From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Miyawaki Forests
Mains level: Urban forestry
Central Idea: Prime Minister during his latest ‘Mann ki baat’ episode spoke about Miyawaki plantation, the Japanese method of creating dense urban forests in a small area.
Try this question:
Q.The Miyawaki Forests technique has to potential to revolutionize the concept of urban afforestation in India. Discuss.
Miyawaki Method
Miyawaki method is a method of urban afforestation by turning backyards into mini-forests.
It includes planting trees as close as possible in the same area which not only saves space, but the planted saplings also support each other in growth and block sunlight from reaching the ground, thereby preventing the growth of weed.
Thus the saplings become maintenance-free (self-sustainable) after the first three years.
It helps to create a forest in just 20 to 30 years while through conventional methods it takes anywhere between 200 to 300 years.
The technique
The native trees of the region are identified and divided into four layers — shrub, sub-tree, tree, and canopy.
The quality of soil is analysed and biomass which would help enhance the perforation capacity, water retention capacity, and nutrients in it, is mixed with it.
A mound is built with the soil and the seeds are planted at a very high density — three to five sapling per square meter.
The ground is covered with a thick layer of mulch.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Chromosomes
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The Y chromosome, often known as the “master of maleness,” has fascinated scientists and historians for its role in determining sex and its unique genetic characteristics.
This article explores the intriguing journey of the Y chromosome, its significance, and recent discoveries that challenge previous assumptions.
What are Chromosomes?
Chromosomes are fundamental components of cells that play a vital role in storing and transmitting genetic information.
These structures contain genes, which carry instructions for the development, functioning, and inheritance of traits.
Chromosomes consist of tightly coiled DNA molecules wrapped around proteins called histones, forming chromatin.
Before cell division, chromosomes replicate into identical sister chromatids held together at the centromere.
Types of Chromosomes:
Autosomes: Non-sex chromosomes (22 pairs in humans) determine most traits.
Sex Chromosomes: Determine biological sex (XX for females, XY for males).
Functions of Chromosomes
Genetic Information Storage: Genes on chromosomes encode instructions for protein production and cellular processes.
Inheritance: Chromosomes transmit genetic information during sexual reproduction through meiosis, ensuring genetic diversity in offspring.
Gene Expression Regulation: Chromosomes control gene activation or silencing, crucial for development and cell functioning.
Significance of Chromosomes
Understanding Genetic Disorders: Abnormalities in chromosomes cause conditions like Down syndrome, aiding diagnosis and comprehension.
Evolutionary Insights: Comparative analysis of chromosomes reveals evolutionary relationships and genetic material changes over time.
Advancements in Genetic Research: Chromosomes are crucial for genome sequencing, mapping, and studying gene expression, leading to improved understanding of human health, diseases, and targeted therapies.
Our focus: Y Chromosome
Genetic Origins: The Y chromosome is believed to have emerged approximately 200-300 million years ago in a common ancestor of mammals. Its genetic sequence, published in 2003, revealed that it accounts for only 2% of the genetic material inside a cell, encoding around 55 genes.
Quirks and Challenges: Referred to as the “juvenile delinquent” among chromosomes, the Y chromosome has repetitive sequences, a limited number of genes, and a reluctance to recombine with other chromosomes. These characteristics have led to debates about its functional utility and evolutionary trajectory.
Significance of the Y Chromosome
Historical Insights: Researchers have extensively studied the Y chromosome to understand human migration and evolution. It has provided valuable insights into paternity, genetic diversity, and our shared past.
Beyond Sex Determination: Contrary to earlier assumptions, recent studies have revealed that the Y chromosome plays a role in biological functions beyond sex determination. It contains genes associated with aging, lifespan regulation, and other vital processes.
Influence of the Y chromosome on Health
Sex Differences in Lifespan: In the animal kingdom, including mammals, females tend to live longer than males. The absence of a second Y chromosome in males exposes detrimental mutations in the X chromosome, potentially contributing to shorter lifespans.
Age-Related Loss of the Y Chromosome: Studies have shown that men experience a loss of the Y chromosome (LoY) with age, which has been associated with a higher risk of diseases such as cancer and Alzheimer’s. Research on mice models supports these findings, indicating a correlation between LoY and shorter lifespans and memory deficiencies.
Phenotypic Sex and Longevity: Recent research on fruit flies challenges the notion that the presence of a Y chromosome directly influences longevity. Instead, the phenotypic sex of an individual, determined by external genitalia, may play a more significant role.
Future of the Y Chromosome
Species-Specific Evolution: Some species, like rodents, have naturally lost their Y chromosome, offering insights into sex-chromosome turnover. These species serve as models for understanding the process and the potential repurposing of other chromosomes as sex chromosomes.
Signs of Replacement: Genomic analysis of Neanderthal DNA indicates that the Y chromosome has undergone replacement in the lineage leading to modern humans. This suggests that the Y chromosome’s role as the “master of maleness” may eventually be overtaken by another chromosome in the future.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Predator Drones
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) has approved the procurement of armed Predator Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) at the cost of over $3 billion.
The UAVs will be procured from General Atomics Aeronautical Systems (GA-ASI), a United States-based aeronautics company.
Predator Drones: An Overview
The Predator UAV, manufactured by GA-ASI, is known as the MQ-9.
It has an endurance of over 27 hours, speeds of 240 KTAS, and can operate up to 50,000 feet.
It has a payload capacity of 3,850 pounds (1,746 kilograms) and can carry external stores of up to 3,000 pounds (1,361 kilograms).
Benefits and Capabilities of the MQ-9 UAV
The MQ-9 UAV has a higher payload capacity and horsepower compared to its predecessor, the MQ-1 Predator.
It provides long endurance, persistent surveillance, and strike capability for the warfighter.
The maritime variant of the MQ-9 UAV, known as Sea Guardian, has an endurance of over 30 hours.
Enhancing Indian Armed Forces’ Capabilities
The procurement of MQ-9 UAVs will enhance the Indian Armed Forces’ Intelligence-Surveillance-Reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities.
