Why in the News?
Colossal Biosciences, a biotech firm based in US, has successfully bred the extinct Dire Wolf pups using gene-editing technologies.
About Dire Wolf (Aenocyon dirus)
- The dire wolf lived during the Pleistocene Epoch, approximately 6 million to 11,700 years ago, and went extinct around 13,000 years ago.
- Physical Characteristics and Behaviour:
- It was larger than the modern gray wolf, standing about 5 feet tall at the shoulder and weighing up to 150 pounds, significantly heavier than the average gray wolf.
- It had a stockier body, a robust skull, and powerful jaws, adapted for hunting and consuming large prey. It likely had light or white fur, unlike the gray, black, or white coats of modern wolves.
- As an apex predator, the dire wolf primarily preyed on large mammals like bison and horses.
- While it did not hunt in packs as effectively due to its size, it was capable of cooperative hunting when needed.
- Extinction:
- The species went extinct likely due to a combination of prey depletion, climate change, and the impact of human activities.
- Fossils have been found across a wide geographical range, from the La Brea Tar Pits in California to the Mississippi River Valley.
- Genomic Comparison:
- The gene-edited pups share 5% DNA of gray wolves but differ in the remaining 0.5%, which accounts for the dire wolf traits.
- These pups are not exact clones of the dire wolf but are considered “dire wolves” based on their physical resemblance.
Technologies Used for Resurrection:
- Ancient DNA Extraction & Analysis: DNA from 13,000 to 72,000-year-old fossils was sequenced to identify key genetic traits.
- Gene Editing (CRISPR): Scientists used CRISPR to edit gray wolf DNA, introducing features like size, fur color, and muscular traits to resemble the dire wolf.
- Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT): Edited somatic cells from gray wolves were used to create embryos implanted in dog surrogates. Genetically modified pups were born after 62 days.
- Embryo Implantation: The gene-edited embryos developed into the first de-extinct dire wolf pups.
| [UPSC 2018] The term “”sixth mass extinction/sixth extinction”” is often mentioned in the news in the context of the discussion of:
(a) Widespread monoculture practices in agriculture and large-scale commercial farming with indiscriminate use of chemicals in many parts of the world that may result in the loss of good native ecosystems.
(b) Fears of a possible collision of a meteorite with the Earth in the near future in the manner it happened 65 million years ago that caused the mass extinction of many species including those of dinosaurs.
(c) Large scale cultivation of genetically modified crops in many parts of the world and promoting their cultivation in other parts of the world which may cause the disappearance of good native crop plants and the loss of food biodiversity.
(d) Mankind’s over-exploitation/misuse of natural resources, fragmentation/loss of natural habitats, destruction of ecosystems, pollution and global climate change. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Woolly Flying Squirrel (Eupetaurus cinereus)
Why in the News?
The Himachal Pradesh Forest Department’s wildlife wing has captured the first photographic evidence of the elusive Woolly Flying Squirrel in the Miyar Valley, Lahaul and Spiti district.
About the Woolly Flying Squirrel:
- The Woolly Flying Squirrel, scientifically known as Eupetaurus cinereus, is one of the rarest and least known mammals in Asia.
- It is endemic to the northwestern Himalayas, primarily found in northern Pakistan and northwestern India.
- It prefers to live in dry conifer woodlands within a fragmented habitat in a thin elevational band.
- This species was long believed to be extinct until it was rediscovered in 1994, nearly seventy years after its last recorded sighting.
- It is unique due to its ability to glide, much like other flying squirrels, as it has elastic membranes that connect its fore and hind legs.
Physical features:
- Its body is covered with dense, straight, silky hairs, with the dorsal pelage appearing blue-gray, while the underside is pale gray.
- The squirrel also has creamy white hairs on its throat and ears, and dense black fur on the soles of its feet, with pinkish brown toe pads that are naked.
Conservation Status:
- Listed as ‘Endangered’ on the IUCN Red List.
- NOT explicitly mentioned under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
Significance of the Rediscovery:
- Its confirmed existence adds to the state’s mammal checklist, offering hope for its continued survival in this remote part of the Himalayas.
