From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nabhmitra
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The ISRO Space Applications Centre (Ahmedabad) has developed ‘Nabhmitra,’ a groundbreaking device designed to enhance the safety of fishermen during their maritime activities.
About Nabhmitra
Nabhmitra employs satellite-based communication for seamless messaging services while at sea.
Weather alerts, cyclone warnings, and other critical information will be conveyed in the local language.
Fishermen can send distress messages during emergencies, such as capsizing or fires.
The device features an emergency button that enables direct communication with the control center.
Upon pressing the emergency button, the control center receives the alert along with the boat’s location. Simultaneously, the boat’s crew receives a response message from the control center.
Benefits of Nabhmitra
Nabhmitra enhances the safety of fishermen by providing swift communication during emergencies.
Fishermen receive timely weather and cyclone alerts, aiding them in making informed decisions.
The device provides information about shipping channels, maritime boundaries, and fishing fields.
In the event of accidents or crises, the device streamlines communication between boats and authorities.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: REITs and InvITs
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has recently approved crucial changes to the regulations governing real estate investment trusts (REITs) and infrastructure investment trusts (InvITs), aimed at enhancing their appeal to investors.
These investment vehicles function similarly to mutual funds, pooling capital to invest in real estate or infrastructure projects.
Commercial real estate properties (no residential)
Operational infrastructure projects
Units
Units issued to investors, traded on stock exchanges
Units issued to investors, traded on stock exchanges
Distribution
Mandatory distribution of a significant portion of income as dividends
Mandatory distribution of a certain percentage of cash flows as dividends
Tax Benefits (Dividends)
Dividend distribution exempt from DDT
Dividend distribution exempt from DDT
Taxation (Investor’s Dividends)
Taxable as per investor’s income tax slab
Taxable as per investor’s income tax slab
Asset Focus
Commercial properties: office buildings, malls, etc.
Operational infrastructure projects
Purpose
Income generation and capital appreciation
Income generation and capital appreciation
Project Type
Income-generating properties
Operational brownfield projects
Examples in India
Embassy Office Parks REIT, Mindspace Business Parks REIT
IndiGrid Trust, IRB InvIT Fund, Sterlite Power Grid Ventures InvIT
Importance of REITs and InvITs
Investment Pooling: REITs and InvITs operate as investment pooling vehicles, allowing sponsors to invest in real estate or infrastructure projects.
Affordable Ownership: REITs offer retail investors access to income-generating real estate properties that would otherwise be unaffordable.
Direct Investment: InvITs enable both individual and institutional investors to directly invest in infrastructure projects, spanning transport, energy, and communication sectors.
Performance of REITs and InvITs
Growing Popularity: Since their launch in 2019, REITs have gained traction, demonstrating resilience during challenges such as the pandemic.
Rising Interest: InvITs have a broader scope, with multiple listings, including IRB InvIT Fund and Embassy Office Parks Reit.
Assets Under Management: As of the beginning of 2023, REITs and InvITs registered with Sebi managed assets exceeding ₹3.5 trillion.
Sebi’s Amendments Explained
Unit Holder Nomination Rights: Sebi has granted board nomination rights to unit holders of InvITs and REITs, allowing them greater influence.
Minimum Unit Holding Change: The minimum unit holding requirement for sponsors has been revised, enhancing flexibility.
“Self-Sponsored Investment Managers”: Sebi introduced the concept of self-sponsored investment managers, enabling them to assume Reit sponsor responsibilities.
Importance of the Changes
Enhanced Corporate Governance: These amendments are designed to bolster corporate governance and streamline the functioning of InvITs and REITs.
Retail Unit Holder Rights: The changes empower retail unit holders by giving them a voice and ensuring accountability through the Stewardship Code.
Sponsor Commitment: Sponsors are now required to maintain a minimum number of units throughout the lifespan of the Reit or InvIT.
Self-Sponsored Investment Managers: This concept provides flexibility for Reit sponsors and potential exit options.
PM’s recent announcement of naming the Chandrayaan-3 lunar lander’s touch-down site as “Shiv Shakti” highlights the tradition of assigning names to significant points on celestial bodies.
The lunar landscape is peppered with such nomenclature, each reflecting a rich history of exploration and achievement.
Lunar Ownership and the Outer Space Treaty
Global Exploration: The Moon, as a celestial body, remains beyond the jurisdiction of any single country. The Outer Space Treaty of 1966 declares that outer space, including celestial bodies like the Moon, cannot be claimed under national sovereignty.
Cooperation over Competition: The Treaty fosters international cooperation in space exploration while discouraging exclusive claims. It was developed during the Cold War to promote shared achievements and limit conflicts arising from superpower rivalry.
Role of the International Astronomical Union (IAU)
Global Naming Authority: The IAU, with 92 member countries, plays a pivotal role in naming planetary features, including the Moon’s surface points.
Established Conventions: The IAU has overseen planetary and satellite nomenclature since its founding in 1919, aiming to standardize naming practices for better astronomical understanding.
Nomenclature Process for Lunar Landmarks
Initiation: Initial naming suggestions for planetary features arise from IAU task group members or investigators involved in mapping or describing specific surfaces.
Review and Approval: Proposed names undergo review by task groups and the Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN). Successful names become official IAU nomenclature and are entered into the Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature.
Considerations and Limitations: IAU’s guidelines emphasize simple and unambiguous names, avoiding political, military, or religious significance. Honouring individuals is acceptable after a three-year posthumous period.
Legacy of Lunar Naming
Influential Factors: The quality of images from spacecraft has driven naming. Far-side craters were often named after scientists and engineers. Informal names given during missions eventually received official status.