These high-altitude, long-endurance drones will be able to carry out intelligence collection, strike strategic targets in mountains and maritime domains, and support various military operations.
Indian Armed Forces are expected to receive a total of 31 MQ-9s, with 15 for the Navy and eight each for the Army and the Indian Air Force (IAF).
Previous Use of MQ-9 UAVs by India
In the aftermath of the Galwan Valley clashes in 2020, the Indian Navy had leased two MQ-9 UAVs, and the lease has since been extended.
The leased UAVs have completed 10,000 flight hours and have significantly contributed to the Indian Navy’s operations.
International Usage of MQ-9 UAVs
The MQ-9 UAV has been acquired by various countries, including the United States Air Force, Department of Homeland Security, NASA, Royal Air Force, Italian Air Force, French Air Force, and Spanish Air Force.
Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Change of Name under Article 21
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Allahabad High Court has allowed a man to change his name citing fundamental rights under Articles 19(1) (a), 21, and 14.
Delhi High Court permitted two brothers to reflect their father’s changed surname on their Board certificates, asserting the right to identity as an intrinsic part of the right to life under Article 21.
Article
Summary
Article 19(1)(a)
Freedom of speech and expression: Citizens have the right to express their opinions and ideas freely, with reasonable restrictions to safeguard national interests and public order.
Article 21
Right to life and personal liberty: Individuals are protected from arbitrary deprivation of life or liberty and have the right to live with dignity. It includes the right to privacy and encompasses various aspects of human rights.
Article 14
Right to equality: All individuals are entitled to equal protection under the law, ensuring fairness and prohibiting discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. It promotes equality before the law for all citizens.
Right to Change Name
The right to change one’s name is recognized as a fundamental right under Article 21 of the Constitution, which guarantees the right to life and personal liberty.
It is often exercised for various reasons, including personal preferences, religious conversions, marriage or divorce, or to overcome social or cultural barriers.
Individuals may choose to change their names to reflect their gender identity, religious beliefs, or to align with their professional or artistic pursuits.
Process to change the name
Prepare a petition stating the desire to change the name and reasons for the change.
Prepare an affidavit affirming the intention to change the name and get it notarized.
Publish a notice in two local newspapers announcing the name change.
Apply for Gazette notification through the Department of Publication.
Gather supporting documents like identity and address proof.
File the petition, affidavit, and supporting documents in the appropriate court.
Attend the court hearing and provide necessary explanations.
Obtain a court order approving the name change.
Update official documents with the new name.
Observations by the HCs
Allahabad High Court ruled that the rejection of the name-change applications by the authorities violates fundamental rights guaranteed under Articles 19(1)(a), 21, and 14.
It emphasized the need for congruence in all identity-related documents and the prevention of confusion and potential misuse.
Delhi High Court asserted the right to identity as an intrinsic part of the right to life under Article 21.
Restrictions on the Right to Change Names
Although the right to change names is a fundamental right, it is subject to reasonable restrictions.
Restrictions imposed by law must be fair, just, and reasonable.
Principle of proportionality and the value of human dignity play important roles in determining the reasonableness of restrictions (Jeeja Ghosh vs. Union of India, 2016).
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Pension Scheme (NPS)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) has introduced a new feature for systematic withdrawal from the National Pension Scheme (NPS).
National Pension Scheme (NPS): A Brief Overview
The National Pension Scheme (NPS) is a voluntary retirement savings scheme launched by the Government of India in 2004.
It is regulated and administered by the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA).
The primary objective of the NPS is to provide a pension income to individuals upon their retirement.
Key Features of the NPS:
Contributions: Subscribers make regular contributions to their NPS account during their working years. These contributions accumulate and grow over time.
Investment Options: The NPS offers two investment options: a) Auto Choice: where the funds are invested based on the subscriber’s age, and b) Active Choice: where the subscriber can select the asset classes (equity, corporate bonds, and government securities) and the fund manager.
Portable Account: The NPS account is portable, allowing subscribers to maintain their account even if they change jobs or locations.
Withdrawal Options: Upon retirement, subscribers have the flexibility to withdraw a portion of their accumulated corpus as a lump sum and use the remaining amount to purchase an annuity, which provides a regular pension income.
Tax Benefits: NPS offers tax benefits at different stages. Contributions made by subscribers are eligible for tax deductions under Section 80C, while withdrawals are subject to certain tax exemptions.
Regulated and Transparent: The NPS is regulated by the PFRDA, ensuring transparency and oversight of the scheme. It follows strict investment guidelines and has mechanisms in place to safeguard the interests of subscribers.
Wide Coverage: The NPS is available to all Indian citizens, including salaried employees, self-employed individuals, and non-resident Indians (NRIs).
Benefits of the NPS
Retirement Income: The NPS provides a retirement income to subscribers, ensuring financial security during their post-retirement years.
Long-term Wealth Creation: The investment component of the NPS allows subscribers to accumulate wealth over time, potentially generating higher returns and building a substantial retirement corpus.
Flexibility and Control: Subscribers have the flexibility to choose their investment options and actively manage their NPS accounts, providing a level of control over their retirement savings.
Tax Efficiency: The NPS offers tax benefits both on contributions and withdrawals, making it a tax-efficient retirement savings option.
Portability: The portability feature of the NPS allows subscribers to continue their account irrespective of job changes or relocations.
Regulated and Secure: The NPS is regulated by the PFRDA, ensuring a secure and transparent framework for retirement savings.
Changes introduced: Systematic Withdrawal Plan
NPS subscribers will be allowed to withdraw 60% of their contributions systematically post-retirement.
The current system of one-time withdrawal will be replaced.
40% of the contributions must be in annuity.
Systematic withdrawals can be customized by the subscriber based on their needs.
Withdrawals can be made in lump sum or on a monthly, quarterly, half-yearly, or annual basis.
This feature is applicable to individuals aged 60-75.
Benefits offered by this change
Flexibility: Subscribers can customize their withdrawals based on their financial needs.
Regular Income: Systematic withdrawals provide a regular income stream post-retirement.
