From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Offer for Sale (OFS)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The government’s stake sale in Rail Vikas Nigam Ltd (RVNL) through an offer-for-sale (OFS) received an enthusiastic response from institutional investors.
About Offer for Sale (OFS)
OFS is a method of share sale introduced by India’s securities market regulator SEBI in 2012.
The primary aim was to facilitate promoters of listed companies to reduce their holdings and comply with the minimum public shareholding norms within the stipulated time frame.
This mechanism gained popularity among both state-run and private listed companies as a means to adhere to SEBI’s order.
Subsequently, the government also embraced OFS to divest its shareholding in public sector enterprises.
Key Features of Offer for Sale:
Stake Dilution: In an OFS, the promoters of a company reduce their stake by selling existing shares to retail investors, companies, Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs), and Qualified Institutional Buyers (QIBs) through an exchange platform.
Restriction on Fresh Issuance: Unlike a follow-on public offering (FPO), where companies can raise funds through issuing fresh shares or promoters can sell their existing stakes (or both), OFS is used exclusively for the sale of existing shares.
Eligibility Criteria: Only promoters or shareholders holding more than 10% of the share capital in a company can conduct an OFS.
Limited to Top 200 Companies: The OFS mechanism is available to the top 200 companies based on market capitalization.
Reserved Quota for Institutions: A minimum of 25% of the shares offered in an OFS is reserved for mutual funds (MFs) and insurance companies. Additionally, no single bidder, other than MFs and insurance companies, can be allocated more than 25% of the offering size.
Retail Investor Participation: A minimum of 10% of the offer size is reserved for retail investors, encouraging their participation in the share sale.
Discount Provision: Sellers have the option to offer a discount to retail investors either on the bid price or on the final allotment price.
Timely Notification: The company must inform the stock exchanges about its intention to conduct an OFS at least two banking days prior to the event.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Circular Economy Coalition
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The Resource Efficiency Circular Economy Industry Coalition (RECEIC) was launched with 39 multinational corporations committing to resource efficiency and circular economy principles.
What is RECEIC?
Foundation: The RECEIC, conceived during India’s G20 Presidency, is an industry-led initiative with a global focus on promoting resource efficiency and circular economy practices
Objectives: It aims to address environmental issues arising from waste, such as plastics, microplastics, e-waste, and chemical waste.
Participation: 39 multinational corporations from sectors such as steel, FMCG, and electronics joined RECEIC’s launch.
Leadership: The coalition will be industry-led, with the government playing a supporting role.
Focus: The coalition aims to address environmental challenges arising from different types of waste through resource efficiency and circular economy principles.
Presence: Ministers from Mauritius, Denmark, Italy, Canada, UAE, France, and the European Union attended the event.
India’s measures in this regard
In 2021-22, India generated around 41 lakh tonnes of plastic waste, with 30 lakh tonnes allocated to registered recyclers and plastic waste processing units.
The Plastic Waste Management (Amendment) Rules, 2022, established Extended Producers’ Responsibility (EPR) guidelines to manage plastic waste effectively.
Plastic waste processors generated 2.6 million tonnes of EPR certificates, and purchased approximately 1.51 million tonnes of those certificates for 2022-23 obligations.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Maitree Super Thermal Power Project
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Bharat Heavy Electricals (BHEL), a state-owned engineering firm, achieved a major milestone in Bangladesh.
The 660-MW Unit-2 of the 1,320-MW Maitree Super Thermal Power Project (STPP) was successfully synchronized with the electricity grid in Bangladesh.
Maitree Super Thermal Power Project
Location: The Maitree STPP is a 1,320-MW power plant situated at Rampal, Mongla, Bagerhat, Bangladesh.
Joint Venture: BHEL is responsible for setting up the power plant, which is a 50:50 joint venture between the Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) and NTPC Ltd.
Infrastructure Priority: The project serves as a symbol of successful cooperation between India and Bangladesh and is a priority infrastructure development initiative for Bangladesh.
Objective: The primary goal of the project is to establish a reliable and cost-effective base-load power production system in Bangladesh.
BHEL’s Technological Prowess and Global Leadership:
The successful synchronisation of the 660-MW Unit-2 underscores BHEL’s expertise and technological prowess in the power sector.
This accomplishment further solidifies BHEL’s position as a leading global player in providing dependable and sustainable energy solutions.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hematene
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Researchers have made a groundbreaking discovery of nanoflakes of a material known as hematene, extracted from iron ore.
These nanoflakes have demonstrated exceptional capabilities in withstanding and shielding against high laser intensities.
What is Hematene?
Hematene is a novel 2D material that has been derived from hematite (common iron ore).
It is a thin, single-layer material with unique properties that make it promising for various applications, especially in the field of optics.
Hematene nanoflakes have demonstrated exceptional capabilities in withstanding and shielding against high laser intensities, making them valuable for optical limiting applications.
The material’s stability and potential for futuristic technologies have garnered significant interest from researchers and scientists.
How is it made?
