eclipse Pairs: Solar and lunar eclipses typically occur in pairs, with one following the other within a two-week period.
- Eclipse Seasons: Eclipse seasons, lasting around 34 to 35 days, usually feature two eclipses – one solar and one lunar. Occasionally, three eclipses may occur in a single season.
- Frequency: Contrary to common perception, there are more eclipses than expected, with the 21st century witnessing 224 solar eclipses and 230 lunar eclipses.
Understanding the Lunar Nodes and Eclipses
- Eclipse Seasons: Eclipse seasons take place approximately every 173 days when the lunar nodes precisely align with the Earth and the sun.
- Moon’s Progression: The moon’s phases shift about 30 degrees along the zodiac every month concerning the nodes.
- Future Eclipses: After a pair of eclipses, the next pair usually occurs nearly 6 calendar months later.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Exercise Vajra Prahar
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Recently, the 14th edition of the Vajra Prahar 2023 exercise, a joint venture between India and the USA Special Forces, concluded in Bakloh, Himachal Pradesh. Here are the key highlights:
Exercise Vajra Prahar
- Vajra Prahar is an annual exercise alternately hosted by the Special Forces of India and the United States.
- These Special Forces units are dedicated to covert operations, counterterrorism, and other specialized military tasks.
- It is crucial for addressing the security challenges both nations face in the current global context.
- It has reinforced the friendship and defence cooperation between the Special Forces of India and the USA.
Objectives
- The 21-day joint exercise aimed to enhance skills in Airborne Operations, Special Operations, and Counter Terrorism under the United Nations Charter.
- It was divided into two stages:
-
- The initial stage focused on combat conditioning and tactical special mission training.
- The second stage involved a 48-hour validation exercise to assess the training received in the first phase.
Other Joint Exercises between India and the USA
- Yudh Abhyas: Annual army exercise focusing on enhancing military cooperation and understanding.
- Malabar Exercise: Naval exercise, also including Japan and Australia, focusing on complex maritime operations.
- Cope India: Air force exercise aimed at improving interoperability and mutual understanding between air forces.
- Tiger Triumph: Tri-service amphibious exercise focusing on humanitarian assistance and disaster relief.
- Red Flag: Advanced aerial combat training exercise involving the U.S. Air Force and international participants, including India.
- Spartan Shield: Army exercise aimed at building operational capacity in counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs)
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- A Star’s Explosive End: About two billion years ago, far beyond our Milky Way galaxy, a huge star exploded into a supernova. This explosion sent out a massive burst of gamma rays, the most powerful type of energy wave in the electromagnetic spectrum.
- Gamma-Ray Bursts: These bursts are short-lived but incredibly intense, often associated with the most dramatic events in the universe, like the death of massive stars.
Why discuss this?
- These gamma rays travelled across space for billions of years, finally reaching Earth in 2022.
- When they arrived, they caused a significant disturbance in Earth’s ionosphere, a layer of electrically charged gases high in our atmosphere.
What are Gamma-Ray Bursts?
- What Are They? Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are incredibly intense flashes of gamma rays, which are the most energetic form of light in the electromagnetic spectrum. These bursts are the most powerful explosions observed in the universe.
- How They Occur: They usually happen when massive stars collapse into neutron stars or black holes, or during the merger of neutron stars. These cosmic catastrophes release a tremendous amount of energy.
- Duration and Energy: GRBs can last from a few milliseconds to several hours, but they typically last a few seconds. The amount of energy released in this short time can be more than the Sun will emit in its entire 10-billion-year lifetime.
- Afterglow: Following the initial burst, GRBs are often followed by an ‘afterglow’ emitted at longer wavelengths (X-ray, ultraviolet, optical, infrared, and radio).
Earthly Consequences and Research
- Lasting Effects: The gamma rays disturbed the ionosphere for several hours and even set off lightning detectors in India.
- Scientific Importance: Although this burst didn’t harm life on Earth, it showed how sensitive our ionosphere is to space events.
- A Rare Event: Such a powerful gamma-ray burst is expected to hit Earth only once every 10,000 years.
Looking Ahead: Protecting Earth from Cosmic Threats
- Preparing for Future Events: Scientists are studying the potential risks of a similar event happening closer to Earth, within our own Milky Way.
- Low Risk: However, the chance of such a dangerous event happening is very low.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Langlands Program
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Robert Langlands, a mathematician famous for his “Langlands Program,” has shifted his focus to Turkish literature in his later years.
- This program is about finding deep links between two areas of math: number theory (the study of numbers) and harmonic analysis (a type of math that breaks down functions or signals into simpler parts).