Enhanced Financial Planning: Allows for better financial planning and management.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nehru Memorial Museum and Library (NMML)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The decision to rename the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library (NMML) Society has ignited a political controversy.
The institution will now be known as the ‘Prime Ministers Museum and Library Society’.
The controversy reflects the ongoing debate surrounding dynastic politics in India.
About the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library (NMML) (erstwhile)
NMML in New Delhi, is an autonomous institution under the Ministry of Culture.
It is a leading resource center on India’s first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru.
Established in 1964, it houses extensive archives, including Mahatma Gandhi’s writings and private papers of prominent figures like Swami Sahajanand Saraswati, C. Rajagopalachari, and Sarojini Naidu.
It is located in the majestic Teen Murti House, the official residence of the first Prime Minister of India.
It has four major constituents, namely, a Memorial Museum, a library on modern India, a Centre for Contemporary Studies and the Nehru Planetarium.
Pradhanmantri Sangrahalaya (the PM’s Museum)
In April 2022, the NMML inaugurated the Museum as a new addition to the institution.
It is a tribute to every Prime Minister of India since Independence, showcasing their contributions to the nation’s development over the past 75 years.
Why rename it now?
The meeting acknowledged the contributions of all past and present Prime Ministers and expressed the mission of the Society to preserve India’s democratic journey and legacy.
It was felt that renaming the institution would better align with this purpose.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kari Ishad Mango, GI Tag
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The Kari Ishad mango, prominently grown in Ankola taluk of Uttara Kannada, has been awarded the Geographical Indication (GI) tag by the Geographical Indications Registry.
The GI certificate has been issued to Matha Totagars Farmer Producer Company Limited, Ankola, and is valid until March 1, 2032 from March 31, 2023.
Kari Ishad Mango
The Kari Ishad mango is renowned for its unique aroma, luscious taste, high amount of pulp, and distinctive shape and size.
They are large and have an oblique to oval shape.
Typically, each panicle bears only one fruit, and a well-grown tree can produce up to 2,000 fruits in a season.
However, the fruit has a short shelf life of about five days.
Cultivation and Production
Apart from Ankola, the Kari Ishad mango is grown in Karwar and to a certain extent in Kumta of Uttara Kannada.
The prominent cultivation areas include Belse, Shetgeri, Belambara, Mogata, and Vandige villages of Ankola.
Vandige village stands out as the highest producer, yielding around 600 tonnes of fruits per season. Belse village boasts 1,500 plants.
Variants of the Mango
The Ishad mango has two variants:
Kari Ishad, characterized by its thin skin, abundance of pulp, and sweetness,
Bili Ishad, which has thick skin, less pulp, and sweetness.
Back2Basics: Geographical Indication (GI)
A GI is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation that are due to that origin.
Nodal Agency: Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry
India, as a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), enacted the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 w.e.f. September 2003.
GIs have been defined under Article 22 (1) of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Read the attached story
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
The field of taxonomy, which involves naming and classifying living beings, is currently engaged in a heated discussion regarding the renaming of species with objectionable scientific names.
These names often stem from problematic individuals associated with slavery, racism, derogatory terms, and racial slurs.
The debate has gained prominence in recent years, particularly in the wake of movements like Black Lives Matter, which seeks to address systemic racism and dismantle symbols of oppression.
Controversial Naming Practices
(1) Species Named after Controversial Figures:
Anophthalmus hitleri: The blind beetle named after Adolf Hitler by an entomologist who admired him gained popularity among Neo-Nazis, leading to its near-extinction.
Uta stansburiana: The lizard named after Howard Stansbury, known for his involvement in the massacre of Timpanogos Native Americans.
Hibbertia scandens: The plant named after George Hibbert, a prominent member of the pro-slavery and anti-abolition lobby.
(2) Species Named with Derogatory Terms:
Hottentotta tamulus scorpion: The use of “Hottentot” as a derogatory term for Indigenous Black people in Africa.
Rauvolfia caffra: The quinine tree named with an offensive term considered hate speech against Black communities in South Africa.
Rules and International Bodies
Nomenclature Codes: International bodies such as ICZN, ICNafp, ICNB, and ICTV govern the naming of animals, plants, bacteria, and viruses, respectively.
Validity and Publication: New names must be published in openly distributed publications and accompanied by detailed descriptions of typical specimens.
ICZN: International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature
ICNafp: International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
ICNB: International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria
ICTV: International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
Scientific Naming Process
Two-part Scientific Names: Each species has two scientific names, with the first denoting the genus and the second identifying the species within the genus. Both names are italicized.
Naming Conventions: Names are often derived from Latin or Greek, reflecting distinctive features or characteristics of the species.
Challenges in Changing Offensive Names
Limited Appetite for Change: International committees show little inclination to engage in debates on potentially offensive names, prioritizing stability and universality.
Criteria for Name Change: The rules state that name changes should only occur with profound taxonomic knowledge or to rectify names conflicting with established rules.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Wari, Warkari
Mains level: Not Much
The Sant Tukaram and Sant Dyaneshwar Palkhi processions started their three-week-long journeys from the temple towns of Dehu and Alandi in Pune.
Pandharpur Wari
The deities are said to be shifted to Pandharpur right away from Vitthala Temple, Hampi (Karnataka) to avoid demolition.
Tradition: The Wari tradition is an 800-year-old pilgrimage in Maharashtra, where devotees, known as Warkaris, undertake a foot journey to the Vithoba temple (Incarnation of Vishnu) in Pandharpur.
Largest walking event: The event is said to be one of the world’s largest and oldest movements where people gather on one day each year and walk a distance of around 250 km.
Guinness Record: The Wari has been classified by the World Book of Records as “one of the most visited places in a day”
Essence of Wakari Panth: The Wari is a ritualistic practice and a distinctive part of Maharashtrian culture, representing the essence of the Wakari Panth, which is a sect within the Bhakti tradition.
Four Processions: The Wari takes place in four months – Chaitra, Ashadh, Kartik, and Magh. The Ashadhi Ekadashi Wari is the most popular and significant among these processions.