Hematene is derived from naturally occurring hematite, the mineral form of iron oxide, through a process involving sonication, centrifugation, and vacuum-assisted filtration.
With a thickness of just 3 atoms, it exhibits improved photocatalysis efficiency.
Being ferromagnetic, like common magnets, it possesses magnetic properties.
Notably, it has the exceptional ability to withstand and provide shielding against high laser intensities.
Applications of Hematene Nanoflakes
Optical Limiting: Hematene nanoflakes have demonstrated exceptional optical limiting capabilities, making them valuable in protecting sensitive optical equipment, such as sensors, detectors, and other optical devices, from high laser intensities.
Photodetectors: Hematene’s properties make it suitable for developing high-performance photodetectors, which are used to detect and convert light signals into electrical signals. This application has potential in telecommunications, imaging, and optical communications.
Energy Storage: Hematene can be explored for applications in energy storage devices, such as batteries and super-capacitors, due to its unique electronic and electrochemical properties.
Optoelectronics: The material’s properties make it suitable for optoelectronic devices, which involve the interaction of light and electricity, including light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and photovoltaic cells.
Photothermal Therapy: Hematene’s ability to withstand and shield against high laser intensities may find applications in photothermal therapy, a medical technique that uses light to treat diseases like cancer.
Environmental Applications: Hematene’s stability and potential for use in various environments may make it valuable in environmental applications, such as water purification and pollution control.
Sensors: The material’s unique properties may be utilized in developing high-performance sensors for various applications, including gas sensing and environmental monitoring.
Catalysts: Hematene’s surface characteristics and electronic properties could be explored for catalytic applications, promoting chemical reactions in various industrial processes.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Full-Reserve Banking
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Full-reserve banking, also known as 100% reserve banking, and fractional-reserve banking are two different systems of banking that determine how banks handle customer deposits and lending practices.
This article discusses the key differences between these two banking systems and the arguments put forth by proponents of each approach.
What is Full-Reserve Banking?
Custodian Role: In a full-reserve banking system, banks hold all money received as demand deposits from customers in their vaults, acting as safekeepers of depositors’ funds.
Limited Lending: Banks can only lend money from time deposits, which customers can withdraw after an agreed-upon period.
Preventing Bank Runs: The full reserve ensures banks can meet depositor demands even if all customers seek to withdraw their money simultaneously, reducing the risk of a bank run.
Restricted Money Supply: Banks cannot create money through loans, limiting their influence on the economy’s money supply and potentially preventing artificial booms and busts.
Contrary Idea: Fractional-Reserve Banking
Lending with Electronic Money: Banks in a fractional-reserve system predominantly lend in the form of electronic money, allowing them to lend more than the physical cash they have in vaults.
Risk of Bank Runs: Although electronic money minimizes cash withdrawals, excessive loans can lead to a bank run if depositors demand cash that exceeds the actual cash reserves.
Supporting Economic Growth: Proponents argue that fractional-reserve banking fuels investment and economic growth by allowing banks to create loans without relying solely on customer savings.
Arguments for both systems
Fractional-Reserve Banking: Supporters believe fractional-reserve banking frees the economy from the constraints of real savings, stimulating investment and growth.
Full-Reserve Banking: Supporters argue that full-reserve banking is more natural, prevents bank runs, and limits banks’ ability to create money, which could prevent economic instability.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: No-Confidence Motion
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Opposition parties belonging to the new Alliance INDIA plan to move a no-confidence motion against the government to force the PM to speak on Manipur unrest.
Motion of No-Confidence
In the Indian parliamentary system, a motion of no-confidence plays a crucial role in assessing the government’s strength and accountability.
This motion allows opposition parties or any member to express their lack of confidence in the Council of Ministers, leading to a significant political event.
Procedure for No-Confidence Motion:
Rule 198: The procedure for a no-confidence motion is laid down under Rule 198 of the rules of procedure and conduct of the Lok Sabha.
Absence of Grounds: Such does not require specific grounds to be mentioned in the motion, and even if mentioned, these grounds do not form part of the motion.
Lok Sabha Exclusive: It can only be moved in the Lok Sabha and not in the Rajya Sabha.
Written Notice: Any member of the Lok Sabha can move a no-confidence motion by providing a written notice before 10 am.
Acceptance and Discussion: For the motion to be accepted, a minimum of 50 members must support it. Once accepted, the Speaker announces the date for the motion’s discussion within 10 days.
Voting: Voting can be conducted through a voice vote, division vote (using electronic gadgets, slips, or a ballot box), or a secret ballot vote.
Implications of Voting
Majority Decision: Following the vote, the side with the majority determines the motion’s outcome.
Speaker’s Role: In the event of a tie, the Speaker casts the deciding vote to resolve the impasse.
Outcomes
Government Resignation: If the government fails to prove its majority in the House, it is obligated to resign from power.
Political Impact: A successful no-confidence motion can lead to significant political changes and reshuffling of the government.
Try this PYQ:
Q. Consider the following statements regarding a No-Confidence Motion in India:
There is no mention of a No-Confidence Motion in the Constitution of India.