- This discovery is important from a scientific perspective, as it marks the first time the elusive species has been documented in India since its rediscovery in 1994.
| [UPSC 2012] Consider the following:
1. Black-necked crane 2. Cheetah 3. Flying squirrel 4. Snow leopard
Which of the above are naturally found in India?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Fungi
Why in the News?
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List now includes 1,300 fungi species, of which 1000 species are at risk of extinction due to various environmental pressures.
Important Species under Threat:
- Fibrous Waxcap (Hygrocybe intermedia): A Vulnerable species of fungi found in Europe, facing threats from habitat loss and land-use changes.
- 279 Species at Risk: Threatened by deforestation, agricultural expansion, and urban development, leading to habitat loss.
- 91 Species Threatened by Pollution: Nitrogen and ammonia runoff from fertilizers and industrial activities.
- 50+ Species at Risk Due to Fire Patterns: Changes in fire cycles, especially in USA, making certain fungi species vulnerable in forest ecosystems.
|
About Fungi:
- Fungi belong to the kingdom Fungi, distinct from animals, plants, and bacteria. They are eukaryotic organisms and include moulds, yeasts, mushrooms, and mildews.
- Key Properties:
- Fungi have chitin in their cell walls and form hyphae that create a mycelium network.
- They are heterotrophic, absorbing nutrients from organic material.
- They reproduce sexually and asexually through spores.
- Types of Fungi:
- Molds: Multicellular, fuzzy fungi.
- Yeasts: Unicellular fungi used in fermentation.
- Mushrooms: Fruiting bodies of certain fungi, often edible.
- Ecological Role: Fungi are crucial in decomposition and nutrient cycling. Some form beneficial relationships with plants (mycorrhizae) to aid in nutrient absorption.
- Uses:
- Medicines: Fungi like penicillin have revolutionized medicine.
- Food: Edible fungi include mushrooms and truffles.
- Beverages: Yeasts are key in bread, beer, and wine production.
| [UPSC 2021] Which of the following have species that can establish symbiotic relationship with other organisms?
1. Cnidarians
2. Fungi
3. Protozoa
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Marbled Cat
Why in the News?
The elusive marbled cat (Pardofelis marmorata) has been spotted in Dehing Patkai National Park in Assam’s Tinsukia district.
About Marbled Cat
- The marbled cat is a small wild cat species native to South and Southeast Asia.
- It belongs to the Felidae family and is closely related to the clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) and the bay cat (Catopuma badia).
- The species was first described in 1836 by British zoologist William Charles Linnaeus Martin.
- It is characterised by brown, gray, or yellowish fur with distinctive black spots, marbled patterns, and stripes for camouflage.
- It is found in dense tropical and subtropical forests at elevations up to 2,500 meters.
- It primarily inhabits rainforests, evergreen forests, and mountainous terrain.
- It is arboreal, spending a significant amount of time in trees.
- It is nocturnal and crepuscular, meaning it is most active at dawn and dusk.
-
- IUCN Red List Status: Near Threatened (NT) due to habitat loss and fragmentation.
- CITES: Appendix I
About Dehing Patkai National Park
- Dehing Patkai NP is located in the Dibrugarh and Tinsukia districts of Assam, India, near the border with Arunachal Pradesh.
- It spans an area of 231.65 km² and is part of the Dehing Patkai Elephant Reserve. It was upgraded to a national park in 2020 and officially notified in 2021.
- The park features the largest stretch of lowland rainforests in India, including Dipterocarp trees, orchids, and medicinal plants like Rauvolfia serpentina and Acorus calamus.
- The park is home to diverse wildlife, including Bengal tigers, leopards, clouded leopards, Asian elephants, and Hoolock gibbons.
- It is unique for hosting seven species of wild cats.
- The Dehing River flows through the park, nourishing its forests and contributing to the biodiversity.
- Indigenous communities such as the Tai Phake, Khamti, and Singpho tribes have lived in the area for generations, maintaining a close relationship with the forest.
- The park is situated in the Patkai Hills region, part of the Indo-Myanmar biodiversity hotspot, known for its rich biodiversity.