Variability and Symbolism: Not all notable figures are honored with prominent crater names. The selection can seem arbitrary, with scientific prominence not guaranteeing crater-endowed immortality.
Cultural Inspirations: The IAU permits names from Greco-Roman mythology for Jupiter and Saturn’s satellites. Giants, monsters, and descendants of mythological figures have been added to the allowable source of names.
India’s earlier Lunar Naming
Jawahar Sthal: India’s Chandrayaan-1 mission’s probe impact site was named “Jawahar Sthal” in honor of Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first Prime Minister. His advocacy for scientific development and research in India inspired the gesture.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ISRO Missions
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
ISRO’s triumphant landing of the Chandrayaan-3 lander on the moon’s South Polar Region marks a significant achievement in space exploration.
As India emerges as a key player in the field, the focus now shifts to its multifaceted activities, upcoming missions, and technological advancements.
Diverse ISRO Activities
Multifaceted Endeavors: ISRO’s operations span research, satellite development, rocket production, satellite tracking infrastructure maintenance, and more, catering to diverse space-related needs.
Key Focus Areas: Prominent areas of focus include the ‘Gaganyaan’ human spaceflight mission, Reusable Launch Vehicle Technology Demonstrator (RLV-TD), SCE-200 engine development, and the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV).
Glimpses of Upcoming Missions
Aditya L1: Scheduled for September 2023, Aditya L1 is a scientific mission to study the sun in detail, providing critical insights into solar activities.
NISAR Satellite: In January 2024, the joint ISRO-NASA NISAR satellite will study earth’s surface processes using advanced radar technology.
Gaganyaan G1 and G2 Flights: 2024 witnesses test flights of human-rated rockets, a prelude to India’s ambitious Gaganyaan human spaceflight.
Beyond Launches: Technology Innovations
Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV-TD): Resembling the NASA Space Shuttle, RLV-TD’s design enables air propulsion or gliding, capable of lifting 20,000 kg to low-earth orbit.
Advanced Propulsion: ISRO explores advanced rocket fuels like methalox propellant and electric propulsion systems, enhancing efficiency and safety.
Moon Missions and Lunar Exploration
Chandrayaan-3 and Beyond: Chandrayaan-3 paves the way for further lunar exploration, with plans for missions like LUPEX (Lunar Polar Exploration) in collaboration with JAXA.
LUPEX’s Ambitions: LUPEX aims to deploy a sophisticated lander and rover to study the moon’s South Polar Region, including subsurface sample extraction and night survival.
Expanding Collaborations and Global Partnerships
Alternative Space Service Providers: ISRO fills gaps left by sanctions on Russia, launching OneWeb satellites and expectedly launching the European Space Agency’s PROBA-3 satellites.
Lunar Exploration with JAXA: Collaborating with JAXA for LUPEX showcases ISRO’s commitment to global partnerships in space exploration.
Mars and Venus Missions
Mars Return Mission: ISRO plans a return to Mars, building on its previous successful Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan).
Venus Exploration: ‘Shukrayaan’: Ambitious plans to study Venus through the ‘Shukrayaan’ mission demonstrate ISRO’s expanding horizons in planetary exploration.
Conclusion
ISRO’s remarkable accomplishments and future undertakings illuminate its stature as a global space powerhouse.
From lunar landings to solar studies, human spaceflight to interplanetary missions, ISRO continues to shape the landscape of space exploration.
By pushing boundaries, fostering innovation, and fostering international cooperation, ISRO cements its role in humanity’s journey to unravel the mysteries of the cosmos.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Somatic genetic variants
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The human genome, comprising 23 pairs of chromosomes, is the blueprint of our genetic makeup inherited from our parents.
The replication of this genetic information in nearly a trillion cells during development results in a complex mosaic of cellular diversity.
Despite remarkable DNA replication accuracy, mutations still occur.
What are Somatic Genes?
Somatic genetic variants, also known as somatic mutations or somatic alterations, are genetic changes that occur in the cells of an organism’s body (somatic cells) during its lifetime.
These mutations are distinct from germline mutations, which are inherited from parents and are present in every cell of an individual’s body.
Somatic mutations are acquired after conception and are not passed on to future generations.
Somatic mutations can occur due to various factors, such as exposure to environmental mutagens (like radiation or chemicals), errors in DNA replication, and other cellular processes.
These mutations can affect the DNA sequence of specific genes, leading to changes in protein production or function.
DNA Replication: The Copy-Paste Mechanism
Genetic Inheritance: Ovum and sperm carry parental genetic blueprints, which combine after fertilization.
Cell Division: The single fertilized cell, with 23 chromosomes, multiplies to form the human body’s trillions of cells.
DNA Replication Accuracy: Proteins proofread and correct DNA during replication, resulting in an error rate of 0.64-0.78 mutations per billion base pairs per division.
Impact of Somatic Genetic Mutations
Dependent on Timing: Errors occurring after birth but during development are somatic genetic mutations.
Driver Mutations: Mutations that confer a fitness advantage to cells can lead to tumor formation and are called driver mutations.
Cellular Mosaic: Human body is a mosaic of cells with subtle genomic differences, influenced by somatic genetic variants.
Genetic Variants: Genetic variants within functional genome regions can affect protein encoding and regulation.
Somatic Variants and Physiological Processes
Immune Cell Diversity: Immune cells undergo extensive somatic changes to create diverse antibodies recognise pathogens.
Recent Knowledge Explosion: Technological advancements in sequencing individual cells have led to an explosion of data and knowledge on somatic variants.
Cancer’s Role: Somatic genetic variants play a significant role in cancer development, aiding in early detection, diagnosis, and prognosis.
Cancer Mutational Signatures
Mutational Signatures: Specific genetic variations and patterns are characteristic of certain cancers, enabling early detection.
