Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Horn of Africa and adjacent region
Why in the News?
According to a joint report by the UN and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), at least 65 million people are food insecure in the Horn of Africa.
Food Insecurity in Horn of Africa Region:
Of the 65 million affected, 36 million reside in IGAD member states: Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, and Uganda.
Main Causes:
- Extreme weather and climate change are primary drivers of food insecurity, leading to severe conditions.
- Conflict has also destroyed infrastructure and sources of food and income, worsening the situation.
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About the Horn of Africa:
|
Details |
| Location |
A peninsula in northeastern Africa, extending into the Arabian Sea. |
| Geographical Composition |
Comprises the countries of Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia. |
| Population |
Approximately 115 million people. |
| Area |
Covers about 2 million square kilometers. |
| Geographical Features |
Includes mountains, plateaus, deserts, and coastlines. Significant areas include the Ethiopian Plateau, Ogaden Desert, and Eritrean and Somalian coasts. |
| Historical Name |
Known as Bilad al Barbar or Berber Land in ancient times. |
| Significance |
- Known for diverse landscapes and unique biodiversity.
- Strategic importance due to proximity to oil-producing regions in the Middle East.
|
| Key Bodies of Water |
- Lies to the south of the Gulf of Aden and along the southern boundary of the Red Sea.
- Grand Renaissance Dam: Under construction by Ethiopia on the Nile River, impacting regional water dynamics.
|
| Shipping Routes |
Major shipping routes pass through the Red Sea, with Djibouti serving as a critical maritime hub for international trade. |
| Climate |
Characterized by a mix of arid, semi-arid, and temperate climates, influencing agriculture and livelihoods in the region. |
Geopolitical and strategic importance for India:
- The Horn of Africa is located near the Middle East, a region vital for global oil production.
- Around 40% of Middle Eastern oil flows through the Red Sea shipping lanes adjacent to the Horn, making it a critical point for energy security.
- Djibouti and the surrounding areas control access to the Bab el Mandeb Strait, which links the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden and is one of the world’s busiest maritime chokepoints.
- Several countries, including the US, France, and China, have established military bases in Djibouti to secure their interests in this strategic region.
- China’s presence in Djibouti and other Horn of Africa nations aligns with its “string of pearls” strategy, which aims to secure military and economic footholds around India.
- The Horn region serves as a gateway to Africa for Indian investments in infrastructure, energy, and mining sectors.
- The region, particularly Somalia, poses threats from Pirates and terrorist groups like Al-Shabaab.
PYQ:
[2016] Consider the following statements:
- The India-Africa Summit
- held in 2015 was the third such Summit
- was actually initiated by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1951
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Proba-3 Mission
Why in the News?
- India is set to launch the European Space Agency’s (ESA) PROBA-3 Mission in December from the Sriharikota spaceport.
- The mission will use ISRO’s PSLV rocket to place two satellites in orbit, designed to study the Sun’s corona, or outer atmosphere.
About Proba-3 Mission:
|
Details |
| Mission Name |
PROBA-3 (Project for On-Board Autonomy-3) |
| Objective |
Study the Sun’s corona by creating an artificial eclipse with precision formation flying of two satellites |
| Launch Date and Location |
December 4, 2024, from Sriharikota spaceport, India, via ISRO’s PSLV-XL rocket |
| Orbit |
Highly elliptical orbit, ranging from 600 km to 60,000 km, with a 19.7-hour orbital period |
| Satellites |
Two satellites:
- Coronagraph spacecraft (340 kg) and
- Occulter spacecraft (200 kg)
|
| Alignment Precision |
Millimeter-level alignment to block the Sun’s light and allow continuous corona observation |
| Key Scientific Goals |
Observe solar phenomena, such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections, to improve space weather forecasting |
| Unique Features |
First ESA mission dedicated to precision formation flying, using smaller, agile satellites for cost-effective observation |
| International Collaboration |
Jointly developed by ESA and ISRO, with contributions from France, Belgium, and the Netherlands |
| Communication Support |
Managed via antenna in Santa Maria (Azores) and ground station in Redu (Belgium) |
| Significance |
Advances solar research and international collaboration; enhances space weather insights, supporting infrastructure on Earth |
PYQ:
[2016] What is ‘Greased Lightning-10 (GL-10)’, recently in the news?
(a) Electric plane tested by NASA
(b) Solar-powered two-seater aircraft designed by Japan
(c) Space observatory launched by China
(d) Reusable rocket designed by ISRO |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Autoimmune Conditions, Vitamin D
Why in the News?
Recent research conducted by scientists at McGill University has shed light on the critical role of vitamin D in maintaining thymus health and its implications for immune function.
About Autoimmune Conditions:
- Autoimmune conditions refer to disorders where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own healthy tissues, viewing them as foreign.
- Vitamin D plays a role in regulating immune responses and promoting immune tolerance—the body’s ability to avoid attacking its own cells.
- It influences T-cells (a type of immune cell) to recognize and tolerate the body’s own tissues rather than attacking them.
- The thymus gland trains T-cells to avoid attacking healthy cells. A deficiency in Vitamin D may cause the thymus to age prematurely, reducing its ability to regulate T-cells properly.