Langlands Program: A Journey to Connect Different Math Areas
- Beginning: In 1967, Robert Langlands, a young mathematician at Princeton, started this journey with a letter to another mathematician, Andre Weil, sharing some groundbreaking ideas.
- Complex Ideas: The program is full of complicated ideas that are hard for even experts to fully understand.
- Goal: It aims to connect number theory and harmonic analysis, two areas of math that don’t seem related at first.
The Purpose of the Program
- Abel’s Discovery: In 1824, Niels Henrik Abel showed that it’s impossible to find a one-size-fits-all solution for certain math equations (polynomial equations) beyond a certain complexity.
- Galois’s Approach: Evariste Galois, who didn’t know about Abel’s work, suggested looking at patterns (symmetries) in the solutions of these equations instead of trying to solve them directly.
- Galois Groups: These are groups that show the patterns in the solutions of these equations and are key to the Langlands Program.
- Linking Ideas: The program tries to connect these Galois groups with something called automorphic functions, which would allow using calculus (a branch of math) to explore these equations, connecting harmonic analysis and number theory.
Automorphic Functions: Connecting Different Areas of Math
- Example of Automorphic Function: Think of functions that have a repeating pattern, like the way sine functions in trigonometry work.
- Special Symmetry: Automorphic functions have a unique property where they remain the same even after certain transformations, showing a special kind of symmetry.
- Role in Langlands Program: The program’s goal is to link these special functions with Galois groups, leading to new ways of understanding and solving math problems.
Impact of the Program
- Solving an Old Puzzle: In 1994, Andrew Wiles and Richard Taylor used ideas from the Langlands Program to solve Fermat’s Last Theorem, a famous and old math problem.
- Creating New Functions: This program helps in making new types of automorphic functions, which could help solve other complex math problems, like the Ramanujan conjectures.
- Geometric Langlands: This is a branch of the Langlands Program that looks at connections between different fields like algebraic geometry, representation theory, and even physics.
- Math and Physics Connection: Recent studies suggest that this program might help in understanding things in physics, like the study of electromagnetic waves.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Freemartinism
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- In the realm of animal husbandry, a phenomenon known as Freemartinism sheds light on the extraordinary diversity found in cattle.
Freemartinism: A Unique Phenomenon
- Freemartins are sterile female cattle born exhibiting characteristics of both sexes.
- This phenomenon arises when a male and a female twin develop within the same uterus, occurring in approximately 90% of twin pregnancies in cattle.
- The exchange of blood between the male and female foetuses during gestation plays a pivotal role in Freemartinism.
- Freemartinism is primarily attributed to the sharing of cells carrying the Y chromosome from the male twin with the female twin.
- Y chromosome triggers the development of male reproductive organs in the male foetus, while the female foetus, influenced by male hormones, undergoes incomplete development of its reproductive system.
- Freemartins possess underdeveloped or non-functional reproductive tracts, rendering them incapable of reproduction.
Agricultural Significance
- In agricultural settings, identifying freemartins is crucial to enhance reproductive efficiency in cattle breeding.
- Farmers often utilize physical and behavioural traits to identify freemartins, subsequently removing them from the breeding herd.
- This culling strategy helps improve the overall breeding program by ensuring that non-reproductive cattle do not contribute to the herd.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lachit Borphukan
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- An animation film on an iconic Ahom general Lachit Borphukan has been selected for the International Film Festival of India (IFFI) 2023 to be held in Goa.
Lachit Borphukan
- Lachit Borphukan was a legendary military commander from the northeastern region of India, specifically from the state of Assam. Here are some facts related to him:
|
Description |
| Timeline |
1622-1672 |
| Dynasty |
Ahom Dynasty |
| Mughal Threat |
Faced the Mughal Empire’s expansion into Assam |
| Battle of Saraighat |
Led Ahom forces to victory against the Mughals in 1671
Defended Assam against the Aurangzeb’s forces led by Ram Singh |
| Leadership |
Known for strategic brilliance and guerrilla tactics |
| Legacy |
Revered as a symbol of Assamese pride and resistance |
| INS Lachit |
Indian Navy’s guided-missile destroyer named in honor |
| Lachit Divas |
Celebrated annually on November 24th in Assam |
https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assam-ips-officer-directed-animation-film-chosen-for-iffi-2023/article67550668.ece
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Onattukara Ellu (Sesame)
Mains level: NA
Context
- Kerala is taking efforts to expand the cultivation of Geographical Indication (GI)-tagged Onattukara sesame, a unique and valuable agricultural product.
- Onattukara sesame was granted the GI tag in January this year.