Blood-Based Detection: Technologies identify tumour DNA in blood to detect cancer early.
Disease Progress Tracking: Cancer variations can be used to monitor disease progression and therapy response.
Somatic Variants in Genetic Diseases
Genetic Diseases Origin: Many genetic disorders arise from somatic genetic variants, not inherited from parents.
Disease Severity and Timing: The severity and distribution of genetic diseases depend on the timing of somatic mutations during development.
Immune Disorders: Somatic changes can cause immune disorders and even beneficially reverse some genetic diseases.
SMaHT Network: Understanding Somatic Mosaicism
Somatic Mosaicism: US has launched the ‘Somatic Mosaicism across Human Tissues’ (SMaHT) Network.
Aims: SMaHT aims to discover somatic variants, develop tools for study, and improve analysis for biological and clinical insights.
Investment and Research: The U.S. government has invested $140 million to study somatic variants in post-mortem samples.
Implications and Future Prospects
Cellular Complexity: Studying somatic variants reveals the intricate diversity of cells and reshapes evolutionary understanding.
Disease Management: Understanding somatic genetic changes can advance disease understanding and management.
Innovative Approaches: Analyzing genes at the single-cell level paves the way for innovative disease approaches and insights into evolution.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: IAEA
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Japan has begun discharging treated radioactive wastewater from the disabled Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station into the Pacific Ocean in a plan endorsed by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
IAEA is an international organization that plays a pivotal role in promoting the peaceful use of nuclear energy while preventing the proliferation of nuclear weapons.
It was established in 1957 as an autonomous agency under the UN is headquartered in Vienna, Austria.
It plays a crucial role in safeguarding the principles outlined in the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) of 1970.
Despite its independent treaty, the IAEA remains accountable to both the UN General Assembly and the United Nations Security Council (UNSC).
What does it do?
Promotion of Peaceful Nuclear Energy: Established amidst the Cold War’s geopolitical tension, the IAEA’s core mission centers on promoting the constructive application of nuclear energy.
Prevention of Military Use: The agency’s fundamental role is to prevent the diversion of nuclear programs for military intentions, ensuring compliance with international agreements.
IAEA’s Tri-fold Missions
Peaceful Utilization: Fostering member states’ constructive adoption of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes constitutes a pivotal aspect of IAEA’s mission.
Safeguarding Measures: A cornerstone role of the IAEA involves implementing measures to verify the non-military use of nuclear energy, particularly through assessing declared nuclear activities and materials.
Nuclear Safety: The IAEA takes an active stance in advocating stringent standards of nuclear safety to prevent accidents and ensure public and environmental protection.
Significant feature: IAEA’s Safeguards
Purpose of Safeguards: IAEA’s safeguards are mechanisms designed to affirm that a nation adheres to its international commitment against exploiting nuclear programs for weaponry purposes.
Verification Approach: Safeguards are founded on the meticulous examination of a state’s reported nuclear materials and activities, evaluating their accuracy and completeness.
Varied Verification Measures: The agency employs a range of verification tools, including on-site inspections, visits, and ongoing monitoring, ensuring rigorous oversight.
Dual Dimensions of Safeguards
Declared Nuclear Material Verification: Through the inspection of reported nuclear materials and activities, IAEA ensures that a state remains transparent in its nuclear endeavors.
Non-Diversion Assurance: A significant facet is the assurance of the absence of undeclared nuclear materials or activities, thereby averting any unauthorized deviation from peaceful usage.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Near, Far, and Dark Sides, KREEP
Mains level: Lunar study by Chandrayaan 3
Central Idea
The Chandrayaan-3 mission’s recent lunar landing has sparked curiosity about the moon’s various sides – near, far, and even the intriguing ‘dark’ side.
Delving into these distinctions sheds light on the moon’s enigmatic nature and how space exploration helps us unravel its mysteries.
Facts for Prelims
Impact/Landing point names on Moon:
1. Chandrayaan 1: Jawahar Point
2. Chandrayaan 2: Tiranga Point
3. Chandrayaan 3: Shivshakti Point
Moon’s Visible and Hidden Faces
Near and Far Sides: The moon’s ‘near side,’ visible from Earth, covers around 60% of its surface. In contrast, the ‘far side’ remained hidden from us until modern spacecraft brought it into view.
Clarifying the ‘Dark’ Side: Often misconstrued as constantly dark, the ‘dark side’ simply refers to the unseen side. It gets illuminated during the ‘new moon’ phase, challenging the misconception of its perpetual darkness.
Why is their composition different?
The composition of the Moon’s near and far sides is different, and scientists believe they have identified the reasons behind this discrepancy.
A study published in the journal Nature Geoscience reveals that the presence of KREEP, a rock enriched in potassium (K), rare-earth elements (REE), and phosphorus (P), plays a crucial role.
Key Points from the Study:
Moons Near and Far Sides: The Moon’s near side, always facing Earth, has visible dark and light patches known as “maria.” Telescopic observations showed that these were not seas as early astronomers thought, but rather craters or volcanic features. The far side of the Moon has fewer maria than the near side.
Moon’s Formation: The uneven distribution of volcanism and the KREEP signature between the near and far sides of the Moon puzzled scientists.
Radioactive Unstable Elements: Potassium (K), thorium (Th), and uranium (U) are unstable, radioactive elements that have various isotopes with different numbers of neutrons. The radioactive decay of these elements generates heat that can melt rocks and contribute to volcanic activity.
Heat and Melting: The study found that the inclusion of KREEP in rocks not only enhances heating but also lowers their melting temperature. This combination increases volcanic activity beyond what is predicted by radiogenic decay models.