- Known as the Amazon of the East, Dehing Patkai National Park is famous for its pristine rainforest ecosystems and significant biodiversity.
|
PYQ:
[2015] Which one of the following National Parks has a climate that varies from tropical to subtropical, temperate and arctic?
(a) Khangchendzonga National Park
(b) Nandadevi National Park
(c) Neora Valley National Park
(d) Namdapha National Park |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: River Dolphins in India
Why in the News?
India’s first-ever comprehensive river dolphin survey conducted under Project Dolphin (2020) has estimated a population of 6,327 dolphins, primarily across the Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Indus River basins.
River Dolphins in India:
| Species |
Habitat |
Conservation Status |
Key Features & Threats |
| Ganges River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica)
|
Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna & Karnaphuli river systems (India, Bangladesh, Nepal) |
IUCN: Endangered
WPA, 1972: Schedule I |
Known as “Susu”, India’s National Aquatic Animal in 2009. Faces threats from pollution, habitat fragmentation, and accidental bycatch.
Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary (Bihar) – Only dolphin sanctuary in India. |
| Indus River Dolphin (Platanista minor)
|
Indus River (Pakistan) & Beas River (India) |
IUCN: Endangered
WPA, 1972: Schedule I |
One of the rarest dolphins, facing population decline due to water diversion, dam construction, and habitat degradation.
Beas Conservation Reserve (Punjab) – Focused on Indus River Dolphin protection. |
| Irrawaddy Dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris)
|
Chilika Lake (India) & rivers of South & Southeast Asia |
IUCN: Endangered
WPA, 1972: Schedule I |
Known for “spy-hopping” behavior (rising vertically to observe surroundings). Threatened by fishing nets and habitat destruction. |
Key Highlights of the Survey
- The survey estimated the Ganges River dolphin population at 6,324, with Uttar Pradesh (2,397) and Bihar (2,220) recording the highest numbers, while the Brahmaputra basin had 635 dolphins, indicating a stable population.
- The Indus River dolphin population was found to be critically low, with only 3 individuals recorded in the Beas River in Punjab, highlighting the urgent need for conservation efforts.
- Key habitats were identified, with the highest dolphin concentrations observed in the Bhind-Pachnada stretch of the Chambal River and the Chausa-Manihari stretch of the Ganga.
- Dolphins were found to prefer deep water zones, confluences, mid-channel islands, and meandering sections of rivers, indicating specific habitat requirements.
PYQ:
[2015] Which one of the following is the national aquatic animal of India?
(a) Saltwater crocodile
(b) Olive ridley turtle
(c) Gangetic dolphin
(d) Gharial |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gharial
Why in the News?
Madhya Pradesh CM released 10 gharials into the Chambal River at the National Chambal Gharial Sanctuary in Morena.
About Gharial
- The gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) is a unique species of crocodilian, characterized by its long, slender snout, which is perfectly adapted for catching fish.
- The species derives its name from the “ghara”, a bulbous growth found on the snouts of adult males, which aids in vocalization and mating displays.
- It is a fish-eating crocodile native to the Indian subcontinent.
- They are a crucial indicator of clean river water.
Conservation Status:
- Recognizing the rapid decline in gharial populations, India launched captive breeding and release programs in the late 1970s.
- Between 1975 and 1982, the country established 16 captive breeding centers and 5 protected sanctuaries to ensure the survival of the species.
- Gharials are ‘Critically Endangered’ in the IUCN Red List of Species.
- The species is also listed under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
- Today, gharials primarily survive in 5 major refuges:
- National Chambal Sanctuary (NCS) – The largest stronghold of gharials.
- Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary in Uttar Pradesh.
- Chitwan National Park in Nepal.
- Son River Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh.
- Satkosia Gorge Sanctuary in Odisha.
PYQ:
[2013] Consider the following fauna of India:
1. Gharial
2. Leatherback turtle
3. Swamp deer
Which of the above is/are endangered?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) None |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Loggerhead Turtles
Why in the News?
A new study in Nature reveals that loggerhead turtles can learn and remember the magnetic signature of an area, using Earth’s geomagnetic field for navigation during long migrations.
About Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta caretta)
- Loggerhead Sea Turtles belong to the Cheloniidae family, widely distributed across the world’s oceans.
- They are commonly found in Atlantic, Pacific, Indian Oceans, and the Mediterranean Sea.
- They Spends most of its life in saltwater and estuarine habitats, coming ashore only to nest.
- They are omnivorous, feeding primarily on bottom-dwelling invertebrates.
- It is listed as Vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
- International trade banned under CITES Appendix I.
Significance of the study
- Loggerhead turtles travel thousands of kilometers across oceans and return to the same feeding and nesting sites.
- Their ability to store magnetic memories helps them navigate vast distances, reinforcing the hypothesis that other migratory species may also rely on Earth’s magnetic field.
PYQ:
[2019] Consider the following statements:
- Some species of turtles are herbivores.
- Some species of fish are herbivores.
- Some species of marine mammals are herbivores.
- Some species of snakes are viviparous.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mosquitofishes
Why in the News?
The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has sought a response from the Central government regarding the use of two highly invasive and alien fish species—Gambusia affinis (Mosquitofish) and Poecilia reticulata (Guppy)—as biological agents for mosquito control in multiple states.
Both species are classified as “invasive and alien” by the National Biodiversity Authority (NBA).
About Gambusia Affinis (Western Mosquitofish)
- It has been widely introduced worldwide as a biological control agent to reduce mosquito populations.
- The mosquitofish primarily feeds on mosquito larvae, small insects, and zooplankton.
- Despite its intended benefits, Gambusia affinis has been identified as one of the world’s most invasive species.
- It is highly aggressive and competes with native fish for resources.
- It also preys on the eggs and juveniles of indigenous fish, amphibians, and invertebrates, leading to a decline in local biodiversity.
- The Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) has listed it among the 100 worst invasive species globally due to its harmful ecological impact.
About Poecilia Reticulata (Guppy, Millionfish, Rainbow Fish)
- Poecilia reticulata, commonly known as the Guppy, Millionfish, or Rainbow Fish, is a small freshwater fish native to Northern South America and the Caribbean.
- It is widely recognized for its vibrant colors and adaptability, making it a popular choice for both aquarium enthusiasts and mosquito control programs worldwide.
- It is a highly adaptable species, capable of surviving in a variety of freshwater environments.
- Guppies are omnivorous, feeding on mosquito larvae, small insects, algae, and organic detritus.
- Their feeding habits make them a common choice for mosquito control programs, although their effectiveness is still debated.
- While guppies are less aggressive than mosquitofish, their population growth can still disrupt local ecosystems.
PYQ:
[2023] ‘Wolbachia method’ is sometimes talked about with reference to which one of the following?
(a) Controlling the viral diseases spread by mosquitoes
(b) Converting crop residues into packing material
(c) Producing biodegradable plastics
(d) Producing biochar from thermo-chemical conversion of biomass |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Indian Bison (Gaur)
Why in the News?
The Jharkhand Forest department has initiated a study to revive the dwindling population of Bison, popularly known as Gaur, at Palamu Tiger Reserve (PTR).
About Indian Bison (Gaur)
| Details |
- Largest and tallest species in the wild cattle family.
- Scientific Name: Bos gaurus.
- Indigenous to South and Southeast Asia.
|
| Species Habitat and Location |
- Found in evergreen, semi-evergreen, and moist deciduous forests with open grasslands.
- Prefers hilly terrains below 1,500–1,800 m with abundant water.
- Distributed across India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, and Thailand.
|
| Behavioural Features |
- Social animals living in herds of 30–40 individuals.
- Strong and sturdy limbs, short tails, and inward-curved pale green/yellowish-brown horns.
- Males weigh 600–1,500 kg; females weigh 400–1,000 kg.
- Convex-shaped forehead; height ranges from 170–230 cm.
|
| Conservation Status |
- IUCN Red List: Vulnerable.
- Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I.
- CITES: Appendix I.
|
PYQ:
[2011] A sandy and saline area is the natural habitat of an Indian animal species. The animal has no predators in that area but its existence is threatened due to the destruction of its habitat. Which one of the following could be that animal?