A Motion of No-Confidence can be introduced in the Lok Sabha only.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CBFC, Film Certification Process
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Union Information & Broadcasting Minister has expressed displeasure with the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) over its approval of the Hollywood film “Oppenheimer.”
The Minister has reportedly asked officials to remove a particular scene from the movie that has generated controversy on social media.
Understanding the CBFC
Role: The Central Board of Film Certification is a statutory body under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, responsible for regulating the public exhibition of films in India under the Cinematograph Act, 1952.
Certification Requirement: Films can be screened in India only after receiving certification from the Board.
Composition: The CBFC comprises a Chairperson and members appointed by the Central Government. There are nine Regional Offices with Advisory Panels to assist in the examination of films.
Film Certification Process
Examining Committee: After submitting all film materials and requisite fees, a regional officer forms an Examining Committee to view the film. For short films (shorter than 72 minutes), the committee includes a CBFC officer and one advisory panel member, with at least one being a woman. For long films (longer than 72 minutes), at least two committee members must be women.
Certification Recommendations: Each committee member provides a written report with their recommendations for modifications and classification of the film.
CBFC Decision: The Chairperson reviews the committee’s reports and initiates further procedures based on their recommendations.
Types of Certifications:
Unrestricted Public Exhibition (U)
Parental Guidance for children below age 12 (U/A)
Adult (A)
Viewing by specialized groups (S)
Controversies and Appeals
Suggested Changes: CBFC may suggest modifications or excisions in the film before granting certification. Applicants dissatisfied with the certification or suggested changes can apply to the Revising Committee.
Revising Committee: The Revising Committee consists of the Chairperson and up to nine members from the board and advisory panel.
Appellate Tribunal: If disagreements persist, the Appellate Tribunal, an independent body, can be approached.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Meri Maati Mera Desh Initiative
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
The Union government has launched the ‘Meri Maati Mera Desh’ campaign as a grand culmination of the ‘Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav,’ celebrating 75 years of Indian Independence.
Meri Maati Mera Desh
This initiative aims to honor and commemorate the sacrifices of martyrs.
It includes freedom fighters, defense personnel, and members of the Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) and State Police, who laid down their lives in the line of duty.
Five-Point Agenda
Shilaphalakam Installation: Memorials will be erected, adorned with the names of those who made the supreme sacrifice for the nation. The veers (bravehearts) will be remembered and respected for their immense contribution to the country’s freedom, unity, and integrity.
Pledge of Commitment: A solemn pledge will be taken by people at the memorial sites, reaffirming their unwavering commitment to the nation and its values.
Vasudha Vandhan: Every gram panchayat or village will participate in ‘Vasudha Vandhan’ by planting 75 saplings of indigenous species, rejuvenating Mother Earth, and developing Amrit Vatikas (Eternal Gardens).
Veeron Ka Vandan: Freedom fighters and the families of deceased freedom fighters will be honored and felicitated. Retired defense personnel, CAPF, and State Police personnel, along with the families of those who lost their lives in the line of duty, will also receive recognition for their invaluable service to the nation.
National Flag Hoisting: The National Flag will be proudly hoisted, and the National Anthem will resonate in unison, filling the air with patriotism and pride.
Implementation and Events
Events will be organized at various levels, from panchayat and village to block, urban local bodies, state, and national levels.
Soil from every panchayat/village will be collected by young volunteers and brought to the block, from where ‘Mitti Kalash’ (pots of soil) will be ceremoniously transported to Delhi.
The collected soil will be utilized to create a unique garden, the Amrit Vatika, at the Kartavya Path in Delhi, honoring the heroes of Indian freedom struggle and national integrity.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cantonments
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
The Ministry of Defence (MoD) has put forward a proposal to excise civil areas in 58 cantonments across the country, intending to merge them with State municipalities.
Earlier in May, the centre kicked off a plan to abolish the 62 cantonments around the country as “archaic colonial legacies”.
What are Cantonments?
Definition: Cantonments are permanent military stations where a group of military personnel are stationed for administrative purposes. They are governed by the Cantonments Act, 2006, which provides for municipal administration and control of these areas.
Number and Locations: India currently has 62 cantonments spread across various states, with some areas known for their better infrastructure and facilities compared to other parts of the country.
Cantonment Boards: Cantonments are managed by Cantonment Boards, which are democratic bodies comprising elected and nominated members. The Station Commander of the Cantonment serves as the ex-officio President of the Board.
Historical Background
The Cantonments Act, 1924, was enacted by the British to regulate the municipal administration of cantonments.
After India’s independence, the Cantonments Act was modified to suit the democratic setup of the country.
The current Cantonments Act, 2006, replaced the previous version, aiming to provide greater autonomy and accountability to the Cantonment Boards.
Categories of the erstwhile Cantonments
Cantonments are categorized based on the population size residing within them:
Category I: Cantonments with a population of over 50,000.
Category II: Cantonments with a population of 10,000 to 50,000.
Category III: Cantonments with a population of less than 10,000.