Geological Record: The Moon’s surface preserves geological events from the early history of the Solar System due to the absence of erosion processes. Concentrations of radioactive elements like uranium (U) and thorium (Th) on the near side provide insights into the Moon’s formation and early Earth conditions.
Phases and Illumination
New Moon Phase: The ‘new moon’ phase unveils the moon’s ‘far side,’ exposing it to sunlight for about two weeks.
Historic Revelation: In 1968, astronauts aboard Apollo 8 became the first humans to observe the ‘far side,’ demystifying its hidden features.
Chandrayaan-3’s Approach
Closest South Pole Landing: Chandrayaan-3’s landing at coordinates 69.36 S and 32.34 E marks the closest approach to the lunar South Pole.
Exploring Permanently Shadowed Regions: The strategic landing aimed to study regions that never receive sunlight, potentially containing frozen water ice and other lunar resources.
Sunlight Necessity: Vikram’s nearness to the South Pole ensures sunlight for solar battery recharging, crucial for its operation.
Choice of Landing Site: The decision to land on the ‘near side’ was driven by mission objectives, including real-time communication with Earth. Landing on the ‘far side’ would have required relay satellites and introduced delays.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sodium-Ion Battery (NIB)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Coimbatore-based start-up AR4 Tech has joined hands with Singapore’s Sodion Energy to revolutionize the energy storage landscape by producing sodium-ion battery packs for both local and global markets.
These sodium-ion batteries will find applications in converting conventional petroleum-based vehicles, primarily two-wheelers, into electric vehicles.
What is Sodium Ion Battery (NIB)?
A NIB is a type of rechargeable battery that uses sodium ions as the charge carriers to store and release electrical energy.
Similar in principle to lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries offer an alternative energy storage solution with potential benefits such as cost-effectiveness and abundance of sodium resources.
Key characteristics
Working Principle: Sodium-ion batteries operate on the same basic principle as lithium-ion batteries. During charging, sodium ions are moved from the positive electrode (cathode) to the negative electrode (anode), and during discharge, they move back to the cathode, generating electrical energy in the process.
Sodium Anode: In a sodium-ion battery, the anode typically consists of materials that can intercalate (absorb) sodium ions during charging. Graphite and other carbon-based materials are commonly used for the anode in sodium-ion batteries.
Cathode Materials: Various materials can be used as cathodes in sodium-ion batteries, such as transition metal oxides or polyanionic compounds. These cathode materials allow sodium ions to be stored and released, enabling the battery’s energy storage function.
Electrolyte: The electrolyte in a sodium-ion battery is responsible for facilitating the movement of sodium ions between the anode and cathode during charge and discharge cycles. Sodium-ion batteries typically use a solid electrolyte or a liquid electrolyte containing sodium salts.
Advantages offered
Abundance of Resources: Sodium is more abundant and widely available than lithium, which can potentially make sodium-ion batteries more cost-effective.
Environmental Impact: They may have a lower environmental impact compared to lithium-ion batteries due to the more widespread availability of sodium resources.
Challenges
Energy Density: Sodium-ion batteries generally have lower energy density compared to lithium-ion batteries, which can limit their use in applications requiring high energy storage capacity.
Cycle Life: Ensuring a long cycle life (the number of charge and discharge cycles a battery can go through before losing capacity) remains a challenge for sodium-ion batteries.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Fukushima Disaster
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Japan’s decision to release cooling water from the Fukushima nuclear power plant into the Pacific Ocean has sparked a complex debate.
Amidst concerns about radiation, environmental impact, and transparency, understanding the facts is vital.
About Fukushima Disaster
The Fukushima disaster refers to a series of nuclear incidents that occurred at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Okuma, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.
It followed the powerful earthquake and tsunami that struck on March 11, 2011.
The disaster resulted in the release of radioactive materials and had significant implications for both human health and the environment.
It is considered one of the most severe nuclear accidents in history, alongside the Chernobyl disaster.
Why Fukushima Water is Being Released?
Storage Constraints: The Fukushima facility’s storage tanks are at full capacity due to the need for constant cooling of damaged reactors since the 2011 tsunami disaster.
Vast Water Volume: The plant requires 170 tons of cooling water daily, with rain and groundwater further exacerbating the issue. The site holds 1,343 million cubic meters of water across 1,046 storage tanks.
Release Process: Filtered water undergoes a one-kilometre tunnel before entering the Pacific Ocean. This process is expected to span 30 years while the radioactive waste remains on land.
Regulatory Approval and Skepticism
Regulatory Endorsement: Both Japan’s atomic agency and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) have approved the release, stating negligible radiological impact.
Skepticism and Concerns: Environmentalists, fishing experts, neighbouring states, and public sentiments accuse Japan of underplaying radiation levels. Concerns encompass ocean contamination, ecological harm, economic loss, and damage to reputation.
Water Preparation and Tritium
Filter System: Contaminated water passes through the Advanced Liquid Processing System (ALPS), capable of filtering 62 radioactive elements but not tritium.
Tritium Dilution: The plant agency intends to dilute tritium concentration to 1,500 Becquerel per liter, a fraction of the safety standard, before releasing it.
Tritium Safety: Experts assert that tritium, a weak radioactive form of hydrogen, poses minimal risk as it emits weak beta particles, easily blocked by materials like plastic or skin.
Pacific Ocean’s Role and Controversy
Dilution Principle: Experts stress that “the solution to pollution is dilution.” When water is sufficiently diluted, it becomes safe for both humans and the environment.
Tritium Focus and Critique: Greenpeace accuses the government and plant agency of focusing on tritium to divert attention from other radioactive elements that won’t be filtered out.
Alternatives and Considerations: Alternatives like additional tanks or evaporation exist. However, concerns over tank leaks and airborne radioactive releases complicate these options.