(a) Indian wild buffalo
(b) Indian wild ass
(c) Indian wild boar
(d) Indian gazelle. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Common Noctule Bats (Nyctalus noctula)
Why in the News?
The Common Noctule Bats are surf over the storm winds when they migrate thousands of miles across continents, reveals new research.
About the Common Noctule Bats (Nyctalus noctula)
- The common noctule bat (Nyctalus noctula) is one of the largest bat species in Europe.
- It has a body length of 7–9 cm, a wingspan of 32–40 cm, and weighs between 18–40 grams.
- Its fur is reddish-brown to golden-brown, darker on the back and lighter underneath, while its wings are long and narrow, designed for fast and sustained flight.
-
- Common noctules are known for their swift and high-altitude flight, reaching heights of up to 3,000 meters.
- They are primarily insectivorous, feeding on moths, beetles, and other flying insects.
- Their echolocation abilities allow them to detect and hunt prey with precision, even in complete darkness.
- Although classified as Least Concern by the IUCN, common noctule bats face several threats, including habitat loss due to deforestation and urbanization.
- Habitat:
- The common noctule bat is widely distributed across Europe, North Africa, and Asia, extending into Siberia and parts of China.
- It is migratory, especially in central and eastern Europe, traveling long distances between summer breeding sites and winter hibernation sites.
- It inhabits forests and woodlands, where it uses hollow trees for roosting, as well as urban areas, where it often roosts in buildings, attics, and bat boxes.
- These bats also thrive in wetlands and grasslands, hunting over water bodies and open fields where insect populations are abundant.
PYQ:
[2012] Consider the following kinds of organisms:
1. Bat
2. Bee
3. Bird
Which of the above is/are pollinating agent/agents?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Zebrafish
Why in the News?
A recent research revealed that the Zebrafish (a popular aquarium fish) can regenerate damaged heart muscle within 60 days, a capability absent in humans. The Hmga1 protein plays a key role in this process, offering potential insights for heart repair in mammals.
Discovery of Hmga1’s Role in Zebrafish Heart Regeneration:
- In zebrafish, the Hmga1 protein plays a pivotal role in activating dormant genes necessary for regeneration.
- It removes molecular “roadblocks” on chromatin (DNA-packaging structures), shifting genes from an inactive state to active regeneration mode.
- The Hmga1 gene, active during embryonic development in mice and humans, becomes inactive after birth.
- In zebrafish, however, the gene remains active during heart regeneration, enabling the repair process.
|
About Zebrafish
- Zebrafish are small freshwater fish measuring 2-3 cm in length.
- It is named for the horizontal blue stripes running along their bodies.
- It is native to South Asia’s Indo-Gangetic plains and is commonly found in paddy fields, stagnant water, and streams.
- It is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN.
Features of Zebrafish
- Zebrafishes are known for their ability to regenerate almost all major organs, including the heart, brain, eyes, and spinal cord.
- This unique trait makes them an important model in developmental biology and disease research.
- They share approximately 70% of their genes with humans.
- Over 80% of human disease-related genes have counterparts in zebrafish, making them valuable for studying genetic disorders.
- They produce hundreds of embryos in a single clutch, enabling large-scale studies.
- They are now preferred over rodent (guinea pigs) models for certain vertebrate development studies.
- Widely used for regenerative biology and drug discovery due to their cost-effectiveness and rapid breeding.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: African Wild Cat (Leptailurus serval)
Why in the News?
The Border Security Force (BSF) has rescued a Serval, the African wild cat (Leptailurus serval) from an alleged wildlife smuggling attempt along the India-Bangladesh border.
About African Wild Cat (Leptailurus serval):
|
Details |
| About |
- Scientific Name: Leptailurus serval
- Common Name: African Wild Cat, Serval
- Family: Felidae
- Physical Description: Medium-sized wild cat with a slim, long-legged body, tawny coat with black spots and stripes, and large rounded ears. Can leap 3 meters (10 feet) vertically.
|
| Habitat and Features |
- Found across Sub-Saharan Africa.
- Preferred Habitats: Savannahs, grasslands, and wetlands; avoids arid regions and dense forests.