Onattukara Sesame (Ellu )
|
Description |
|
Region of Cultivation
|
Primarily cultivated in the Onattukara region, covering Alappuzha, Kollam, and Pathanamthitta districts in Kerala, India. |
| Medicinal Properties |
Onattukara sesame is known for its medicinal properties and high quality. |
| Traditional Use |
Traditional ayurvedic doctors in the region have used Onattukara sesame oil for treating rheumatism and skin protection since the 18th century. |
| Nutritional Value |
Rich in vitamin E and antioxidants. Contains essential fatty acids like oleic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitoleic acid. |
| Varieties |
Grown in various varieties, including ‘ayali,’ Kayamkulam-1, thilak, thilathara, and thilarani, developed by ORARS, Kayamkulam. |
| Market Potential |
Obtaining the GI tag is expected to increase its popularity and market value, leading to higher prices for sesame seeds and oil. |
| Pricing |
Current prices: Sesame seeds – ₹200 to ₹250 per kilogram, Sesame oil – ₹500 to ₹600 per kilogram. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sea Buckthorn
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The Geographical Indication Registry has officially granted the GI tag to ‘Ladakh Sea Buckthorn’.
- It is the fourth GI tag after Apricot (Raktsey Karpo), Pashmina, and Ladakhi Wood Carving in Ladakh.
About Sea Buckthorn
- Sea buckthorn is a plant that grows in Europe and Asia.
- In India, it’s found in the Himalayan region, especially in dry places like the cold deserts of Ladakh and Spiti.
- This plant produces small orange or yellow berries that are sour but full of vitamins, especially vitamin C.
- It can survive really hot and really cold temperatures, which makes it perfect for the cold deserts.
- Every part of the plant—berries, leaves, twigs, roots, and thorns—are useful for medicine, food, fuel, and fencing.
- It’s also a vital food source for many birds and provides nutritious food for animals like sheep, goats, donkeys, cattle, and camels in the cold desert regions.
- It is often called the ‘Wonder Plant,’ ‘Ladakh Gold,’ ‘Golden Bush,’ or ‘Gold Mine’ of the cold deserts.
Back2Basics: GI Tag
- A GI is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation that are due to that origin.
- Nodal Agency: Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry
- India, as a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), enacted the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 w.e.f. September 2003.
- GIs have been defined under Article 22 (1) of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement.
- The tag stands valid for 10 years.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: POCSO Act
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- In a recent decision, the Himachal Pradesh High Court ruled that the failure to report sexual crimes against minors is a bailable offence.
- This ruling has raised significant legal questions regarding the interpretation of the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, particularly with respect to the nature of the offence and its implications for pre-arrest bail.
What is the POCSO Act?
- The POCSO Act came into effect on November 14, 2012, following India’s ratification of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1992.
- Its primary objective is to address offences related to the sexual exploitation and abuse of children, which were previously either not specifically defined or inadequately penalized.
- According to the Act, a child is defined as any person below the age of 18 years.
- In 2019, the Act underwent a review and amendment, introducing more stringent punishments (after Nirbhaya Case), including the death penalty, for those committing sexual crimes against children.
|
Interpretation of the POCSO Act
- Section 21 of POCSO Act: This section of the POCSO Act mandates the reporting of sexual offences against children. However, it does not explicitly specify whether the offence is bailable or not.
- Reference to CrPC: The court, in its ruling, argued that since the POCSO Act does not provide clarity on the bailability of the offence, it should be determined by referring to the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC).
- CrPC Classification: The CrPC classifies offences as either bailable or non-bailable based on the maximum punishment they entail. Offences punishable with imprisonment of less than three years are generally considered bailable and non-cognizable.
- POCSO Act’s Penalty: Section 21 of the POCSO Act prescribes a penalty of imprisonment ranging from 6 months to 1 year. Consequently, this makes it fall within the category of bailable offences under the CrPC.
Case Context
- Allegations: The case in question involved a hotel manager accused of failing to report an offence committed against a minor, as mandated by Section 21 of the POCSO Act.
- Main Accused: The main accused had committed a sexual assault on a minor schoolgirl and recorded a video of the incident in a hotel.
- Legal Charges: The accused faced charges under Sections 376 (Rape) and 506 (Criminal Intimidation) of the Indian Penal Code, as well as Sections 6 and 21 of the POCSO Act, which address aggravated penetrative sexual assault and the failure to report sexual crimes against children.
- Hotel Manager’s Involvement: The hotel manager was also named in the FIR due to the mandatory reporting provision under the POCSO Act.