Historical Evolution
Changed over time: Over the years, the Wari procession has evolved with changing practices, associated legends, and unique systems of organization and management.
Influence of Sant Dyaneshwar: The Wari tradition can be traced back to Sant Dyaneshwar, the father of Sant Dyaneshwar, who played a pivotal role in promoting the pilgrimage to Pandharpur.
Legacy of Sant Namdev: Sant Namdev (whose verses find mention in Guru Granth Sahib), a contemporary of Sant Dyaneshwar, also followed the tradition and composed devotional compositions expressing his devotion to Lord Vitthala.
Rituals and Cultural Aspects
Dindi and Musical Fervor: Dindis, comprising groups of devotees, accompany the palkis during the Wari, singing, chanting, and dancing. Musical instruments like the veena and mridangam enhance the devotional fervor.
Seva Dindis and Social Initiatives: Seva Dindis perform selfless service along the Wari route, including annadana (donation of food), medical assistance, and rural infrastructure development.
Social Messaging and Initiatives: The Wari has been utilized as a platform for social messaging and initiatives such as promoting cleanliness through the ‘Nirmal Wari’ campaign and women-centric drives like ‘Wari Nari Shakti’ focusing on menstrual hygiene.
Try this PYQ:
Consider the following pairs:
Traditions Communities
Chaliha Sahib Festival — Sindhis
Nanda Raj Jaat Yatra — Gonds
Wari-Warkari — Santhals
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ENSO, El Nino, La Nina, Monsoon
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
Delay in Monsoon: Any discussion on Indian monsoon delay these days invariably has references to the El Nino phenomenon.
Sudden rise of El Nino: This year’s monsoon is also progressing under the cloud of an El Nino in the Pacific Ocean.
Understanding El Nino and La Nina
El Nino and La Nina are two opposite phases of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle.
ENSO is a naturally occurring phenomenon that involves the interaction between the ocean and atmosphere in the equatorial Pacific.
Here is a detailed comparison of El Nino and La Nina
El Nino
La Nina
Definition
Warmer-than-normal sea surface temperatures
Cooler-than-normal sea surface temperatures
Frequency
Every two to seven years
Every two to seven years
Duration
Several months to a year or more
Several months to a year or more
Impact on winds
Weakens trade winds, leading to changes in patterns
Strengthens trade winds, leading to changes in patterns
Impact on rains
Reduces rainfall and can cause droughts
Increases rainfall and can cause flooding
Impact on temp.
Warmer-than-average temperatures
Colder-than-average temperatures
Global effects
Droughts in Asia and Africa, floods in Americas
Floods in Asia and Africa, droughts in South America
Impact on India
El Nino
La Nina
Associated with weak monsoons and drought-like conditions in India
Associated with above-normal rainfall and floods in India
Sea surface temperature in the equatorial Pacific Ocean rises above normal levels
Sea surface temperature in the equatorial Pacific Ocean drops below normal levels
Changes in the atmospheric circulation patterns
Changes in the atmospheric circulation patterns
Shift in the location of the jet stream, affecting the strength and direction of the monsoon winds
Increase in the strength of the monsoon winds, bringing more moisture and rainfall to India
Results in reduced rainfall, dry spells, and heatwaves, leading to crop failures and water scarcity
Excessive rainfall can also lead to floods and landslides, causing damage to crops and infrastructure
El Nino and Indian Monsoon
El Nino and its impact on Indian monsoon: El Nino refers to abnormal warming of surface waters in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, which tends to suppress monsoon rainfall in India.
Phases of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO): ENSO consists of three phases in the Pacific Ocean: El Nino, La Nina (abnormal cooling), and a neutral phase with sea surface temperatures close to long-term averages.
Ocean and atmospheric conditions: ENSO involves not only temperature abnormalities of sea surface waters but also atmospheric conditions, including differences in sea-level air pressure and wind strength and direction.
Southern oscillation and the role of winds: Southern Oscillation Index measures the difference in sea-level air pressure over the western and eastern sides of the Pacific Ocean, while wind patterns play a crucial role in ENSO.
Factors triggering El Nino
Weakening trade winds: When the trade winds in the tropical Pacific weaken, it contributes to the occurrence of El Nino by reducing the movement of warm surface waters.
Changes in ocean currents: Alterations in the normal patterns of ocean currents can trigger El Nino events as they affect the distribution and accumulation of warm water in the central and eastern Pacific.
Variations in atmospheric pressure: Fluctuations in atmospheric pressure patterns disrupt the typical circulation associated with trade winds, which can initiate the onset of El Nino conditions.
Influence of oceanic Kelvin waves: The presence and behavior of oceanic Kelvin waves, large-scale waves that transport warm water eastward, play a role in the development and intensification of El Nino events.
Interactions with other climate modes: El Nino can be influenced by the interactions and connections with other climate phenomena such as the Indian Ocean Dipole and the Madden-Julian Oscillation, which can impact the oceanic and atmospheric conditions in the Pacific region.
Measuring the Cycle
(1) Oceanic Nino Index (ONI)
Measures the oceanic component of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
Tracks the departure from average sea surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific Ocean.
Helps quantify the intensity and duration of El Nino or La Nina events.
Typically based on a rolling three-month average of sea surface temperature anomalies in specific regions.
(2) Southern Oscillation Index (SOI)
Measures the atmospheric component of ENSO.
Quantifies the difference in air pressure between two locations: Tahiti and Darwin.
Positive SOI values indicate higher pressure in the eastern Pacific and lower pressure in the western Pacific.
Negative SOI values indicate lower pressure in the eastern Pacific and higher pressure in the western Pacific.
Reflects the strength and changes in the atmospheric circulation patterns associated with ENSO.
Used to assess the phase and strength of ENSO and its impact on global weather and climate patterns.
Economic impact of El Nino on Indian Agriculture
Drought and reduced rainfall: El Nino events often lead to below-average monsoon rainfall in India, resulting in drought conditions in various regions.
Crop failure and lower yields: Lack of adequate water availability can lead to crop failure or lower yields for major crops such as rice, wheat, pulses, and oilseeds.
