According to the Hyogo Framework for Action (UNISDR, 2005), disaster resilience is ‘the capacity of a system, community or society potentially exposed to hazards to adapt, by resisting or changing in order to reach and maintain an acceptable level of functioning and structure’.

Determination of Disaster Resilience:

1. Quantitative assessments: Using indicators like the Disaster Resilience Index (DRI) or the Baseline Resilience Indicators for Communities (BRIC).
2. Qualitative evaluations: Resilience also depends on the continuous sharing of knowledge, experiences, and innovations between communities, governments, and international organizations.
3. Risk mapping: A key element in determining disaster resilience is the ability to identify potential hazards (e.g., earthquakes, floods, cyclones) and assess the vulnerability of communities, infrastructure, and ecosystems to those hazards.
4. Capacity analysis: The effectiveness of response mechanisms, including the availability of emergency services (e.g., ambulances, rescue teams), evacuation plans, and medical facilities, determines how well a community can react during a disaster.

Various Elements of Resilience Framework

• Risk Assessment: Identifying and evaluating potential hazards (natural or man-made), vulnerabilities, and exposure to risks. Eg: Seismic risk assessments in earthquake-prone areas.
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• Prevention and Mitigation: Implementing strategies to reduce the severity and likelihood of disasters, such as building codes, land-use planning, and environmental protection. Eg: Flood barriers, earthquake-resistant construction.
• Preparedness: Ensuring that communities and organizations have disaster plans, emergency response training, and early warning systems in place to respond effectively. Eg: National disaster drills, community awareness programs.
• Response: Immediate actions taken during or after a disaster to minimize harm, including emergency services, evacuation plans, and resource mobilization. Eg: Deployment of disaster response teams, distribution of relief supplies.
• Recovery: Post-disaster efforts to restore normal functioning through rebuilding infrastructure, restoring livelihoods, and improving resilience for future disasters.
• Adaptation and Learning: Evaluating the effectiveness of response and recovery efforts, learning from past disasters, and adapting policies and systems to better handle future events.
• Risk Governance and Policy Implementation Strong institutional frameworks and Integration of disaster risk reduction (DRR) into development planning. Eg: NDMA guidelines.
• Community Engagement in planning and decision-making and strengthening social networks and mutual aid systems. Eg- Self-help groups during floods in Kerala (2018).

Global Targets of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction:

1. Substantially reduce global disaster mortality by 2030, aiming to lower the average per 100,000 global mortality rates in the decade 2020–2030 compared to the period 2005– 2015.
2. Substantially reduce the number of affected people globally by 2030, aiming to lower the average global figure per 100,000 in the decade 2020–2030 compared to the period 2005–2015
3. Reduce direct disaster economic loss in relation to the global gross domestic product (GDP) by 2030
4. Substantially reduce disaster damage to critical infrastructure and disruption of basic services, among them health and educational facilities, including through developing their resilience
5. Substantially increase the number of countries with national and local disaster risk reduction strategies
6. International cooperation with developing countries through adequate and sustainable support to complement their national actions for implementation of the present framework by 2030
7. Substantially increase the availability of and access to multi-hazard early warning systems and disaster risk information and assessments to people. 

Initiatives like Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) complement the Sendai Framework’s vision by emphasizing the need to design and maintain infrastructure systems that can withstand extreme events like floods, earthquakes, and cyclones.