- Diet: Carnivorous, feeding on small mammals, birds, reptiles, and insects. Uses acute hearing to hunt.
- Behavior: Solitary, nocturnal or crepuscular, and communicates through vocalizations and scent-marking.
- Reproduction: Breeds year-round, with 2–3 kittens per litter; gestation period is 74 days.
|
| Conservation Status |
- IUCN Red List: Listed as Least Concern.
- CITES: Included in Appendix II to regulate trade.
Threats: Habitat loss, illegal hunting for fur, and conflicts with humans (e.g., poultry attacks). |
PYQ:
[2015] With reference to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which of the following statements is/are correct?
- IUCN is an organ of the United Nations and CITES is an international agreement between governments.
- IUCN runs thousands of field projects around the world to better manage natural environments.
- CITES is legally binding on the States that have joined it, but this Convention does not take the place of national laws.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lion-Tailed Macaque
Why in the News?
A new study highlights that increased food provisioning and habituation to human presence endanger the lion-tailed macaque, a endangered species found only in the Western Ghats of India. Roads crossing the macaque habitats in eight key locations—Anamalai Hills, Nelliyampathy, Nilambur Ghats, Sholayar, Gavi, Sabarimala, Vallimalai Hills, and Agumbe—have facilitated frequent human-animal interaction.
Note: The mention of this species as a ‘critically endangered’ is a metaphor used in the newspaper. It does not represent its original IUCN Red List status.
About Lion-tailed macaque
| Details |
- Scientific Name: Macaca silenus
- Also known as: Lion-tailed macaque, Wanderoo, Bearded Monkey
- Has black fur with a distinctive gray or silver mane around the face (in both sexes), often referred to as the “beard ape.”
- Threats: Habitat loss, hunting, and wood harvesting
- Significance: Indicator of rainforest health and an umbrella species for conserving other wildlife in its region.
|
| Habitat |
- Endemic to the Western Ghats in India (states of Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu).
- Primarily tropical evergreen rainforests, but they are also found in monsoon forests.
|
| Behavioral Features |
- Shy and Avoidant: Unlike other macaques, they tend to avoid humans when possible.
- Arboreal and Diurnal: Spend most of their time in trees and are active during daylight.
- Communication: Possess up to 17 vocalizations; males define territory boundaries through calls.
- Diet: Primarily frugivorous, but also consume leaves, stems, flowers, buds, fungi, and occasionally small animals.
|
| Conservation Status |
- IUCN: Endangered
- CITES: Appendix I
- Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 (India): Schedule I
(Estimated 4,200 individuals remaining) |
PYQ:
[2013] In which of the following States is lion-tailed macaque found in its natural habitat?
1. Tamil Nadu
2. Kerala
3. Karnataka
4. Andhra Pradesh
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ganges River Dolphin
Why in the News?
- The first-ever Ganges River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica) has been tagged in Assam, marking a major achievement in wildlife conservation.
About Ganges River Dolphin:
| Details |
- Ganga River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica) – Known as the “Tiger of the Ganges,” discovered in 1801.
- Declared National Aquatic Animal in 2009 and State Aquatic Animal of Assam.
- The announcement was made at the first meeting of the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA).
- Habitat: Around 90% of the species live in India, primarily in the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna and Karnaphuli river systems.
- Features: Blind, lives in freshwater, uses ultrasonic sounds to hunt, travels in small groups, and surface every 30-120 seconds for breathing.
|
| Importance and Threats |
- Acts as an indicator of river ecosystem health (being the apex predator).
- Threats: Unintentional killing through fishing gear, poaching for oil, habitat destruction, pollution (industrial waste, pesticides, noise).
|
| Protection Status and Government Initiatives |
Protection Status:
- IUCN: Endangered
- Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972: Schedule I
- CITES: Appendix I
- CMS: Appendix I
Conservation Initiatives: Project Dolphin, Vikramshila Ganges Dolphin Sanctuary (Bihar), National Ganga River Dolphin Day (October 5).
What is Project Dolphin?
- Launch: Announced by PM Narendra Modi on 15th August 2020.
- Objective: Conservation of India’s riverine and oceanic dolphins.
- Duration: 10-year initiative.
- Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change.