Mandatory Reporting Under POCSO
- Section 19: Section 19 of the POCSO Act obliges “any person” who apprehends or has knowledge of a sexual offence against a child to report it to the Special Juvenile Police Unit (SJPU) or the police.
- Penalty for Non-Reporting: Section 21 of the POCSO Act prescribes a penalty, including imprisonment, for failing to report such offences.
- Exemptions: Children are not held liable for failing to report sexual offences, and those making false complaints are also exempt from punishment under Section 22 of the Act.
Supreme Court’s Perspective
- The seriousness of Non-Reporting: The Supreme Court has consistently held that the failure to report such cases is a serious crime, emphasizing the importance of reporting child sexual abuse.
- Specific Obligations: In certain cases, the Supreme Court has placed additional obligations on professionals, such as medical practitioners and educators, to report child sexual abuse cases to appropriate authorities.
Balancing Reporting Requirements with Privacy
- SC’s Balance Attempt: In a recent case (X vs The Principal Secretary, Health and Family Welfare Department, Govt of NCT of Delhi), the Supreme Court sought to balance the mandatory reporting provision under POCSO with the confidentiality provision under the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971.
- Minors Seeking Medical Termination: The court recognized that minors may seek medical termination of pregnancies resulting from consensual sexual activity, and the mandatory reporting requirement might deter them from approaching qualified doctors.
- Harmonious Interpretation: To ensure that minors’ rights to privacy and reproductive autonomy are protected, the court advocated for a harmonious interpretation of both the POCSO Act and the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act.
- Exemption for RMPs: The court suggested that registered medical practitioners, upon the request of minors and their guardians, can be exempted from disclosing a minor’s identity and personal details when reporting an offence under Section 19(1) of the POCSO Act or in any ensuing criminal proceedings.
Conclusion
- The Himachal Pradesh High Court’s ruling on the availability of the failure to report sexual crimes against minors has sparked discussions on the interpretation of the POCSO Act and its alignment with the CrPC.
- Furthermore, the Supreme Court’s efforts to strike a balance between mandatory reporting requirements and minors’ privacy rights underscore the complexity of addressing child sexual abuse within the legal framework.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Quota in Private Employment
Central Idea
- In a significant verdict, the Punjab and Haryana High Court has invalidated a law passed by the Haryana government in 2020, which reserved 75% of private sector jobs for residents of the state.
- The court ruled that discriminating against individuals based on their non-residency in the state is unconstitutional, as it violates fundamental rights enshrined in the Indian Constitution.
Haryana Employment of Local Candidates Act, 2020: The Controversy
- Origins: Enacted by the Haryana Assembly in November 2020, the law aimed to reserve 75% of jobs in the private sector with monthly salaries under Rs 30,000 (originally Rs 50,000) for Haryana residents.
- Effective Date: The law received the Governor’s approval on March 2, 2021, and came into effect on January 15, 2022.
- Key Provisions: All private entities, including companies, societies, trusts, and individual employers with ten or more employees, were covered. The law mandated recruitment through a designated online portal, with provisions for employer exemptions.
High Court’s Verdict and Rationale
- Unconstitutional Restrictions: The High Court held that Sections 6 and 8 of the Act, which required employers to submit quarterly reports on local candidates employed and gave authorized officers powers to verify compliance, amounted to an “Inspector Raj.” These provisions placed undue control over private employers, which is permissible for public employment but not for the private sector.
- Violation of Fundamental Rights: The court found that the law severely impaired an individual’s right to carry on an occupation, trade, or business under Article 19(1)(g) of the Constitution. It emphasized that the State cannot discriminate against individuals based on their non-residency in a particular state.
- Inspector Raj and Legal Immunity: The court also criticized the Act’s provision under Section 20, which protected authorized or designated officers acting in “good faith.” This provision effectively restricted legal proceedings against such officers, further impinging on employers’ rights.
Reasons for quashing
- Article 19(1) (g) Violation: The Act potentially infringes upon Article 19(1)(g), which guarantees the right to carry out any occupation, trade, or business. It may impede this right by mandating job reservations in the private sector, affecting individuals’ occupational freedom.
- Article 16 Boundaries: The Act’s provision of reservation based on domicile or residence may cross constitutional boundaries. Article 16 ensures equal opportunity in public employment, but the Act extends this to the private sector, a prerogative of Parliament.
- 50% Reservation Limit: The Act breaches the 50% reservation limit set by the Supreme Court in the Indra Sawhney case. Exceptional circumstances must be proven for such a breach, challenging the equality principle.
- One Nation Concept: India’s constitutional vision as one nation with equal rights for all is challenged by these laws. Restricting out-of-state citizens’ job opportunities hinders their freedom to reside and work anywhere in India.