- Vitamin D affects certain genetic pathways related to immune function.
- Variations in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene may also predispose some individuals to autoimmune diseases, and these individuals might be more sensitive to Vitamin D levels.
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What is Vitamin D?
- Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin crucial for the body’s ability to absorb calcium, magnesium, and phosphate, which are essential for bone health.
- It supports muscle movement, nerve function, and immune system responses. Due to its synthesis in the skin upon exposure to sunlight, it is often called the ‘sunshine vitamin’.
- The body naturally produces Vitamin D when skin is exposed to ultraviolet B (UVB) rays from sunlight.
- Sources of Vitamin D:
- Fish: Salmon, mackerel, tuna, and sardines are rich in Vitamin D.
- Cod liver oil: A concentrated source, providing 400–1,000 IU per teaspoon.
- Mushrooms: Varieties like portobello contain Vitamin D if exposed to UV light.
- Fortified Foods: Milk, yogurt, orange juice, and cereals often have added Vitamin D.
- Egg yolks: Contain a small amount of Vitamin D.
- Common forms include Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), especially useful in autumn and winter when sunlight exposure is limited.
Significance of Vitamin D
- Bone Health: Essential for calcium absorption, which strengthens bones and prevents osteoporosis.
- Muscle and Nerve Function: Supports muscle contractions and nerve signaling between the brain and body.
- Immune System: Enhances immune defenses, helping to fight off infections by viruses and bacteria.
- Brain Health: May play a role in maintaining cognitive health, especially with aging.
- Inflammation and Pain: Helps regulate the body’s response to inflammation and pain.
- Blood Pressure: Linked to regulating blood pressure; deficiency is associated with hypertension.
Impacts of Vitamin D Deficiency
- Increases the risk of rickets in children (softening of bones) and osteoporosis in adults.
- Low levels of Vitamin D are linked to autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and multiple sclerosis.
- Recent studies indicate that Vitamin D deficiency can accelerate thymus aging, leading to immune dysfunction and a higher risk of autoimmune diseases.
- Deficiency has been associated with cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, depression, and chronic pain.
- Can include fatigue, muscle weakness, bone pain, and depression.
- In severe cases, deficiency may cause impaired bone growth and fracture susceptibility.
PYQ:
[2011] Regular intake of fresh fruits and vegetables is recommended in the diet since they are a good source of antioxidants. How do antioxidants help a person maintain health and promote longevity?
(a) They activate the enzymes necessary for vitamin synthesis in the body and help prevent vitamin deficiency.
(b) They prevent excessive oxidation of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the body and help avoid unnecessary wastage of energy.
(c) They neutralize the free radicals produced in the body during metabolism.
(d) They activate certain genes in the cells of the body and help delay the ageing process. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Tuna Fish, PMMSY
Why in the News?
The Department of Fisheries has notified the creation of a Tuna Cluster in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands as part of the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY).
- The A&N Islands offer significant opportunities for fisheries development with approximately 6.0 lakh square km of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).
- This region has rich sea resources, particularly Tuna and Tuna-like species, with an estimated potential of 60,000 metric tons.
- The islands’ location near Southeast Asia enables efficient sea and air trade, and the pristine waters support sustainable fishing.
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About Tuna Species and its Significance
- Tuna are large, fast-swimming fish belonging to the Thunnini tribe within the Scombridae family.
- Known for their streamlined bodies and remarkable agility, tuna are found in tropical and temperate oceans worldwide.
- There are over 15 species of tuna, with some of the most well-known being Bluefin, Yellowfin, Albacore, Bigeye, and Skipjack.
- Tuna can grow quickly and live for several decades, with species like Bluefin reaching over 450 kg in weight.
- It is one of the most popular and valuable fish in the global seafood market, highly sought after for its flavor, texture, and nutritional value.
- Species like Bluefin tuna are particularly valuable, often fetching high prices in markets, especially in Japan for dishes like sushi and sashimi.
- It is rich in protein, low in saturated fat, and packed with omega-3 fatty acids, which support heart health, brain function, and inflammation reduction.
- It also provides essential vitamins and minerals like Vitamin D, B12, iron, and selenium.
 |
PYQ:
[2013] The most important fishing grounds of the world are found in the regions where
(a) Warm and cold atmospheric currents meet
(b) Rivers drain out large amounts of freshwater into the sea
(c) Warm and cold oceanic currents meet
(d) Continental shelf is undulating |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Jagannath Puri Temple
Why in the News?
Odisha’s law minister recently clarified that there was no secret chamber inside the treasury of the Jagannath Temple in Puri.
About Jagannath Puri Temple
- The Jagannath Temple is an important Vaishnavite temple dedicated to Jagannath, a form of Sri Krishna in Puri in Odisha.
- The present temple was rebuilt from the 10th century onwards, on the site of an earlier temple, and begun by Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva, the first king of the Eastern Ganga dynasty.
- The Puri temple is famous for its annual Ratha Yatra, or chariot festival, in which the three principal deities are pulled on huge and elaborately decorated temple cars.