- Key Objectives:
- Safeguard India’s dolphin population by mitigating threats to riverine and oceanic species.
- Address conservation challenges while engaging stakeholders in dolphin conservation efforts.
|
|
PYQ:
[2015] Which one of the following is the national aquatic animal of India?
(a) Saltwater crocodile
(b) Olive ridley turtle
(c) Gangetic dolphin
(d) Gharial |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Olive Ridley Turtles
Why in the News?
Carcasses of Olive Ridley turtles have been found along the Visakhapatnam coast during their breeding season, raising concerns about their conservation.
About Olive Ridley Turtles:
| Details |
- Olive Ridley turtles are sea turtles known for their olive-colored carapace.
- They are carnivorous, primarily feeding on jellyfish, crustaceans, and mollusks.
- Unique mass nesting behavior (Arribada), where thousands of females lay eggs in synchronized waves on the same beach.
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| Their Habitat and Protection Status |
- Found in the warm waters of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans.
- Largest rookery (breeding colony) is at Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary, Odisha, India.
- Other major nesting sites include Devi River mouth (discovered in 1981) and Rushikulya river mouth (discovered in 1994).
- Protection Status:
- IUCN Status: Vulnerable
- CITES: Appendix I (No international trade)
- Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I (Highest level of protection)
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| Conservation Efforts |
- Project Olivia by Indian Coastguard to protect the Olive Ridley turtles, especially after the Gahirmatha rookery recognition.
- Legal protections and environmental regulations safeguard nesting sites and prevent poaching.
- Olive Ridley Protection Program ensures the safety of nests and hatchlings.
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PYQ:
[2015] Which one of the following is the national aquatic animal of India?
(a) Saltwater crocodile
(b) Olive ridley turtle
(c) Gangetic dolphin
(d) Gharial |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Egyptian Cotton Leafworm
Why in the News?
A moth species called Egyptian cotton leafworm can hear sounds emitted by stressed plants, a study confirmed.
About the Egyptian Cotton Leafworm
| Details |
- Scientific name: Spodoptera littoralis.
- Polyphagous pest affecting crops like cotton, tomatoes, maize, tobacco, and peppers.
- Found across tropical and subtropical regions in Africa, Middle East, and South Asia.
- The moth has been spreading to new areas due to climate change.
- Larvae damage crops by feeding on leaves, stems, and flowers, reducing crop yield and quality.
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| Findings of the Study |
- Female moths use plant acoustic emissions (sound clicks) to decide where to lay eggs.
- These sounds, undetectable to humans, help the moths identify healthier, hydrated plants for egg-laying.
- Moths avoid stressed, dehydrated plants that produce stress-related sounds.
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| Impact on Agriculture |
- Harmful in cotton-growing regions.
- Larvae cause significant damage to a variety of crops, particularly cotton, tomatoes, and tobacco, impacting the quality and quantity of the produce.
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PYQ:
[2014] Which of the following statements is / are correct regarding vegetative propagation of plants?
1. Vegetative propagation produces clonal population.
2. Vegetative propagation helps in eliminating the virus.
3. Vegetative propagation can be practiced most of the year.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Eurasian Little Gull
Why in the News?
For the first time, the Eurasian Little Gull was spotted in the National Capital Region (NCR) near Sultanpur National Park at Chandu.
About the Eurasian Little Gull:
|
Details |
| Overview and Physical Characteristics |
- Scientific Name: Larus minutus
- Common Name: Eurasian Little Gull
- Size: 30-33 cm in length, wingspan 75-85 cm; Weight: 70–150 grams
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| Habitat and Features |
- Breeding Habitat: Marshy wetlands, shallow freshwater lakes, and estuaries in Northern Eurasia (Russia, Eastern Europe).
- Winter Migration: Offshore waters, coastal areas, and estuaries around the Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, and Caspian Sea.
- Migratory Pattern: Migrations from northern breeding grounds to warmer regions in winter.
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| Conservation Status |
- Conservation Status: Classified as Least Concern by the IUCN Red List.
- Rare sightings of the species in India, particularly inland regions like NCR.