- Economic Implications: The Act could raise operational costs for businesses and exacerbate income inequality among States.
What Comes Next
- Supreme Court’s Involvement: The Haryana government, determined to pursue the reservation policy, plans to move the Supreme Court and file a Special Leave Petition (SLP) challenging the High Court’s verdict.
- Prior Legal Proceedings: The High Court had previously stayed the law on February 3, 2022, but the Supreme Court later set aside this stay, directing the High Court to decide on the law’s validity within four weeks.
Conclusion
- The Punjab and Haryana High Court’s ruling, declaring Haryana’s 75% reservation law for private jobs unconstitutional, marks a significant development in the ongoing debate over state-based job reservations in India.
- The impending Supreme Court battle will determine the fate of this contentious legislation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: BDS Movement
Mains level: Anti-Semitism, Racism, Apartheid
Central Idea
- An article in a German newspaper accused Indian poet Ranjit Hoskote of “anti-Semitism” and supporting the BDS (Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions) movement.
What is BDS Movement?
- BDS (Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions) movement was launched in 2005 by over 170 Palestinian groups.
- It aims to garner international support for Palestinian people’s rights.
- BDS describes itself as an “inclusive, anti-racist human rights movement” opposing all forms of discrimination, including anti-Semitism and Islamophobia.
- It draws inspiration from the South African anti-apartheid movement.
BDS Goals
- BDS calls for nonviolent pressure on Israel until it complies with international law, with three key demands:
- Ending Israel’s occupation and colonization of Arab lands and dismantling the Wall.
- Recognizing the rights of Arab-Palestinian citizens of Israel to full equality.
- Respecting, protecting, and promoting the rights of Palestinian refugees to return to their homes, as per UN Resolution 194.
Strategies of BDS
- BDS involves boycotts of Israeli government, associated institutions, and companies involved in human rights violations.
- Divestment campaigns urge institutions to withdraw investments from Israel.
- Sanctions campaigns seek to pressure governments to fulfill legal obligations to end Israeli apartheid.
- BDS focuses on a smaller number of carefully selected companies and products for maximum impact.
Israeli Government’s Response
- Israel’s Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has linked BDS to anti-Semitism.
- BDS argues that criticism of Israel’s violations of international law should not be equated with anti-Semitism.
- Israeli Minister Gilad Erdan led efforts against the economic boycott of Israel but downplayed the threat.
Economic Impact of BDS
- BDS has led to some brands and celebrities refusing to work in Israel.
- Impact on an entire state’s economy is challenging to measure due to various factors.
- BDS aims to become a powerful tool in ending western support for Israeli apartheid and settler colonialism.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Miniature Paintings of India
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- N. Goswamy, a Padma Bhushan recipient and former IAS officer, left an indelible mark on the realm of Indian miniature paintings.
- His groundbreaking work in the field uncovered the rich history and family lineages of artists who contributed significantly to this intricate art form.
Indian Miniature Painting: A Rich Tradition
- Characteristics: Indian miniature painting is known for its intricate, highly detailed artwork on a small scale. It features vibrant colors, intricate patterns, and elaborate detailing.
- Historical Roots: The tradition traces its origins to the Buddhist Pala dynasty, which ruled Bengal and Bihar from the 8th to the 11th century. Initially, these paintings illustrated religious texts on Buddhism and Jainism and were crafted on palm leaves.
- Mughal Era: The art form flourished with the rise of the Mughal Empire in the early 1500s, becoming synonymous with sophistication and elegance. Mughal miniatures, often no larger than a few square inches, depicted bright and accurate paintings used for illustrating manuscripts and art books.
- Post-Mughal Period: With the decline of the Mughal Empire during Aurangzeb’s reign, skilled miniaturists migrated to regions like Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu, Tehri-Garhwal, and the plains of Punjab, giving birth to the Pahari painting tradition. Deccan painting, influenced by European, Iranian, and Turkish styles, also emerged in the Deccan region between the 16th and 19th centuries.
B.N. Goswamy’s Contributions
- Family-Centric Approach: In his 1968 article on Pahari painting, Goswamy revealed that the style of these paintings depended not on the region but on the family of painters. He emphasized the role of family networks in shaping artistic styles.
- Reconstructing Family Networks: Goswamy embarked on a mission to reconstruct the family networks of renowned Indian miniature painters. Notable examples include Pandit Seu and his sons Nainsukh and Manaku, who dominated the Pahari painting scene. Goswamy used a blend of detective work and intuition, leveraging inscriptions on the back of miniatures and 18th-century pilgrim records from Haridwar.