Category IV: Industrial or training Cantonments, irrespective of their population size.
Broader plan
Conversion to Exclusive Military Stations: Under the plan, military areas within all cantonments will be carved out and designated as “exclusive military stations.” The Army will exercise “absolute control” over these areas, streamlining their administration and operations.
Merger with Local Municipalities: The civilian areas of cantonments will be integrated with the respective local municipalities. These municipalities will take up the responsibility of maintaining these areas, along with providing essential services and infrastructure.
Move Away from Traditional Cantonment Concept: Post-independence, the Indian Army moved away from the traditional cantonment concept, primarily due to friction between military and civilian authorities. However, certain major cantonments continued to exist, such as Pune Cantonment and Agra Cantonment.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Controlled Human Infection Studies (CHIS)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
India has taken its first step towards introducing Controlled Human Infection Studies (CHIS), a research model widely used in other countries for vaccine and treatment development.
The Indian Council of Medical Research’s (ICMR) Bioethics Unit has prepared a consensus policy statement open for public comment, addressing the need, benefits, and ethical challenges associated with CHIS.
What is Controlled Human Infection Studies (CHIS)?
CHIS also known as human challenge trials, are scientific studies conducted to deliberately expose healthy human volunteers to infectious agents under controlled conditions.
The primary objective of these studies is to gain a better understanding of the pathogens’ behavior, human immune response, and to test potential vaccines, treatments, or preventive measures against the infection.
Key points about Controlled Human Infection Studies (CHIS) include:
Informed Consent: Volunteers participating in CHIS must provide informed consent, fully understanding the potential risks and benefits associated with their participation.
Types of Pathogens: CHIS can be used to study various infectious agents, such as viruses (e.g., influenza, dengue, Zika), bacteria (e.g., cholera, typhoid), and parasites (e.g., malaria).
Vaccine Development: CHIS plays a crucial role in vaccine development by providing controlled environments to assess the efficacy of candidate vaccines and their ability to induce protective immune responses.
Controversy: The use of CHIS has sparked ethical debates about balancing potential risks to participants against potential benefits to public health.
Ethical Concerns Surrounding CHIS in India
Delicate Ethical Balance: CHIS is considered ethically sensitive due to concerns about deliberate harm to participants, fair compensation, third-party risks, and withdrawal from the study, and involving vulnerable participants.
Streamlined Ethics Review: ICMR acknowledges the need for a specialized ethics review process with additional oversight and safeguards to protect study participants.
Deterrents and Unique Context: Technical, clinical, ethical, and legal challenges deterred India from adopting CHIS earlier, partly influenced by the nation’s unique socio-cultural context.
Potential Benefits of CHIS in India
High Disease Burden: India faces a significant burden of morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases, contributing about 30% of the disease burden in the country.
Novel Insights and Efficiency: CHIS offers unique insights into disease pathogenesis and enables accelerated and cost-effective outcomes with smaller sample sizes compared to large clinical trials.
Social Value: CHIS can contribute to public health response, healthcare decision-making, policies, economic benefits, improved pandemic preparedness, and community empowerment.
Encouraging Collaboration and Expertise
Complex Nature of CHIS: ICMR highlights the complexity of CHIS and suggests that collaborations between researchers, institutions, organizations, and countries may be necessary to ensure the right expertise is available.
Crucial Role in Advancing Scientific Understanding: The ICMR Bioethics Unit’s consensus policy statement aims to address ethical concerns associated with CHIS, acknowledging its potential role in advancing the scientific understanding of infectious diseases and accelerating treatment strategies.
Public Consultation and Future Directions
Open for Public Consultation: The ICMR’s consensus policy statement on CHIS is open for public consultation until August 16 to gather input from stakeholders and experts.
Striving for Ethical Research: ICMR emphasizes its commitment to conduct CHIS in India while ensuring ethical principles are upheld and human participants are protected.
Conclusion
The introduction of CHIS in India is a significant step towards advancing medical research and finding cost-effective solutions for infectious diseases.
Public consultation and expert collaborations will help shape the future direction of CHIS research in India and contribute to scientific progress and improved healthcare outcomes.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Broadcasting Day , AIR, Usha Mehta
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
This July 23, commemorated 100 years of radio broadcast in India.
All India Radio (AIR) started broadcasting in 1923 via 2 private stations called the Radio Club of Bombay and Calcutta Radio Club.
Facts for Prelims: Usha Mehta’s Secret Radio
On August 8, 1942, the historic Quit India Resolution was passed during the All India Congress Committee meeting in Bombay.
In this response, the idea of an underground radio station, known by various names such as the Freedom Radio, the Ghost Radio, or the Congress Radio, was conceived to counter the British-controlled AIR.
Usha Mehta, a 22 YO master’s student at Wilson College, became the voice of the Congress Radio.
The radio was an expensive endeavour, but funds were procured through various means, including contributions from Mehta’s colleague, Babubhai Khakhar.
Radio engineering expert Nariman Abarbad Printer constructed the Congress Radio transmission set.
