The term “demographic winter” refers to a situation where birth rates fall significantly below the replacement level, leading to an aging population, a shrinking workforce, and economic challenges. By 2022, there were 771 million people aged 65 and older, making up about 10% of the global population. This figure is expected to rise to 16% by 2050, with further increases projected as life expectancy grows and fertility rates decline​.

Reasons behind demographic winter

1. Changing Family Dynamics: Delayed marriages, fewer children, and the rise of single-person households are leading to lower birth rates.
2. Low Religious Observance:  as per World Population Prospects 2024, Countries with low religious observance like Sweden, Denmark, Russia see lower birth rates and higher abortion rates.
3. Modernization Effects: Urbanization and economic changes often shift societal values away from family-oriented lifestyles, discouraging childbirth. 
4. Economic Factors: High living costs and economic instability make raising children less feasible for many families, resulting in delayed or reduced family planning. Eg. cost of living index in Mumbai is approximately 30% higher than the national average.
5. Changing socio-cultural norms like prioritizing individualism, education and career over family. Eg. In USA, TFR declined to 1.8 as compared to 4.5 in 1950 because of more women are pursuing education and career over marriage.
6. Advancements in Health: While modern medicine has extended life expectancy, contributing to aging populations, fertility treatments and contraception allow for better control of reproductive choices, often leading to fewer children.

Countries showing signs of Demographic Winter

While not every region is experiencing demographic winter, many parts of the world—especially in developed countries—are showing signs of this phenomenon.

1. Europe: fertility rates in  Spain, Germany, Italy, Russia, and Japan are all around 1.4, and Latvia’s and Poland’s are near 1.3 – well below 2.1.
2. East Asia: Japan’s population is already shrinking, with fertility rates around 1.3, and South Korea has one of the lowest fertility rates in the world at just 0.8. 
3. North America: The U.S. birth rate is below replacement level, though it is partly offset by immigration. Without sufficient immigration, the U.S. would also face a demographic winter.
4. China: After decades of the one-child policy, China is now facing a declining birth rate and a rapidly aging population. 
5. India – As per the fifth NFHS 2019-21, the TFR in India has declined to 2.0 children per woman
6. However in many developing countries in Africa like Nigeria, Ethiopia,etc. And in Bangladesh, Pakistan TFR is still above 4.0

Addressing ‘Depopulation threat’ requires a multifaceted approach that prioritizes sustainable population growth and economic stability.