A twister or tornado is a rotating column of air that forms from a thunderstorm and touches the ground, while over the sea it is known as a waterspout. Tornadoes are among the most violent and destructive natural phenomena, with wind speeds exceeding 300 km/h in extreme cases.

Characteristics of Twister

1. Funnel-Shaped Cloud extends from the thunderstorm to the ground, composed of condensed water, dust, and debris.
2. Rotating Winds that can reach speeds of 100 to 300 km/h, causing significant destruction.
3. Short Duration and Localized Impact: Twisters usually last only a few minutes to an hour and have a narrow path of destruction, affecting areas from a few meters to several kilometers wide.
4. Varied Intensity: Rated on the Enhanced Fujita (EF) scale from EF0 (weak) to EF5 (devastating), depending on wind speed and damage.
5. Associated with Thunderstorms: Tornadoes form in severe thunderstorms, particularly supercells, when warm and cold air masses collide.

Formation of Twisters

1. Warm and Cold Air Collision:This creates atmospheric instability and strong updrafts within a thunderstorm.
2. Thunderstorm Development: A supercell thunderstorm forms, with strong updrafts and downdrafts, creating conditions for rotation within the storm.
3. Wind shear (a change in wind direction and speed with height) causes the rising air to start spinning horizontally within the storm.
4. Vertical Tilt of Air Rotation: The updrafts within the storm tilt the horizontally rotating air vertically, forming a rotating column of air called a mesocyclone.
5. Tornado Formation: As the mesocyclone strengthens, a narrow funnel cloud forms. If the funnel cloud reaches the ground, it becomes a tornado or twister.
6. Touchdown: Once the rotating air makes contact with the ground, it starts picking up debris, creating the dangerous rotating vortex associated with tornadoes.

Why are the Majority of Twisters Observed in Areas Around the Gulf of Mexico

1. Proximity to Warm Ocean Waters: The Gulf of Mexico provides a constant source of warm, moist air, which is a critical factor in tornado formation.
2. Clash of Air Masses: This region frequently experiences the convergence of warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico and cold, dry air from the north (Canada), creating ideal conditions for severe thunderstorms and tornadoes.
3. Frequent Low-Pressure Systems: Low-pressure systems combined with wind shear (a difference in wind speed and direction at different altitudes), can lead to the development of tornadoes.
4. Hurricanes and Tropical Storms – tornadoes are a relatively common hazard produced by North Atlantic hurricanes, as 83% of hurricanes that made landfall along the Gulf of Mexico between 1950 and 2005 produced tornadoes 
5. Flat Terrain: The flat landscape of the central U.S. (known as Tornado Alley) allows for the unimpeded movement of these air masses, increasing the likelihood of tornado formation.
6. Jet stream patterns: The positioning of the jet stream in this region, especially during spring and early summer, enhances wind shear and atmospheric instability, further promoting tornado development.

Tornadoes are powerful natural disasters that can cause devastating destruction in minutes. Climate change is increasing their frequency and intensity by altering atmospheric conditions, threatening not only concentrated regions but also other countries, requiring countries to adhere to stricter climate goals to mitigate it.