Conclusion
The Fukushima water release debate presents a complex array of scientific, environmental, and geopolitical considerations.
Striking a balance between environmental preservation, public safety, and responsible nuclear waste management remains a challenging task.
As experts, activists, and governments deliberate, it’s essential to foster transparency, prioritize informed discussions, and seek solutions that minimize risks and promote global well-being.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Chandrayaan-3 Mission
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
As Chandrayaan-3 succeeded on its lunar soft landing, its six-wheeled rover begins a journey to unravel the mysteries of the Moon.
With its payloads and instruments, the mission aims to build on the knowledge gained from its predecessors, investigating lunar quakes, mineral compositions, and water-ice presence.
Chandrayaan-3 Mission: Journey post soft landing
Rover’s Arrival: The 26-kg rover, launched from the Chandrayaan-3 lander, is poised to cover up to 500 meters, commencing its lunar exploration.
Duration: The lander and rover, equipped with six payloads, are primed to collect valuable data during the single lunar day (equivalent to 14 Earth days) of operation.
Studying Lunar Quakes: The Chandrayaan-3 mission seeks to deepen insights into lunar quakes, expanding on the knowledge gained from its predecessors.
Mineral Composition: The rover’s endeavors include examining the mineral compositions of the Moon’s surface, shedding light on its geological history.
Electrons and Ions Study: The Radio Anatomy of Moon Bound Hypersensitive ionosphere and Atmosphere (RAMBHA) payload aims to study the behavior of electrons and ions near the lunar surface over time.
Thermal Properties: Chandra’s Surface Thermo physical Experiment (ChaSTE) will explore the thermal characteristics of the Moon’s Polar Regions.
Lunar Seismic Activity: The Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) endeavors to measure lunar quakes and study the Moon’s crust and mantle composition.
Laser Retroreflector Array: A passive experiment by NASA, the LASER Retroreflector Array (LRA), will serve as a target for precise laser measurements in future missions.
Chemical Insights: The LASER Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) aboard the rover is designed to identify the chemical and mineral composition of the lunar surface.
Elemental Analysis: The Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) aims to analyze elements such as magnesium, aluminium, silicon, potassium, calcium, titanium, and iron in lunar soil and rocks.
Mineral Mapping: The CLASS X-ray Fluorescence experiment, covering nearly 95% of the lunar surface, offers detailed mineral mapping. Oxygen-rich minerals hold potential for future missions as fuel resources.
Earlier Chandrayaan: Pioneering discoveries
Water Unveiled: Chandrayaan-1 played a pivotal role in uncovering the presence of water and hydroxyl molecules in the Moon’s atmosphere and surface, particularly in its southern polar regions.
Subsurface Water-Ice: Payloads like mini-SAR and Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) detected subsurface water-ice deposits within craters near the lunar South Pole.
Lava Tubes for Habitability: Terrain mapping on Chandrayaan-1 unveiled buried lava tubes that could provide protective habitats for humans, shielding against radiation and extreme lunar conditions.
Magma Ocean Hypothesis: M3 payload data suggested the possibility of a past magma ocean on the Moon, pointing to its formation and evolution.
Active Moon: Contrary to previous notions of lunar inactivity, Chandrayaan-1 revealed dynamic lunar processes, including volcanic activity evidenced by lava channels and vents less than 100 million years old.
Surface-Exosphere Interaction: Measurements indicated that the lunar surface interacts with the exosphere, evident in the emission of carbon dioxide and other gases.
Solar Mysteries: The Solar X-Ray Monitor on Chandrayaan-2’s orbiter observed solar microflares outside active regions, providing insights into coronal heating mysteries.
Conclusion
Chandrayaan-3’s scientific journey exemplifies India’s dedication to unraveling the Moon’s mysterious nature.
As data pours in from its payloads and instruments, the mission builds upon its predecessors, propelling our understanding of lunar geology, composition, and mysteries.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Fujiwhara Effect
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
In the ever-changing tapestry of Earth’s climate, the Fujiwhara effect has emerged as a captivating and consequential phenomenon.
With cyclones intensifying due to global warming, this intricate ‘dance’ between cyclones is garnering attention.
Why in news?
Surprising Weather: Recently, a storm named Hurricane Hilary brought a tropical twist to the US west coast. It’s part of a series of odd weather happenings there.
Wet Weather: Earlier this year, California had an unexpected rainy season with lots of wet storms, called ‘atmospheric rivers.’
Fujiwhara Show: During one of these storms, something special occurred—an effect named after a scientist. Let’s dive into the details.
Decoding the Fujiwhara Effect
Cyclone Waltz: Imagine two cyclones (or big storms) spinning in the same direction. When they get close, they begin a kind of dance around a common center.
Outcome of the Dance: Depending on the strength of the cyclones, they might merge, spin together, or one might absorb the other.
Super Cyclone: Rarely, if both cyclones are super strong, they can become one mega cyclone that causes big trouble.
Historical Context and Impact
Origins and Discovery: The Fujiwhara effect got its name from a Japanese scientist who first talked about it in 1921. It was seen happening for real in 1964.
Effects Unleashed: This unusual dance can be fierce. It has caused strong winds, broken windows, and power problems in some areas.
Guessing Game: The Fujiwhara effect is tricky for weather experts. It’s hard to predict what will happen when two cyclones dance together.
Climate Change Connection
More Frequent Moves: The Fujiwhara effect is showing up more often now. Experts believe it’s because our world is getting hotter and ocean waters are warming up.
Hotter Waters: Because of global warming, storms are getting stronger. For instance, in Taiwan, typhoons have become 35% stronger since 1977 due to warmer oceans.
Implications
Nature’s Symphony: The Fujiwhara effect is like a nature’s concert, showing us how everything is connected in our climate.