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PYQ:
[2020] With reference to India’s biodiversity Ceylon frogmouth, Coppersmith barbet, Gray-chinned minivet and White-throated redstart are-
(a) Birds
(b) Primates
(c) Reptiles
(d) Amphibians |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Microhyla nilphamariensis frog
Why in the News?
A study highlights that endemic frog species, like the Nilphamari narrow-mouthed frog (Microhyla nilphamariensis), face challenges due to habitat loss and land use changes in agroforestry habitats like orchards and paddy fields.
About the Nilphamari narrow-mouthed frog:
|
Details |
| About |
A species of narrow-mouthed frog, characterized by a small size, narrow triangular mouth, and reduced webbing between toes.
It has light brown dorsal coloration with a dark brown diamond-shaped marking.
(Not listed by either IUCN or CITES.) |
| Geographical Location |
Found in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and northern Pakistan. |
| Habitat and Challenges |
Prefers moist environments like grassy fields near ephemeral pools.
Faces challenges due to habitat loss and land use changes, particularly in agroforestry areas like orchards and paddy fields. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: King Cobra and its distinct species
Why in the News?
A 12-year study by researchers from the Kalinga Centre for Rainforest Ecology has revealed that the king cobra, previously believed to be a single species, actually comprises four distinct species.
Important facts related to King Cobra:
|
Details |
| About |
• Scientific Name: Ophiophagus hannah.
• It is the largest Venomous Snake; Reaches up to 18 feet (5.5 meters).
• Venom is Neurotoxic, affecting the nervous system. |
| Re-categorization |
Kalinga Centre for Rainforest Ecology identified the species as:
- O. Hannah (Northern),
- O. bungarus (Sunda),
- O. kaalinga (Western Ghats), and
- O. salvatana (Luzon).
Species differ by 1-4% genetically, justifying their reclassification. |
| Habitat and Behavioural Features |
• Found in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions ( India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, and the Philippines)
• Solitary and territorial, with a diet of snakes, lizards, birds, and rodents.
• Mating occurs annually during monsoon, with females laying up to 40 eggs in nests.
• Raises and spreads its hood when threatened, appearing larger.
• Vital in controlling snake populations and maintaining ecological balance. |
| Conservation Status |
- IUCN Red List: Vulnerable.
- CITES: Appendix II.
- Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule II.
|
PYQ:
[2010] King Cobra is the only snake that makes its own nest. Why does it make its nest?
(a) It is a snake-eater and the nest helps attract other snakes
(b) It is a viviparous snake and needs a nest to give birth to its offspring
(c) It is an oviparous snake and lays its eggs in the nest and guards the nest until they are hatched
(d) It is a large, cold-blooded animal and needs a nest to hibernate in the cold season |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Corpse flower
Why in the News?
The study of Corpse Flower’s (Amorphophallus titanum) heat generation and odor emission has revealed how it attracts pollinators through unique adaptations for reproduction.
About the Corpse Flower (Titan Arum):
|
Details |
| Scientific Name |
Amorphophallus titanum |
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| Habitat |
Rainforests of western Sumatra, Indonesia |
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| Features |
- Grows up to 10-12 feet in height.
- Blooms once every 5-10 years; bloom lasts 24-48 hours.
- Carrion-feeding insects (flies, beetles) are attracted by smell and heat.
- Strong smell of rotting flesh to attract pollinators;
- Smells like cheese, garlic, decaying fish, sweaty socks, and feces
- Odor Compounds: Dimethyl trisulfide, trimethylamine, isovaleric acid, indole, putrescine
- Produces around 400 red-orange fruits, each containing two seeds
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| Structure |
- Spadix: Central phallic structure; grows up to 12 feet tall
- Spathe: Large, dark red petal-like structure around the spadix
- Corm: Underground energy storage; can weigh up to 45 kg
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| Conservation Status |
Endangered; fewer than 1,000 individuals left in the wild |
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PYQ:
[2018] Why is a plant called Prosopis juliflora often mentioned in news?
(a) Its extract is widely used in cosmetics.
(b) It tends to reduce the biodiversity in the area in which it grows.
(c) Its extract is used in the synthesis of pesticides.
(d) None of the above |
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