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It’s Architecture:
- With its sculptural richness and fluidity of the Oriya style of temple architecture, it is one of the most magnificent monuments of India.
- The huge temple complex covers an area of over 400,000 square feet and is surrounded by a high fortified wall.
- This 20 feet high wall is known as Meghanada Pacheri.
- Another wall known as kurma bedha surrounds the main temple.
The temple has four distinct sectional structures, namely:
- Deula, Vimana or Garba griha (Sanctum sanctorum) where the triad deities are lodged on the ratnavedi (Throne of Pearls). In Rekha Deula style;
- Mukhashala (Frontal porch);
- Nata mandir/Natamandapa, which is also known as the Jagamohan (Audience Hall/Dancing Hall), and
- Bhoga Mandapa (Offerings Hall)
PYQ:
[2012] The Nagara, the Dravida and the Vesara are the:
(a) Three main racial groups of the Indian subcontinent
(b) Three main linguistic divisions into which the languages of India can be classified
(c) Three main styles of Indian temple architecture
(d) Three main musical Gharanas prevalent in India |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: First Asian Buddhist Summit
Why in the News?
The Government of India, in collaboration with the International Buddhist Confederation (IBC), held the first Asian Buddhist Summit (ABS) in New Delhi.
About the Asian Buddhist Summit (ABS)
- ABS is a high-level conference organized to bring together Buddhist leaders, scholars, and practitioners from across Asia.
- The theme of the first summit was ‘Role of Buddha Dhamma in Strengthening Asia’.
- It aligns with India’s Act East Policy, aiming to deepen cultural and spiritual ties across Asian nations.
- Key topics discussed at the summit include:
- The role of Buddhist art, architecture, and heritage.
- The dissemination of Buddha Dhamma and its cultural influence across Asia.
- The significance of holy Buddhist relics and their societal impact.
- The relevance of Buddhist philosophy and literature in the 21st century.
- Exploring the relationship between Buddhism and scientific research for health and well-being.
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About Buddhism:
|
Details |
| Origin of Buddhism |
• Originated in India over 2,600 years ago.
• Founded by Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) around 563 BCE.
• Born into the royal family of the Sakya clan in Lumbini, near the Indo-Nepal border.
• At age 29, Gautama renounced a life of luxury and embraced asceticism.
• Attained Bodhi (enlightenment) after 49 days of meditation under a pipal tree in Bodhgaya, Bihar.
• Delivered his first sermon in Sarnath, known as Dharma-Chakra-Pravartana.
• Died at 80 in Kushinagara (Mahaparinirvana) in 483 BCE. |
| Tenets of Buddhism |
• Advocated the Madhyam Marg (Middle Path) between indulgence and asceticism.
• Emphasized individual responsibility for happiness.
• Four Noble Truths (ariya-sachchani):
1. Dukkha: Suffering is inherent.
2. Samudya: Every suffering has a cause.
3. Nirodha: Suffering could be extinguished.
4. Atthanga Magga: Achieved through the Eightfold Path.
• Eightfold Path (astangika marg): Right view, intention, speech, action, livelihood, mindfulness, effort, concentration.
• Ultimate goal: Attaining Nirvana (Nibbana).
• Five Precepts (Panchasil): Prohibitions against violence, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying, and intoxicants. |
| Major Buddhist Texts |
• Initially oral teachings, memorized by the Sangha.
• Written down around 25 BCE in Pali.
• Three Pitakas:
1. Vinaya Pitaka: Monastic rules.
2. Sutta Pitaka: Main teachings, divided into five Nikayas (Digha, Majjhima, Samyutta, Anguttara, Khuddaka).
3. Abhidamma Pitaka: Philosophical analysis of teachings.
• Other important texts: Divyavadana, Dipavamsa, Mahavamsa, Milind Panha. |
| Role of the Buddhist Councils |
• Important turning points in early Buddhism, leading to sectarian clashes and the Great Schism.
• Four Major Councils:
1. First Council (483 BCE): Presided by Mahakasyapa, aimed to preserve teachings.
2. Second Council (383 BCE): Addressed monastic discipline.
3. Third Council (250 BCE): Under Ashoka, focusing on spreading Buddhism.
4. Fourth Council (72 CE): Led to division into Mahayana and Hinayana. |
| Different Schools of Buddhism |
• Mahayana: “Great Vehicle,” emphasizes Bodhisattva ideal and idol worship; spread to Central and East Asia.
• Hinayana: “Lesser Vehicle,” focuses on individual salvation and original teachings; Theravada is a major branch.
• Theravada: Closest to original teachings; dominant in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
• Vajrayana: “Vehicle of the Thunderbolt,” complex rituals; developed around 900 CE.
• Zen: Focuses on meditation, developed in China and Japan. |
| Spread of Buddhism in Ancient India |
• Monastic organization through Sangha for spreading teachings.
• Rapid growth during Buddha’s lifetime.