Increased input costs: During El Nino-induced droughts, farmers may need to invest in additional irrigation, water management, and supplementary feeding for livestock, leading to increased input costs.
Price fluctuations: Reduced crop production due to El Nino can affect market supply, leading to price fluctuations and potential inflation in food prices.
Livestock and fisheries: Water scarcity and changes in marine ecosystems can negatively affect animal husbandry and fishing activities, disrupting the livelihoods of those dependent on these sectors.
Rural livelihoods and migration: The economic stress created can impact rural livelihoods, leading to increased migration from rural to urban areas in search of alternative employment opportunities.
Try this PYQ:
La Nina is suspected to have caused recent floods in Australia. How is La Nina different from El Nino?
La Nina is characterized by unusually cold ocean temperature in equatorial Indian Ocean whereas El Nino is characterized by unusually warm ocean temperature in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.
El Nino has an adverse effect on south-west monsoon of India, but La Nina has no effect on monsoon climate.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Trial runs for the Subansiri Lower Hydroelectric Project (SLHEP): NHPC Limited, a government of India enterprise, will begin trial runs for the Project in July.
India’s largest: After a delay of 20 years, India is finally approaching the launch of India’s largest hydropower project which is crucial for the region’s energy transition.
About NHPC Ltd: NHPC Limited, formerly known as National Hydroelectric Power Corporation Ltd, is the largest hydropower development organization in India.
About Subansiri Lower Hydroelectric Project (SLHEP)
Gravity dam: It is a concrete gravity dam 116 m high from river bed level on the Subansiri River.
Location: The dam is located approximately 2.3 km upstream of the Subansiri River in Arunachal Pradesh, India.
Accessibility: The project is located near North Lakhimpur on the border of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam. The nearest railhead is Nagaon, and the nearest airport is Lilabari/Dibrugarh.
Run-of-the-river project: NHPC Limited, the project developer, describes the SLHEP as a run-of-the-river project, indicating its design aims to maintain the natural flow of the river.
Power generation capacity: Once completed, the SLHEP is expected to have a power generation capacity of 2,000 MW, making it one of the largest hydroelectric projects in India.
Construction challenges
Natural obstacles: The project has faced several challenges during its construction, including issues related to landslides, the need for redesigning certain aspects, and opposition from various stakeholders.
Delayed completion: Originally scheduled for completion in 2018, the project has experienced delays, contributing to its ongoing construction status.
Clearance from NGT: The SLHEP received clearance from the National Green Tribunal (NGT) on July 31, 2019, allowing for the resumption of main dam construction activities on October 15, 2019.
Construction progress: As of early 2019, work on the SLHEP and other major dam projects in the Assam region, such as the Dibang Dam, had faced challenges and were not progressing as expected.
Benefits offered
Cascade development and flood moderation: It is expected to moderate floods in the Subansiri River and bring overall development to the area, benefiting the local economy.
Hydropower boost: Hydropower plays a crucial role in balancing the electricity grid, especially as solar and wind power generation rise.
Strategic Location
Its strategic significance is heightened by its proximity to the India-China border.
Located in Arunachal Pradesh, which shares a border with China, the project holds geopolitical importance.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Green Hydrogen
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
Researchers from IIT-Madras have developed components for a cost-effective method of electrolyzing seawater to produce green hydrogen.
The current alkaline water electrolyzer technology is energy-intensive, requires an expensive oxide-polymer separator, and uses fresh water.
Generating Green Hydrogen
Instead of using fresh water, the researchers developed an electrolyzer that utilizes alkaline seawater.
Carbon-based support material was used for the electrodes to minimize corrosion.
Transition metal-based catalysts were designed to catalyze both oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions, improving the production of hydrogen and oxygen.
A cellulose-based separator was developed to allow hydroxide ions to pass through while preventing crossover of oxygen and hydrogen.
How does Electrolysis take place?
The alkaline water electrolyzer involves two half-reactions at the anode and cathode.
At the cathode, water dissociates into H+ and hydroxide ions, with H+ ions converting into hydrogen.
Hydroxide ions produced at the cathode pass through the separator, and oxygen is generated at the anode.
When seawater is used, hypochlorite formation occurs at the anode, causing corrosion and reducing oxygen production. Impurities also affect the hydrogen evolution reaction at the cathode.
How were the Catalyst and Electrode designed?
The carbon-based support material was used for both anode and cathode electrodes to prevent corrosion.
The catalyst coating on the support material enhances hydrogen production at the cathode and oxygen production at the anode.
Transition bimetals in the catalyst are selective toward oxygen evolution reaction, overcoming the challenge of hypochlorite formation.
Despite impurities adsorbed on the cathode, the catalyst promotes hydrogen evolution, increasing hydrogen production.
What made this device novel?
The team developed a cellulose-based separator to separate the anode and cathode.
The separator allows hydroxide ions to pass through but minimizes the crossover of hydrogen and oxygen.
The separator shows high resistance to degradation in seawater.
Experimental Results and Performance
The assembled electrolyzer achieved a seawater splitting voltage of 1.73 V at 10 mA/sq.cm and 26 degrees C.
The optimized parameters enable the electrolyzer to directly use photovoltaic-derived voltage for green hydrogen production.
Two prototypes of different dimensions were developed, producing hydrogen at rates of 250 ml/hour and 1 liter/hour.
A stack of three cells produced hydrogen at a rate of about 4 liters/hour.
Back2Basics:Hydrogen Categories
Production Method
Carbon Emissions
Gray Hydrogen
Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) from fossil fuels
High emissions
Blue Hydrogen
Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) from fossil fuels with carbon capture and storage (CCS) or carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS)
Reduced emissions compared to gray hydrogen
Green Hydrogen
Electrolysis using renewable energy sources (solar, wind, hydro)
No carbon emissions
Turquoise Hydrogen
Methane pyrolysis from fossil fuels with carbon capture and storage (CCS) or carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Jatan Software
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
The Union government plans to complete the 3D digitisation of all museums under its administrative control by the end of 2023.
The digitisation initiative using JATAN software aims to enhance the conservation and preservation of artefacts.