- Expanding Research Scope: Over time, Goswamy broadened his research to encompass various regions across northern to southern India. His work resembled that of Bernard Berenson, who unearthed historical bills of exchange to attribute anonymous canvases.
Back2Basics: Miniature Paintings in India
|
History |
Characteristics |
Prominent Schools/Regions |
Notable Patrons |
| Rajput Miniature Painting |
Centuries-old tradition in Rajput courts |
Vibrant colors, intricate details, gold leaf |
Mewar, Marwar, Bundi |
Rajput rulers, nobility |
| Mughal Miniature Painting |
Flourished during the Mughal Empire (16th-19th century) |
Realistic portrayal, fine lines, historical themes |
Mughal Empire |
Emperors like Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan |
| Pahari Miniature Painting |
Emerged in the Himalayan region, centuries-old |
Lyrical, delicate, Radha-Krishna love stories |
Basohli, Chamba, Kangra |
Regional rulers and nobility |
| Deccani Miniature Painting |
Developed under the Deccan Sultanates (late 15th-17th century) |
Fusion of Persian and Indian styles, court scenes |
Deccan Sultanates |
Golconda, Bijapur, Ahmadnagar |
| Bengal Patachitra |
Traditional art form of West Bengal |
Scroll painting, mythological stories, folklore |
West Bengal |
Traditional artists |
| Kangra Miniature Painting |
Flourished in the Kangra region, 18th century |
Soft colors, lyrical compositions, love stories |
Kangra |
Rulers of Kangra, Nainsukh |
| Tanjore Painting |
Originated in the Maratha court of Thanjavur (17th century) |
Gold leaf, semi-precious stones, Hindu deities |
Tamil Nadu (Thanjavur) |
Maratha court of Tanjore |
| Mysore Painting |
Flourished in the Kingdom of Mysore, 17th-19th century |
Intricate details, bright colors, religious themes |
Mysore |
Kingdom of Mysore |
| Gond Painting |
Traditional art of the Gond tribal community |
Vibrant depictions of nature, tribal folklore |
Central India (Madhya Pradesh) |
Gond tribal community |
| Kalamkari Painting |
Centuries-old art form from Andhra Pradesh |
Hand-painted or block-printed fabric art |
Andhra Pradesh (Tamil Nadu) |
Traditional Kalamkari artists |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kavro Doma 360
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Kanpur-based MKU Limited recently unveiled the Kavro Doma 360, world-first rifle-rated ballistic helmet at Milipol Paris exhibition.
About Kavro Doma 360
|
Description |
| Indigenous Development |
Developed by MKU Limited in Kanpur, India, through indigenous research and development. |
| Uniform Rifle Protection |
Provides uniform protection across all five head zones: front, back, left, right, and crown.
Offers resilience against threats like AK-47 MSC, M80 NATO BALL, and M193 rifle bullets. |
| Boltless Innovation |
The only boltless rifle protection helmet globally, eliminating bolts and metal components, reducing the risk of penetration upon impact for enhanced safety. |
| Expanded Protection Area |
Features a boltless shell design, providing 40% more protection area against AK-47 assault rifles compared to conventional helmets. |
| 20mm Back Face Signature |
Maintains a Back Face Signature/Trauma of less than 20 mm when impacted by AK-47 bullets.
Back Face Signature measures deformation due to high-energy bullet impact. |
| Advanced Harness System |
Incorporates Dynamic Impact Technology for protection against direct and rotational/angular impacts, reducing concussions and brain injuries.
Offers top-to-chin and side-to-side harness adjustment. |
| Maximum Compatibility (with MACS) |
Ensures seamless integration with advanced head-mounted devices and combat equipment, adapting to the evolving needs of modern warriors. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Chikungunya , Ixchiq
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the US granted approval for the world’s inaugural vaccine against chikungunya.
Ixchiq: The Chikungunya Vaccine
- Developed by European vaccine manufacturer Valneva, this vaccine will be available under the brand name Ixchiq.
- It has been authorized for use in individuals aged 18 and above who are at elevated risk of chikungunya exposure.
- It is administered as a single dose via injection into the muscle.
- The vaccine contains a live, attenuated (weakened) form of the chikungunya virus. It may induce symptoms similar to those experienced by individuals with the disease.
Understanding Chikungunya
- Symptoms: Chikungunya is characterized by severe joint pain, limited mobility, and accompanying fever. It is a viral infection (CHIKV) primarily transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, earning it the status of an “emerging global health threat.”