• Ashoka’s influence post-Kalinga conquest; adopted Dhamma conquest, sending missions to various regions, including Gandhara, Kashmir, Greece, Sri Lanka, Burma (Myanmar), Egypt, and Thailand. |
PYQ:
[2020] With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements:
1. Sthaviravadins belong to Mahayana Buddhism.
2. Lokottaravadin sect was an offshoot of Mahasanghika sect of Buddhism.
3. The deification of Buddha by Mahasanghikas fostered the Mahayana Buddhism.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sun’s Rotation
Why in the News?
Indian astronomers at the Kodaikanal Solar Observatory (KSO) have achieved a groundbreaking feat by mapping, for the first time, the variation in the Sun’s rotation speed from its equator to its poles.
Sun’s Rotation: Key Facts
- Unlike a solid body, the Sun exhibits differential rotation, meaning different parts of the Sun rotate at different speeds.
- The rotation speed varies depending on latitude, with faster rotation near the equator and slower rotation toward the poles.
- This variation is primarily due to the Sun’s composition of gaseous plasma rather than solid material.
Rotation Period Variation by Latitude:
- Equatorial Regions: The rotation period at the equator is the fastest, around 24.47 days (sidereal rotation).
- Sunspot Zones (about 16 degrees latitude): Rotation slows slightly, with a period of about 27.3 days.
- Higher Latitudes (up to 75 degrees): Rotation slows significantly; for example, at 75 degrees latitude, the rotation period is about 33.4 days.
- Poles: The slowest rotation occurs at the poles, with a period around 31.1 days.
Sidereal vs. Synodic Rotation Periods:
- Sidereal Rotation Period: The time taken for the Sun to complete one full rotation relative to distant stars. It varies by latitude, from 24.47 days at the equator to around 33.4 days at higher latitudes.
- Synodic Rotation Period: This is the time for a fixed feature on the Sun to appear in the same position when observed from Earth. It is longer than the sidereal period due to Earth’s own movement around the Sun, averaging around 26.24 days.
Why Differential Rotation Occur?
- Gaseous Plasma Composition: The Sun is composed of plasma—a hot, ionized state of matter—which allows its different regions to rotate at different speeds.
- Convective Zone Dynamics: The outer convective layer of the Sun contributes to differential rotation. Plasma circulates, rising and sinking, which influences the rotational speed at different latitudes.
Scientific Implications
- Solar Dynamo Theory: The differential rotation of the Sun is central to theories about the solar dynamo—the process that generates the Sun’s magnetic field.
- Mystery of Differential Rotation: Despite extensive research, the exact mechanism behind the Sun’s differential rotation remains an active area of investigation in solar physics.
PYQ:
[2013] Consider the following phenomena
1. Size of the sun at dusk
2. Colure of the sun at dawn
3. Moon being visible at dawn
4. Twinkle of stars in the sky
5. Polestar being visible in the sky
Which of the above are optical illusions?
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 3, 4 and 5
(c) 1, 2 and 4
(d) 2, 3 and 5 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Black Hole Triple and its formation
Why in the News?
Scientists have discovered a “black hole triple” in space, marking the first time such a system has been identified.
Black Hole Triple: What does it mean?
- Many black holes are found in binary systems with another star or black hole.
- This triple system includes two stars orbiting a black hole:
- The nearer star orbits the black hole every 6.5 days.
- The distant star orbits approximately every 70,000 years.
- The system, located in the constellation Cygnus, features V404 Cygni, one of the oldest black holes known, which is nine times larger than the Sun.
- It is 8,000 light years away from Earth.
What is a Black Hole?
- A black hole is a space region with such strong gravity that no light or matter can escape.
- Most black holes form from supernova explosions—the death of massive stars.
- This triple system suggests an alternative, less violent formation process.
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How was it discovered?
- Researchers from Caltech and MIT discovered the system while reviewing astronomical data from telescopes.
- They described the stars as being gravitationally bound, indicating they form a triple system.
- It is believed that V404 Cygni did not form through a supernova explosion, which typically ejects outer stars.
- Instead, it likely formed through direct collapse: the star collapsed inward without exploding.
- Known as a “failed supernova”, this process causes an implosion without expelling matter, leading to a gentler black hole formation.
Future of the Triple System
- The triple system may not remain as such, as V404 Cygni is consuming the nearby star.
- This discovery suggests that some existing binary systems may have originally been triple systems, where the black hole later consumed one of its members.
PYQ:
[2019] Recently, scientists observed the merger of giant ‘blackholes’ billions of light-years away from the Earth. What is the significance of this observation?
(a) ‘Higgs boson particles’ were detected.
(b) ‘Gravitational waves’ were detected.
(c) Possibility of inter-galactic space travel through ‘wormhole’ was confirmed.
(d) It enabled the scientists to understand ‘singularity’ |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kalka-Shimla Heritage Railway
Why in the News?
- Himachal Pradesh CM has requested the Centre to consider running the Kalka-Shimla narrow-gauge railway—a UNESCO World Heritage Site—on green hydrogen to promote clean energy.
- The CM emphasized that this initiative aligns with Himachal Pradesh’s goal of becoming a ‘green energy state’ by March 31, 2026.
About the Kalka-Shimla Railway
- The Kalka-Shimla Railway is a narrow-gauge railway with a width of 2 ft 6 in (762 mm).