Future Twist: As storms get more powerful, the Fujiwhara effect could become even more important and harder to understand.
Planet’s Dance: The Fujiwhara effect teaches us about our planet’s rhythm and how important it is to take care of our home.
Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Article 371
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
The Supreme Court recently assured that special constitutional provisions protecting the interests of northeastern states under Article 371 will remain untouched.
As the Constitution Bench deliberates the challenge to Article 370’s abrogation in Jammu and Kashmir, we delve into the significance of these assurances and their implications.
What is Article 371?
Article 371 of the Indian Constitution grants special provisions to various states to protect their unique cultural and tribal identities.
These provisions are aimed at preserving local customs, social practices, and land ownership.
Preserving Tribal Culture
Context: Article 371 provides special provisions for several states, particularly in the northeast, to safeguard their tribal cultures and unique identities.
Article 371(A) – Nagaland: Article 371(A) ensures that acts of Parliament do not apply to Nagaland concerning Nagas’ religious and social practices, customary law, civil and criminal justice based on Naga customary law, and land and resource ownership.
State Assembly’s Role: These provisions only apply to Nagaland after the State Assembly passes a resolution to that effect.
Development Impediment: Some stakeholders, like Neikiesalie Nicky Kire of the NDPP, argue that Article 371(A) hampers development by preventing the government from carrying out development activities due to landowner preferences.
Similar Provisions in Other States
Article 371-G – Mizoram: Similar to Nagaland, Article 371-G provides special provisions for Mizoram to protect Mizo religious and social practices, customary law, civil and criminal justice, and land ownership.
Article 371B – Assam: Article 371B facilitates the creation of the sub-state ‘Meghalaya,’ aiming to provide special provisions with respect to Assam.
State-Specific Provisions
Article 371C – Manipur: This article addresses special provisions for Manipur, a state that was formed in 1972.
Article 371F and 371H – Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh: These articles discuss special provisions for Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh, respectively, to address their unique needs.
Article 371 – Separate Development Boards: Article 371 empowers the President to establish separate development boards for specific regions within Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Andhra Pradesh, promoting balanced growth.
Further State-Specific Provisions except NE
Articles 371D and 371E – Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Goa: These articles provide special provisions for these states to ensure their cultural and economic development.
Articles 371J and 371I – Karnataka and Goa: These articles grant special provisions to Karnataka and Goa, respectively, to address their specific requirements.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Astra Missile
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas has achieved another milestone with the successful test firing of the indigenous Beyond Visual Range (BVR) air-to-air missile called Astra.
Indigenous Marvel of Astra Missile
The Astra missile is an indigenous Beyond Visual Range (BVR) air-to-air missile developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) of India.
The missile is intended for use by both the Indian Air Force (IAF) and the Indian Navy.
Purpose and Capability
Astra is designed to engage and eliminate high-speed, agile aerial targets in air combat scenarios.
It boasts advanced air combat capabilities and can engage multiple high-performance targets simultaneously.
Aircraft Integration
Astra is integrated with various aircraft platforms, including the Su-30MKI fighter jet, Mirage 2000 multi-role combat fighters, Tejas light combat aircraft (LCA), MiG-29 and MiG-21 Bison fighter jets, and the Indian Navy’s Sea Harrier jet fighter.
Features and Specifications
(A) Design:
The missile is designed for high agility, accuracy, and reliability, ensuring a high single-shot kill probability (SSKP).
Astra measures approximately 3.8 meters in length and has a diameter of 178mm.
It has a launch weight of around 160 kilograms.
(B) Advanced Variants:
DRDO is working on developing an advanced variant called Astra Mk-II.
Astra Mk-II is expected to have an extended range of 160 kilometers.
(C) Guidance and Warhead:
The missile utilizes dual-mode guidance for accurate target tracking.
It is equipped with a high-explosive pre-fragmented warhead for effective engagement against threats.
(D) Propulsion and Performance:
The Astra missile is powered by a smokeless, single-stage, solid fuel propulsion system.
It is capable of achieving launch speeds ranging from Mach 0.4 to Mach 2.
(E) Launch Range and Agility:
The missile’s launch range is approximately 80 kilometers.
It can execute maneuvers with up to 40 g turns near sea level while engaging moving targets.
Collaborative Development
Astra Mk-III, a variant of the missile, is being developed in collaboration with Russia.
Origin: The LCA Tejas is an indigenous light combat aircraft developed by the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) in collaboration with the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) in India.
Purpose: LCA Tejas is designed as a multi-role supersonic fighter aircraft for the Indian Air Force (IAF) and the Indian Navy.
Variants: There are two main variants of LCA Tejas:
LCA Tejas Mark-I: Developed for the Indian Air Force, it is a single-seat, single-engine aircraft.
LCA Tejas Mark-I Navy: Designed for the Indian Navy, it is adapted for carrier operations with features like reinforced landing gear and arrestor hook.
Design and Features:
LCA Tejas features a delta wing design for enhanced maneuverability and stability.
The aircraft incorporates advanced avionics, glass cockpit, and digital fly-by-wire controls.
It is equipped with modern radar systems, electronic warfare systems, and weapons integration capabilities.
Powerplant: LCA Tejas is powered by a single engine, the General Electric F404-GE-IN20 turbofan engine.
Armament: The aircraft can carry a variety of air-to-air and air-to-ground munitions, including missiles, bombs, and rockets.
Performance:
The aircraft has a maximum speed of around Mach 1.8 (1,390 mph or 2,240 km/h).
Its operational range is approximately 500 kilometers (310 miles).
LCA Tejas has a service ceiling of around 50,000 feet (15,240 meters).
Induction and Service:
The LCA Tejas Mark-I was officially inducted into the Indian Air Force in July 2016.