Their first broadcast was on 14 August 1942.
Welcome line in her voice: “This is the Congress Radio calling on 42.34 from somewhere in India.”
In the beginning, they were broadcasting twice a day, in Hindi and English. But they reduced it to just once in the evening between 7.30 and 8.30 pm.
On 12th November 1942, the police raided the radio while Vande Mataram was being played and arrested Mehta and others.
Mehta was conferred the Padma Vibhushan, one of India’s highest civilian honours in 1998.
About All India Radio
On July 23, 1927, the Indian Broadcasting Company (IBC) was formed, but it faced liquidation within three years.
To revive the IBC, Lionel Fielden, a BBC producer, was appointed as the first Controller of Broadcasting in August 1935.
In June 1936, the Indian State Broadcasting Service (ISBS) transformed into All India Radio.
In August 1937, it became the Central News Organisation (CNO) under the Department of Information and Broadcasting.
Expansion and Name Change
In 1947, India had six radio stations, covering 2.5% of the area and 11% of the population. Pakistan had three radio stations.
In 1956, the name “AKASHVANI” was adopted as the National Broadcaster, used interchangeably with AIR, primarily for Hindi broadcasting.
The famous jingle of AIR wascomposed by Walter Kaufmann, who joined AIR in 1937 and significantly contributed to Indian music.
Current Status of AIR
Today, AIR has a network of around 260 radio stations, covering nearly 92% of the country’s total area and serving almost the entire population.
It broadcasts in 23 languages and 146 dialects, making it a broadcasting giant in India.
Controversies
Vividh Bharati Service: Launched in 1957, it included popular film music as a major component.
BV Keskar’s Ban on Film Music: In 1952, AIR imposed a ban on film music, causing Radio Ceylon to gain popularity among Hindi film music enthusiasts with shows like Geetmala.
Film Industry’s Response: The film industry withdrew music rights from AIR, leading to the absence of film music on the radio.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Donanemab
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Donanemab, a drug in trials has shown significant potential in slowing cognitive decline in individuals with early Alzheimer’s.
What is Alzheimer’s Disease?
Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive and irreversible neurological disorder.
Beta-amyloid, a protein that is crucial for brain function, turns toxic in Alzheimer’s patients, forming clumps that disrupt brain cell connections, leading to cognitive issues like memory loss.
These protein deposits disrupt communication between neurons, leading to their deterioration and death.
Early signs include forgetfulness, difficulty finding words, problem-solving challenges, confusion, and disorientation.
The exact cause of Alzheimer’s is not fully understood but is believed to involve genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.
Family history, genetic mutations, head injuries, cardiovascular disease, and certain lifestyle factors are also risk factors.
Donanemab: An antedote
Development: Donanemab is a drug developed by Eli Lilly and aims to treat individuals with early Alzheimer’s disease.
Targeting Amyloid Plaques: The drug targets a common hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease: amyloid plaques in the brain.
Breakthrough in Slowing Cognitive Decline
Alarming Burden: With an estimated 14 million cases of dementia, including Alzheimer’s, expected in India by 2050, the need for effective treatments is urgent.
Phase III Trial: In a phase III trial, Donanemab demonstrated promising results, slowing cognitive decline by 35% compared to a placebo.
Significance: This marks a significant milestone in Alzheimer’s research, as it is the second drug, within a year, to show effectiveness in checking cognitive decline in early-stage Alzheimer’s patients.
Limitations: It is essential to note that Donanemab and the previous drug do not stop or reverse Alzheimer’s disease. However, slowing cognitive decline can significantly improve the quality of life for affected individuals and their families.
Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Adjournment motion
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
During the monsoon Session of Parliament, Opposition parties demanded discussions on alleged sexual assaults in Manipur and ongoing ethnic violence.
Many MPs moved adjournment motions, leading to the Lok Sabha’s adjournment.
Let’s explore the various motions raised in Indian Parliament and their significance.
(A) Short Duration Discussion (Rule 193)
Applicability: This procedure is available in both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
Description: A short-duration discussion can take place when the Chairman or Speaker believes that a matter is urgent and of sufficient public importance. The discussion can last for a maximum of two and a half hours.
(B) Motion with a Vote (Rule 184)
Applicability: This motion is relevant in Lok Sabha.
Description: If a motion meets certain conditions, such as not containing defamatory statements, being on a matter of recent occurrence, and not being pending before any statutory authority or court of enquiry, it can be admitted. The Speaker can then allocate a time period for the discussion. This type of motion involves a vote to determine Parliament’s position on the issue and requires the government to follow Parliament’s decision.
(C) Adjournment Motion
Applicability: The adjournment motion is relevant only in Lok Sabha and is not available in Rajya Sabha.