- It was constructed in 1898 to link Shimla with the broader Indian rail system under the guidance of chief engineer H. S. Harington.
- The total length of the railway is approximately 96.6 km.
- This engineering marvel features 107 tunnels, of which 102 are still in use, along with 864 bridges along its route.
- The railway has a ruling gradient of 1 in 33 (about 3%), making it quite a steep climb in places, and it includes 919 curves, with the sharpest curve being at 48 degrees.
- The elevation of the railway starts at 656 meters (2,152 feet) in Kalka and rises to 2,076 meters (6,811 feet) in Shimla, resulting in a height difference of 1,420 meters (4,660 feet).
- Diesel locomotives began operation on the railway in 1955, followed by diesel-hydraulic models introduced in 1970.
- On 8 July 2008, it was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of the Mountain Railways of India.
Note:
- Three of the lines, the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, the Nilgiri Mountain Railway, and the Kalka–Shimla Railway, are collectively designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the name “Mountain Railways of India”.
- Two more, the Matheran Hill Railway and the Kangra Valley Railway, are on the tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
- The Nilgiri Mountain Railway is also the only rack and pinion railway in India.
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PYQ:
[2015] With reference to bio-toilets used by the Indian Railways, consider the following statements:
1. The decomposition of human waste in the bio toilets is initiated by a fungal inoculum.
2. Ammonia and water vapour are the only end products in this decomposition which are released into the atmosphere.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Thadou Tribe
Why in the News?
The Thadou tribe, one of the oldest and largest non-Naga tribes in Manipur, has expressed support to implement the National Register of Citizens (NRC) in the state.
About the Thadou Community
|
Details |
| Overview |
- One of the oldest indigenous tribes in Manipur, recognized as a distinct community.
- One of 29 officially recognized indigenous tribes in Manipur with rich cultural practices and folklore.
|
| Historical Background |
Recognized as the largest tribe in Manipur since the First Census of India (1881), with a distinct historical narrative from Kukis. |
| ST Recognition |
Acknowledged as an independent Scheduled Tribe under the 1956 Presidential Order. |
| Population |
As per the 2011 Census, the Thadou population stands at 2,15,913; |
| Identity |
Asserts a distinct identity from the Kuki community, emphasizing unique language, culture, and history. |
| Language |
Belongs to the Tibeto-Burman family, with a distinct dialect from other nearby tribes. |
| Geographic Distribution |
Primarily located in Manipur; also present in Nagaland, Assam and Mizoram, inhabiting hilly regions. |
| Socioeconomic Status |
Engaged in agriculture (particularly jhum cultivation) and knowledgeable about medicinal plants; faces challenges in infrastructure and education. |
| Religious Practices |
Traditionally practiced animism; many have converted to Christianity, blending traditional and Christian customs. |
| Position Amid Ethnic Conflict |
Affected by the ethnic conflict between Meitei and Kuki-Zo communities since May 3, 2023; asserts their distinct identity. |
PYQ:
[2013] Consider the following pairs :
Tribe: State
1. Limboo Limbu : Sikkim
2. Karbi : Himachal
3. Dongaria Kondh : Odisha
4. Bonda : Tamil Nadu
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gompertz Model
Why in the News?
Indian researchers have developed a predictive model based on the Gompertz Model to estimate a newborn’s birth weight using routine pregnancy scans.
What is the Gompertz Model?
- It is a mathematical model developed by English mathematician Benjamin Gompertz in the early 19th century.
-
- It was originally designed to model population growth in a constrained environment, such as a specific geographic region.
- The model uses an S-shaped (sigmoid) curve to represent growth patterns that start slowly, accelerate, and then slow again as they approach a plateau.
-
- Biology: The Gompertz Model is used to study tumor growth and cell population dynamics, reflecting constrained growth in biological systems.
- Epidemiology: Applied in predicting the spread of infectious diseases like COVID-19, capturing how transmission rates slow with interventions.
- Ecology: Useful for modelling species population growth in habitats with limited resources, aiding conservation and ecosystem management.
- Healthcare: Recently adapted to predict foetal birth weight, helping identify potential risks associated with low or high birth weight.
- Aging Research: Employed to analyze mortality rates and lifespan patterns, contributing to studies on aging and longevity.
Recent Research and Significance
- Recent research has applied the Gompertz Model in predicting foetal birth weight using routine scans, as shown by researchers from IISER Pune and IMSc Chennai, offering a non-invasive alternative for maternal health.
- The model is used in tumor growth studies, allowing researchers to understand and predict cancer progression.
- Its predictive accuracy under constrained conditions makes it useful for biological systems, including population growth and cell dynamics.
- In healthcare, it supports early detection and intervention for conditions impacted by growth patterns, such as low or high birth weight risks.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Glacial Lakes
Why in the News?
Since 1977, the South Lhonak Lake, a glacial lake in Sikkim has expanded significantly, growing from 17 hectares to 167 hectares by 2023.
Formation of Glacial Lakes:
- When a glacier melts and retreats, the hollow left behind often fills with water, creating a glacial lake.