What is JATAN Software?
JATAN is a virtual museum builder software used in Indian museums.
It enables the creation of a digital collection management system and is deployed in several national museums across India.
The objective of JATAN is to digitally preserve and document museum objects for the benefit of researchers, curators, and other interested individuals.
The software was designed and developed by the Human Centres Design and Computing Group at the Centre for Development of Smart Computing (C-DAC) in Pune.
JATAN facilitates the creation of digital imprints of preserved objects and monuments.
These digital imprints are integrated into the national digital repository and portal, making them accessible to the public.
Benefits of 3D Digitisation
3D digitisation offers improved conservation and preservation of artefacts, ensuring their long-term protection.
It enhances accessibility and exploration for museum visitors, providing new ways to engage with the collection.
The 3D models generated through digitisation can be used in augmented reality, virtual reality, and interactive learning experiences, creating immersive educational opportunities.
Furthermore, the digitisation process enables the potential for 3D printing, allowing for replication and detailed study of artefacts.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Fruit Flies
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Flies’ negative perception: Fruit flies often considered annoying pests, but their significance in biological and medical science is immense.
Economic and environmental importance: Flies, including fruit flies, play crucial roles as pollinators for plants and contribute to decomposition processes.
Fruit Flies (Drosophila melanogaster)
Overview: Fruit or vinegar fly species known for its nuisance during summer.
Scientific significance: Drosophila melanogaster is a well-understood animal organism globally and has contributed to numerous Nobel Prize-winning discoveries in physiology and medicine.
Partnership between Science and Flies
Early collaborations with flies: Biologist Thomas Hunt Morgan’s experiments with fruit flies revolutionized evolutionary and genetic research.
Discoveries in genetics: Fruit flies provided insights into genetic mutations, inheritance patterns, and the mapping of genes on chromosomes.
Understanding biological processes: Studies in fruit flies helped unravel mechanisms of development, gene regulation, and protein synthesis.
Insights from Drosophila Research
Embryo studies: Microscopic examination of Drosophila embryos aided in understanding genetic defects and gene networks that control development.
Contribution to genetic medicine: Research on fruit flies helped decipher the genetic code, map DNA structure, and investigate inherited disorders.
Remarkable genetic similarity: Fruit flies and humans share striking biological similarities, allowing for the study of human biology and disease in flies.
Versatility and Applications of Drosophila Research
Efficient and cost-effective research: Fruit flies offer a fast and versatile model organism for studying various aspects of human biology and disease.
Neuroscience and behavioral research: Fruit flies provide insights into learning, memory, sleep, aggression, addiction, and neural disorders.
Broad range of applications: Fruit flies are used to study cancer, aging, development, gut microbiome, stem cells, muscles, and the heart.
Bridging Knowledge Gaps
Complementary to human studies: Fruit flies serve as a bridge to understanding complex human diseases and physiological processes.
Insights into neurodegenerative diseases: Although flies cannot fully mimic personality loss in Alzheimer’s disease, they contribute to studying neuronal death and related mechanisms.
Paradigm for Scientific Discoveries
Accelerating research in complex organisms: Knowledge gained from fruit flies can be applied to more complex organisms, expediting scientific progress.
Global research community: Over 10,000 researchers worldwide utilize fruit flies for diverse areas of study, enriching our understanding of human biology and disease.
Shifting Perspectives
Appreciating the significance: Fruit flies, despite their annoyance, play a vital role in advancing scientific knowledge and medical breakthroughs.
Rethinking flies’ presence: Viewing fruit flies in a different light, recognizing their value in research and their contributions to understanding the world around us.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ram Prasad Bismil, Mainpuri Conspiracy of 1918
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: This article revolves around the life, contributions, and legacy of Ram Prasad Bismil, a revolutionary figure in India’s freedom struggle against British colonial rule.
Ram Prasad Bismil
Birth: Ram Prasad Bismil was born on June 11, 1897, in Shahjahanpur district, UP.
Revolutionary activities: He actively fought against British Raj and participated in notable events like the Mainpuri Conspiracy of 1918 and the Kakori Train Action of 1925.
Founding of Hindustan Republican Association: Bismil established the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA, later known as the Hindustan Socialist RA) and played a pivotal role in the organization.
Sacrifice and execution: Bismil was hanged for his revolutionary activities on December 19, 1927, at the age of 30.
Early life and Arya Samaj connections
Upbringing and linguistic influences: Bismil was born into a Rajput Tomar family and learned Hindi from his father, Urdu from a nearby maulvi, and also studied in an English medium school in Shahjahanpur.
Association with Arya Samaj: Bismil joined the Arya Samaj during his childhood, becoming a prolific writer and poet. He used pen names such as ‘Agyat’, ‘Ram’, and the well-known ‘Bismil’.
Poem “Mera Janm”: At the age of 18, Bismil wrote the poem “Mera Janm” expressing his anger over the death sentence of Arya Samaj missionary Bhai Parmanand.
Major events associated to Bismil
(1) Mainpuri Conspiracy
Political disillusionment: Bismil became disillusioned with the moderate wing of the Congress Party and rejected negotiation or appeasement with the British.
Formation of Matrivedi: Bismil established the revolutionary organization Matrivedi and collaborated with Genda Lal Dixit, who had connections with dacoits and sought to utilize them in the armed struggle.
Mainpuri Ki Pratigya: Bismil’s famous poem, “Mainpuri Ki Pratigya,” was widely distributed in pamphlets across the United Provinces. He carried out acts of looting to gather funds for his organization.
(2) Founding the Hindustan Republican Association
Return to Shahjahanpur: After being underground for several years, Bismil returned to Shahjahanpur in February 1920.
Formation of HRA: Bismil, along with Ashfaqullah Khan, Sachindra Nath Bakshi, and Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee, founded the Hindustan Republican Association. Later, Chandra Shekhar Azad and Bhagat Singh joined the organization.
Release of the manifesto: Bismil played a significant role in penning the manifesto titled “Krantikari,” which was officially released on January 1, 1925. The manifesto called for an organized and armed revolution to establish a federal Republic of United States of India.