- Global Prevalence: Chikungunya is prevalent in Africa, Asia, and the Americas, with sporadic outbreaks reported in other regions. Since 2004, outbreaks have become more frequent and widespread, partly due to viral adaptations facilitating transmission by Aedes albopictus mosquitoes.
- Symptoms: Alongside joint pain, chikungunya symptoms include joint swelling, muscle pain, headache, nausea, fatigue, and rash. While severe cases and deaths are rare, they may be underreported due to misdiagnosis, often confused with dengue or zika.
- No Cure: Currently, there is no cure for chikungunya, and treatment is primarily focused on symptomatic relief, including analgesics for pain, antipyretics for fever, rest, and adequate fluid intake.
- Prevention: Prevention efforts primarily revolve around mosquito control through public health initiatives, civic maintenance, and personal measures such as using medicated mosquito nets and eliminating stagnant water sources to hinder mosquito breeding.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: MSCI EM Index
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- India’s presence on the MSCI Emerging Markets (EM) Index is set to expand with the inclusion of nine new stocks, effective from 30th November.
- This development will elevate India’s weightage on the index to 16.3%, reaching an all-time high representation of 131 Indian stocks.
What is MSCI EM Index?
- MSCI is a globally recognized index listed on the NYSE.
- It is released and maintained by MSCI Inc., a leading provider of global equity indices, investment analytics, and other financial data and services.
- Its stock indices are closely monitored by global asset managers, hedge funds, banks, corporations, and insurance companies.
- They rely on these indices to allocate funds across global stock markets.
- MSCI indices serve as a foundation for passive investments through exchange-traded funds (ETFs), index funds, and certain fund of funds.
India’s Progress on the EM Index
- Increasing Weight: India’s weightage on the MSCI EM Index has steadily grown, poised to double to 16.3% from four years ago with the upcoming rebalancing.
- Second to China: India ranks second, trailing only China (29.89%), on the EM Index, outperforming countries like Taiwan (15.07%), South Korea (11.78%), and Brazil (5.42%).
- Strong Performance: As an independent entity, India has excelled in generating net returns, boasting a 4.75% return in the year through October compared to MSCI EM’s -2.14%. Over the long term, India has achieved an annualized 8.33% return over ten years versus MSCI EM’s 1.19%.
Inclusion Criteria for Stocks
- Market Capitalization-Based Weightage: Stocks’ weights on the EM index are determined by free-float market capitalization, which represents shares available for foreign investors to trade. Higher market capitalization leads to greater weight and allocation by investors.
- Top Indian Stocks: Prominent Indian stocks on MSCI EM include Reliance Industries (weight 1.34%), ICICI Bank (0.91%), and Infosys (0.87%).
Impact of Increased Representation
- Passive Inflows: Passive foreign trackers are expected to inject $1.5 billion into the nine newly included Indian stocks and other Indian counters with increased weights.
- Stock Rebalancing: MSCI’s adjustments involve increasing the weights of stocks like Zomato, Hindustan Aeronautics, and Jio Financial Services, potentially attracting around $160 million in passive inflows. However, heavyweight stocks like Reliance may experience minor weight reductions.
- Overall FPI Investment: The increase primarily benefits passive trackers, and it may not necessarily lead to a surge in overall foreign portfolio investment (FPI) flows. Nonetheless, it boosts investor sentiment, as passive investments tend to offer higher returns over extended periods due to lower expenses and reduced human error.
- Positive Sentiment: MSCI EM’s positive review of India comes shortly after Morgan Stanley upgraded India to the status of the most preferred emerging market, further enhancing India’s appeal to global
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Raychaudhuri Equation
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri, an Indian physicist, overcame obstacles and restrictions to make a profound contribution to the field of general relativity.
A.K. Raychaudhuri: Early Life
- Born in Barisal, now in Bangladesh, in 1923.
- Educated in Kolkata.
- Developed a deep interest in general relativity during his time at the Indian Association of Cultivation of Science (IACS).
Challenges Faced
- While passionate about general relativity, Raychaudhuri was instructed by the director of IACS, Meghnad Saha, to work on topics of the director’s choosing or leave.
- Raychaudhuri, with limited career options, complied with Saha’s directive but continued to explore the mysteries of gravity in his spare time.
Theoretical Breakthrough: The Raychaudhuri Equation
- Raychaudhuri focused on the problem of singularities in general relativity, specifically points where gravity could become infinitely strong.
- Developed a unique approach that bypassed complex mathematical challenges.
- Introduced the Raychaudhuri equation, a simple and elegant formula that showed the inevitable convergence of matter in curved spacetime.
- The equation hinted strongly at the existence of singularities, a critical aspect of general relativity.