Description: An adjournment motion is moved to discuss a “definite matter of urgent public importance” with the Speaker’s consent. The notice for this motion must be given before 10 AM on a given day to the Lok Sabha Secretary-General. The motion must meet specific criteria to be admitted. The passage of an adjournment motion does not require the government to resign but is seen as a strong censure of the government.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Opium Wars
Mains level: World History: Decolonization in Asia
Central Idea
The Opium Wars, waged by European colonial powers on China, exemplify how opium, as an inanimate object, became a powerful historical agent under specific social and political circumstances.
Possible mains question:
Q. Discuss the historical significance of opium as a powerful agent in shaping world history, with a focus on its role in the Opium Wars and its impact on colonialism and Chinese society.
Story of Opium and Tea
Tea’s Introduction to Europe: Tea, originating in China over 2,000 years ago, became popular among the British elite in the mid-17th century and transcended class barriers to become the quintessential British beverage.
Trade Deficit with China: However, the British East India Company faced a trade deficit with China due to the import of tea.
Opium as a Solution: In 1763, the British acquired a monopoly on opium production and trade, which was already in demand in China. Selling opium to China from their rapidly growing colony in India helped offset the trade deficit caused by tea imports.
Opium Cultivation in India
Rapid Growth: Under the British Opium Department, opium production in India saw a massive increase, rising almost 800% within a century. India’s total opium exports to China increased a hundred-fold between 1780 and 1880.
Selective Selling: Interestingly, while India grew all the opium, the British avoided selling it in their own colony, choosing instead to push it into Chinese society.
China’s Addiction and Socio-economic Crises
Addiction Spreads: The highly addictive and debilitating drug led to widespread addiction among China’s upper classes and literati, causing socio-economic crises.
Decline of Qing Dynasty: The ruling Qing dynasty’s inability to curb opium trade eroded the machinery of the state and legitimacy of China’s governance.
The Opium Wars
Discovery of Opium: In 1839, after discovering his son’s opium use, the Qing Emperor launched a crackdown, leading to tensions with British opium traders in Canton.
First Opium War (1839-42): British forces arrived in China to protect “free trade,” leading to a series of defeats for China. The Treaty of Nanking forced China to compensate British opium traders, cede Hong Kong, and open more ports for European trade.
Second Opium War (1856-60): Triggered by a conflict between a Chinese official and British traders, the war further expanded European presence in China and legalized opium trade.
Opium as a Historical Agent
Colonialism and Opium: The Opium Wars epitomized colonialism in Asia, generating immense profits for colonialists at the expense of Indian labor and Chinese sobriety.
Continued Impact: Opioid crises worldwide show opium’s capacity to transcend social classes, making it a historical force with tragic consequences.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Marine Heat Waves
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
MHWs have engulfed regions like the northeast Pacific, southern Indian Ocean, the Atlantic, and the Mediterranean, as reported by Mercator Ocean International.
In April, the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) peaked at 21.1 degrees Celsius, breaking the previous record set in 2016.
What are Marine Heat Waves (MHWs)?
While we often associate heatwaves with the atmosphere, they can also occur in the ocean, known as Marine Heatwaves (MHWs).
These prolonged periods of excessively warm sea surface temperatures (SST) can have significant consequences for marine ecosystems and industries.
SST is the temperature of the top layer of the ocean, typically measured at a depth of 1 millimeter to a few meters using buoys.
MHWs can happen in both summer and winter, with “winter warm-spells” affecting specific regions and species.
How are MHWs measured?
Threshold Criteria: A marine heatwave is characterized by seawater temperatures exceeding a seasonally-varying threshold (often the 90th percentile) for at least 5 consecutive days.
Continuity of Events: Successive heatwaves with gaps of 2 days or less are considered part of the same MHW event.
Causes of Marine Heatwaves
Air-sea heat flux: Ocean currents and air-sea heat flux are common drivers of MHWs, leading to the build-up of warm water in specific areas.
Influences of Wind and Climate Modes: Wind patterns can enhance or suppress MHWs. They influence the likelihood of events occurring in certain regions.
Intensification with Global Warming: Rising global temperatures have resulted in longer-lasting, more frequent, and intense MHWs in recent decades.
Human Influence: 87% of MHWs can be attributed to human-induced warming, with the oceans absorbing significant amounts of heat due to greenhouse gas emissions.
Oceans as Heat Sink: Oceans have absorbed 90% of the additional heat caused by greenhouse gas emissions, increasing global mean sea surface temperature by nearly 0.9 degrees Celsius since 1850.
Impacts of Marine Heatwaves
Ecosystem Structure: MHWs can disrupt ecosystem structure, supporting certain species while suppressing others.
Kelp Forest Destruction: MHWs along the Western Australian coast in 2010-2011 devastated kelp forests and fundamentally altered the ecosystem of the coast.
Economic Losses: MHWs can cause economic losses, particularly in fisheries and aquaculture industries.
Vulnerability of Temperature-Sensitive Species: Species such as corals are highly vulnerable to MHWs. The 2016 marine heatwaves in northern Australia caused severe bleaching of the Great Barrier Reef.
Impact on Marine Ecosystems
Catastrophic Effects: MHWs have led to the death of numerous marine species, altered migration patterns, and caused coral bleaching, endangering coral reefs.