(3) Kakori Train Action
Objective and planning: The Kakori Train Action aimed to rob a train carrying treasury bags between Shahjahanpur and Lucknow.
Execution of the action: On August 9, 1925, around ten revolutionaries, including Bismil and Ashfaqullah Khan, stopped the train at Kakori station, overpowered the guard, and looted the treasury bags containing approximately Rs 4,600.
Consequences and crackdown: The action drew both British outrage and mixed responses from the Indian public. The misfiring of a gun resulted in the accidental killing of a passenger, Ahmad Ali, dampening public support. Subsequently, a violent crackdown led to the arrest of most involved, excluding Chandrashekhar Azad.
Death and legacy
Trial and sentencing: Bismil, along with Ashfaqullah Khan and Rajendranath Lahiri, faced a long trial and were ultimately sentenced to death.
Execution and martyrdom: On December 19, 1927, Bismil was executed at the age of 30, leaving behind a legacy of sacrifice and dedication to the cause of freedom.
Enduring influence and remembrance: Bismil’s poetry continues to inspire and his call for Hindu-Muslim unity serves as a symbol of communal harmony. He is remembered for his revolutionary spirit and deep concern for society, justice, and equality.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Fixed dose combination (FDC) Drug
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: Exploring the recent ban on 14 fixed dose combination drugs in India and its rationale.
What are FDC Drugs?
Definition: FDC drugs are combinations of active ingredients in a fixed ratio, commonly used in a single pill or syrup.
Benefits offered: FDCs can reduce pill burden, improve adherence to therapy, and lower costs.
Risks associated: Certain combinations can be pharmacologically incompatible, have abuse potential, and contribute to antibiotic resistance.
Issue of Irrational FDCs
Licensed FDCs: FDCs introduced for the first time require prior approval, while many older FDCs were licensed without proper scrutiny.
Lack of safety: Lack of evidence on safety and efficacy led to the categorization of many licensed FDCs as irrational.
Legal challenges: A ban on 344 FDCs in 2016 was stayed by the Delhi High Court, prompting further review and subsequent ban on 329 FDCs in 2018.
Government Action and Expert Review
Referral to Drugs Technical Advisory Board: The Supreme Court entrusted the review of FDC drugs to the government’s expert body.
Ban on 14 Pre-1988 FDCs: An expert committee recommended banning certain FDCs licensed before 1988.
Balancing Prior Approvals and Inquiry: The Supreme Court excluded 15 FDCs licensed prior to 1988 from the ban but allowed for an inquiry.
Implications of the Ban
Impact on Drug Availability: The ban affects approximately 40-50 brands used for cough, fever, pain, and common infections.
Support from Pediatricians: Many pediatricians welcome the ban, citing harmful combinations in FDC drugs.
Call for Additional Scrutiny: Calls to consider banning Nimesulide for single-dose use due to liver risks.
Cautions Regarding Cough Syrups
Conflicting Effects of Ingredients: Experts highlight how ingredients in cough syrups may work against each other, reducing their efficacy.
Limited Evidence on Cough Syrups: Weak evidence suggests cough syrups may not significantly reduce cough duration.
Caution for Cough Suppressants: Prescription-only use is advised, particularly for individuals with underlying lung conditions.
Socioeconomic impact of the Ban
Economic Savings and Improved Quality of Life: The ban may lead to cost savings and enhanced well-being for individuals.
Importance of Safe Drinking Water: Access to clean drinking water is crucial for public health and overall quality of life.
Evidence-Based Decision-Making: Ensuring the safety and effectiveness of medical treatments through research and evaluation.
Addressing Emerging Health Challenges: Continuous monitoring and research are necessary to tackle evolving health risks.
Optimizing Healthcare Practices: Ongoing efforts to improve healthcare systems and practices for better patient outcomes.
Conclusion
The recent ban on 14 fixed dose combination (FDC) drugs in India highlights the government’s commitment to ensuring the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: RBI Monetary Policy Committee
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
This article discusses the recent policy review by the MPC (Monetary Policy Committee) and its implications for India’s economy.
The MPC is responsible for making decisions regarding the repo rate and determining the policy stance to achieve specific economic objectives.
Key highlights by RBI
Repo Rate: Kept unchanged at 6.50%
Standing Deposit Facility (SDF) Rate: Remains unchanged at 6.25%
Marginal Standing Facility (MSF) Rate and Bank Rate: Unchanged at 6.75%
Target Inflation: Medium-term target for Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation of 4% within a band of +/- 2%
RBI Monetary Policy Committee
Purpose
Make decisions on monetary policy in India
Constituted by
RBI Act, 1934
Objective
Maintain price stability and foster economic growth
Members
3 officials from the RBI,
3 external members appointed by the Government of India
Chairperson
Governor of the RBI
Decision Factors
Economic and financial developments
Inflation trends
Macroeconomic conditions
Key Tools
Policy interest rate (Repo rate)
Policy stance
Impact of Decisions
Borrowing costs
Liquidity in the banking system
Overall economic environment
Various MPC tools
Description
Repo Rate
Rate at which the central bank lends money to commercial banks
Reverse Repo Rate
Rate at which the central bank borrows money from commercial banks
Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)
Portion of banks’ deposits that they must hold as reserves with the central bank
Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)
Percentage of certain assets that banks are required to maintain in their portfolio
Open Market Operations (OMOs)
Buying and selling of government securities by the central bank in the open market
Marginal Standing Facility (MSF)
Facility allowing banks to borrow funds overnight from the central bank against eligible securities
Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF)
Repo and reverse repo rates used by banks to manage their liquidity needs
Policy Stance and Communication
MPC’s approach to monetary policy and communication of decisions and outlook
Key outlooks
GDP growth and inflation forecasts: GDP growth forecasts provide insights into the expected pace of economic expansion, while inflation forecasts help gauge price stability and purchasing power.
Stability of forecasts: The MPC’s latest review indicates relatively little change in the GDP growth and inflation forecasts, reflecting a consistent outlook for the economy.