The aircraft has participated in various national and international airshows, showcasing its capabilities.
Development and Challenges:
The development of LCA Tejas faced several challenges, including technical and financial issues, leading to delays.
However, the successful development and induction of the aircraft marked a significant achievement for India’s aerospace industry.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Displaying Caste on Vehicles
PC: The Quint
Central Idea
Recent actions taken by the Noida and Ghaziabad Police to issue challans for displaying ‘caste and religious stickers’ on vehicles have stirred debate about the legality of such stickers.
This move, part of a special drive, raises questions about the intersection of vehicle regulations, social norms, and legal restrictions.
Displaying Caste on Vehicles: Exploring Legal Framework
Caste and Religious Stickers: The legality of these stickers is assessed based on the Motor Vehicle Act and Motor Vehicle Rules.
State Orders: Various state governments, including Uttar Pradesh, have issued orders against affixing stickers signifying caste and religion on vehicles, even on the body of the vehicle.
Registration Number Plate: The Motor Vehicle Rules strictly forbid placing stickers on the registration number plate.
Challenging Stickers and Law Enforcement
Challan Penalties: The penalties for placing such stickers on vehicles are set at Rs 1,000, while it rises to Rs 5,000 if the sticker is placed on the registration number plate.
Future Initiatives: The authorities have indicated their intention to continue conducting similar drives in the future.
Number Plate Specifications and Violations
Number Plate Standards: The Motor Vehicle Rules specify the composition of the number plate, which should be a solid unit made of 1.0 mm aluminium with the letters “IND” in blue on the extreme left center.
Penalties for Violations: Section 192 of the MV Act outlines penalties for non-compliant number plates, including fines of up to Rs 5,000 for the first offense and potential imprisonment and fines for subsequent offenses.
2019 Amendment: Post the 2019 MV Act amendment, the fines for violations rose to a maximum of Rs 2,000.
Disobedience of Orders and Legal Consequences
Legal Basis: Police are issuing challans under Section 179 of the Motor Vehicles Act 1988 in the case of stickers on the body of vehicles.
Section 179 Details: Section 179 addresses “disobedience of orders, obstruction, and refusal of information.” Offenders can be fined up to Rs 500 as per the section.
Amendment Impact: Following the 2019 MV Act amendment, the fines for such offenses increased to a maximum of Rs 2,000.
Conclusion
The legal scrutiny of ‘caste and religious stickers’ on vehicles underscores the tension between personal expressions, cultural practices, and legal regulations.
As legal frameworks evolve and society navigates its complex dynamics, finding the balance between individual rights and societal harmony remains an ongoing challenge.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: History of Chennai
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Madras Day celebrated on August 22, commemorates the foundation day of the city of Madras, now known as Chennai.
The Birth of Madras
1639: The East India Company (EIC) purchased the town of Madrasapatnam on August 22, 1639, laying the foundation for the modern-day city of Chennai.
British Presence: The EIC established trading posts and fortified settlements along the eastern and western coasts, leading to the emergence of Madras as a crucial hub.
Transition from Madras to Chennai
British Rule: The region remained under British rule until India gained independence in 1947, with both the state and city referred to as Madras.
1969: The state was officially renamed Tamil Nadu, and in 1996, Madras transformed into Chennai as a nod to its historical roots.
Origins and Significance of Madrasapatnam
Origins of the Name: The origin of the name “Madras” remains debated, with theories suggesting connections to local fishermen, churches, and the term “pattinam” (town on the coast).
Pre-British History: Madrasapatnam had a history shaped by various rulers, including the Pallavas and Cholas, before the British arrival.
Purchase and Founding of Madrasapatnam
Damarla Venkatapathy Nayak: Under his influence, the English were granted a piece of land between the Cooum River and the Egmore River in 1639, where Fort St. George was established.
Chennapatanam: The city around Fort St. George was named Chennapatanam, honoring Chennappa Nayak, which later inspired the name “Chennai.”
Urban Growth and Development
Growth of the City: Over the centuries, Chennai evolved from Fort St. George and the Black and White towns into a significant urban center.
Institutionalization: Under Governor Elihi Yale, a mayor and Corporation were established, and areas like Egmore and Tondiarpet were acquired.
Evolution to Tamil Nadu and Chennai
Post-Independence Era: After British rule ended, Madras province became Madras State.
Demand for Change: Various demands to rename the state as Tamil Nadu gained traction, with K P Sankaralinganar’s protest in 1956 being a pivotal moment.
Name Change: The renaming to Tamil Nadu was approved by Parliament in 1968 and came into effect in 1969.
Chennai’s Transition: Chennai’s renaming from Madras in 1996 was part of a broader trend to shed colonial influences, though British influence on these names’ evolution cannot be denied.
Continuing Identity
The transformation of Madras to Chennai is not just a change in nomenclature, but a reflection of the dynamic interplay between historical heritage, regional identity, and post-colonial aspirations.
The city’s evolution stands as a testament to the diverse threads that weave India’s urban tapestry.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mylara Cult
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
The recent discovery of two sculptures in the Basrur region near Kundapura, Udupi (Karnataka), has brought to light the existence of the ancient Mylara cult in the coastal area.
What is the news?
A remarkable sculpture, discovered in a well at Basrur, showcases a royal hero seated on a horse, wielding a sword and a bowl in his right and left hands, respectively.
Notably, this sculpture lacks the depiction of Mylaladevi on the horse’s back.
About Mylara Cult
Mylara, a revered folk deity, is believed to be a divine incarnation of Lord Shiva.
Known by various names such as Mailara, Khandoba, Khanderao, and Khandnatha, this deity holds a diverse range of titles that highlight its multifaceted nature.