Influence on Renowned Physicists
- Raychaudhuri’s equation played a pivotal role in the work of Stephen Hawking and Roger Penrose.
- Hawking’s area theorem, demonstrating that the surface area of black holes never decreases, relied on the Raychaudhuri equation.
Recognition and Legacy
- Despite his groundbreaking work, Raychaudhuri received limited recognition in India.
- He faced obstacles in career advancement, including rejection by Calcutta University.
- Raychaudhuri eventually joined Presidency College, Kolkata, where he became a revered teacher, inspiring future generations of physicists.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) missionv
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) mission, a collaborative effort between NASA and ISRO, is on track for its scheduled launch in the first quarter of 2024.
About the NISAR Mission
- Collaboration: NISAR is a Low Earth Orbit observatory developed jointly by NASA and ISRO, highlighting international collaboration in space exploration.
- Launch Vehicle: The mission is set to launch from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota onboard ISRO’s GSLV Mark-II launch vehicle.
- Data Utility: NISAR data will offer unprecedented detail and assist researchers in various ways, including monitoring volcanic activity, tracking groundwater use effects, measuring ice sheet melt rates, and observing changes in global vegetation distribution.
- Mission Duration: The $1.5-billion NISAR mission has a planned mission life of three years and will survey Earth’s land and ice-covered surfaces every 12 days following a 90-day commissioning period.
Advanced SAR Technology
- Dual-Band SAR: NISAR carries L and S dual-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) using the Sweep SAR technique, providing both wide coverage and high-resolution data.
- Observatory Structure: The SAR payloads are mounted on the Integrated Radar Instrument Structure (IRIS) along with the spacecraft bus, forming an observatory.
- Contributions: NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) provides the L-band SAR and several key components, while ISRO’s U R Rao Satellite Centre contributes the spacecraft bus, S-band SAR electronics, launch vehicle, and mission operations.
Key milestones achieved
- Thermal Vacuum Testing: The thermal vacuum testing, a critical system-level test, was successfully completed in Bengaluru. This test ensures that the spacecraft can operate effectively under extreme temperature conditions.
- EMI and EMC Testing: Electromagnetic interference (EMI) and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing have also been successfully accomplished.
- Upcoming Vibration Tests: The next phase involves conducting vibration tests to simulate the harsh launch environment. This test will subject the satellite to intense vibrations while mimicking the conditions of a rocket launch.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The age at which children should begin formal education has been a topic of debate and discussion, with variations in policies and practices among different states and countries.
- Understanding the rationale behind these age criteria is crucial for shaping educational policies that align with the needs and development of young learners.
NEP 2020 and Minimum Age for Class 1
- National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: NEP 2020 introduces a “5+3+3+4” structure for formal schooling, emphasizing early childhood education for ages 3 to 5 years.
- Minimum Age for Class 1: According to NEP 2020, a child should be 6 years old to enroll in Class 1, following three years of early childhood education.
Recent News and Policy Implementation
- Union Education Ministry’s Efforts: The Union Education Ministry has urged states to align their Class 1 admission age with NEP 2020’s recommendation.
- Kendriya Vidyalayas Case: Last year, Kendriya Vidyalayas increased the admission age to align with NEP 2020, leading to a legal challenge that was ultimately dismissed.
- Delhi Government’s Decision: This year, the Delhi government decided to maintain its existing guidelines, permitting Class 1 admission below the age of 6.
Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009
- RTE Act’s Age Provision: RTE Act guarantees education from ages 6 to 14, implying that elementary education (Class 1) should begin at age 6.
- Historical Perspective: The age of 6 was chosen based on global practices and historical references, including Mahatma Gandhi’s basic education principles.
Research on Entry Age for Formal Education
- David Whitebread’s Research: Studies comparing early literacy lessons starting at ages 5 and 7 in New Zealand showed no significant advantage for early introduction to formal learning.
- Reading Achievement Study: A study across 55 countries found no significant association between reading achievement and school entry age.
Global Practices in Starting Formal Education
- Standard Age of 6: Many East Asian and European countries start formal education at age 6, with younger children often attending preschool.
- Scandinavian Approach: Scandinavian countries typically begin formal education at age 7, supported by universal child care for younger children.
- US and UK Variation: The USA and UK stand out as countries where children generally start school at age 5, with varying childcare provisions.
Conclusion
- The debate over the appropriate age for starting formal education encompasses a range of factors, including developmental readiness, educational goals, and cultural norms.
- Understanding the diverse approaches and research findings can inform policymakers as they strive to create educational systems that best serve the needs of young learners.
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