- The rocky moraine at the glacier’s end can act as a natural dam, holding the water to form the lake.
- Glacial lakes act as hydrological buffers, regulating water flow from melting ice, which can sometimes pose challenges to downstream communities.
- Glacial lakes often have a vivid blue color, similar to swimming pools, due to the scattering of light by fine rock particles (rock flour) in the water.
- There are several types of glacial lakes, each formed by specific processes and glacier dynamics:
-
- Moraine-Dammed Lakes: Formed when moraine debris piles up at the end of a glacier and traps meltwater behind it. These are common and pose risks of outburst flooding.
- Kettle Lakes: This was created when a chunk of glacier ice is buried in the moraine and eventually melts, leaving a depression filled with water.
- Cirque Lakes: Formed in circular basins (cirques) carved by glaciers at high elevations. These lakes are often small and located at the glacier’s original head.
- Pro-glacial Lakes: Situated in front of the glacier, between the ice and the moraine dam. These lakes are sometimes formed when the glacier’s snout melts and deposits water in the valley.
- Tarn Lakes: Formed in depressions left behind in the cirques or basins after the glacier has completely melted.
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Major Glacial Lakes in India
India’s Himalayan region is home to numerous glacial lakes, each with unique characteristics:
- Gurudongmar Lake (Sikkim): One of the highest lakes in the world at 5,430 meters above sea level, fed by glacial melt and known for its religious significance.
- Chandra Taal (Himachal Pradesh): A stunning crescent-shaped lake in the Lahaul-Spiti region at 4,300 meters. It is surrounded by snow-capped mountains and fed by glacier melt.
- Samiti Lake (Sikkim): Located along the trek to Kanchenjunga and known for its clear blue waters and reflective quality.
- Satopanth Tal (Uttarakhand): Found in the Garhwal Himalayas, this lake lies close to Satopanth Glacier and is considered sacred by locals.
- South Lhonak Lake (Sikkim): A growing lake fed by three glaciers, expanding rapidly due to climate change and posing risks of glacial lake outburst floods.
PYQ:
[2019] Consider the following pairs:
Glacier: River
- Bandarpunch: Yamuna
- Bara Shigri: Chenab
- Milam: Mandakini
- Siachen: Nubra
- Zemu: Manas
Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
(a) 1, 2 and 4 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 5 only
(d) 3 and 5 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
Why in the News?
A recent study from Michigan Medicine found that Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), a common sleep disorder, increases the risk of dementia (loss of cognitive functioning) in adults, especially in women.
What is Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)?
- OSA is a sleep disorder where breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep due to blocked airways.
- It is marked by episodes of disrupted or restricted breathing, leading to brief awakenings throughout the night.
- Symptoms include loud snoring, gasping for air, morning headaches, and daytime drowsiness.
- Risk Factors: Common in individuals who are overweight, have large tonsils or suffer from nasal congestion.
- In India, approximately 10.4 lakh people are reported to suffer from OSA, as per government data.
- Untreated OSA is associated with various health risks, including heart disease, diabetes, and cognitive decline.
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Recent Findings on OSA and Dementia Risk
- A study from Michigan Medicine found a link between OSA and increased dementia risk, especially in older adults over 50.
- Women with known or suspected OSA were found to have a higher likelihood of developing dementia compared to men, with dementia diagnoses increasing as women age.
- Another study by NIMHANS focused on the link between stroke and OSA.
- 105 stroke patients over the age of 50 were studied using polysomnography (PSG), which tracks brain waves and sleep breathing patterns.
- Results showed that 88% of stroke patients had sleep apnea soon after their stroke, with 38% having severe OSA.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR)
Why in the news?
Employees of the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) institutions have expressed concerns over the delay in revising their pay scales.
About the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR):
|
Details |
| Establishment |
It was established as an Autonomous organization, in 1969 on the recommendation of Prof. V. K. R. V. Rao Committee (National Income Committee). |
| Nodal Ministry |
Operates under the Ministry of Education. |
| Function |
Promote, fund, and support social science research in India. |
| Objectives |
• Encourage social science research
• Fund and coordinate research in various branches
• Collaborate with international research organizations
• Provide policy recommendations based on research |
| Organizational Structure |
It is governed by a Council of eminent scholars and policymakers, supported by 24 research institutes and 6 regional centers. |
| Research Institutes |
Funds institutes such as:
• Centre for Development Studies (CDS), Thiruvananthapuram
• Institute for Social and Economic Change (ISEC), Bengaluru
• Centre for Studies in Social Sciences (CSSS), Kolkata
• Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (GIPE), Pune |
| Key Programs and Initiatives |
• ICSSR Data Service: National repository for social science data
• NASSDOC: Documentation and library services
• Workshops and conferences to enhance research capabilities |
| International Collaboration |
Collaborates with organizations like UNESCO and the Indian Council of World Affairs for joint projects and scholar exchanges. |
PYQ:
[2013] Which of the following bodies is/are not mentioned in the Indian Constitution?
1. National Development Council
2. Planning Commission
3. Zonal Councils
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Exercise GARUD SHAKTI 24
Why in the News?