Its origins can be traced back to the 12th century Shaivite tradition, associated with the revered Lingayat saint and philosopher Siddharama, aka. Siddharameshwara or Siddhalinga.
The influence of the Mylara cult spans across the southern regions of India, encompassing Karnataka, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu.
Historical Significance
Basrur was a thriving trading hub during the Medieval period, bustling with trading guilds like Uhayadesi and Nanadesi.
These guilds actively participated in trade, making Basrur a pivotal center for various cults and cultural exchange.
The Mylara cult, known for its prominence in the Deccan region, flourished in Basrur as well.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PFA, Forever Chemicals
Mains level: Residual chemicals and the pollution caused
A recent study published in Environment Science and Technology has found that rainwater from many places across the globe is contaminated with “per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances,” (PFAs) also called “forever chemicals”.
What are PFAs?
PFAs are man-made chemicals used to make non-stick cookware, water-repellent clothing, stain-resistant fabrics, cosmetics, fire-fighting forms and many other products that resist grease, water and oil.
They refer to a group of over 3,000 widely used human-made chemicals linked to cancer and other health risks.
They have tendency to stick around in the atmosphere, rainwater and soil for long periods of time.
PFAs can migrate to the soil, water and air during their production and use.
Since most PFAs do not break down, they remain in the environment for long periods of time.
Some of these PFAs can build up in people and animals if they are repeatedly exposed to the chemicals.
What harm do PFAs cause?
A variety of health risks are attributed to PFA exposure, including decreased fertility, developmental effects in children, interference with body hormones, increased cholesterol levels and increased risk of some cancers.
Recent research has also revealed that long-term low-level exposure to certain PFAs can make it difficult for humans to build antibodies after being vaccinated against various diseases.
How can these chemicals be removed from rainwater?
There is no known method that can extract and remove PFAs from the atmosphere itself.
There are many effective, albeit expensive, methods to remove them from rainwater that has been collected through various rainwater harvesting methods.
One way to do this would be to use a filtration system with activated carbon.
The activated carbon will need to be removed and replaced regularly.
Also, the old contaminated material must be destroyed.
Remedial measures
A cheaper method is under trial.
The researchers first placed a PFA compound in a solvent called DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide).
They then mixed it with sodium hydroxide (lye) in water.
They found that when this mixture was heated up to boiling temperature, the PFA compound began to degrade.
However, this method doesn’t work for all PFAs and only works for certain PFA subsets.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ajnala Massacre
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
A recent collaborative effort of professional geneticists has resulted in a scientific confirmation of the Ajnala massacre – an event lost to history for 165 years.
This project, marked by emotional intensity and rigorous analysis, brought long-lost victims to light through molecular and isotope data.
Ajnala Massacre
Buried Tragedy: 282 soldiers of the 26th Native Bengal Infantry Regiment met a brutal fate during the 1857 uprising, drowned in a well by the British East India Company.
Discovery of Location: Cooper’s book provided clues that helped locate the 1857 Kallianwala Martyrs’ Well beneath the Gurdwara Singh Sabha in Ajnala.
Chance Encounter: In 2003, historian Surinder Kochhar found a reference to ‘Ajnala’ in a discarded book titled “Crisis in Punjab” by Frederick Henry Cooper.
Massacre Rediscovered: Kochhar’s research led to the revelation of the Ajnala Massacre, a grim incident hidden for over 157 years.
Excavation and Revelation
Unveiling the Remains: The well was excavated in 2014, exposing the skeletal remains of the soldiers.
Gruesome Discovery: During the 1857 Sepoy mutiny, many Indian soldiers revolted against the British. Around 500 revolted at Mian Mir Cantonment in Lahore.
Evading execution: They swam across the Ravi River to reach the town of Ajnala, now in Amritsar district. Of them, 218 were killed by British soldiers at Dadian Sofian village near Ajnala.
Dumped into a well: The remaining 282 were stuffed in a small room, where many died of asphyxiation. The rest were shot dead and their bodies were thrown into a well, which was later named “Kalianwala Khu” and “Shaheedan da Khu”.
Verification and Acknowledgment
Scientific Verification: DNA-based evidence confirmed that the remains belonged to soldiers of the 26th Native Bengal Infantry regiment.
Historical Importance: The Ajnala Massacre adds to the narrative of the 1857 Indian uprising against the British East India Company’s oppression.
Conclusion
The Ajnala Massacre underscores the often-overlooked brutalities of the 1857 Indian uprising.
The lack of acknowledgement and memorials can be attributed to the government’s hesitance to address uncomfortable aspects of history.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Thoppikkallu
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Recent archaeological excavations in Tirunaya near Nagaparamba (Kerala) have brought to light a collection of hemispherical laterite stones known as hat stones or Thoppikkallu in Malayalam.
Nagaparamba Megalithic Treasure
Thoppikkallu: Hat stones, referred to as Thoppikkallu in Malayalam, served as lids for burial urns during the megalithic era, offering a unique glimpse into burial practices.
Cultural Insights: The discoveries may provide valuable insights into the life and culture of the ancient inhabitants of the area, dating back more than 2,000 years.
Unraveling the Mystery of Megaliths
Megalithic Structures: Megaliths were constructed as either burial sites or commemorative memorials, creating a distinctive landscape of archaeological significance.
Burial Remains: Examples of burial megaliths include dolmenoid cists, cairn circles, and capstones, each with its unique design and purpose.
Non-Sepulchral Megaliths: Non-burial megaliths, such as menhirs, hold a different purpose and significance.
Historical Context: The majority of Indian megaliths are attributed to the Iron Age, spanning from 1500 BC to 500 BC.
Regional Concentration: These intriguing structures are concentrated in states like Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana.