Goldilocks metaphor for the economy: The reference to a Goldilocks moment alludes to an ideal state where the economy operates optimally, striking a balance between high inflation (too hot) and faltering GDP growth (too cold). RBI surveys on consumer confidence and inflation expectations suggest a positive and favourable economic environment.
Positive Developments
Surprising GDP growth: India’s GDP growth in FY23 exceeded the RBI’s expectations, reaching 7.2% instead of the projected 7%.
Decrease in headline retail inflation: Retail inflation dropped to 4.7% in April, marking the lowest reading since November 2021.
Consumption recovery and private investments: The anticipation of a robust Rabi crop production and a normal monsoon, combined with the government’s emphasis on capital expenditure, suggests a potential increase in consumption levels and private investments.
Increase in consumer confidence: Consumer confidence is gradually improving, while Indian families expect inflation to stabilize at a more manageable level.
Major considerations
Expected deceleration in GDP: Despite positive indicators, the MPC anticipates a slowdown in GDP growth from 7.2% to 6.5% in FY24, with professional forecasters projecting an even lower growth rate of 6%.
Consumer confidence still in negative territory: While consumer confidence metrics show improvement, they remain below the 100 mark, indicating prevailing pessimism among the public.
Headwinds and potentially economic challenges: Various factors, including weak global demand, volatility in global financial markets, geopolitical tensions, and the potential impact of El Nino on the monsoon, pose potential risks to India’s economy.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dr. M. Emperumal Naidu
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: Naidu Hospital in Kottar (Nagercoil, TN), stands as a symbol of the forgotten heroes of the freedom movement, spearheaded by Dr. M. Emperumal Naidu, and their enduring impact on social justice
Who was Dr. M. Emperumal Naidu (1880-1958)?
Introduction to Naidu Hospital: Naidu Hospital, located in Kottar is a significant hospital with historical ties to the freedom movement and the fight for social justice.
Founder: M. Emperumal Naidu, a freedom fighter and associate of Mahatma Gandhi, established the hospital.
Contribution to Vaikom Movement: Naidu actively participated in the Vaikom temple street entry movement, following the footsteps of Periyar E.V. Ramasamy and his wife Nagammal.
Enduring the Struggle: Naidu faced adversity during the movement, including being splattered with limestone powder and standing in waist-deep rainwater with Gandhidas Muthusamy.
His Life and Achievements
Family and Education: Naidu’s ancestors hailed from Andhra Pradesh, and his father served as an artiste in the court of Travancore. Naidu studied at Scott Christian College in Nagercoil and later attended the Madras Medical College.
Involvement in Freedom Movement: Naidu became actively involved in the freedom movement while studying in England and declined a medical college offer to pursue a degree in Glasgow, aligning himself with the ideals of Gandhi.
Contributions to Healthcare: In 1914, Naidu established a hospital in Kottar, one of the first private hospitals providing modern medical treatment. He offered free treatment to Dalits and marked prescriptions with ‘HF’ (Harijan Free).
Leadership and Connections: Naidu played a crucial role in the Indian National Congress and hosted prominent leaders like Lala Lajpat Rai, C.F. Andrews, Sarojini Naidu, and Jawaharlal Nehru in Nagercoil.
Link to Gandhi: Naidu served as a vital link to Gandhi in Travancore and actively participated in various campaigns and Congress meetings alongside him.
Major contribution: Temple Entry Movement
Vaikom Temple Street Movement: Naidu, along with his wife and other volunteers, actively participated in the Vaikom temple street movement, advocating for equal rights and facing arrests and restrictions.
Continued Activism: Naidu continued organizing protests and campaigns, leading a protest in Suchindram to open temple streets to all communities in the Kanniyakumari district.
Achievements: Naidu’s relentless efforts for temple entry and the welfare of Dalits led to the Travancore government issuing a proclamation in 1936, opening temple doors and streets to all communities.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Agni Prime , Other Agni variants
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea: India successfully tested the new-generation Agni-Prime ballistic missile with a strike range of 1,000 to 2,000 kilometres.
About Agni Prime Missile
Stages: Agni-P is a two-stage, surface-to-surface, road-mobile, and solid-fueled missile.
Canister-Launch System: Agni-P is launched via a canister, providing operational flexibility and ease of transport.
Advanced Systems: Agni-P incorporates new propulsion systems, composite rocket motor casings, and advanced navigation and guidance systems.
History and Development
Development Timeline: Beginning in 2016, DRDO has been developing Agni-P as a successor to enhance accuracy and reliability.
Indo-Pacific Strategy: Agni-P is part of India’s strategy to counter China’s naval capabilities and achieve parity in anti-access/area denial.
International Implications: Agni-P’s development positions India in the regional power dynamics and could impact arms control treaties.
Missile Capabilities
Manoeuvrability and Accuracy: Agni-P features a manoeuvrable reentry vehicle (MaRV) for precise delivery of warheads to multiple locations.
Transportability: The missile is stored in a hermetically sealed tandem twin canister launcher, allowing for swift transportation through road and rail.
Weight Reduction: Composite materials are utilized in both stages of Agni-P to reduce weight and enhance performance.
Strategic Importance
Counterforce Capability: Agni-P aims to deter neighbourhood enemy forces, given its limited range.
Enhanced Deterrence: The missile strengthens India’s deterrence capabilities and contributes to national security.
Regional Power Dynamics: Agni-P’s development is part of India’s Indo-Pacific strategy, impacting regional power dynamics.
Back2Basics: Agni Missile Series
Agni I: It is a Medium Range Ballistic Missile with a Range of 700-800 km.
Agni II: It is also a Medium Range Ballistic Missile with a Range more than 2000 km.
Agni III: It is also an Inter-Medium Range Ballistic Missile with Range of more than 2,500 Km
Agni IV: It is also an Inter-Medium Range Ballistic Missile with Range is more than 3,500 km and can fire from a road mobile launcher.
Agni-V: Currently it is the longest of Agni series, an Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) with a range of over 5,000 km.
Agni- VI: The longest of the Agni series, an Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) with a range of ICBM 11,000–12,000 km.