The Indian Army contingent has departed for Cijantung, Jakarta, Indonesia to take part in the 9th edition of India-Indonesia Joint Special Forces Exercise GARUD SHAKTI 24.
Note:
- Exercise Garuda is a bilateral air force exercise between the Indian Air Force and the French Air and Space Force.
- Exercise Shakti is a biennial training event conducted alternatively in India and France.
|
About Exercise GARUD SHAKTI 24
|
Details |
| What is it? |
A bilateral joint special forces exercise between India and Indonesia aimed at enhancing military cooperation.
Held alternatively in India and Indonesia. |
| History |
Initiated in 2012 as part of defense cooperation between India and Indonesia. |
| Objectives |
• Enhance mutual understanding and cooperation between special forces
• Share best practices and experiences in counter-terrorism
• Conduct joint operations and drills to improve interoperability |
| Activities |
• Joint planning and execution of special operations
• Orientation on advanced special forces skills
• Sharing information on weapons, tactics, and techniques
• Operations practice in diverse terrains
• Cultural exchanges between troops |
| Significance |
• Strengthens bilateral relations
• Fosters trust between India and Indonesia
• Contributes to regional security and addresses terrorism challenges
• Enhances operational capabilities of both armies |
| Recent Edition |
Ninth Edition (2024): Scheduled from November 1 to 12, focusing on enhancing understanding, cooperation, and interoperability. |
PYQ:
[2024] Which of the following statements about the Exercise Mitra Shakti-2023 is/ are correct?
- This was a joint military exercise between India and Bangladesh.
- It commenced in Aundh (Pune).
- Joint response during counter-terrorism operations was a goal of this operation.
- Indian Air Force was a part of this exercise.
Select the answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 1 and 4
(c) 1 and 4
(d) 2, 3 and 4 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Exercise VAJRA PRAHAR
Why in the News?
The Indian Army contingent departed today for the 15th edition of VAJRA PRAHAR, a joint Special Forces exercise with the US Army.
About Exercise VAJRA PRAHAR:
|
Details |
| What is it? |
A joint Special Forces exercise between India and the US aimed at enhancing military cooperation. |
| Inception |
- Started in 2010 as part of bilateral defense cooperation between India and the US.
- No exercises held between 2012 and 2015 and in 2020.
|
| Frequency |
Conducted annually, alternately in India and the United States. |
| 15th Edition Dates |
Scheduled from 2nd to 22nd November 2024 at the Orchard Combat Training Centre, Idaho, USA. |
| Participants |
45 personnel from each country; Indian Army’s Special Forces and US Army’s Green Berets. |
| Objectives |
• Enhance military cooperation
• Promote interoperability and tactical exchange
• Improve combined capabilities in joint operations |
| Key Focus Areas |
• High physical fitness standards
• Joint planning and tactical drills |
| Significance |
• Joint Team Mission Planning
• Reconnaissance Missions
• Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS)
• Execution of Special Operations
• Roles of Joint Terminal Attack Controllers
• Psychological Warfare |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) and its spread
Why in the News?
A case of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) was confirmed in the US.
About Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD)
- CWD is a fatal, transmissible disease that affects the brain and central nervous system of deer, elk, and moose.
- First identified in 1967, CWD is a prion disease where normal proteins misfold, leading to symptoms that eventually cause death.
- Transmission occurs through animal-to-animal contact or contamination of feed or water by infected saliva or bodily waste.
- Environmental contamination can occur through soil exposure from infected carcasses or bodily fluids.
- High-risk areas include places where deer and elk gather closely, like feeding or watering sites.
- Species affected: CWD does not naturally infect cows, other livestock, or pets.
- Although no strong evidence exists that it can spread to humans, officials advise against eating meat from infected animals.
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Symptoms of CWD:
- Symptoms: Drastic weight loss, lack of coordination, drooling, listlessness, and excessive thirst. Infected animals may also show drooping ears and lose their fear of humans.
- Prevention: To prevent the spread of CWD, avoid handling or eating sick animals, use synthetic lures, dispose of carcass waste in landfills, and report any sick or unusual deer to local wildlife authorities.
PYQ:
[2012] Vultures which used to be very common in Indian countryside some years ago are rarely seen nowadays. This is attributed to:
(a) The destruction of their nesting sites by new invasive species
(b) A drug used by cattle owners for treating their diseased cattle
(c) Scarcity of food available to them
(d) A widespread, persistent and fatal disease among them |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mount Fuji
Why in the News?
Japan’s iconic Mount Fuji has set a new record for the longest delay in snowfall since records began in 1894.
Why delay in snowfall at Mount Fuji?
- Higher Temperatures: Japan’s hottest summer on record and above-average October temperatures have delayed the cooling needed for snow.
- Heatwave: Japan experienced numerous “extremely hot” days with temperatures exceeding 35°C, even into September.