Coral Bleaching: High ocean temperatures in the tropical Atlantic and Caribbean in 2005 led to a massive coral bleaching event, impacting over 80% of surveyed corals, with severe consequences for marine life.
Invasive Species and Ecological Imbalance: MHWs fuel the growth of invasive alien species, disrupting marine food webs and posing threats to wildlife. Ex. Whale entanglements in fishing gear.
Consequences for Humans
Amplifying Storms: Higher ocean temperatures associated with MHWs make storms like hurricanes and cyclones stronger, leading to severe weather events and flooding.
Threat to Coral Reefs: Half a billion people depend on coral reefs for food, income, and protection, but MHWs pose a grave threat to these ecosystems, impacting human livelihoods.
Socio-Economic Impact: Coastal communities are particularly vulnerable to the socio-economic impacts of MHWs, affecting fisheries and tourism.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Tele-MANAS
Mains level: Mental health and telemedicine
Central Idea: The government-run national tele-mental health programme, Tele MANAS, has achieved a significant milestone by receiving over 2,00,000 calls from individuals across India since its launch in October 2022.
What is Tele-MANAS?
Tele Mental Health Assistance and Networking across States (Tele-MANAS) initiative has been launched by the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare in October 2022.
It aims to provide free tele-mental health services all over the country round the clock, particularly catering to people in remote or under-served areas.
Implementation of the scheme
Counselling: The programme includes a network of 38 tele-mental health centres of excellence spread across 27 States and UTs working in over 20 languages.
Helpline: A toll-free, 24/7 helpline number (14416) has been set up across the country allowing callers to select the language of choice for availing services. Service is also accessible at 1-800-91-4416.
Two-tier working
Tele-MANAS will be organised in a two-tier system; Tier 1 comprises state Tele-MANAS cells which include trained counsellors and mental health specialists.
Tier 2 will comprise specialists at District Mental Health Programme (DMHP)/Medical College resources for physical consultation and/or e-Sanjeevani for audio-visual consultation.
Call Demographics and Concerns
Age Group: Two-thirds of the callers fall in the 18-45 years age group, while 12.5% belong to the 46-64 years age group, and 8% are below 18 years of age.
Gender Distribution: Of the two lakh calls, 59.6% were made by male callers, and 40% by female callers.
Top Concerns: The most common reasons for seeking help were general feelings of sadness (28.8%), sleep-related problems (27.6%), anxiety (20.4%), relationship issues (10%), aggression (9.2%), and low interest in activities (9.7%).
Expansion of the scheme
The initial rollout providing basic support and counselling through a centralized Interactive Voice Response system (IVRS) is being customized for use across all States and UTs.
It is being linked with other services like National teleconsultation, e-Sanjeevani, Ayushman Bharat, mental health professionals, health centres, and emergency psychiatric facilities for specialized care.
This will not only help in providing immediate mental healthcare services but also facilitate a continuum of care.
Eventually, this will include the entire spectrum of mental wellness and illness, and integrate all systems that provide mental health care.
Back2Basics: National Tele Mental Health Programme (NTMHP)
The Indian Government announced the National Tele Mental Health Programme (NTMHP) in the Union Budget 2022-23.
The National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) in Bengaluru is the nodal centre for the programme.
The programme sought to establish a digital mental health network that can address the mental health crisis in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.
The pandemic has brought forth challenges to mental health, and the NTMHP aims to provide accessible and affordable mental health services to all.
The programme will involve the use of digital platforms such as teleconsultations, chatbots, and mobile applications to deliver mental health services.
The NTMHP will integrate with existing mental health services to provide a comprehensive and coordinated approach to mental healthcare.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Surat Diamond Bourse
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
The Surat Diamond Bourse (SDB), hailed as the world’s largest office space project, is set to be inaugurated by Prime Minister.
About Surat Diamond Bourse
The SDB is a large-scale project located in Surat, Gujarat, India.
It is claimed to be the world’s biggest office space in a single project.
It is built to expand and consolidate the diamond trading business from Mumbai to Surat.
Surat is renowned as a major hub for cutting and polishing diamonds, and the development of SDB aims to bring all diamond-related activities and infrastructure under one roof.
Key features
Location: The SDB is situated at DREAM (Diamond Research and Mercantile) city in Surat.
Size: The bourse spans an area of 66 lakh square feet (approximately 6.6 million square feet), making it one of the largest office spaces in the world.
Design: The thematic landscaping of the project is based on the ‘panch tatva’ theme, representing the five elements of nature – air, water, fire, earth, and sky.
Infrastructure: The SDB consists of nine towers, each with ground plus 15 floors. It will accommodate over 4,200 offices with sizes ranging from 300 square feet to 7,500 square feet.
Security: Given the high-security nature of the diamond industry, over 4,000 CCTV cameras have been installed at different locations inside and outside the SDB.
Shifting from Mumbai: The bourse seeks to address the space crunch and expensive office real estate in Mumbai, where much of the diamond trading currently takes place.