- Jet Stream Shift: A northerly shift in the sub-tropical jet stream brought warmer air over Japan, further hindering snow formation.
|
About Mount Fuji:
|
Details |
| Location |
Honshu Island, Japan, about 100 kilometers (62 miles) southwest of Tokyo. |
| Height |
3,776 meters (12,389 feet), making it the tallest mountain in Japan. |
| Type of Volcano |
Stratovolcano, characterized by a conical shape formed from alternating layers of lava flow, ash, and tephra. |
| Eruptions |
Last major eruption occurred in 1707 (Hoei eruption), causing ash to fall on Edo (now Tokyo). |
| Geological Formation |
Formed through volcanic eruptions over thousands of years; current shape solidified around 300,000 years ago. |
| Climate |
Varied climate with decreasing temperatures at higher altitudes; snow caps the summit from November to May. |
| Surrounding Area |
Part of Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park; surrounded by five lakes: Lake Kawaguchi, Lake Yamanaka, Lake Sai, Lake Shoji, and Lake Motosu. |
| Cultural Significance |
• National symbol of Japan
• Sacred in Shintoism, associated with the deity Konohanasakuya-hime
• Known as one of Japan’s Three Holy Mountains |
| Art and Literature |
A popular subject in traditional Japanese art (e.g., Hokusai’s Thirty-Six Views of Mount Fuji), referenced in poetry and literature. |
| UNESCO World Heritage Site |
Designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2013 for its cultural significance and beauty. |
| Cultural Festivals |
Hosts various festivals, such as the Fuji Shiba-sakura Festival, celebrating local flora. |
PYQ:
[2021] Mention the global occurrence of volcanic eruptions in 2021 and their impact on regional environment. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Velu Nachiyar and Anjalai Ammal
Why in the News?
Superstar Thalapathy Vijay launched his new party with speech highlighting his inspirations from Rani Velu Nachiyar and Anjalai Ammal.
Contributions of Velu Nachiyar (1730-1796)
- Born in 1730 to King Chellamuthu Sethupathy and Queen Sakandhimuthal of the Ramnad kingdom (now Tamil Nadu).
- Trained in horse riding, archery, kalaripayattu, and silambam (South Indian martial arts).
- Educated as a polyglot, fluent in Tamil, Urdu, English, and French, with a strong grasp of military strategy.
- Married Muthu Vaduganatha Periyavudaya Thevar in 1746, supporting him as Queen of Sivagangai.
- In 1772, Sivagangai was invaded by the British East India Company in alliance with the Nawab of Arcot; her husband was killed in battle.
- Fled with her daughter Vellachi to Dindigul under the protection of Hyder Ali of Mysore.
- Formed alliances with Hyder Ali and Gopala Naicker of the Marudu brothers to reclaim her kingdom.
- Successfully fought against the British and reclaimed Sivagangai in 1780.
- Ruled for a decade before passing the throne to her daughter in 1790.
- Known as Tamil Nadu’s ‘Veeramangai’ (Brave Lady) and celebrated as an early Indian queen who resisted British colonialism.
Significant role played by Anjalai Ammal (1890-1961)
- Born in 1890 in Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu, to a weaver family.
- Married Murugappan in 1908, and both joined the freedom struggle inspired by Mahatma Gandhi’s principles.
- Became active in the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1921, marking the beginning of her political involvement.
- Played a significant role in:
- Neil Statue Satyagraha, protesting a statue of Colonel James Neil.
- Salt Satyagraha in 1930 and the Quit India Movement in 1942.
- Served as President of the All India Women’s Congress in Madras in 1931.
- Arrested multiple times for her activism; gave birth to her youngest son while serving a six-month prison term.
- Prevented by the British from meeting Gandhi in 1934; met him in disguise, and he called her “South India’s Rani of Jhansi”.
- First woman elected to the Madras legislature as a Congress representative.
- Remained politically active until her death in 1961, remembered as a pioneer for women’s rights and freedom.
PYQ:
[2016] Discuss the role of women in the freedom struggle especially during the Gandhian phase.
[2015] Consider the following statements:
1. The first woman President of the Indian National Congress was Sarojini Naidu.
2. The first Muslim President of the Indian National Congress was Badruddin Tyabji.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: DANA
Why in the News?
The extreme conditions in eastern Spain which saw Valencia get a year’s worth of rain in just 8 hours can be blamed on an event locally known as Depresion Aislada en Niveles Altos (DANA).
What is DANA?
- Depresion Aislada en Niveles Altos (DANA), is commonly referred to as the “cold drop” in English.
- It is a meteorological phenomenon in the western Mediterranean region that brings intense rainfall and flooding.
- The term “DANA” was coined by Spanish meteorologists to specifically describe this weather phenomenon.
Features and Location:
- DANA occurs when cold air from the Polar Regions separates from the polar jet stream and descends over the warmer Mediterranean Sea.
- The contrast between cold air aloft and warm, moist air near the surface causes atmospheric instability, leading to the rapid formation of cumulonimbus clouds and intense thunderstorms.
- It primarily affects Spain and Portugal but can also impact Italy, France, and other areas around the Mediterranean Sea.
- This occurs in autumn and spring, as temperature variations are more pronounced during these seasons.
PYQ:
[2014] The seasonal reversal of winds is the typical characteristic of:
(a) Equatorial climate
(b) Mediterranean climate
(c) Monsoon climate
(d) All of the above climates |
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