Economic significance of SDB
Businesses: The complex will house various diamond-related businesses, including the sale of rough and polished diamonds, diamond manufacturing machinery, diamond planning software, diamond certificate firms, lab-grown diamonds, and more.
Employment: The SDB is expected to generate significant employment opportunities, providing direct employment to over 1 lakh people in various roles related to the diamond industry.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: IMD Heat Index
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Union Ministry of Earth Sciences informed that the India Meteorological Department (IMD) has introduced the Heat Index on an experimental basis.
IMD Heat Index
The Heat Index aims to provide general guidance for regions in India where the combination of temperature and humidity leads to higher apparent temperatures, causing discomfort for people.
It is derived using an equation similar to the one used by the National Weather Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in the USA.
It considers the impact of humidity on high temperatures, providing a “feel-like” temperature for human beings and indicating the level of discomfort.
Color Codes for Experimental Heat Index
The Heat Index is represented with different color codes to signify the varying levels of heat impact and discomfort:
Green: Below 35°C
Yellow: Range of 36-45°C
Orange: Range of 46-55°C
Red: Above 55°C
Mitigating heat impact in India
The Heat Index is currently being implemented on an experimental basis across India, including Andhra Pradesh.
Under the Heat Action Plan, the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) collaborates with local agencies such as the Indian Institute of Public Health (IIPH) to implement the Heat Index project for Bhubaneshwar and Ahmedabad.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Export Preparedness Index (EPI
Mains level: Not Much
PC: Live Mint
Central Idea
Tamil Nadu has emerged as the most export-competitive state in India, securing the top spot in the Export Preparedness Index 2022 by Niti Aayog.
Export Preparedness Index (EPI)
EPI is a comprehensive tool aimed at gauging the export readiness of India’s states and union territories (UTs).
The index analyses various parameters, enabling the identification of strengths and weaknesses in each region and offering valuable insights for effective policy formulation.
EPI focuses on four pillars:
Policy: This pillar evaluates the effectiveness of a state’s trade policy, providing strategic direction for both exports and imports.
Business Ecosystem: The efficiency of a business ecosystem is crucial for attracting investments and fostering an enabling infrastructure for startups and entrepreneurship.
Export Ecosystem: This pillar assesses the business environment specific to exports, determining the level of support and facilitation provided to exporters.
Export Performance: The sole output-based parameter, this pillar examines the reach of export footprints in states and UTs, measuring their actual export achievements.
10 Sub-pillars include: Export Promotion Policy; Institutional Framework; Business Environment; Infrastructure; Transport Connectivity; Export Infrastructure; Trade Support; R&D Infrastructure; Export Diversification; and Growth Orientation.
States performance
Export-Competitive State:Top Contenders: Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Gujarat (last year’s leader) followed closely, while Haryana claimed the fifth position.
Coastal States’ Dominance: Coastal states dominated the top rankings, with four out of the top five positions occupied by them. Andhra Pradesh also secured the ninth spot.
Gujarat- Leading Merchandise Exporter: Gujarat holds the top position as the leading merchandise exporter, accounting for one-third of India’s total merchandise exports.
Top Five Exporting States: Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Uttar Pradesh complete India’s top five exporters.
Seven States’ Dominance: An impressive 75% of India’s total exports are contributed by just seven states.
Reasons for export boost
Export Promotion Policies: The top-performing states have implemented export promotion policies at both state and district levels.
Diversified Export Basket: These states have a diverse export basket, showcasing their global footprint.
Promoting Unique Products: Successful states focus on promoting products unique to their region. Tamil Nadu and Karnataka lead in exporting geographical indication (GI) products.
India’s Export Performance
Resilient Exports: Despite pandemic challenges and supply-side issues, India’s goods exports remained robust, reaching an all-time high of $447 billion in FY23.
Target for FY24: The government refrained from setting a specific export target for FY24 due to global headwinds but may aim for $450 billion to $500 billion in goods exports.
Services Exports: Services exports amounted to $323 billion in FY23, bringing India’s overall exports to $770 billion.
Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Eighth Schedule, Classical Languages
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
The Supreme Court said it cannot direct the Centre to include Rajasthani as an official language in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.
About Eighth Schedule
The Eighth Schedule outlines the official languages of the Republic of India.
Articles 344(1) and 351 of the Constitution contain constitutional provisions relating to the Eighth Schedule.
It was originally created to grant representation on the Official Languages Commission and enrich Hindi and English, the official languages of the Union.
Candidates appearing for public service examinations have the privilege of using any language from the Eighth Schedule as a medium to answer the exam papers.
Article 344(1): It mandates the appointment of a Commission by the President after 5 years from the date the Constitution comes into effect.
Article 351: It places the responsibility on the Union to promote and develop the Hindi language, enabling it to be a medium of expression for India’s diverse cultural elements.
Article 351(1): The President is required to establish a commission every five years, and subsequently every ten years, with a chairman and members representing languages listed in the Eighth Schedule. The primary role is to provide advice to the President on the effective use of Hindi for official purposes by the GOI.
